Seeds: the beginning of life

Use the given verbs to fill in the gaps and discover the DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF A PLANT:

Germinate –a Emerge dried - uscat spread – a Become – a receive sown -

germina draw – a trage pollinate –a raspandi deveni swell –a se semanat
decompose – a polenizaz develop - die umfla have
descompune
Then I am going to
First I am going to receive water.
be sown into fertile
soil.

My roots will
emerge and they
will draw water
The water is going to and minerals
swell me. from the earth.
The weather is warm, the
earth is rich and wet, that
is why soon I am going to
germinate.
I will become a young plant I am going to develop a An insect will pollinate my
or a shoot(lastar). stem(tulpina), leaves and flower and this is how
soon I will have a flower.

I will have a fruit with new Unfortunately, I am an annual I will die and decompose on
seeds. plant, that is why after the the ground.
fruit has dried and the seeds
spread.
This is my …land……… This is a sunflower …field……… This is a cabbage …plot………

This is an …orchard……… This is a …vineyard……… This is a vegetable ……garden……

USCAT / TERESTRU
MOȘIE TARLA OGOR

LAND ȚINUT CÂMP SOLĂ

PROPRIETATE FUNCIARĂ HOLDĂ LAN FIELD
TEREN / PĂMÂNT DOMENIU de activitate
SFERĂ de activitate TEREN
Choose the right word (LAND, FIELD):
a. I have some financial problems so I am selling this piece of land.
b. You need a good irrigation system on this sunflower field.
c. Water plants are different from land plants.
d. This enchanted land is full of fantastic creatures.
e. I do not know anything about genetics because it is not my field.
f. I am cultivating rice on this land/field and cabbage on that field/land.

TEREN AGRICOL TEREN ARABIL

AGRICULTURAL LAND FARMLAND CROPLAND ARABLE LAND

AGROCHEMICALS:
1. FERTILIZERS
⁷ folosesc fertilizați chimici (pudre sau soluții lichide care conțin în principal azot, fosfor și potasiu) sau îngrășăminte
organice cum ar fi gunoiul de grajd sau compostul vegetal.
Cultivators / growers use chemical fertilizers ( powders or liquid solutions which contain mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium) or organic fertilizers such as manure or compost.

2. PESTICIDES
Culturile agricole sunt stropite cu pesticide, în principal erbicide, insecticide și fungicide, pentru a descuraja sau distruge
dăunătorii care pot fi insecte, acarieni, buruieni, ciuperci sau bacterii.
Crops are sprayed with pesticides, mainly herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, to discourage or destroy pests which
can be insects, mites, weeds, fungi or bacteria.

Mites = acarieni
Give the English equivalent:
însămânțat = sown se descompune pe sol = .decomposes on the ground
pământ fertil și umed = rich and wet earth semințe noi = new seeds
pământ, sol = ground,soil stadiu de dezvoltare = . development stage
plantă anuală = annual plant tulpină = stem
rădăcină = root lăstar, vlăstar = shoot

Give the required form:

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
life Living alive
Sowing (insamantare) To sow sown
Umflat (swelling) to swell swollen
Warmth/warming To warm warm
germination to germinate germinated
development to develop developed
A poleniza, pollination to pollinate pollinated

Insert the correct word from the table:

1. The development of industry has caused more and more pollution.
2. You have to treat that swelling . It could be dangerous.
3. These tomatoes were pollinated by a bumblebee(bondar).
4. The bean seeds have not started to germinate yet because it’s too cold.
5. They were trying to sow some corn on this field.
6. Insects such as bees and butterflies help in the process of pollination.
7.
Insert LIVING or ALIVE Insert WARMING or WARMTH
a) People are living beings. a) Global warming is a dangerous phenomenon.
b) This man is alive. b) This unseasonal warmth will help the trees bloom, but the of
c) He is alive and well but he is living in a bad the environment is not good.
place. c) Children need a little human warmth to feel loved.

 Remember!
acesta, aceasta (apropiere, sg.) = this, aceștia, acestea (apropiere, pl.) = these
acela, aceea (depărtare, sg.) = that aceia, acelea (depărtare, pl.) = those

Examples:
aceste ființe vii = these living beings acele semințe = those seeds
această încălzire globală = this global warming acești copaci = these trees
acei lăstari = those shots acest stadiu = this stage
acești bondari = these bumblebees aceste tulpini = these stems
 The Grammar Box
EXPRESSING THE FUTURE
A. FUTURE SIMPLE. Formare S + will + verb (short infinitive)
Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ
I will eat / I’ll eat I will not ( won’t ) eat Will I eat?
You will eat / You’ll You will not (won’t ) Will you eat?
eat eat Will he eat?
He will eat / He’ll eat He will not (won’t ) eat Will she eat?
She will eat / She’ll She will not (won’t) Will it eat?
eat eat Will we eat?
It will eat / It’ll eat It will not (won’t ) eat Will you eat?
We will eat / We’ll eat We will not won’t ) eat Will they eat?
You will eat / You’ll You will not won’t) eat
eat They will not (won’t )
They will eat / They’ll eat
eat

Traducere ......viitor simplu

Utilizare ..cea mai neutral forma de viitor......

