Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Ionic Bonds

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 Module
Ionic Bonds
2
What I Need to Know
We get varied kinds of compounds when different kinds of atoms combine in different
proportions. Most compounds are composed only of two to three different kinds of atoms.
And yet there are millions of known compounds either occuring naturally or synthesized in
the laboratory. These compounds have changed our lifestyle and meet the needs of
industries, farmers, engineers, doctors, and households.

This module will provide you with information and simple activities that will help you
demonstrate an understanding of ionic bond formation in terms of atomic properties.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-70);

Why do we need to study ionic bonds? Ionic bonds are important because they allow
the synthesis of specific organic compounds. Expect to learn a lot by going through this
module.

Have fun in learning about the Ionic Bonds! God bless you!

According to Lewis, atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
And this maximum stability is attained when an atom is isoelectronic with a noble gas. Except
for He, the noble gases have eight outer electrons or an octet of electrons. The Octet Rule states
that when atoms of elements combine to form compounds, they tend to lose, gain, or share
electrons to achieve the same electron arrangement as the noble gas nearest them in the periodic
table.

What’s In
Activity 1. Tell me! Score: ____5

You have learned from the previous lesson that the group number of the element is equal
to the number of valence electrons using the old system of group numbering. Using the IUPAC
system of group numbering, the number of valence electrons is equal to (Group number -10). For
example, chlorine is in Group 17, so its valence electrons are (17-10 =7). Chlorine has seven
valence electrons.

0
Directions: Refer to table no.1 below and answer the questions that follow. Encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

Table 1. Electron Configuration

Atomic Group Group Period

Element Number Electron Configuration Number (Old) Number Number
(IUPAC)
He 2 1s2 8A 18 1

Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p6 8A 18 2

Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 8A 18 3

Kr 36 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 8A 18 4

4p6
Xe 54 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
4p6 8A 18 5
4d10 4f145s2 5p6
Ra 86 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
4p6
8A 18 6
4d10 4f145s2 5p6 5d10 6s2
6p6
Source: General Chemistry 1 Teaching Guide
Q1. To what group in the periodic table do these elements belong?
A. Group 4A C. Group 7A
B. Group 6A D. Group 8A

Q2. These elements are called the noble gases. Why? What is the common characteristic of
these gases?
A. They generally do not react with other elements and are stable.
B. They comply with the octet rule.
C. They are gaseous elements.
D. They generally accept electrons.

Q3. Light bulbs are filled with Ar gas rather than oxygen gas. Why?
A. In light bulbs, current is passed through a wire to heat it up until it emits light.
B. Ar is used for its inert atmosphere.
C. If oxygen gas were to be used, it would react and explode.
D. All of the above.

Q4. From the electron configuration, how many valence electrons do noble gases have?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
Q5. What is the electron configuration of Ar?
A. 1s2 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

Try to answer the succeeding activities to further enhance your knowledge about writing the
Lewis dot symbol.
1
 What’s New
Score: ____/15
Activity 2. Show me more dots!
In combining with other atoms, only outer electrons, the valence electrons, are involved. To
keep track of these valence electrons, the Lewis dot symbol is used. The Lewis dot symbol
consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence electron in an atom of the
element.

Q6. Give the Lewis dot symbols of some of the elements in the table.Mg is already done for
you.Write your answers directly on the table below

Table 2. Valence Electrons and Lewis Dot Symbol of Elements

Electron Number of
Element valence electrons Lewis Dot Symbol
Configuration
H 1s1 1
Li 1s22s1 1
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2 Mg
B 1s2 2s2 2p1 3
2 2 2
C 1s 2s 2p 4
N 1s2 2s2 2p3 5
2 2 4
O 1s 2s 2p 6
2 2 5
F 1s 2s 2p 7
Source: General Chemistry 1 Teaching Guide
The Lewis dot symbols of the representative elements are shown in the table below.

Table 3. Lewis Dot Symbols of Representative Elements

Source: General Chemistry1 TG

Q7. What common features exist for the dot symbol of the elements? Encircle the letter of the
correct answer
2
 I. All elements belonging to the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
II. They have the same number of dots around the element symbol within the same group .
III. The elements are surrounded with dots all throughout the periodic table.
IV. The elements are well arranged according to the presence of symbols and dots.
A. I only C. I, II and III
B. I and II D. III and IV

Good job! You were able to give the Lewis dot symbol of the elements in the table above.
You may now procced to the next activity.

