THE PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE QUALITY

OF LIFE OF PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED INDIVIDUALS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

the Faculty of the College of Nursing

De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute

City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi

Yssabela B. Pajarillo

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora

Josiah M. Villacampa

Date
 Approval Sheet

This undergraduate thesis entitled, “The perceived effects of

Covid-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals

prepared and submitted by Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi, Yssabela B. Pajarillo,

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora, and Josiah M. Villacampa in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing has been

examined and approved for the colloquium.

Evelyn F. Tadena, RN, RM, MAN

Thesis Adviser

Thesis Review Panel

Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a grade of _________

Deanne Joy Agoncillo, RN, MAN Michael Justin Valles, RN, MAN

Member Member

Adrian M. Lawsin, RN, MAN, DNM

Chair

Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Nancy D. Delos Santos, RN, MAN

Dean, College of Nursing

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE 1

APPROVAL SHEET 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

Introduction 5

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework 7

Statement of the Problem 10

Hypothesis of the Study 11

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 11

Significance of the Study 11

Definition of Terms 14

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Demographic 15

Physical Effects 22

Social Effects 28

Psychological Effects 31

Economic Effects 34

Synthesis 38

3 METHODOLOGY

Research Design 41

Population and Sampling 41

Respondents of the Study 42

3
 Research Instrument 43

Validation of the Instrument 44

Data Gathering Procedure 45

Statistical Treatment of Data 46

References 50

Appendices 68

4
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

“Health is a state of complete harmony of the body, mind, and spirit. When

one is free from physical and mental disabilities and mental distraction the gates of

the soul open”. - B.K.S. Iyengar

Introduction

COVID-19 (Coronavirus) has wreaked havoc on everyday life and is dragging

down global economic growth. Due to the spread of the disease, thousands of

individuals have become ill or have died as a result of the pandemic. Fever, cold,

cough, bone pain, and breathing issues are the most typical signs of this viral illness,

which can develop to pneumonia. Vaccines are not yet available for this new viral

disease that is infecting humans for the first time. Taking extreme safeguards, such

as thorough hygiene protocols, such as regularly washing of hands, avoidance of

face to face interaction, social distancing, and wearing of mask. COVID-19 has had a

significant impact on our daily lives, businesses, and global trade and travel.

Because the virus spreads very quickly from person to person, early detection of the

sickness is critical to controlling its spread. The majority of countries have slowed

down their product manufacturing.

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, physically challenged

individuals include a person who is physically disabled in such a way that his or her

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mobility is severely restricted either permanently or temporarily. They may also

include a person who uses a wheelchair, crutches, braces, or other

mobility-supporting devices. These are the folks who are blind, visually challenged,

deaf, hearing impaired, or otherwise physically disabled. Physical limitations can be

the result of congenital birth difficulties, unintentional damage, or sickness. daily life.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the lives of the general

public. People with physical disabilities may face additional challenges in the context

of the pandemic, in addition to the challenges they face on a daily basis, such as

barriers to community mobility, limited access to healthcare services, and a higher

risk of depression. During the COVID-19 crisis, there are unique stressors and

challenges that could worsen people with disabilities' mental health. According to

research on previous pandemics, disabled people have a more difficult time

obtaining critical medical supplies, which can become even more difficult as

resources become scarce (Campbell, Gilyard, Sinclair, Sternberg, & Kailes, 2009).

Future research should concentrate on the specific consequences and needs

of this vulnerable population in order to ensure their inclusion in public health

recommendations and policymakers' consideration. As a result, response plans must

include measures to meet the needs of people with disabilities and their families.

The researchers were prompted to conduct a study on the perceived effects of

COVID-19 on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals during the

pandemic due to the difficulties and experiences of physically challenged individuals

during the pandemic. The main objective of this study is to identify the perception of

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COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals. As

part of the healthcare community, the researchers want to provide awareness to the

future health care professionals as well as exploring insight into any effects that can

affect the quality of life of physically challenged individuals since they are considered

as one of the vulnerable groups amidst the pandemic. Furthermore, it may serve as

a tool to manage the expected effects in the future, so that healthcare professionals

would know what to do in the event of a crisis. Thus, additional studies regarding the

perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically

challenged individuals are needed to bridge this gap.

Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework

This study utilized the concept of Theory of Self-Care Deficit by Dorothea

E. Orem (2001). In the Theory of Self-Care Deficit, nursing assistance is needed

when a person is unable to care for themselves or a dependent on a continuous

basis in order to maintain their health and well-being. Because of these limitations,

they are completely or partially unable to understand existing and emerging

regulatory care requirements for themselves or their dependents. They also limit

their ability to continue performing care measures in order to control or manage

factors that regulate their own or their dependent’s functioning and development

(Alligood, 2018).

In this study, the Theory of Self-Care Deficit by Dorothea E. Orem

discussed how physically challenged individuals perceived the effects of COVID-19

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pandemic as it affects their quality of life. To assess their quality of life, the

WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF) was used

wherein it evaluates four (4) domains of quality of life (QOL): physical, psychological,

social, and environment. The physical health domain includes items on mobility, daily

activities, functional capacity, energy, pain, and sleep. Self-image, negative thoughts,

good attitudes, self-esteem, mentality, learning ability, memory focus, religion, and

mental state are some of the psychological domains that are measured. Personal

relationships, social support, and sex life are all covered under the social

relationships category. Lastly, the environmental health domain covered financial

resources, safety, health and social services, living physical environment,

opportunities to learn new skills and information, recreation, general environment

(noise, air pollution, etc.), and transportation.

The four aspects served as the foundation of the study, wherein the physical,

psychological, social, and economic are seen as the perceived effects of COVID 19

pandemic on the quality of life of the target population of the study which is the

physically challenged individuals. The physical aspect can affect a person's mobility,

everyday activities, and functional capacity, as well as other actions or items related

to his or her body that can have an impact on his or her health. This could apply to

physically challenged individuals who have difficulty accessing healthcare and

transportation. This group of people's psychological aspects can also be affected,

and there are a variety of psychological issues and serious implications in terms of

mental health, such as stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, and etc. In

comparison to persons who do not have disabilities, people with disabilities are more

prone to experience social isolation and loneliness, particularly when epidemics are

8
common (American Psychological Association, 2020). Furthermore, many of the

participants expressed fear about the spread of the virus and being stigmatized if

they become infected. When it comes to social aspects, personal relationships or

activities of an individuals to its community can be affected in a way that people with

disabilities are more likely to face social exclusion during the pandemic in which

individuals or opportunities that are available to others as a fundamental part of

belonging to society (Mackett and Thoreau, 2015). Lastly, the economic aspect

includes labor, financial income, and educational attainment. Some physically

challenged individuals will be unable to return to work as a result of COVID-19, and

some disabled displaced workers would lose access to resources and assistance. As

shown in several cases, the lack of disability inclusion in official education, training,

and employment systems has left persons with disabilities with no choice but to

engage in informal work with no job security, which is the most critical aspect in such

emergency situations.

Figure 1. Quality of life Model

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 Figure 1 exhibits the variables of the study and their assumed relationships.

The sociodemographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, educational

attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of disability may or may not

influence the perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic and the quality of life of

physically challenged individuals.

Moreover, this study aims to explore the quality of life of physically

challenged individuals in relation to the perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic and

their corresponding sociodemographic qualities.

Statement of the Problem

The study primarily aimed to determine the perceived effects of COVID-19

pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, educational

attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of disability?
2. What are the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
quality of life among physically challenged individuals in terms of
physical, psychological, social, and economic?
3. Is there a significant difference in the perceived effects of COVID-19
pandemic on the quality of life among physically challenged individuals
when they are grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment,
occupation, monthly income, and type of disability?

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Hypothesis

This study will test the following null hypothesis that there is no significant

difference in the perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life

among physically challenged individuals when they are grouped according to age,

sex, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of disability.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused on the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on

the quality of life of physically challenged individuals. The inclusion criteria for said

respondents are: (a) male or female, (b) at least 18 years of age, (c) physically

challenged individual (d) currently residing in the province of Cavite, and (e) has a

gadget with access to the internet. The respondents are identified according to age,

gender, occupation, monthly income, educational attainment, and type of physical

disability. The physically challenged individuals revolved around the following

specified disabilities: Locomotor Disability, Visual Impairment, Hearing Impairment,

and Speech Disability. This study will use non-probability sampling as a sampling

method. The exclusion criteria are those individuals whose age is below 18 years

old and those who will refuse to participate in this study.. Upon approval of the

proposed study, data gathering will be conducted sometime in January-February,

2022.

Significance of the Study

The outcome of this study may provide information and raise awareness

about the perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life among

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patients with disabilities. These effects can lead to further health risk, which can be

prevented by being knowledgeable to its factors and causes.

With this said, this study is of great importance to the following key players of

the community:

Physically Challenged Individuals. The ones who are considered as the

most vulnerable group in the pandemic, physically challenged individuals deal with

different issues in terms of accessing health care that would affect their quality of life.

Therefore, the result of the study may benefit these individuals in terms of becoming

more familiar with the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of their life, which would

help them do their work more efficiently and prevent them from barriers that they

may encounter in the midst of a pandemic.

Healthcare practitioners. As the ones responsible for providing aid to the

patients, this study may help them conceptualize a more efficient approach on

physically challenged individuals in the context of pandemic. The result of this study

may help them to raise awareness regarding the perception of the patients about the

said virus and to ensure their inclusion in public health recommendations and

consideration by policy makers. Moreover, this study may also improve the quality of

life of physically challenged individuals for it can lessen the additional challenges

experienced by the patients.

Future Researchers. The ones who will provide updated information and

emphasize the relevance of research to the society, the information presented in this

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study is for them to continue, improve and expand. With a small number of studies

concerning the quality of life of physically challenged individuals during COVID-19

pandemic, this study may encourage future researchers to conduct additional

research. This study may also serve as their reference for the background of their

data in conducting new researches that are in line with this study.

