PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

STANDARD PNS/PAES 148:2010

(PAES published 2010)
ICS 65.060.01

Agricultural machinery – Field cultivator –

Methods of Test

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

Member to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards and Conformance Portal: www.bps.dti.gov.ph
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/PAES 148:2010
(PAES published 2010)

National Foreword

This Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES 148:2010, Agricultural

machinery – Field cultivator – Methods of Test was approved for adoption as
Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Product Standards upon the
recommendation of the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center
(AMTEC) and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology
(PCARRD-DOST).
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production and Postharvest Machinery” funded by the
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part
3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were

considered:

Alberta Farm Machinery Research Centre. 1991. Evaluation report 268.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers S414.1 – Terminology and Definitions

for Agricultural Tillage Implements

ASAE EP496.2 - Agricultural Machinery Management

ASAE D497.4 - Agricultural Machinery Management Data

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery.1983. Test codes and procedures for
farm machinery. Technical Series No.12. Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific.

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 106:2000 – Agricultural Machinery –

Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

United States Patents 4195697

United States Patents 5161622

Grubinger, V. Cultivation Equipment For Weed Control: Pros, Cons And Sources.
University of Vermont Extension.

http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/equipment/agmachinerymgt.html

http://www.sare.org/publications/steel/glossary.htm
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 3
2 References 3
3 Definitions 3
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection 6
4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer 6
4.2 Role of the operator 6
4.3 Test site conditions 6
4.4 Test instruments/equipment 7
4.5 Tractor to be used 7
4.6 Termination of test for the field cultivator 7
5 Test and Inspection 7
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information 7
5.2 Performance test 7
5.3 Test trial 10
6 Test Report 10

ANNEXES

A Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment 12

B Specifications of Field Cultivator 13
C Performance Test Data Sheet 15
D Formula Used During Calculation and Testing 17

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 148:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a field cultivator.
Specifically, it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories and workmanship of

the field cultivator and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 147:2010 Agricultural Machinery - Field Cultivator – Specifications

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 147 and the following
shall apply:

3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed

3.3
effective field capacity
function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in hectares per
hour

3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement (Fig. 1)

width

Figure 1. Implement width

3.7
nose angle
angle formed by the edges of the sweep (Fig. 2)

Figure 2. Nose angle

3.8
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the field
cultivator (Fig. 3)

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

width

Figure 3. Operating width

3.9
stem angle
angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively (Fig. 4)

shank

shovel

Figure 4. Stem angle

3.10
theoretical field capacity
function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour

3.11
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
(Fig. 5)

3.12
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point (Fig. 5)

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

mounting point

height

length

Figure 5a. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)

height

length

Figure 5b. Transport height and length (two-wheel driven type)

3.12
wheel slip
reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the field cultivator and shall
abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.

4.3 Test site conditions

The field cultivator shall be tested through actual cultivation of the soil. The field
shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field shall not be

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as much
as possible.

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the field cultivator
test is shown in Annex A.

4.5 Tractor to be used

The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the field cultivator
in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.

4.6 Termination of test for field cultivator

If during the test, the field cultivator encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.

5 Test and Inspection

5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information

This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the field cultivator in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.

5.2 Performance test

5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.

5.2.2 Measurement of initial data

Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.

5.2.3 Field performance test

5.2.3.1 The field cultivator shall be tested at the recommended depth settings of the
manufacturer. The actual operating depth shall be noted and shall be compared
with the theoretical operating depth.

5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the recommended depth
setting. This can be done by recording the time required for the tractor to
travel a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 6).

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

20 m

Figure 6. Points for speed test

5.2.3.3 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish
cultivating the test field. Non-productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be
recorded. Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive
time from the total test time.

5.2.3.4 The fuel consumed by the tractor shall be obtained. This can be done by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to
full capacity before and after each trial.

5.2.3.5 The operating width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost shanks and shall be noted.

5.2.3.6 Field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements of
the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.

5.2.3.7 Determination of draft

A spring, hydraulic or stain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the

front of the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary
tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in
neutral gear but with the implement in its operating position (Fig. 7). The draft
in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall
be recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall be recorded
while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference in the draft
readings shall yield the draft of the implement.

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

auxiliary tractor
dynamometer

Figure 7. Position of tractors for draft measurement

5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of depth of cut

5.2.3.8.1 Two points in the field passed shall be marked using pegs (points A and
B). The distance between these points shall be 20 m. Every two meters, a
marking peg shall be placed (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Soil strips marking for operating depth analysis

5.2.3.8.2 The operating depth of the field cultivator shall be set. The field cultivator
shall be operated along the marked strips (Fig. 8). These strips of soil shall
be observed.

5.2.3.8.3 The depth of cut for each strip shall be measured and shall be recorded.
The mean depth shall be computed and shall be recorded (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. Depth of cut

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

5.2.3.8.4 The percent error for the mean depth shall be computed using the formula
in Annex D.

5.2.3.8.5 The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference
of the distance traveled without load and the distance traveled with the
implement attached. A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor
(Fig. 10). The tractor shall be allowed to move forward up to 10
revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A). The distance shall be
measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be allowed
to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The
percentage of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in
Annex D.

position
initial position under no
position under load load

mark on
the wheel

Figure 10. Measuring of wheel slip

5.2.3.9 Condition of field cultivator after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.

5.2.3.10 Welded parts shall be inspected.

5.2.3.11 Loosened bolts shall be noted.

5.2.3.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

5.3 Test trial

There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.