Activity 3. Count Me!

Score ____/4
Directions: Using the figures, determine the number of electrons lost by a cation and
electrons gained by an anion. Then answer the questions that follow. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on the space provided before each number.
In an ionic bond, one atom loses all its outer electrons (leaving behind a filled inner shell)
while another atom gains electron(s) to fill its valence shell.
An ionic bond is “the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an ionic bond.” The formation
of the ionic compound, LiF, can be represented using the Lewis dot symbols.
Figure 1, Source: kentchemistry.com

In LiF, Li lost 1 electron while F

gained 1 electron to fill its
valence shell. Element losing
electron takes positive charge.
Element gaining electrons take
negative charge. That’s why Li
a metal, becomes a positively
charged cation and F a
nonmetal, becomes a
negatively charged anion.

__________Q8. In an ionic compound Lithium Fluoride, how many electrons were

gained by the element Fluorine?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 7
__________Q9. In Li20, how many electrons were gained by Oxygen?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
__________Q10. In NaCl, how many electrons were lost by Sodium (Na)?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
__________Q11. In K2S, how electrons were gained by Sulfur (S)?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
Since you have already learned that in an ionic bond, an atom loses or gains electron(s) to
fill its valence shell, you can now relate to more ionic bonding formation by doing the next activity.
Based on Activity 3, you were able to count the number of electrons lost by a cation and
electrons gained by an anion.
3
 What is it
Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred
Consider sodium: in its elemental form, it has one valence electron and is stable.
It is rather reactive, however, and does not require a lot of energy to remove that electron to
make the Na+ ion. We could remove another electron by adding even more energy to the ion,
to make the Na2+ ion. However, that requires much more energy than is normally available in
chemical reactions, so sodium stops at a 1+ charge after losing a single electron. It turns out
that the Na+ i on has a complete octet in its new valence shell, the n = 2 shell, which satisfies
the octet rule. The octet rule is a result of trends in energies and is useful in explaining why
atoms form the ions that they do.

Now consider an Na atom in the presence of a Cl atom. The two atoms have these Lewis
electron dot diagrams and electron configurations:

For the Na atom to obtain an octet, it must lose an electron; for the Cl atom to gain an octet,
it must gain an electron. An electron transfers from the Na atom to the Cl atom: resulting in
two ions—the Na+ ion and the Cl− ion:

Both species now have complete octets, and the electron shells are energetically stable. From
basic physics, we know that opposite charges attract. This is what happens to the Na+ and
Cl− ions:

where we have written the final formula (the formula for sodium chloride) as per the
convention for ionic compounds, without listing the charges explicitly. The attraction between
oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond, and it is one of the main types of chemical
bonds in chemistry. Ionic bonds are caused by electrons transferring from one atom to
another.

In electron transfer, the number of electrons lost must equal the number of electrons gained.
We saw this in the formation of NaCl. A similar process occurs between Mg atoms and O
atoms, except in this case two electrons are transferred:

The two ions each have octets as their valence shell, and the two oppositely charged particles
attract, making an ionic bond:
4
 Remember, in the final formula for the ionic compound, we do not write the charges on the
ions.

What about when an Na atom interacts with an O atom? The O atom needs two electrons to
complete its valence octet, but the Na atom supplies only one electron

The O atom still does not have an octet of electrons. What we need is a second Na atom to
donate a second electron to the O atom:

These three ions attract each other to give an overall neutral-charged ionic compound, which
we write as Na2O. The need for the number of electrons lost being equal to the number of
electrons gained explains why ionic compounds have the ratio of cations to anions that they
do. This is required by the law of conservation of matter as well.