Nursing Students. As the ones who will become future healthcare

practitioners, this study may provide the nursing students a better understanding of

the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals

during COVID-19 pandemic. This may raise awareness and assist future health care

providers in determining the effects brought by the COVID-19 pandemic that can

affect the quality of life of physically challenged individuals, who are one of the most

vulnerable groups during a pandemic.

CRS Students. The ones who are considered as part of the healthcare

team and responsible for giving care to the psychically challenged individuals, this

study may provide information and help the CRS students in assessing their patient’s

current health status. This study is beneficial as it may help them to better

understand the situation of physically challenged individuals since they are one of

their patients.

Families of physically challenged Individuals. The people who patients

rely on and who support them in their daily lives, this study may help the family

members to recognize the needs and demands of one of their family members with

physical impairment since they are the immediate relatives.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms below were defined based on their context in this

study:

Age - This refers to the time elapsed from the date of live birth to the date of

collection of data. In this study, the age of the respondents are 18 years old and

above.

Educational Attainment - This refers to the highest degree of education the

respondents have completed at the time the instrument was administered. In this

study, this was categorized as: no formal education, elementary graduate, high

school graduate, college graduate, elementary undergraduate, highschool

undergraduate, college undergraduate.

Monthly Income - This refers to the total income received by the respondent which

is available for or intended to support current consumption. In this study, this was

classified as: below Php 11,690, Php 11,690 – Php 23,381, Php 23,381 – Php

46,671, Php 46,671 – Php 81,832, Php 81,832 – Php 140,284, Php 140,284 – Php

233,806, and more than Php 233,806 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018).

Physically Challenged Individuals - This refers to the respondents who have

long-term physical impairment in which interaction with various barriers may prevent

them from fully participating in society on an equal basis with others. In this study, it

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includes those who have (a) locomotor disability, (b) visual impairment, (c) hearing

impairment, and (d) speech impairment.

Sex - This refers to a respondent’s biological characteristics. It is the distinction

between male and female.

Type of Disability - This refers to any type of disability that limits or that makes it

difficult for the respondent to do certain activities. This includes (a) locomotor

disability, (b) visual impairment, (c) hearing impairment, and (d) speech impairment.

Quality of Life - This refers to the respondents' perceptions of their situation in life in

relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns in the context of the

culture and value systems in which they live. In this study, the variable was assessed

using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire based on the different effects that

physically challenged individuals experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains comprehensive information about the topic or background

knowledge to strengthen the study. It is gathered from books, journals, online

sources, periodicals, and varied published and unpublished materials that provided

additional information and facts. This includes the following topics: Demographic

Profile, Physical, Social, Psychological, and Economic Effects.

Physically Challenged Individuals

Physically challenged individuals can be defined as a state in which one is

unable to accomplish all of one's normal bodily functions. This normally refers to a

long-term condition, such as blindness, although it can also refer to a short condition.

People who are physically challenged should be accommodated and encouraged to

work to their full capacity, and they should have the right to engage in societal and

governmental activities without hindrances, according to society and the law.

Demographic profile

Age

A qualitative study conducted on U.S adults with disabilities highlighted the

importance of looking at COVID-19's impact holistically, rather than merely in terms

of morbidity and mortality, and taking into account its effects on daily living (Epstein,

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Campanile, Cerilli, Gajawani, Varadaraj, & Swenor, 2021). Results revealed that the

epidemic has worsened usual hurdles faced by individuals with disabilities, like food

shopping and taking public transportation. Many of these issues are not new, and the

epidemic must be viewed as a watershed moment for bridging these disparities

rather than allowing them to spread (Epstein et al., 2021). More so, the findings

reveal the disability community's unmet pandemic requirements, implying the

necessity for immediate public health policy intervention.

The same study reported that people with complex health requirements are at

risk from gaps in care, especially mental healthcare, and public health policies must

ensure that disabled patients can manage their health without being exposed to

COVID-19 (Epstein et al., 2021). The study emphasized the need for clear

instructions on how to go about their normal healthcare visits in light of the barriers

introduced by COVID-19, such as masks that limit communication for people with

hearing problems and restrictions that prevent people from bringing a companion

with them. Furthermore, it was revealed that participants' perceptions of COVID-19

risk were heightened by concerns about medical rationing. To ensure that people

with disabilities receive fair care if they become infected, healthcare facilities must

include non-discrimination principles in their triage protocols (Epstein et al., 2021).

A research conducted by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

(DESA) reported that persons with disabilities are often unable to access

mainstream health care services due to unaffordability, attitudinal barriers,

inaccessibility to healthcare facilities, and lack of alternative means to access public

17
health information and communication for those with visual impairments as well as

hearing or cognitive disabilities. This pandemic has further intensified the health risks

of persons with disabilities who are living in institutional settings (Ito, Wonosaputra,&

Ono, 2020).

Furthermore, in a research report conducted in Azraq Camp, those in the camp

who are older have been affected by COVID-19 hazards associated with mortality or

having serious COVID-19 symptoms that lead to death (Disability and Age Task

Force [DATF], 2021). In addition to suffering a reduction in physical capacities to

execute tasks, old age-related disease and isolation as a coping mechanism have

contributed a great deal of worry to older people.

While the community was quick to embrace this new method, it was not without

its challenges, including adaptation to the new format, which excludes actual human

interaction such as question and answer, direct observation, and guidance, a lack of

smart devices to enable such connections, and digital illiteracy and illiteracy, which

make it difficult to use or understand smart device applications (DATF, 2021). The

internet platform is a difficult platform to work with for those with disabilities and

elderly people who encounter situations such as severe sight or hearing impairment,

intellectual impairment, unfamiliarity with smart gadgets to communicate, or other

uses. Those who require specialized treatment in person, such as occupational

therapy, speech therapy, and physiotherapy, were unable to receive it, and

caregivers may or may not have the knowledge and competence to fill the void

(DATF, 2021).

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 Gender

A research conducted by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs (DESA), persons with disabilities are frequently unable to access mainstream

health care services due to cost, stigma, inaccessibility to healthcare facilities, and a

lack of alternative means of accessing public health information and communication

for those with visual, hearing, or cognitive disabilities. The health risks for people

with disabilities living in institutions have increased as a result of this pandemic (Ito,

Wonosaputra, & Ono, 2020).

Moreover, women and girls with disabilities suffer systemic challenges to equality

and inclusion, with disability and gender equality legislation, policies, and practices

giving them little visibility. Women with disabilities are three times more likely to have

unmet health care needs, three times more likely to be illiterate, two times less likely

to be employed, and two times less likely to use the internet than males without

impairments, according to available data (Ito et al., 2020). Moreover, women with

disabilities are at heightened risk of suffering sexual violence compared to those

without disabilities.

Furthermore, the COVID-19 issue highlights these underlying injustices and

worsens the position of disabled women and girls (Ito et al., 2020). In the middle of a

pandemic, everyday obstacles such as physical accessibility, difficulties to applying

basic hygiene practices, healthcare affordability, constraints on health insurance, and

discriminatory legislation and stigma can be life threatening.

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 Subsequently, the COVID-19 pandemic is an unrivaled combination of a

health and fiscal crisis, and has been dubbed "a disaster for feminism" (Lewis 2020),

as increased care obligations in the pandemic context negatively affect many

women's financial and employment security, and "the lived realities of women with

disabilities are impacted by the sociocultural context of disability, including

inescapable inequity and typecasting by patriarchy and normativity" (Lewis 2020).

Nevertheless, women with and without impairments represent a web of

interconnected situations. During the pandemic, however, women with impairments

confront significant challenges. Women are more prone than men to be oppressed

because they are more vulnerable to poverty, insecurity, and financial restraints, as

well as domestic abuse. As a result, when both men and women with impairments

are affected by disasters, the severity of vulnerability increases (Ghai, 2021) Thus,

the intensity of vulnerability increases when both men and women with disabilities

experience disasters.

Type of disability

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the lives of the general

public. People with physical limitations, who already experience daily problems such

as limited community mobility, limited access to healthcare, and a higher risk of

depression, may confront additional challenges as a result of the pandemic.

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 Individuals with BVI (Blind or visual impairment) have faced discriminatory

actions of many forms since the commencement of the global COVID-19 epidemic,

including in relation to necessary purchasing, lack of accessible information, and

unmet support needs. For those who are blind or have a visual impairment, remote

access to work poses significant problems, beginning with the installation of software

products and programs, many of which require vision (Ginley, 2020). Respondents

emphasized the importance of not only becoming aware of internet resources but

also learning how to use them effectively. While using inaccessible forms on the

Internet or completing an online purchase procedure was difficult, sighted assistance

was unavoidable. Smartphone apps can help blind people in a variety of

circumstances, including identification of banknotes, scanning, and reading brief

texts. More difficult visual tasks, on the other hand, may require human aid to

complete.

However people who have visual limitations or impairments are more

susceptible to contracting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

(SARS-CoV 2) than those who do not. This indicates that the COVID-19 will have a

greater impact on more than 253 million individuals around the world. The present

pandemic, which is being accompanied by a statewide emergency lockdown to

prevent the virus's unprecedented spread, will have a significant impact on persons

with visual impairments and, in the long term, may put their lives in jeopardy. Many of

the government's proposed restrictive and control measures, such as the adoption of

new behavioral modifications (for example, social distance during outdoor mobility,

21
limiting touch or tactile contact), will be extremely difficult for people who have lost

their vision (Senjam, S. 2020).

Additionally, in a study conducted by Naylor et al., (2020), their goal was to

see how people with hearing loss reacted to social limitations during the Covid-19

lockdown. The findings suggest that hearing loss exacerbates many of the

hearing-related issues that everyone experiences (e.g., chatting wearing face

masks) and introduces new ones. Hearing loss is related to more severe issues in

general (though not always). For those with hearing loss, there are also benefits to

lockdown, such as spending more time in acoustical and social situations (lower

noise, fewer and more familiar people) that are more conducive to spoken

communication and hence less stressful. The findings have practical implications,

such as providing transparent face masks to key workers, reopening HA

maintenance services as soon as it is safe, informing patients about the availability

of live subtitling on video-calling platforms, and developing and disseminating device

signal processing modes and accessories compatible with video-calling.

