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    Astm D1709-16ae1 Standard Test Methods For Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by The Free-Falling Dart Method

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    HASSAN WASEEM
    The document provides summaries of 12 ASTM standards related to testing various properties of plastic films and sheeting, including impact resistance, tear resistance, puncture properties, tensile properties, coefficient of friction, environmental stress cracking resistance, chemical resistance, defect detection, permeability, hot seal strength, and haze/luminous transmittance. Standard test methods, practices, and properties evaluated are described for each standard. Relevant figures are also included to illustrate common testing devices and procedures.

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    Astm D1709-16ae1 Standard Test Methods For Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by The Free-Falling Dart Method

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    HASSAN WASEEM
    110 views9 pages
    The document provides summaries of 12 ASTM standards related to testing various properties of plastic films and sheeting, including impact resistance, tear resistance, puncture properties, tensile properties, coefficient of friction, environmental stress cracking resistance, chemical resistance, defect detection, permeability, hot seal strength, and haze/luminous transmittance. Standard test methods, practices, and properties evaluated are described for each standard. Relevant figures are also included to illustrate common testing devices and procedures.

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    TESTS

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    The document provides summaries of 12 ASTM standards related to testing various properties of plastic films and sheeting, including impact resistance, tear resistance, puncture properties, tensile properties, coefficient of friction, environmental stress cracking resistance, chemical resistance, defect detection, permeability, hot seal strength, and haze/luminous transmittance. Standard test methods, practices, and properties evaluated are described for each standard. Relevant figures are also included to illustrate common testing devices and procedures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    110 views9 pages

    Astm D1709-16ae1 Standard Test Methods For Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by The Free-Falling Dart Method

    Uploaded by

    HASSAN WASEEM
    The document provides summaries of 12 ASTM standards related to testing various properties of plastic films and sheeting, including impact resistance, tear resistance, puncture properties, tensile properties, coefficient of friction, environmental stress cracking resistance, chemical resistance, defect detection, permeability, hot seal strength, and haze/luminous transmittance. Standard test methods, practices, and properties evaluated are described for each standard. Relevant figures are also included to illustrate common testing devices and procedures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    The document describes several ASTM standard tests for measuring different properties of plastic films including impact resistance, tear resistance, puncture resistance, tensile properties, coefficient of friction, water vapor transmission rate, oxygen transmission rate, and hot seal strength.

    The document describes tests for impact resistance (ASTM D1709), tear resistance (ASTM D1004), puncture resistance (ASTM D7192), tensile properties (ASTM D882), coefficient of friction (ASTM D1894), water vapor transmission rate (ASTM F1249), oxygen transmission rate (ASTM D3935), and hot seal strength (ASTM F1921).

    The tear resistance test (ASTM D1004) measures the force required to induce tearing of flexible plastic films and sheeting at a low loading rate of 51 mm per minute.

    1.

    ASTM D1709-16ae1
    Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-
    Falling Dart Method

    These test techniques are for determining the amount of energy required for a plastic film to fail
    under specific impact conditions from a free-falling dart. This energy is measured in terms of the
    weight (mass) of a missile falling from a certain height, resulting in a 50% failure rate of the
    specimens tested.
    Two testing processes can be used
    1. The staircase method is the most used strategy. Using this technique, the missile weight
    used during the test is reduced or increased in equal increments after each specimen has
    been tested, depending on the result (fail or not fail).
    2. The alternate method involves testing specimens in ten-group increments. Each group is
    given a different missile weight, which is adjusted in uniform increments from group to
    group.
    Sheeting with a nominal thickness of less than 0.25 mm has been arbitrarily defined as film
    (0.010 in.). [1]

    Figure 1 Impact resistance measuring device (source: Google)