B. TO BE GOING TO. Formare S + to be (??

Afirmativ Negativ Interogativ
I am going to eat I am not going to eat Am I going to eat?
You are going to eat You are not ( arent ) going to Are you going to eat?
He is going to eat eat Is he going to eat?
She is going to eat He is not (isnt ) going to eat Is she going to eat?
It is going to eat She is not ( isnt ) going to eat Is it going to eat?
We are going to eat It is not (isnt) going to eat Are we going to eat?
You are going to eat We are not (isnt ) going to eat Are you going to eat?
They are going to eat You are not (isnt) going to eat Are they going to eat?
They are not (isnt ) going to eat
Forme contrase: I’m, You’re, He’s, She’s, It’s, We’re, They’re / aren’t, isn’t
Traducere I am going to eat. = Am de gând să mănânc. sau Urmează să mănânc. sau Intenţionez să mănânc.

Utilizare
1. Intention: What is she going to show us? (Ce intenționează / are de gând să ne arate?)
2. Prediction: Look at the sky! It is going to rain! (iminență)
3. Planned action: I am going to buy a boat. (Am de gând să / intenționez să cumpăr o barcă.)

1.  Make negatives and questions with WILL-Future:

a) This plant will not bloom today. When .will it bloom ? (bloom)
b) John won’t here tomorrow. Will be here on Tuesday? (be)
c) You .won’t find. any exotic plants here. Where will I find. one? (find)
d) Bob will not get much money if he sells the garden. How much will he get? (get)
e) These seeds will not germinate this spring. WILL they ever germinate. ever? (germinate)
f) Bees will not pollinate. these crops. Why .will not they pollinate them? (pollinate)

2. Translate into English. Use TO BE GOING TO OR FUTURE SIMPLE.

a) Ai de gând să însămânţezi ceva cereale anul ăsta?
Are you going to sow any cereals this year?
Când intenţionează ei să îmbunătăţească calitatea acestui câmp?
When are they going to improve the quality of this field?
b) Vor înflori lalelele tale primăvara asta? Cred că da.
Will your tulips bloom this spring? I think so.
c) Aveți de gând să arați acest câmp? Da, urmează să însămânțăm grâu.
Are you going to plow this field? Yes, we are going to sow wheat.

3. Choose between Future Simple (WILL + VERB) and TO BE GOING TO:

a) Why are you holding that test tube? I I am going to use it for the experiment. (use)
b) De ce tii acea eprubeta? Am o intentie cu aceea eprubeta.
c) If you take this bus, you will get to the experimental field in two hours. (get)
d) I wonder when this laboratory will end. (end)
e) Why has the scientist cut that tissue sample? She is going to make a microscope preparation. (make)
f) Mostra de tesut=tissue sample
g) Why are you carrying that glassware? I am going to sterilize it in the drying oven. (sterilize)
h) Glassware- sticlarie
i) What (your teacher) will say. when he sees your dirty lab coat? (say)

câmp experimental = experimental field preparat de microscop = microscope preparation

eprubetă = test tube probă de țesut = tissue sample
etuvă = drying oven sticlărie = glassware
halat de laborator = lab coat
 HAND TOOLS = ……

.......SPADE.............. ...RAKE............. ...HOE.............. ...PITCHFORK.........

........STAKE............. .........TROWEL............ .HOSE AND ..SHEARS /

SPRINKLER........... PRUNER..........
 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY or FARMING MACHINERY = ……

PLOW Disk HARROW .......ROLLER.............. .......SEED DRILL......

....CROP SPRAYER...... ..CROP HARVESTER.... ..BALER............. .MOWER..........

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES: Verb + -ing  activity
NOUN
VERB Romanian
representing the activity
………cresc………….
……growing…………….
to grow = a cultiva, a crește ……………cresterea plantelor
………growth………….
(substantiv)….
to cultivate = a cultiva Cultivation Cultivare
to plant = a planta Planting Plantare
to sow, to seed = a semana, a
insamanta
Sowing , seeding Semanare / semanat
to water = a uda (plante) Watering Udare
to irrigate = a iriga. Irrigation Irigare
to fertilize = a fertiliza Fertilization Fertilizare
to weed = a pliviu, a prasi Weeding Plivire
to spray = a stropi Spraying Stropit
to harvest = a …recolta…. Harvesting Recoltare
to pick = a culege (fructe) Picking Cules fruce
to plough (UK) plow (US) = a ara Plowing Arat
to mow = a cosi Mowing Cosire, cosit
to rake = a grebla Raking Greblare

Use the appropriate words to fill in the gaps:

agrochemicals barn celery cereals crops expensive farm few
field harvesting help land lettuce lucrative machinery main
need nitrogen orchard organic pesticides piece planned plots
plow rows sowing stable tools trees turn useful
vegetable vineyard water weeds workforce

I bought a piece of …………land………….. last year. It contains the ………field…………….. and a