The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc on people's lives all around the

world. Furthermore, because of its high transmission rate, the disease has generated

numerous challenges for healthcare providers and a variety of occupations. SLP

(speech-language pathology) in children is a difficulty associated with service

provision in this regard. Given the need for SLP services by many children at specific

times, as well as the sensitivity and importance of childhood in terms of speech and

language development, it appears that any disruption in receiving these services

22
may result in the persistence of speech and language problems in children, lowering

their future quality of life. As a result, active therapists in the field must focus their

efforts on providing quality telepractice services. Meanwhile,

speech-language-hearing associations and other disorders that require SLP services

should take serious steps to train therapists in order to provide telepractice services

and improve their quality (Tohidast et al. 2020).

Physical Effects

The sudden arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on our

lives. Physical effects are activities or things related to a person's body that can have

an impact on his or her health. This may relate to physically challenged individuals

who have difficulty accessing healthcare and transportation. Individuals who are

physically challenged may require assistance in putting on the face mask.

Furthermore, because this population is at risk of interpersonal violence and relies

on others for daily support, backup caregivers are frequently recommended in the

event that a primary caregiver becomes abusive or is otherwise unable or unwilling

to provide care.

Studies show that adults with disabilities reported a four times higher

incidence of a serious health problem in a year’s recall period. Evidence shows a

significantly higher rate of 17.8% of hospitalization among people with disability

compared to others (5%) (Gudlavalleti, 2018). Therefore, access to healthcare

services is one of the most important needs of people with disability, more so in this

23
pandemic since their existing comorbidities place them at greater risk of infection

and complications from COVID-19 (Velasco et al., 2021). Despite the fact of high

vulnerability and greater needs, people with disabilities are still facing disadvantages

and are often excluded from participation in mainstream public health programs and

services (Krahn et al., 2015).

According to a research entitled “A Systematic Review of Access to General

Healthcare Services for People with Disabilities in Low and Middle-Income

Countries” by Bright & Kuper (2018), people with disabilities may also face

challenges and barriers in accessing health care, such as inaccessible services

and/or transport due to certain impairments, they may experience stigma and

discrimination which can discourage them from attending, person with hearing

impairment may not receive adequate quality service from healthcare professionals

due to difficulty in communication, and the cost of seeking services may be

prohibitive to persons with disabilities, both on account of on average higher levels of

poverty as well as the additional costs incurred when seeking care. As a result,

persons with disabilities may have poorer access to healthcare services, despite

their higher needs.

In addition, a study conducted by Kavanagh et al. (2021) on difficulties

accessing health care in the UK, 64% of respondents with disabilities reported

difficulties accessing counselling if they needed it. Difficulties accessing

over-the-counter medications were more frequently reported by respondents with

24
disability than those without. In all contexts, persons with disabilities have faced

significantly more barriers than those without (Gudlavalleti, 2018).

According to Annaswamy, Verduzco-Guiterrez, & Freiden (2020), access and

communication to health care is a significant metric and important mediator of

outcomes for physically challenged individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced

everyone to use different virtual telemedicines because of social restrictions. While

telemedicine improves the access to health care in everyone, there are several

barriers and challenges remain for physically challenged individuals. The barriers

and challenges that affect the physically challenged individuals are infrastructure and

access barriers, regulatory barriers, communication barriers, and operational

challenges. There are some reported benefits that telemedicine helps the physically

challenged individuals especially in lowering the cost of health care, lower

transportation cost, improved medication reconciliation communication, and less

exposure to communicable diseases during this pandemic. However, given these

barriers, they are not able to maximize these benefits and are not able to help

themselves to easily access the health care that they deserve.

Wolfe et al. (2020) observed that transportation impediments to health care,

which can result in delayed care or cancelled appointments, disproportionately affect

people with disabilities, based on data from the National Health Interview Survey.

Others have discovered that, while people with disabilities use health care at a much

higher rate than people without disabilities, they also face many

transportation-related barriers to accessing medical care and are more likely than

25
people without disabilities to have insufficient transportation, a recognized social

determinant of health.

These mobility limitations may make detecting and treating COVID-19 in people

with impairments more difficult during the epidemic. Individuals with disabilities may

be discouraged from accessing routine preventative and non-urgent care due to

transportation challenges, increasing existing health inequities. (Brucker and Rollins,

2016, Drainoni et al., 2006, Krahn et al., 2015, NCD, 2009).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021), one

important way to slow and prevent the spread of COVID-19 is to wear a face mask.

Cerebral palsy patients may have trouble moving the small muscles in their hands,

wrists, or fingers. They may be unable to tie the strings or place the elastic loops of a

face mask over their ears due to their limited mobility. This means that the person

may require assistance to put on or remove a face mask (Williamson, 2020). Due to

limitations in hand dexterity, people with disabilities may need to wear a mask for the

duration of their outing, and they may be unable to remove the mask if it becomes

contaminated. (Kohek et al., 2020).

Kohek et al. (2020) also stated that Calgary, like most cities in the world, has

initiated a mandatory wearing of masks in public spaces in order to combat the

spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, but not everyone can stick to the rule especially

for people who are physically challenged. The city of Calgary is aware of the

26
mask-wearing difficulties of physically challenged individuals and has made an

exemption rule for them. Nevertheless, the city should be prepared for a public

promotion, as it could have negative effects. Social stigma, criticism or even being

refused service when they try to enter the economy without a mask. The city of

Calgary needs to find ways to provide more mask exemptions to physically

challenged individuals to truly promote an all-inclusive COVID-19 response, it should

find more ways to distribute masks to the people who need it and announce to the

public their rationale on the exemption rule of masks for physically challenged

individuals for greater understanding and to develop empathy in society towards

physically challenged individuals.

According to a study conducted by Hughes et al. (2012), people with

disabilities who are at a higher risk of interpersonal violence have long been noted in

the literature. Hughes et al. (2011) found that the lifetime prevalence of interpersonal

violence ranged from 26.0% to 90.0% for women with disabilities and 28.7 to 86.1%

for men with disabilities in a systemic review of 21 studies. The ongoing novel

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in 2019-2020, which is characterized by the

widespread and rapid spread of a novel, highly contagious, and sometimes fatal

respiratory illness, has caused significant and unexpected upheaval, including the

lockdown of cities, states, provinces, and other localities (Ferguson et al., 2020).

Specifically, lockdowns, quarantines, and safer-at-home measures, in particular, may

place vulnerable individuals in situations where they are more likely to be abused by

increasing their contact with perpetrators and increasing the difficulty and risks of

engaging in help-seeking and leaving behaviors (Taub, 2020). People with

27
disabilities who rely on others for daily assistance are often advised to have backup

caregivers in place in the event that a primary caregiver becomes abusive or is

otherwise unable or unwilling to provide care (Lund et al., 2011). However, Bai et al.

(2020) reported the use of backup caregivers may also pose a risk to the disabled

person. COVID-19 can be spread to others even if they are asymptomatic or

presymptomatic infected.

Lastly, in another study conducted by Theis et al. (2021), stated that lockdown

regulations in the United Kingdom went into effect on March 23, 2020, prohibiting

individuals from leaving their homes. Despite this opportunity for physical activity,

evidence suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, people of all ages engaged

in much less physical activity than before. The WHO recommends that children and

young people aged 5-17 years with a disability should accumulate at least 150 min of

moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity per week wherever possible.

However, the school closures and isolation measures implemented in the UK to slow

the spread of COVID-19 may have harmed disabled children and young people more

than others in terms of meeting physical activity needs for optimal physical and

mental health. Transportation, access to sports facilities, and expense have all been

reported to limit the amount of exercise that persons with disabilities get in regular

conditions, and these barriers are likely to have been exacerbated during lockdown

due to a lack of specific equipment, facilities, and therapies. Even before the

lockdown, 81 percent of disabled persons said they wanted to perform more physical

activity (compared to 57 percent of non-disabled individuals), but just 40 percent

believe they are given the opportunity to do so. As a result, the COVID-19

28
restrictions are likely to have aggravated both the environmental and personal

barriers that prohibit persons with disabilities from participating in physical activity.

Social Effects

The effect of an action or inaction, an activity, project, program, or policy on

individuals and communities is known as social effects. According to McDonald et al.

(2020), Many people with disabilities are denied the opportunity to live independently

in the community, notwithstanding federal law and Supreme Court judgments.

Instead, they are more likely to live in long-term, congregate care settings, such as

nursing homes (where many younger people with disabilities live alongside older

adults with functional limitations), psychiatric institutions, residential group homes,

and private institutions, where they are more likely—and often structurally

compelled—to do so. Inadequate federal and state financing for home and

community-based services, a shortage of accessible, cheap housing stock, and the

commercialization of congregate care living choices are all contributing factors to this

outcome. Congregate care environments have long been linked to poorer results,

ranging from a lack of access to care to a lack of control and autonomy to abuse and

neglect.

However, the COVID-19 epidemic has once again demonstrated how

dangerous congregate care can be, highlighting the need for system reform.

Residents in institutions, group homes, nursing and other large, long-term residential

care facilities are at a much higher risk of infection and death, according to new data.

29
It's also becoming clear that state-by-state guidelines for visitations and infection

control procedures—both important aspects of disease control and support—are

restricted and uneven (Chidambaram 2020). Because a large number of people with

disabilities live in congregate settings (comprehensive national data are not

available; however, more than 330,000 people with intellectual and developmental

disabilities alone are estimated to live in congregate settings (Larson et al. 2018),

proper monitoring and transparent reporting of COVID-19 trends among people with

disabilities is required to improve future preparedness for a second or even multiple

pandemic cycles.