6 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

6.1 Title

6.2 Summary

6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

6.4 Methods of Test

6.5 Description of the Machine

Table 1 – Machine Specifications

6.6 Results and Discussions

6.7 Observations (include pictures)

Table 2 –Performance test data

6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Test Equipment

Items Quantity
A.1. timer
1
accuracy: 0.10 s
A. 2 steel tapes
2
length: 5 m; 50 m
A.3 weighing scale
1
capacity, 1000 kg
A.4 fuel consumption
graduated cylinder
1
capacity, 1000 mL
A.5 four-wheel tractor 2
A.6 soil analysis
soil test kit 1
oven 1
A.7 marking pegs 4
A.8 marking tape 1
A.9 calculations
scientific calculator 1
A.10 draft measurement
spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type
1
dynamometer

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

Annex B
(informative)

Specifications of Field Cultivator

Name of Applicant/ Distributor: ___________________________________________

Address: _____________________________________________________________
Tel No: _____________________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Manufacturer: _________________________________________________
Make: _____________________________
Classification: _______________________
Serial No: __________________________ Brand/Model: _____________________
Production date of field cultivator to be tested: ______________________________
Testing Agency: _____________________ Test Engineer: _____________________
Date of Test: ________________________ Location of Test: __________________

Items to be inspected
Manufacturer’s Verification by the
ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.1 overall dimensions
B.1.1 transport height, mm
B.1.2 transport length, mm
B.1.3 implement width, mm
B.1.4 weight, kg
B.1.5 operating width, mm
B.2 main frame
B.2.1 material
B.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3 shank assembly
B.3.1 shank protection mechanism
B.3.1.1 material
B.3.2 shank
B.3.2.1 material
B.3.2.2 dimensions, mm
B.3.2.3 ground clearance, mm
B.3.2.4 stem angle, degrees
B.3.2.5 spacing, mm
B.3.2.6 type
B.3.2.7 number of shanks
B.3.3 shovel
B.3.3.1 material
B.3.3.2 type
B.3.3.3 dimensions, mm
B.3.3.4 stem angle, degrees (for
sweeps)
B.3.3.5 nose angle, degrees (for
sweeps)

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

Manufacturer’s Verification by the

ITEMS
Specification Testing agency
B.4 transverse tool bar
B.4.1 material
B.4.2 dimensions, mm
B.4.3 number of shanks
B.5 gauge wheels (if present)
B.5.1 diameter, mm
B.5.2 adjustments
B.6 mounting details
B.7 cylinder (if present)
B.7.1 type
B.7.2 capacity, Pa
B.7.3 bore, mm
B.7.4 stroke, mm
B.8 tractor required
B.8.1 type
B.8.2 recommended traveling speed,
kph
B.8.3 engine power, kW

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

ANNEX C

Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be measured and Inspected

C.1 Test field conditions Remarks
C.1.1 area of field, m2
C.1.2 soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc.)
C.1.3 soil texture (fine, medium, coarse)
C.1.4 soil moisture content (% d.b.)

C.2 Field performance

C.2.1 Actual operating depth, mm
Manufacturer’s Trials
recommended 1 2 3 average
depth setting,
mm

C.2.2 Tractor
speed, kph

Trials
C.2.3 1 2 3 average
Operating Test time
Non-
Test time Non-prod.
Test Non- Test
Non-prod.
Productive
time, h productive time prod. time time

Trials
C.2.4 Fuel
1 2 3 average
consumed, mL

C.2.5 Field
efficiency, %

C.2.6
Effective field
capacity, ha/h

C.2.7 Draft,
N

C.2.8
Drawbar
power, kW

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

C.2.9 Depth of cut analysis

Depth of cut preset, mm:
Strip, 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
m
Depth,
mm
Mean depth, mm:
Percent error, %:
C.2.10 Percentage of wheel slip (% W.S.)
Trials Ave.
1 2 3 (%)
% % %
A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m) A(m) B(m)
W.S. W.S. W.S.

C.3 Other observations Remarks

C.3.1 ease of mounting/dismounting *
C.3.2 accessibility of grease points *
C.3.3 number of shanks deformed after test
C.3.4 number of shovels detached after test
C.3.5 cracks on welded parts
C.3.6 detached welded parts
C.3.7 loosened bolts
C.3.8 miscellaneous:

* rating: 1 – very good 4 – poor

2 – good 5 – very poor
3 – satisfactory

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 PNS/PAES 148:2010

ANNEX D

Formula Used During Calculation and Testing

D.1. Drawbar power

where:

P drawbar power required for the implement, kW

D draft force required to move the implement, kN

S speed of tractor, kph

D.2. Effective field capacity

where: 

C effective field capacity, m2 /h

E effective area accomplished, m2

T operating time, min

D.3. Field efficiency

where:

Eff field efficiency, %

C effective field capacity, m2/h

Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h

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PNS/PAES 148:2010

D.4. Effective area accomplished

where: 

E effective area accomplished, m2

w actual working width, m

D total distance traveled, m

D.5. Total distance traveled

where: 

D total distance traveled, m

A area of plot, m2

S average swath or width of cut, m

D.6. Average swath or width of cut

where: 

S average swath or width of cut, m

W width of plot, m

N number of trips per round

D.7. Percent error for mean depth

where:

% error percent error, %

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Dm mean depth, mm

Dp theoretical depth, mm

D.8. Percentage of wheel slip

where:

% W.S. percent of wheel slip, %

A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of revolution, m

B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of revolution, m

D.9. Theoretical Field Capacity

where:

Co theoretical field capacity, m 2/h

w actual working width, m

S speed of tractor, m/h

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 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards

AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”

Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery

Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Julieto T. Uriarte

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Engr. Angelito V. Angeles

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)

Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery

Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.

Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Department of Agriculture

Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology

Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
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