    2. ASTM D1004-21
    Standard Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and
    Sheeting

    This test method is for determining the tear resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting at very
    low loading rates of 51 mm (2 in.) per minute, and is used to determine the force required to
    induce tearing. This test method provides a stress concentration in a small area of the specimen
    due to the specimen shape. The tear resistance in newton’s is the greatest tension, which is
    usually seen around the commencement of tearing (or pounds-force). The approach is not
    suitable to film or sheeting materials that fail brittle during testing or have a maximum extension
    of more than 101.6 mm (4 in.).
    Consistent-Rate-of-Grip Separation Test—In this test, the grips holding the test specimen are
    separated at a constant rate. [2]

    Figure 2 Tear Resistance Measuring Device (source: Google)


    3. ASTM D7192-20 

    Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastic Films
    Using Load and Displacement Sensors
    The purpose of this test procedure is to determine the puncture properties of plastic films at a
    variety of test velocities.
    Film is described by ASTM Terminology Standard D883 as having a thickness of less than 0.25
    mm. Plastic materials with a thickness greater than this are not prohibited from use until they can
    be demonstrated to be stiff. [3]

    Figure 3 Film Puncture Measuring Device (Source: Instron)

    4. ASTM D882-18 

    Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting


    The tensile characteristics of plastics in the form of thin sheeting and films (less than 1.0 mm
    (0.04 in.) in thickness) are determined using this test method.
    This test method can be used to test any plastic that falls within the specified thickness range and
    the machine's capacity.
    Using a tensile testing machine, the film is pulled at a speed of 200 mm/min, calculating the
    strength when the film sample tears (a value obtained by dividing the tensile load by the cross-
    sectional area of the sample) and the amount of elongation. The tensile elongation is calculated
    using the following formula.
    Tensile elongation (%) = 100 × (L - Lo) / Lo
    Lo: Sample length before test, L: Sample length at break
    Grip separation, extension indicators, and gauge mark displacement can all be used to quantify
    specimen extension.
    At one strain rate, the process for obtaining the tensile modulus of elasticity is included. [4]

    Figure 4 Tensile Testing Device (Source: Google)


    5. ASTM D1894-14 
    Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic
    Film and Sheeting
    The coefficients of beginning and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over
    itself or other substances at defined test circumstances are determined using this test procedure.
    A stationary sled with a moving plane or a moving sled with a stationary plane can both be used
    in this method. For a given sample, both approaches produce the same coefficients of friction
    values.
    The film-to-film friction coefficient is determined using a slip tester. The following formula is
    used to calculate the values.
    Resistance Value / Load = Friction Coefficient
    As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by
    heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature. [5]

    Figure 5 Static and Kinetic Coefficient Measuring Device (Source: Instron)

    6. ASTM D5419-21 

    Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress Crack Resistance (ESCR) of


    Threaded Plastic Closures
    The susceptibility of threaded plastic closures to failure owing to environmental stress cracking
    is determined using this test method (ESC).
    When threaded plastic closures are used, they can come into touch with chemicals that
    significantly reduce the stress at which cracks develop. Soaps, detergents, oils, and liquid
    bleaches are examples of such agents.
    Closure material(s), closure design, molded-in stress, and applied stress are all major elements
    that determine environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) of threaded plastic closures.
    This process can be used on any closure, but it's especially useful for those constructed of
    polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene-based plastics (PS).
    The values in inch-pound units should be considered the standard. [6]

    7. ASTM D1239-14 

    Standard Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films to Extraction by


    Chemicals
    The weight loss of the film following immersion in chemicals is measured using this test method
    for chemical resistance of plastic films.
    Sheeting with a nominal thickness of less than 0.25 mm has been arbitrarily defined as film
    (0.010 in.).

    8. ASTM D7310-21 

    Standard Practice for Defect Detection and Rating of Plastic Films Using
    Optical Sensors
    Using an optical scanning equipment, this technique aims to establish standardized approaches
    and criteria for the observation and reporting of faults in various types of plastic film. After
    preparing a suitable film from plastic resin, the scope includes in situ assessment of flaws in
    films manufactured for specific uses. [7]