Furthermore, according to the Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (2012),

community mobility refers to the individual’s ability to travel within the community in

accordance with their needs and preferences. People with disabilities are more likely

to experience negative consequences from pandemic response measures, which

could have a negative impact on their health. These can occur as a result of

disruptions in their support services, as well as essential services in general, such as

transportation. (Douglas et al., 2020). Traveling during the COVID19 pandemic may

be difficult for people with disabilities, who use personal vehicles less and rely on

public and shared transportation services more than the general population in the

United States. (Brumbaugh, 2018).

Moreover, according to Cochran (2020), people with disabilities, particularly

individuals without reliable access to a household vehicle and/or who are unable to

drive often need to rely on other people for transportation assistance. Travelers with

30
disabilities, as well as those providing assistance, may be at risk if they ask for any

kind of help during the pandemic since they require relatively close contact.

Moreover, people with disabilities are more likely to face social exclusion, which is

defined by Mackett and Thoreau (2015) as "circumstances in which individuals or

groups of people are unable to participate in activities or access goods, services, or

opportunities that are available to others as a fundamental part of belonging to

society.". This may compromise their ability to receive help during and after an

emergency (Stough et al., 2017).

Subsequently, a study conducted by Khasawneh, M. (2021), revealed that

families of people with disabilities had a harder time adapting mentally and socially to

the development of COVID-19. The findings demonstrated that these families'

degrees of psychological and social adaptation differed significantly depending on

the amount of handicap of their member and the variable of age, with the age group

11-15 years benefiting the most. During quarantine or curfew periods, the study

advocated offering secure methods of communication with families of people with

disabilities to lessen the sensation of psychological isolation and loneliness as much

as possible. This research looked into the psychological and social adaptation of

families of people with disabilities during COVID-19. The virus's spread triggered a

crisis in several countries, infecting millions of people. Due to their weakened

immune and health issues, people with disabilities are among the groups most

affected by the virus's infection. As a result, response plans must include provisions

to meet the requirements of people with disabilities and their families.

31
 On a larger scale, rehabilitation psychologists and other service providers who

work with people with disabilities should take a stand against systemic ableism and

the devaluation of disabled people's lives in the health-care system and society at

large (Forber-Pratt, Mueller, & Andrews, 2019). Although the pandemic has raised

new and intensified concerns for people with disabilities (Godfrey, 2020; Lund &

Ayers, in press), the devaluing, discarding, and disrespect of disabled lives that

facilitates and perpetuates individual-level interpersonal violence against people with

disabilities is not new.

Furthermore, by evaluating county-level relationships between COVID-19

incidence rate and disability features in the continental United States, this study

looked into the disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on PwDs. PwDs who are a

racial/ethnic minority, live in poverty, are 5–17 years old, and are female are

significantly overrepresented in counties with greater COVID-19 incidence, whereas

PDWs who are White, live in poverty, and are 65 or older are significantly

underrepresented. These intra-categorical disparities underscore the need for further

data and analysis to establish the pandemic's negative effects on physically and

socially vulnerable people, as well as to develop effective intervention options

(Chakraborty, J. 2020)

Psychological Effects

As the threat of COVID-19 continues, it does not only affects the health of

persons with disabilities but also affects the psychological aspects of this category of

32
people (United Nations, 2020). Serafini et.al., (2020) stated that “various

psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health

including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19

outbreak emerged progressively”. According to El-Zraigat & Alshammari (2020),

exact information on COVID-19's impact on people with disabilities is still unavailable

but given the current state of knowledge, the virus's pandemic has increased the risk

of psychological stress and social isolation among the general population and

high-risk groups. Social isolation and a lack of interaction with people in one's natural

neighborhood have a negative impact on one's mental health. Moreover, the virus

has a greater negative impact on people who have limited access to social support

networks and financial resources. People with disabilities are more likely to

experience social isolation and loneliness, especially when epidemics are prevalent

compared to people who do not have disabilities (American Psychological

Association, 2020). In addition, the results of the study of El-Zraigat & Alshammari

(2020) indicated that the COVID-19 has a negative impact on people with disabilities'

psychological and social lives and that this impact varies depending on the type of

disability. The virus, according to the vast majority of participants, altered their daily

social routine and negatively impacted their participation in social activities.

Furthermore, many of the participants expressed fear about the spread of the virus

and being stigmatized if they became infected.

According to the study of Goldmann & Galea (2014) on the psychological

impact of mass trauma (e.g., flu outbreaks), it suggests that the pandemic might

particularly harm the mental health of marginalized populations who have less

33
access to socioeconomic resources and supportive social networks (Goldmann &

Galea, 2014). Hence, the COVID-19 outbreak not only creates additional stress

surrounding infection prevention and health care access in people with disabilities

themselves but also means that people in the disability community may be more

likely to have friends, family members, and colleagues that become severely ill or die

during the pandemic. Both the threat and realization of such loss can be traumatic

and may lead to chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and bereavement (Lund et al.,

2020).

A study conducted by Pettinicchio et al., (2020) “Findings from an online

survey on the mental health effects of COVID-19 on Canadians with disabilities”,

expounded that existing research points to two main areas regarding how social

determinants of health shape inequality in mental health status. First, people with

disabilities and chronic health conditions are already more likely to be concerned

about their health and to experience stress, isolation, and anxiety, even without

pandemics. Second, natural disasters and health pandemics, such as COVID-19,

are linked to poor mental health outcomes in the general population. Much less is

known about how people with disabilities and chronic illnesses are dealing with the

pandemic, as well as how long-term disruptions in social and economic life

contribute to negative mental health outcomes.

As a result of the study, people with disabilities and chronic health conditions

are very concerned about contracting COVID-19, and those who have experienced

an increased sense of loneliness and isolation, as well as those who have

34
experienced negative financial outcomes as a result of the pandemic reported feeling

more stressed, anxious, and sense of despair. Therefore, having a number of

disabilities and chronic health conditions is linked to a decline in mental health.

An additional study conducted on a total of 125 respondents by Theis et. al.,

(2021) “The effects of COVID-19 restrictions on physical activity and mental health of

children and young adults with physical and/or intellectual disabilities'' reported that

during the lockdown, the majority of respondents said their child's mental condition

worsened. In relation to a lack of access to school, special facilities and classes,

outdoor play, and exercise, 42% of respondents rated mental health as "much

worse" during lockdown than before, while another 23% rated it "a bit worse”.

Interestingly, even the subgroup of respondents who reported positive physical

changes in their child during the lockdown, namely engaging in more family and

outdoor activities, also still reported mental health over the lockdown period to be “a

bit worse”. Lack of access to facilities and specialist teams is likely to have

contributed to this negative impact on mental health, not only in terms of reduced

physical activity but also in terms of not getting out of the house as much and

reducing social contact because it has been shown that social engagement with

other individuals who have shared the same understanding of their disability allows

for a sense of emotional connectedness with people that an individual may not get

within just their family circle (Kissow, 2015).

Economic Effects

According to Pak et al., (2020), the global economy and financial markets

were severely impacted by COVID-19. The disease precautions that have been

35
implemented in many countries have resulted in significant income reductions,

increased unemployment, and disruptions in the transportation, service, and

manufacturing industries. Persons with disabilities are likely to be disproportionately

affected by the adverse labor market scenario during the crisis and recovery period,

given that they already had a vulnerable position in the labor market, services sector

and informal employment (ECLAC, 2020).

However, according to a study in Bangladesh conducted by Diba & Zakaria

(2020), people with disabilities are predominantly affected financially. 6% of them lost

their jobs and the rest have a substantial reduction in income, inability to earn

minimum income for meeting family expenses on basic needs and medicines due to

COVID-19. Additionally, the employment rate of PWDs in the United States

dramatically decreased from 60% in January 2020 to 48% in April 2020 – an 18%

decrease between March and April (Pettinicchio & Maroto, 2020).

Moreover, people with impairments may be unable to return to work for a variety

of reasons. First, because employers prefer non-disabled staff, unemployed persons

with impairments may be overlooked for jobs. The supply of persons looking for a job

has increased as unemployment has reached historic highs. Social distancing

measures, on the other hand, limit the number of employees an employer can hire or

rehire. Because of the increased supply of workers and the low demand for

employees, the hiring process will be more selective. Employers may pick the latter if

given the choice between a possible employee with a disability and one without due

to unfavorable preconceptions and attitudes surrounding disabilities.

36
 Second, due to COVID-19-related health problems, some disabled people will

be unable to return to work. People with certain disabilities are at high risk in

acquiring COVID-19 and have worse outcomes according to current studies (CDC,

2021). Returning to work may thus be a matter of life and death for many persons

with impairments, particularly those with underlying health concerns.

Furthermore, some disabled displaced workers have lost the resources and

services that let them to engage in different elements of pre-COVID-19 life, including

work, as a result of the epidemic. These persons, who previously relied on

community assistance (e.g., personal attendant care (PCA) services) to live

independently in the community, may now be sheltering-in-place with family,

partners, and friends for the foreseeable future. Although jobs may become available

to these people, they will not have the necessary support to take advantage of them.

Finally, while people with disabilities are frequently viewed as recipients of

care, many also serve as caregivers. Due to stay-at-home orders, many people with

impairments, particularly women with disabilities, have increased caregiving

responsibilities. Additional responsibilities, such as homeschooling, cooking,

cleaning, 24-hour babysitting, and caring for those who are not normally a part of the

household, may prevent these persons from returning to work. While most of the

reasons listed above apply to displaced employees without impairments as well, the

consequences will be amplified for people with disabilities who face many other

hurdles to employment (Brook, 2020).

37
 Disabled people's living standards deteriorate as a result of their constant

exclusion from the official sector, which is exacerbated during emergencies like

COVID-19. A study of people with disabilities in Bangladesh have lower rates of

educational attainment, they are more likely to work in the informal sector in jobs that

pay only on a daily basis (Das, Bonny, Mohosin, Rashid, & Hasan, 2021). Day-wage

labor, self-employed small business, family labor, and other types of day-wage work

are all examples of day-wage work. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a lack

of a reliable source of income, uncertainty about food security, and access to

adequate help and services put people in danger (Sen & Hoque, 2017).