Example:
With arrows, illustrate the transfer of electrons to form calcium chloride from Ca atoms and
Cl atoms.
Solution
A Ca atom has two valence electrons, while a Cl atom has seven electrons. A Cl atom needs
only one more to complete its octet, while Ca atoms have two electrons to lose. Thus we need
two Cl atoms to accept the two electrons from one Ca atom. The transfer process looks as
follows:

The oppositely charged ions attract each other to make CaCl

LATTICE ENERGY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ionic bonding is the attraction between positively- and negatively-charged ions. These
oppositely charged ions attract each other to form ionic networks, or lattices.
The stability of the ionic compound depends on the strength of the interaction among
all the ions in an ionic solid. This stability is measured by the lattice energy of the
compound. The lattice energy is defined as the amount of energy required to
completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.
Therefore, the stronger the interaction among the ions in the ionic compound, the
harder to separate them, the larger the lattice energy, the stronger the ionic bond.

5
 The lattice energy is proportional to the product of the charges of the ions and inversely
proportional to r, the distance of separation between the ions (Coulomb’s law). In the
case of LiF, for example, the lattice energy is proportional to

where QLi+ and QF%!are charges of Li+ and F, k is the proportionality constant.
Therefore, the higher the ion charges, the stronger the bond; the shorter the distance
between ions, the stronger the bond.
The lattice energy is correlated to the physical properties of ionic compounds such as
the melting points. The larger the lattice energy, the harder to separate the ions, the
higher the melting point See the figures below for further information.

What’s More
Score: ____/15
Directions: Use this graphic organizer in expressing what you have learned about Ionic
Bonds. Write your answers on the boxes/spaces provided for.
Q12.Table 4. Graphic Organizer (I can read informational texts)

Source: JHS PRIMALS

6
Table 5. Lattice Energies for Some Ionic Compounds

Figure 3. Lattice Energy. Source: www.google.com

Q13. Try to consult table 5, arrange the following ionic compounds in order of increasing
lattice energy:
NaF, CsI, and CaO.

A. CsI < NaF < CaO. C. CaO < CsI < NaF
B. CaO < NaF < CsI D. CsI < CaO < NaF

Shown below is a crystal lattice structure for table salt in which sodium ions and chloride
ions surround each other based on electrostatic attractions? In the formation of NaCl, more
energy is used to remove an electron from sodium atoms than is released when a chlorine
atom gains an electron as an ionic bond forms.

Figure 4.Source: pinterest.com

Q14. Why is the formation of NaCl favored, then?

A. The energy required to remove an electron from sodium atom is higher than
energy released when an electron added to chlorine atom.
B. The formation of sodium chloride releases even more energy, so the reaction is
to electronegative chlorine is not only favored, by releases a lot of energy.
C. The lattice energy of NaCl, for example, is 788 kJ/mol, which is only slightly less
than the energy given off when natural gas burns.
D. This is partially because sodium chloride is an ionic compound, so the transfer of an
electron from electropositive sodium to electronegative chlorine releases few energy.

7
 Q15. Explain why ionic solids have very high melting and boiling points?
I. Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces between the oppositely
charged ions.
II, As the ionic lattice contains such a large number of ions, a lot of energy is needed
to overcome this ionic bonding so ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
points.
III. Ionic compounds looses all its outer electrons that is why they have high melting
and boiling points.
IV. Ionic compounds are compesed mainly of metals that is why they have high
melting and boiling points.

A. I only C. II and III

B. I and II D. IV only

What I Have Learned Score: ____/15

Activity 4.
Drawing Lewis Dot Structures of Ionic Compounds

Directions: Accomplish table number 6 below. Draw the Lewis dot structure for each of the
ionic compounds listed in the table. Write your answers on the space provided for.

Q16. Complete the table.

Table 6. Lewis Dot Structure of Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compounds Lewis Dot Structure

1. CaS

2. BrF3.

3. B2Cl4

Way to go! Now that you are already equipped with enough knowledge and understanding of
ionic bonds and drawing Lewis dot structures, you can now proceed to the next activity

8
 What I Can Do
Activity 5. Dots Essay Writing…
Directions: In this activity, you will use your skill in writing an essay about the Lewis Structure
of Ionic Bonds.
You may use the three main parts in essay writing: I. Introduction II. Body and III.
Conclusion.
You will be graded using the rubric below.
SCORING RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1 Score
Quality of Piece was written Piece was Piece had little Piece had no style.
Writing in an written in an style.
extraordinary interesting style.
style.
.