    9. ASTM F1249
    Permeation of flexible barrier materials using a modulated infrared sensor
    Determine water vapour rate transmission of flexible barrier materials used in packaging or
    industrial applications. Key factors to understand material permeation include thickness of the
    material and environmental factors such as relative humidity and temperature.
    At a selected temperature and humidity, a barrier film is sealed between a wet chamber and dry
    chamber. A pressure modulated sensor measures moisture transmitted through the material
    tested. [8]
    fig 6 modulated infrared sensor

    10. ASTM D3985


    Oxygen permeation of flexible barrier materials using a Coulometric Sensor
    Determine oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of flexible barrier materials used in packaging or
    industrial applications. Key factors include thickness of material and environment factors such
    relative humidity and temperature.
    At a selected temperature and humidity, a barrier film is sealed between a chamber containing
    oxygen and a chamber void of oxygen. A Coulometric Sensor measures the oxygen that is
    transmitted through the material. [9]

    Fig 7 Coulometric sensor

    11.ASTM F1921
    Hot seal strength of thermoplastic for optimizing heat seals in film and
    flexible packaging materials
    Hot tack measures the strength of heat seals formed between thermoplastic surfaces of flexible
    webs, immediately after the seal has been made and before it cools at room temperature. This
    property is important since this situation frequently occurs on vertical form fill seal packaging. In
    this process, the contents are dropped into the bag immediately after the horizontal seal bars have
    opened. Since the content can be heavy, the hot seal must be able to withstand high loads, thus
    requiring a hottack force
    The film sample is fixed in the upper specimen grip which is connected to a peeling actuator.
    The film sample is inserted between the sealing bars by means of a specimen insertion
    mechanism. A seal is made under defined conditions of temperature, contact time and pressure.
    At the end of the sealing time, and after a preset delay time, the peeling actuator moves down
    with a preset speed and peels the hot seal totally apart. The maximum force required to peel or
    break the seal is the hottack force. Threshold sealing temperature is the minimum temperature at
    which the required hottack strength is reached. [10]

    fig 8 Hottack seal strength tester

    12. ASTM D1003


    Haze and luminous transmittance of transparent sheets
    Haze is the scattering of light as it passes through a transparent material, resulting in poor
    visibility and/or glaze. Haze can be inherent in the material, a result of the molding process, or a
    result of environmental factors such as weathering or surface abrasion. Luminous Transmittance
    measures the amount of light that passes through a sample. Thus haze and transmission
    measurements can be useful in product development, process development, and end use
    performance testing.
    The BYK gardener spectrophotometer is highly automated. After specifying the illuminant,
    observe angle, and the reference color, the test sample is inserted into the specimen holder, and
    the spectrophotometer takes the reading. Three readings should be taken and results averaged.
    [11]

    fig 9 Gardner spectrophotometer


    References

    [1] "ASTM Standards," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d1709-16ae01.html. [Accessed 29 01


    2022].

    [2] "ASTM International," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d1004-21.html. [Accessed 29 1


    2022].

    [3] "ASTM International," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d7192-20.html. [Accessed 29 1


    2022].

    [4] "ASTM INTERNATIONAL," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d0882-18.html. [Accessed 29


    01 2022].

    [5] "ASTM INTERNATIONAL," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d1894-14.html. [Accessed 29


    1 2022].

    [6] "ASTM INTERNATIONALS," [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d5419-21.html. [Accessed 29


    01 2022].

    [7] "ASTM org.," ASTM INTERNATIONAL, [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/d7310-21.html.


    [Accessed 29 01 2022].

    [8] "ASTM org.," ASTM INTERNATIONAL, [Online]. Available:


    http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/wvtr-astm-f1249/. [Accessed 30 01 2022].

    [9] "Intertek.com," ASTM INTERNATIONAL, [Online]. Available:


    http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/oxygen-transmission-rate-astm-d3935/. [Accessed
    30 01 2022].

    [10] "INTERTEK.com," ASTM INTERNATIONAL, [Online]. Available:


    http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/hot-seal-strength-astm-f1921/. [Accessed 30 01
    2022].

    [11] "INTERTEK.com," ASTM INTERNATIONAL, [Online]. Available:


    http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/haze-astm-d1003/. [Accessed 30 01 2022].

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