Furthermore, because of the co-morbidities that people with disabilities face, there is

a larger health risk (WHO, 2020). Because the majority of them were discovered to

be active in the informal economy, most of them lost their jobs, had limited income,

or were working without pay during the pandemic.

Daily wage employees were the hardest hit by the lockdown since they lacked

the necessary savings to deal with the crisis. The main findings of the study in

people with disabilities in Bangladesh highlighted the continuous poverty and

difficulty of people with disabilities to achieve a steady livelihood at this time of crisis.

This has been linked to disabled people's continual exclusion from formal education,

employment, and development agendas (United Nations, n.d). Other researchers

have shown how stigmatization and stereotyping of people with disabilities has

caused them to fall out of social systems, social interactions, and the formal

economy, stifling livelihood advancements, community engagement, and making

38
them vulnerable in crisis situations, such as natural disasters. Pandemic of

COVID-19 (United Nations, 2018; Banks et al, 2020).

Several cases in the said study showed that the lack of disability inclusion in

official education, training, and employment systems has left people with disabilities

with no alternative but to engage in informal work with no job security, which is the

most important factor in such emergency situations. As a result, the pandemic's

economic impact has been disastrous on their livelihood (Relief web, 2020, as cited

in Das et al., 2020). Discrimination in school and the workplace is the result of a

persistently negative social attitude toward people with disabilities. This unfavorable

attitude originates from the belief that a person with a handicap is incompetent,

requires special accommodations, and will not contribute to the workforce in any way

(Banks, Davey, Shakespeare & Kuper, 2020; United Nations, n.d)

Synthesis

There have been numerous discussions regarding the effects of COVID-19

pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals and the

challenges they are facing. The aim of gathering all the past studies is to provide

direction in achieving the goal of this study which is mainly about exploring the

perceived effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically

challenged individuals. Furthermore, the similarities are apparent when detecting the

effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals.

39
 The related studies by Ito et al., (2020) and Ghai (2021) have stated that

during the pandemic, women with disabilities suffer significant challenges and are

more prone to be oppressed because they are more vulnerable to poverty, insecurity,

and financial restraints. Thus, making them three times more likely to have unmet

health care needs, illiterate, unemployed and less likely to use the internet.

Moreover, women with disabilities are more likely to suffer from sexual violence and

domestic abuse compared to those without disabilities. Similarly, Hughes et al (2021)

found in a systemic review of 21 studies that people with disabilities, especially

women, have a higher lifetime prevalence of interpersonal violence ranging from

26.0% to 90.0% than in men with disabilities which ranged from 28.7% to 86.1%.

Resources from Bright & Kuper (2018) and Kavanagh et al. (2021) indicate

that people with disabilities have faced significant challenges and more barriers in

accessing the health care services despite their higher needs. In the study of

El-Zraigat & Alshammari (2020) and Pettinicchio et al., (2020) both indicate that the

pandemic has a negative impact on the mental health of physically challenged

individuals. They are more likely to experience social isolation and a lack of

interaction with other people, therefore, leading to negative effects such as chronic

stress, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, an illness or a loss of a loved one, friend,

or colleague can be traumatic and may lead to such negative effects to mental health

according to Lund et al., (2020).

According to Wolfe et al. (2020) observed that transportation impediments to

health care, which can result in delayed care or cancelled appointments,

disproportionately affect people with disabilities, based on data from the National

Health Interview Survey. Similar in the studies of Douglas et al. (2020) and Cochran

40
(2020) both stated that people with disabilities are more likely to experience negative

consequences from pandemic response measures which result of disruptions in their

support services, as well as essential services in general, such as transportation.

Travelers with disabilities, as well as those providing assistance, may be at risk if

they ask for any kind of help during the pandemic since they require relatively close

contact.

According to Annaswamy, Verduzco-Guiterrez, & Freiden, (2020) there are

some reported benefits that telemedicine helps the physically challenged individuals

especially in lowering the cost of the health care, lower transportation cost, improved

medication reconciliation communication, and less exposure to communicable

diseases during this pandemic but not able to fully maximize the benefits. On the

other hand, according to Bright & Kuper (2020) specifically persons with hearing

impairment may not receive adequate quality service from healthcare professional

due to difficulty in communication and inadequate skills to approach hearing

impaired individuals especially through telemedicine.

In comparison with other studies, this study deals primarily with the perceived

effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged

individuals. There are instances where physically challenged individuals encounter

situations that may interfere with their daily living. Therefore, this study will identify

the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life among

physically challenged individuals in terms of physical, psychological, social, and

economic. Through the help of other related studies and the future results of this

study, this study will be able to help the future health care professionals in

determining the expected effects of COVID-19 that can affect the quality of life of

41
physically challenged individuals, who are considered one of the most vulnerable

groups during the pandemic. Aside from health care professionals, this study may

also benefit the physically challenged individuals in performing their jobs more

efficiently and avoiding potential impediments in the event of a crisis .

42
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method, population and sampling,

respondents of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure and

statistical tools that will be employed in the treatment and analysis of data.

Research Design

This study will utilize a descriptive research design, a type of quantitative

research where obtaining information among physically challenged individuals is

used to determine the perceived effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on their quality of

life.

In this study, a descriptive research design will be used to provide a precise

and justifiable presentation of whether the differences in characteristics of the

respondents will influence their responses to the research questions.

Population and Sampling

In this study, convenience and snowball sampling will be employed among

physically challenged individuals aged 18 years old and above. In convenience

sampling, respondents that are easily accessible and geographically ideal will be

given the opportunity to participate. In snowball sampling, respondents of the sample

group will nominate additional members of the general population to participate in

43
the study. The researchers of this study believed that by obtaining snowball

sampling, there was a significant chance of recruiting a concealed population

(Dudovskiy, 2018).

Cochran’s formula will be used in order to find the ideal sample size given a

desired level of precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of

the attribute present in the population. The researchers will choose from the

population of the Province of Cavite through a set of criteria in selecting the

respondents.

Respondents of the Study

The target respondents of the study are physically challenged individuals.

They are the ones who can provide information on the study since they are

considered as one of the most vulnerable groups amidst the pandemic. The

researchers want to know the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on their quality of

life. In this way, the researchers can determine the challenges that they encounter

and their preferred treatment for them amidst the pandemic. The criteria for selecting

the respondents are: (a) male or female, (b) at least 18 years of age, (c) physically

challenged individual (d) currently residing in the province of Cavite, and (e) has a

gadget with access to the internet.

44
Research Instrument

The researchers will utilize questionnaires and structured interviews as

research instruments to obtain the needed data from the respondents of the study.

The structured interview method will only be conducted on visually impaired

respondents due to restrictions in answering the online questionnaire. The

instrument used in this study was adapted and modified from the World Health

Organization - Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL - BREF) .

The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part was composed of

items concerning the sociodemographic profile of the respondents including their

age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of

disability. The second part of the questionnaire was composed of 26 questions that

aim to assess the perceived effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of physically

challenged individuals. The 26-item questionnaire includes 2 items for overall quality

of life and general health, the other 24 questions were grouped under four domains:

physical health (7 items), psychological (6 items), social (3 items), and environmental

(8 items). Each item was constructed in a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Not at

all, Very dissatisfied, Very poor) to 5 (An extreme amount, Very satisfied, Very good)

to determine a raw item score.

The scoring of the tool will be derived from WHOQOL-BREF guidelines. Raw

domain scores for the WHOQOL will be transformed into a 4-20 score. The domain

scores are scaled in a positive direction wherein higher scores indicate higher QOL.

The domain score is calculated using the mean score of items within each domain.

According to the cutoff scores determined by the World Health Organization (WHO),

the total score in each domain and the total QOL score were classified into “poor”,

45
“fair”, and “good” quality of life. The cut-off points for the physical domain are poor

(7-16), fair (17 to 26) and good quality of life (27 to 35), for the psychological domain,

6 to 14, 15 to 22, and 23 to 30, for social domain, 3 to 7, 8 to 11, and 12 to 15 and for

the environmental domain, 8 to 18, 19 to 29, and 30 to 40. The cut-off points of the

total QOL score were 26 to 60 (poor), 61 to 95 (fair), and 96 to 130 (good).

Validation of the Instrument

Face and content validation of the research instrument will be done by the

assigned validators from the College of Nursing of De La Salle Medical and Health

Sciences Institute who have the knowledge and expertise in validating the tool.

Data Gathering Procedure

This is the narrative discussion of every step undertaken by the

researcher during data gathering.

Phase I: Social Preparation: The researchers will first send a letter describing the

conduct of the study to the Dean of the College of Nursing, which will be authorized

by their Thesis Adviser. The study will undergo ethical evaluation by the College

Ethics Committee (CEC) to ensure the observation of ethical research conduct. The

Technical Research Panel and the Dean of the College of Nursing shall approve the

conduct of the study.

46
Phase II: Actual Data Gathering: After determining the prospective respondents,

data gathering will be held online. The researchers will reach them through

Facebook Messenger. They will utilize the Messenger to introduce themselves and

explain briefly the purpose and objectives of the study, benefits of the study to the

respondents, and their rights as a respondent to withdraw at any time from the study

if they are hesitant to participate. Once the respondents agree to participate, the

survey will be in the form of a Google Forms link containing the research instrument,

which is only accessible to the respondents and researchers. The respondents will

be asked to accomplish the informed consent uploaded on the first page of the

Google Form. They will also be informed that the data gathered will be stored,

processed, and shared in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 10173

or the Data Privacy Act of 2012. The data to be gathered will be stored for a

maximum of two (2) years from the time when it was collected. The respondents are

free to ask questions to the researchers if there is something that is not clear on the

questionnaire.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical treatment of data will help the researcher interpret the strength

and quality of the reported findings, as well as the clinical significance and

applicability of the research results. To answer the specific problems and to test the

hypothesis of the study, the following statistical treatments will be utilized: To answer

minor problem number 1 as to demographic profile, frequency and percentage

distribution will be used. For minor problem number 2 as to the perception on the

effects of COVID-19 to their quality of life, weighted mean will be utilized. To

47
determine if there is a significant difference in the effects on the quality of life among

physically challenged individuals when they are grouped according to their profile,

t-test will be used. To test the hypothesis of no significant difference in the perception

on the effects of COVID-19 to their quality of life when grouped according to their

profile, F-test or One Way Anova will be used.