Grammar, Usage No spelling, . Few spelling . A number of So many spelling,

& Mechanics punctuation or and punctuation spelling, punctuation and
grammatical errors, minor punctuation or grammatical errors
errors. grammatical grammatical
errors errors
Organization Very informative Somewhat Gives some new Gives no new
and well- informative and information but information and
organized. organized poorly organized. very poorly
organized.

Write your essay here.

The Lewis Structure of Ionic Bonds

Introduction____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Body__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Conclusion______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
 Thank you for sharing your knowledge. Now, you can already answer the post-test to evaluate
how much you have learned from the different activities in this module.
Godspeed!

Score: ____/15
Assessment
Directions: Read and understand each question and encircle the letter of the best answer
among the given choices.

1. What is ionic bonding in chemistry?

I. It is also called electrovalent bond,
II. It is a type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions in a chemical compound.
III. It is a bond that forms when the valence electrons of one atom are transferred
permanently to another atom.
IV. It is similar to intermolecular forces
A. I only C. I, II and III
B. I and II D. I, II, III, and IV
2. What are the main properties of ionic compounds?
I. They have high melting points.
II. They are brittle.
III. They are good conductors in their liquid state
IV. IV. They form crystals.
A. I and II C. I, II and III
B. II and III D. I, II, III and IV
3. What kind of elements has greater tendency to lose electrons?
A. Metallic elements C. Semi-metallic elements
B. Nonmetallic elements D. Representative Elements
4. What do the oxidation number of +2 imply?
A. an atom lost two electrons C. an atom has two protons
B. an atom gained two electrons D. an atom has two neutrons

5. What kind of chemical bond will form between a metal and nonmetal?
A. Covalent bond C. Metallic Bond
B. Ionic bond D. Polar Covalent Bond
6. What type of forces hold an ionic lattice together?
A. Electrostatic forces C. Ionostatic
B. Covalent forces D. Static forces
7. Which of these statements about a negative ion is true?
A. It has an equal number of protons and electrons
B. It has more protons than electrons
C. It has more electrons than protons.
D. It has more ionic charges.
8. What type of chemical bond exists between sodium ion and chloride ion in sodium
chloride?
A. H-bonds C. Van der Waals forces
B. Ionic bonds D. Covalent bonds

10
9. How do metal atoms form ions?
A. They lose electrons to form negative ions
B. They gain electrons to form positive ions
C. They lose electrons to form positive ions.
D. They gain electrons to form negative ions.
10. A diagram of part of the crystal of calcium chloride shows 15 calcium ions and 30
chloride ions. What is the formula of calcium chloride?
A. CaCl C. Ca2Cl
B. CaCl2 D. Ca2Cl2
11. Which shows the Lewis dot symbol of Carbon?

C.
A.

B. D. Li

12. Which is the lewis structure of Calcium Chloride?

A. C.

B.

D.
13. Which two elements could form an ionic compound?
A. helium and oxygen C. lithium and fluorine
B. hydrogen and nitrogen D. boron and neon
14.Which statement about energy and ionic bonds is true?
A. It takes energy to form a negative ion.
B. Halogens need the most energy to become ions.
C. It takes energy to remove valence electrons from an atom.
D. It takes more energy to gain two electrons than one
15. What is lattice energy?
A. Lattice energy is (ionization energy + electron affinity)/2.
B. Lattice energy is the standard enthalpy of formation of an ionic solid.
C. Lattice energy is the energy needed for an ionic solid to dissolve.
D. Lattice energy is the energy of formation of one mole of ionic solid from gaseous ions.

11
Great job!

You have reach this far.

Take time to answer the succeeding pages for a little more exciting activities to enrich what
you have learned from this module.

Additional Activities Score: ____/5

Activity 6. Draw the DOTS!

Directions: Using Lewis electron dot symbols, draw the ionic bond formation of the
following ionic compounds. Draw your answer on the box provided.

1. Ba+2 and O-2 4. K+ and I-

2. Mg+2 and Br-

4. Zn+2 and O-2

3. Al+3 and O-2

12