Frequency. This is the number of occurrences of data in the study. Frequency can

be found by putting the data in a table, and observing how many times the data have

appeared. This was used to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age,

gender, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of disability.

Percentage. This is the technique of expressing a hundredth of a total by dividing

the full number by 100 (Statistics Canada, 2015). This was used to determine the

profile of the respondents in age, gender, educational attainment, occupation,

monthly income, and type of disability.

Weighted mean. It is a similar concept to an average. Rather than each data point

contributing equally to the final mean, certain data points add greater "weight." The

weighted mean equals the arithmetic mean if all the weights are equal. In statistics,

weighted means are fairly prevalent, especially when examining populations. This

was used to determine perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of

life among physically challenged individuals in terms of physical, psychological,

social, and economic.

t-test. This is a measure used to analyze and compare the means of two samples.

(Parahoo, as cited in Asis, 2009). In this study, this method was used to determine if

48
there is a significant difference in the effects on the quality of life among physically

challenged individuals when they are grouped according to age, gender, educational

attainment, occupation, monthly income, and type of disability.

F-Test or Analysis of Variances (ANOVA). The F-Test, often known as ANOVA, is

a statistical test that examines variance (Alambra, Gonzales, Usis, 2014). It may be

used to assess significant differences between two or more means, allowing the

researcher to reach different conclusions about two or more sets of data (McMillan,

et al., as cited in Alambra, Gonzales, and Usis, 2014). This method was used to

determine if there are significant differences in the perceived effects of COVID-19 on

the quality of life of physically challenged individuals when the respondents were

grouped according to age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, monthly

income, and type of disability.

49
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disabilities

Annaswamy, T. M., Verduzco-Gutierrez, M., & Frieden, L. (2020). Telemedicine

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APPENDICES

68
 Informed Consent - English

Good Morning/Afternoon!

We are 3rd year nursing students of De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences

Institute (DLSMHSI) who are currently undergoing a research entitled " The

Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality of Life of Physically

Challenged Individuals”. The purpose of this research is to determine the perceived

effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of physically challenged

individuals in the province of Cavite.

We would like to invite you to participate in this study.

This study will be beneficial to you in a sense that this will help to extend your

familiarity with the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on your quality of life. Moreover, it

aims to provide awareness regarding the effects of COVID-19 pandemic that can

affect your quality of life. Likewise, this research also intends to assess the effects of

COVID-19 pandemic on your quality of life, which may help you to develop a better

management regarding your difficulties during this pandemic.

If you consent to participate in this study, you will answer this online form. It will take

you about 5-10 minutes to finish answering.

The researchers will make every effort to safeguard the confidentiality of the

information that you will provide. Any information obtained from this study that can

69
be identified with me will remain confidential and will not be given to anyone without

my permission.

You have the right to refuse to participate in this study. If you do agree to participate,

you also have the right to change my mind at any time and stop your participation in

this research.

My signature proved that:

● The researchers fully and properly explained to me the importance and

benefits of this study.

● I have given the opportunity to ask any and all questions about the described

study and my participation and that all my questions have been answered to

my satisfaction.

● I have been clearly informed from the start that I have the right to refuse in

this study and I also have the right to change my mind at any time and stop

my participation.

● It has been fully explained to me that all information obtained from this study

will be strictly confidential and will not be given to anyone without my

permission.

If you have any questions about the study, you may contact anyone of us using the

details below.

Researchers:

70
Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi - 09608934641 (Smart) │Facebook: Johanna Legaspi

Yssabela B. Pajarillo - 09563943379 (Globe) │Facebook: Yssa Pajarillo

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora - 09951436435 (Globe) l Facebook: Ivan Tabora

Josiah M. Villacampa - 09760516836 (Globe) l Facebook: Josiah Villacampa

71
 Informed Consent - Tagalog

Magandang Araw po!

Kami po ay mga 3rd year nursing students mula sa De La Salle Medical and Health

Sciences Institute (DLSMHSI) na kasalukuyang nagsasagawa ng pananaliksik na

pinamagatang "Napagtanto na epekto ng Covid-19 pandemya sa kalidad ng buhay

ng isang indibidwal na may pisikal na kapansanan”. Ang pananaliksik na ito ay

naglalayong alamin ang mga nararanasang epekto ng pandemyang COVID-19 sa

kalikada ng buhay ng mga indibidwal na may pisikal na kapansanan sa buong

probinsya ng Cavite.

Kayo po ay inaanyayahang makilahok sa pag-aaral na ito.

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay magiging kapaki-pakinabang sa inyo sa isang kahulugan na

ito ay makakatulong upang mapalawak ang inyong pagka pamilyar sa mga epekto

ng pandemyang COVID-19 sa inyong kalidad ng buhay. Bukod dito, layunin nitong

magbigay ng kamalayan tungkol sa mga epekto ng pandemya ng COVID-19 na

maaaring makaapekto sa iyong kalidad ng buhay. Gayundin, nilalayon din ng

pananaliksik na ito na suriin ang mga epekto ng pandemyang COVID-19 sa inyong

kalidad ng buhay, na maaaring makatulong sa inyo na bumuo ng isang mas

mahusay na pamamahala tungkol sa iyong mga paghihirap sa panahon ng

pandemyang ito.

72
Kung kayo po ay papayag na lumahok sa pag-aaral na ito, sasagutan niyo po ang

online na form na ito. Aabutin po kayo ng mga 5-10 minuto para matapos ang

pagsagot.

Gagawin ng mga mananaliksik ang lahat ng pagsisikap na pangalagaan ang

pagiging kompidensiyal ng impormasyong ibibigay niyo. Anumang impormasyong

makukuha mula sa pag-aaral na ito na maaaring makilala sa akin ay mananatiling

kumpidensyal at hindi ibibigay sa sinuman nang walang pahintulot ko.

May karapatan po kayong tumanggi na lumahok sa pag-aaral na ito. Kung

sumasang-ayon po kayo na lumahok, may karapatan din po kayong baguhin ang

aking isip anumang oras at ihinto ang inyong pakikilahok sa pananaliksik na ito.

Pinatunayan ng aking pirma na:

● Ang mga mananaliksik ay ganap at maayos na ipinaliwanag sa akin ang

kahalagahan at benepisyo ng pag-aaral na ito.

● Binigyan ako ang pagkakataong magtanong ng anuman at lahat ng mga

katanungan tungkol sa inilarawang pag-aaral at sa aking pakikilahok at na

ang lahat ng aking mga katanungan ay nasagot sa aking kasiyahan.

● Malinaw na ipinaalam sa akin sa simula pa lang na may karapatan akong

tumanggi sa pag-aaral na ito at may karapatan din akong magbago ng isip

anumang oras at ihinto ang aking pakikilahok.

73
 ● Ito ay ganap na ipinaliwanag sa akin na ang lahat ng impormasyong

makukuha mula sa pag-aaral na ito ay magiging mahigpit na kumpidensyal at

hindi ibibigay sa sinuman nang walang pahintulot ko.

Kung mayroon po kayong anumang mga katanungan tungkol sa pag-aaral, maaari

po kayong makipag-ugnayan sa sinuman sa amin gamit ang mga detalye sa ibaba.

Researchers:

Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi - 09608934641 (Smart) │Facebook: Johanna Legaspi

Yssabela B. Pajarillo - 09563943379 (Globe) │Facebook: Yssa Pajarillo

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora - 09951436435 (Globe) l Facebook: Ivan Tabora

Josiah M. Villacampa - 09760516836 (Globe) l Facebook: Josiah Villacampa

74
 Assent Form

We, Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi, Yssabela B. Pajarillo, Ivan Alexander R. Tabora,

and Josiah M. Villacampa, third-year nursing students from the College of Nursing,

are asking you to participate in our study entitled “Perceived Effects of COVID-19

Pandemic on the Quality of Life of Physically Challenged Individuals”. This research

is under the supervision of our thesis adviser Evelyn Tadena.

We hope to determine the Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality

of Life of Physically Challenged Individuals.

We are inviting you to participate in this study. Your parent/guardian is allowing you

to participate in this study. They have signed the parent/guardian informed consent

form.

While participating in this study, you will be asked to answer a questionnaire with two

parts. Part one is about your demographic profile and part two is composed of

statements about the Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality of Life

of Physically Challenged Individuals. .

However, your participation in this study is voluntary and you may refuse to join for

any personal reason. You can approach or inform the researchers if you are unwilling

or would like to stop participating.

We, the researchers, assure the confidentiality of your participation. The

questionnaire will be kept by the researchers. Anonymity will be ensured by not

requiring the name of the respondent to be written in the questionnaire.

75
If you have any question about the study, you can approach Ms.Johanna Alleya V.

Legaspi at 09608934641(Smart), Ms. Yssabela B. Pajarillo at 09563943379 (Globe),

Mr . Ivan Alexander R. Tabora at 09951436436(Globe) and Mr. Josiah M.

Villacampa at 09760516836 (Globe) .

Agreement

I agree to participate in this research project and I have received a copy of this form.

_________________________________ ___________________

Signature Over Printed Name of Participant Date

I have explained to the participant, whose signature is provided above, the nature,

purpose, and benefits of this research. I have answered all questions that have been

raised and provided the participant a copy of this form.

___________________________________ _______________

76
 Letter of Request to Conduct Study

Dr. Ma Elizabeth V. Rey-Matias, PTRP, MD, MHPed, PhD

Director, CRS

De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute

Governor D. Mangubat Avenue, City of Dasmariñas Cavite, Philippines 4114

To Dr. Rey-Matias:

Warmest Greetings in the name of St. La Salle!

We, the third year students from the College of Nursing of De La Salle Medical and

Health Sciences Institute, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite are currently conducting a

study entitled “Perceived Effects of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Physically

Challenged Individuals” for the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Nursing. This study aims to provide awareness as well as

exploring insight into any effects that can affect the quality of life of physically

challenged individuals.

77
In this regard, we are requesting your permission from your good office to allow us to

conduct a survey in your department. Rest assured that all documents will be treated

with utmost respect and confidentiality.

If you have any questions or concerns should you consider our request, we will be

honored to come to your office at a time that is convenient to you to discuss the

details of our study.

Please contact us at any of the following number and email:

Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi - 09608934641(Smart) , [email protected]

Yssabela B. Pajarillo - 09563943379 (Globe) , [email protected]

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora - 09951436435 (Globe), [email protected]

Josiah M. Villacampa - 09760516836 (Globe), [email protected]

Attached is a copy of our research paper for your reference. We are hoping for your

kind consideration and approval. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

Johanna Alleya V. Legaspi

78
Yssabela B. Pajarillo

Ivan Alexander R. Tabora

Josiah M. Villacampa

Noted by:

Evelyn F. Tadena, RN, RM, MAN

Research Adviser

79
TEMPLATE FOR INFORMATION GIVING (ORAL) TO ENSURE INFORMED CONSENT
(ENGLISH)

Area Verbatim Script Remarks

1. Greeting/ establishing Good morning/good

rapport afternoon po! We are
group 11 from BSN 3-3. I
am(name), together with
(name of groupmates)
and we are third-year
nursing students from the
College of Nursing are
currently conducting a
study entitled “Perceived
Effects of COVID-19 on
the Quality of Life of
Physically Challenged
Individuals”.

2. Explanation of purpose We have this study which

intends to provide
awareness as well as
exploring insight into any
effects that can affect the
quality of life of physically
challenged individuals.

3. Explanation of rationale We chose you for this

why this type of study because you clearly
respondents were chosen meet the study's inclusion
criteria.

4. Potential/ direct It is the intention of this

benefits to study to be beneficial to
respondents/participants you in terms of becoming
more familiar with the
effects of COVID-19 on
the quality of your life,
which would prevent you
from encountering
difficulties during the
pandemic.

5. Explanation of what the We plan to let you answer

respondents/participants a questionnaire or
will exactly do structured interviews.
There are 2 parts in a
questionnaire: the first
part will be composed of

80
 items concerning of your
sociodemographic profile
of the respondents
including your age,
gender, educational
attainment, occupation,
monthly income, and type
of disability and the
second part of the
questionnaire is
composed of 24
questions which aims to
assess the expected
effects of COVID-19 on
the quality of life of
physically challenged
individuals. On the other
hand, the structured
interview method will only
be conducted on visually
impaired respondents due
to restrictions in
answering the online
questionnaire.

6. The possible risks/ In the course of the study,

discomforts/inconvenienc you may experience
es associated with the discomfort due to
study and measures to be answering the
taken about them to questionnaire, and if you
protect the respondents, wish to discontinue
including cost implications answering, you may do
& who will shoulder so.

7. Mention if there will be There will be no trial

trial procedures or not & procedures & invasive
foreseen invasive techniques.
techniques

8. Explanation of You have the right to

respondents’/ participants’ refuse to participate in our
responsibilities/ rights in study but if you agree to
participating; ( participate in our study,
voluntariness, right to ask we will secure an
7 clarify, assurance of informed consent from
anonymity/confidentiality ) you. We will make an
effort to safeguard the
confidentiality of the
information that you
provide, we will quickly

81
 respond to your questions
and clarifications, and you
have the right to change
your mind at any time and
stop your participation in
our study.

9. Explanation about the You will be

duration of the study involved/participate from
this period up to the end
of our study in June or
July 2022.

TEMPLATE FOR INFORMATION GIVING (ORAL) TO ENSURE INFORMED CONSENT

(FILIPINO)

Area Verbatim Script Remarks

1. Greeting/ establishing Magandang umaga/

rapport Magandang hapon po!
Kami ang group 11 galing
sa BSN 3-3. Ako si
(pangalan), kasama sila
(pangalan ng mga
kagrupo) at kami ay nasa
ikatlong taon ng pag aaral
ng Nursing mula sa
Kolehiyo ng Nursing ay
nagsasagawa ng isang
pag aaral na ang
pamagat ay "Napagtanto
na epekto ng Covid-19
pandemya sa kalidad ng
buhay ng isang indibidwal
na may pisikal na
kapansanan".

2. Explanation of purpose Mayroon kaming

pag-aaral na ito na
naglalayong magbigay ng
kamalayan pati na rin ang
paggalugad ng pananaw
sa kung ano ang epekto
sa kalidad ng buhay ng
isang indibidwal na may
pisikal na kapansanan.

3. Explanation of rationale Ikaw ay ang aming

82
why this type of napiling lumahok sa
respondents were chosen aming pag-aaral dahil
malinaw mong
natutugunan ang
pamantayan ng
pagsasama ng pag-aaral.

4. Potential/ direct Ang intensyon ng pag

benefits to aaral na ito ay magkaroon
respondents/participants ng benepisyo sayo sa
mga tuntunin pagiging
mas pamilyar sa mga
epekto ng COVID-19 sa
kalidad ng iyong buhay,
na hahadlang sa iyong
makaranas ng mga
paghihirap sa panahon ng
pandemya.

5. Explanation of what the Plano namin na

respondents/participants pasagutan ang
will exactly do talatanungan o structured
interview. Mayroong
dalawang bahagi sa isang
talatanungan: ang unang
bahagi ay bubuuin ng
mga aytem na may
kinalaman sa iyong
sociodemographic na
profile, kabilang ang iyong
edad, kasarian, natamo
sa edukasyon, trabaho,
buwanang kita, at uri ng
kapansanan. Ang
pangalawang bahagi ng
talatanungan ay binubuo
ng 24 na tanong na
naglalayong tasahin ang
mga inaasahang epekto
ng COVID-19 sa kalidad
ng buhay ng mga
indibidwal na may pisikal
na hamon. Sa kabilang
banda, ang structured
interview na paraan ay
isasagawa lamang sa
mga respondent na may
kapansanan sa paningin
dahil sa mga paghihigpit
sa pagsagot sa online

83
 questionnaire.

6. The possible risks/ Sa takbo ng pag aaral na

discomforts/inconvenienc ito maaari kang
es associated with the makaranas ng discomfort
study and measures to be dahil sa iyong pagsasagot
taken about them to ng questionnaire ngunit
protect the respondents, kapag naisipan mong
including cost implications huwag na lang ituloy ang
& who will shoulder pag sasagot, maaari mo
naman itong gawin.

7. Mention if there will be Ang pag aaral na ito ay

trial procedures or not & walang pamamaraan ng
foreseen invasive pagsubok at walang
techniques invasive na teknik.

8. Explanation of Ikaw ay may karapatan

respondents’/ participants’ na tumanggi na lumahok
responsibilities/ rights in sa aming pag-aaral ngunit
participating; ( kung sumasang-ayon ka
voluntariness, right to ask na lumahok sa aming
7 clarify, assurance of pag-aaral, kukuha kami
anonymity/confidentiality ) ng kasulatan ng
pagsang-ayon mula sa
iyo. Panatilihin naming
kompidensiyal ang mga
impormasyon ibibigay mo,
mabilis kaming tutugon sa
iyong mga katanungan at
paglilinaw, at anumang
oras mayroon kang
karapatan na umatras na
lumahok sa aming
pag-aaral kapag nagbago
ang iyong isip.

9. Explanation about the Ikaw ay sasali o lalahok

duration of the study simula sa panahon na ito
hanggang sa matapos
ang aming pag-aaral sa
buwan ng Hunyo o Hulyo
2022.

84
 Research Instrument - English

Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality of Life of

Physically Challenged Individuals

This questionnaire is designed to describe the effects of COVID-19 pandemic

on the quality of life of physically challenged individuals. It is divided into two
parts. The first part is composed of seven items about the socio-demographic
profile of the respondents. The second part contains questions adapted from
the World Health Organization - Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL -
BREF, 1996), a 26-item self-evaluation consisting of questions about your life.

I. Personal Profile
Name (optional): ___________________ Age:__________ Gender:____

Direction: Please put a check (✓) on the line beside your corresponding
answer.

Educational Attainment
___ no formal education
___ elementary graduate
___ high school graduate
___ college graduate
___ elementary undergraduate
___ high school undergraduate
___ college undergraduate
___ others : _________

Occupation
___ employed
___ self-employed
___ unemployed

85
Monthly Income
___ below Php 11,690
___ Php 11,690 – Php 23,381
___ Php 23,381 – Php 46,671
___ Php 46,671 – Php 81,832
___ Php 81,832 – Php 140,284
___ Php 140,284 – Php 233,806
___ more than Php 233,806

Type of Disability
___ Locomotor Disability (poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, amputation, injuries of the
spine, head, soft tissues, fractures, muscular dystrophies etc.)
___ Hearing Impairment
___ Visual Impairment
___ Speech Disability

II. World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF Questionnaire (1996).

Directions: This assessment asks how you feel about your quality of life, health, or
other areas of your life. Please answer all the questions. If you are unsure about
which response to give to a question, please choose the one that appears most
appropriate. This can often be your first response. Please keep in mind your
standards, hopes, pleasures and concerns. We ask that you think about your life in
the last two weeks.

Please read each question, assess your feelings, and kindly place a check for each
question that gives the best answer for you.

Very poor Poor Neither Good Very

poor nor good
1 2 good 4
5

86
 3

1. How would you rate the

effect of COVID-19 pandemic
on your quality of life?

Very Diss Neither Satisfie Very

dissatisfi atisfi satisfied d satisfied
ed ed nor
dissatisf 4 5
1 2 ied

2. How satisfied are you with

your health during the COVID
19 pandemic?

The following questions ask about how much you have experienced certain things
in the last two weeks

Not at A little A Very An

all moderate much extreme
2 amount amount
1 4
3 5

3. To what extent do you feel

that physical pain prevents
you from doing what you need
to do during the COVID-19
pandemic?

4. How much do you need any

medical treatment to function
in your daily life during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

5. How much do you enjoy life

during the COVID-19
pandemic?

6. To what extent do you feel

your life to be meaningful
during the COVID-19
pandemic?

87
7. How well are you able to
concentrate during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

8. How safe do you feel in

your daily life during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

9. How healthy is your

physical environment during
the COVID-19 pandemic?

The following questions ask about how completely you experience or were able to
do certain things in the last two weeks.

Not at A little A Very An

all moderate much extreme
2 amount amount
1 4
3 5

10. Do you have enough

energy for everyday life during
the COVID-19 pandemic?

11. Are you able to accept

your bodily appearance during
the COVID-19 pandemic?

12. Have you enough money

to meet your needs during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

13. How available to you is

the information that you need
in your day-to-day life during
the COVID-19 pandemic?

14. To what extent do you

have the opportunity for
leisure activities during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

Very poor Poor Neither Good Very

poor nor good
1 2 good 4

88
 5
3

15. How well are you able to get

around during the COVID-19
pandemic?

The following questions ask you to say how good or satisfied you have felt about
various aspects of your life over the last two weeks.

Not at A little A Very An

all moderate much extreme
2 amount amount
1 4
3 5

16. How satisfied are you with

your sleep during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

17. How satisfied are you with

your ability to perform your
daily living activities during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

18. How satisfied are you with

your capacity for work during
the COVID-19 pandemic?

19. How satisfied are you with

yourself during the COVID-19
pandemic?

20. How satisfied are you with

your personal relationships
during the COVID-19
pandemic?

21. How satisfied are you with

your sex life during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

22. How satisfied are you with

the support you get from your
friends during the COVID-19
pandemic?

23. How satisfied are you with

the conditions of your living

89
place during the COVID-19
pandemic?

24. How satisfied are you with

your access to health services
during the COVID-19
pandemic?

25. How satisfied are you with

your transport during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

The following question refers to how often you have felt or experienced certain
things in the last two weeks.

Never Seldom Quite Very Always

often often
1 2 5
3 4

26. How often do you have

negative feelings such as blue
mood, despair, anxiety,
depression during the
COVID-19 pandemic?

90
91
 Research Instrument - Tagalog

Ang talatanungan na ito ay idinisenyo upang ilarawan ang mga epekto ng

pandemyang COVID-19 sa kalidad ng buhay ng mga indibidwal na may
pisikal na kapansanan.ito ay may dalawang bahagi. Una ay binubuo ng pitong
katanungan tungkol sa sociodemographic profile ng mga tagatugon. Ang
pangalawang parte ay naglalaman ng katanungan mula sa World Health
Organization - Quality of Life Brief Version Questionnaire (WHOQOL - BREF,
1996) na binubuo ng dalawampu't anim na katanungan tungkol sa inyong
kalidad ng buhay.

III. Personal na Profile

Pangalan (opsyonal): ___________________ Edad:__________ Kasarian:____

Direksyon: Paki-lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang linya sa tabi ng iyong kaukulang

sagot.

Edukasyong nakamit
___ walang pormal na edukasyon
___ nakatapos ng elementarya
___ nakatapos ng hayskul
___ nakatapos ng kolehiyo
___ elementary undergraduate
___ high school undergraduate
___ college undergraduate
___ ibang kasagutan: _________

Katayuang Okupasyonal
___ nagtatrabaho
___ may sariling hanapbuhay
___ hindi nagtatrabaho

92
Buwanang sahod ng pamilya:
___ mababa sa Php 11,690
___ Php 11,690 – Php 23,381
___ Php 23,381 – Php 46,671
___ Php 46,671 – Php 81,832
___ Php 81,832 – Php 140,284
___ Php 140,284 – Php 233,806
___ higit sa Php 233,806

Uri ng kapansanan
___ Locomotor Disability (poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, amputation, injuries of the
spine, head, soft tissues, fractures, muscular dystrophies etc.)
___ Hearing Impairment (hindi nakakarinig)
___ Visual Impairment (hindi nakakakita)
___ Speech Disability (hindi nakakapagsalita)

IV. World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF Questionnaire (1996).

Direksyon: Ang mga sumusunod na tanong ay patungkol sa inyong mga

pakiramdam, kalidad ng inyong buhay, kalusugan, o iba pang aspeto ng inyong
buhay. Pakisagot po ang lahat ng mga tanong. Kung hindi po kayo sigurado sa
inyong sagot, piliin po lamang ang sa tingin ninyo ang siyang pinaka-angkop.
Kadalasan, ito ang unang sagot na naisip ninyo. Isipin po ninyong mabuti ang inyong
mga pamantayan (standards), pangarap, kasiyahan, at alalahanin. Isipin po ninyo
ang ang inyong buhay sa nakalipas na dalawang linggo.

Basahin po ang bawat taong, suriin ang inyong nararamdaman, at lagyan ng tsek
ang bawat tanong na nagsasaad ng inyong pinak-angkop na sagot sa bawat tanong.

Lubhang Hindi Medyo Kontent Sobrang

Hindi Konte Konten o Kontent
Kontento nto to o

93
 4
1 2 3 5

1. Paano mo susukatin ang

epekto ng pandemyang COVID-
19 sa inyong kalidad ng buhay?

Lubhang Hindi Medyo Konten Sobrang

Hindi Konte Konten to Kontent
Kontento nto to o
4
1 2 3 5

2. Gaano kayo kakontento sa

inyong kalusugan ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

Ang mga sumusunod na tanong ay tungkol sa kung gaano mo naranasan ang mga
bagay-bagay nitong nakaraang dalawang linggo.

Hindi Narana Narana Madalas Lubhang

Naran san san naranas madalas
asan nang an na
konti/ba 3 naranasa
1 hagya 4 n

2 5

3. Gaano mo naranasan na
ang pananakit ng katawan ay
naging sagabal sa iyong mga
pang araw-araw na gawain
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

4. Gaano niyo kinailangan ang

magpagamot, upang inyong
magampanan ang araw-araw
na gawain ngayong panahon
ng pandemyang COVID-19?

5. Gaano niyo naranasan ang

kasiyahan sa inyong buhay

94
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

6. Gaano niyo naranasan na

may saysay o kabuluhan ang
inyong buhay ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

7. Gaano ang inyong

kakayahan na
makapag-concentrate
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

8. Gaano niyo naramdaman

na kayo ay ligtas sa anumang
kapahamakan sa inyong pang
araw-araw na buhay ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

9. Gaano kalusog at ligtas sa

sakit ang inyong paligid
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

Ang mga sumusunod na tanong ay tungkol sa kung gaano mo ganap na

naranasan o nagawa ang ilang mga bagay nitong nakaraang dalawang linggo.

Walan Kaunti Medyo Sapat/M Laging

g-wala at hindi sapat adalas/ sapat/
/ sapat Tanggap Laging
Hindin 3 tanggap
g-hindi 2 4
5
1

10. May sapat ka bang lakas

para sa pang araw-araw na
gawain ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

11. Tanggap ba ninyo ang

inyong pisikal na anyo o
pangangatawan ngayong

95
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

12.May sapat ka bang pera

para sa inyong mga
pangangailangan ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

13. Gaano ninyo kadaling

makuha ang mga kailangan
ninyong impormasyon mula sa
radio, tv,diyario atbp., sa
inyong pang araw-araw na
buhay ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

14. Gaano kadalas ang

inyong pagkakataon at oras
para sa paglilibang o
kasiyahan ngayong panahon
ng pandemyang COVID-19?

Lubhan Walan Medyo May Mahusa

g g may kakayah y ang
walang kakay kakayah an kakayah
kakaya ahan an an
han 4
2 3 5
1

15. Gaano ang inyong

kakayahang magpunta sa mga
lugar na gusto mong puntahan
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

Ang mga sumusunod na tanong ay tungkol sa kung gaano kahusay o kakontento

ang iyong nadama tungkol sa iba’t ibang aspeto ng iyong buhay nitong nakaraang
dalawang linggo.

Lubha Hindi Medyo Konte Laging

96
 ng kontent kontento nto kontento
hindi o
konten 3 4 5
to 2

16. Gaano kayo kakontento sa

inyong pagtulog ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

17. Gaano kayo kakontento sa

inyong kakayahang gawin ang
mga pang araw-araw mong
gawain ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

18. Gaano ka kakontento sa

inyong kakayahang gumawa o
magtrabaho ngayong panahon
ng pandemyang COVID-19?

19. Gaano ka kontento sa

iyong sarili ngayong panahon
ng pandemyang COVID-19?

20. Gaano ka kakontento sa

iyong mga personal na
relasyon (halimbawa, sa diyos,
kaibigan, at pamilya) ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

21. Gaano ka kakontento sa

iyong sekswal na buhay
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

22. Gaano ka kakontento sa

suporta na nakukuha mo mula
sa iyong mga kaibigan
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

97
23. Gaano ka kakontento sa
kalagayan ng iyong tirahan
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

24. Gaano ka kakontento sa

iyong kakayahang makakuha
ng serbisyong pangkalusugan
mula sa gobyerno o sa
pribadong serbisyo ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

25. Kontento ka ba sa iyong

kakayahan upang makamit
ang paraan ng transportasyon
ngayong panahon ng
pandemyang COVID-19?

Ang mga sumusunod na tanong ay tungkol sa kung gaano kadalas mo naranasan

ang mga bagay-bagay nitong nakaraang dalawang linggo.

Hiding Bihira/ Madalas Sobran Palaging

hindi Medyo nararan g nararan
naran narana asan madala asan
asan san s
3 naranas 5
1 2 an

26. Gaano niyo kadalas

maranasan ang mga hindi
magagandang damdamin tulad
ng pagsumpong, pagkabigo,
pagkabahala at sobrang
kalungkutan at lumbay ngayong
panahon ng pandemyang
COVID-19?

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