…………farm………….. with a few buildings, including a ………barn…………….., a silo and a ……stable………………...
The field is big enough to cultivate several ……crops……………….. if I divide it into ……plots………………... At first, I
thought about cultivating fruits, so I ……planned……………….. to turn my land into an …orchard…………………... Then,
I thought it even more ……lucrative……………….. to make and sell wine, so I planned to ……turn……………….. my land
into a ……vineyard………………... But buying fruit ………trees…………….. or grapevine plants is
………expensive…………….., so I decided to just grow ……cereals………………... I will also allot a small
…………piece………….. of land to a ……vegetable……………….. garden close to the ……main……………….. farm
building, where I plan to set up a ……few……………….. small plots dedicated to growing tomatoes,
……celery……………….., peppers, cucumbers, carrots and ………lettuce……………... Both for vegetables and for
cereals I ……need……………….. reliable farming ………machinery…………….., good hand …tools………………….., as
well as …agrochemicals………………….. (fertilizers such as ………nitrogen…………….. and
……pesticides……………….., which can be chemical or ……organic……………….. ). First of all, I need a tractor on which
to mount a ……plow……………….., a harrow or other machinery required for ……sowing……………….., spraying or
…………harvesting…………... Hand tools are mostly ……useful……………….. in the vegetable garden to manage the
…rows………………….., destroy the …weeds………………….. and ………water…………….. the crops. Last but not least,
I need reliable ………workforce…………….., good laborers to ……help……………….. me cultivate and harvest.

Give the words from the previous activity:

azot = ..................nitrogen.......................... muncitor, zilier = ...............laborer.............................
buruieni = .................weeds........................... podgorie = ..............vineyard..............................
câmp = ..................filed.......................... produse agrochimice =
culturi de plante = .......................crops..................... .................agrochemicals...........................
forță de muncă = .................workforce........................... rând = ................row............................
grajd = ................stable............................ rentabil = ...................lucrative.........................
grapă = ................harrow............................ salată verde = ..............lettuce..............................
semănat = .............sowing...............................

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 grădină de legume = ....................vegetable siloz = .................silo...........................
garden........................ stropit = .........spraying...................................
hambar = ...................barn......................... țelină = ...................celery.........................
livadă = ..............orchard.............................. viță de vie = .........grapevine...................................
lot (de pământ) = .......................plot.....................

PEOPLE AND JOBS

farm + -er = farmer (fermier)
horticulture + -ist = horticulturist (horticultor)
+ -er + -ist
breed  = crescător (de animale) agronomy  agronomist = ........agronom..........
...breeder............... = fermier horticulture horticulturist = ......horticultor............
farm  ...farmer....... = grădinar oenology  oenologist = .........enolog.........
garden  = cultivator, crescător orchard  orchardist = ........pomicultor..........
......gardner........... = muncitor, lucrător viticulture  viticulturist = .....viticultor.............
grow  cheesemaker =
.......grower........... .......................
labour  winemaker = ...........................
........labourer.......... = muncitor, lucrător
make 
.......maker...........

work 
..worker................

IN THE PLANT NURSERY. PREPOSITIONS. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition:
 above ≠ below
 behind ≠ in front of
 between
 to
 against
 inside ≠ outside
 next to
 on ≠ under
 far ≠ near

a) The watering can is ......on........ the floor. h) The pesticide canisters are .....below......... the hose.
b) The fertilizer sack is ......next to........ the table leg. i) The gardening tools are placed ..against...... the wall.
c) The hanging baskets are hanging ...above. the table. j) The watering can is .....far......... from the tools.
d) The spade is ....between.......... the two rakes. k) The nitrogen powder is .inside........ the sack.
e) The sunflower pot is .next to.... two other plant pots. l) The hanging baskets are .......above....... the tools.
f) The fertilizer sack is ....under.......... the table. m) The tools are .......next to....... the pesticide canisters.
g) The hose is attached ....to....... the wall n) The plant pots are ......on........ the table.
......above........ the pesticide canisters. o) The hose is .....between......... the table and the
tools.

Give the words from the previous activity:

azot = ................nitrogen............................ ghiveci suspendat = ............hanging
bidon = ...............canister............................. bascket................................

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 cazma = ..........spade.................................. greblă = ..................rake..........................
furtun = ............hose................................ îngrășământ = ....................fertilizer........................
ghiveci = .............pot............................... stropitoare = ...............watering can.............................
unelte de grădinărit = ................canister
tools............................

Choose between THERE IS or IT IS:

a) ……there is ………………. a watering can on the g) ……there is………………. cabbage and lettuce.
table. Which do you prefer?
b) …………there is…………. someone at the door for h) …………it is …………. time to go.
you. i) …………there is …………. dirt in your tractor.
c) …………it is…………. very cold outside. j) ………there is……………. a broken tool in the
d) ……it is………………. new. nursery.
e) I prefer an orchard to a garden. …………it k) ………there is……………. another flight at 12.30.
is…………. easier. l) Go to the other window. ………it is ………. a better
f) ………it is……………. ten o’clock. view.

 Translate into English:

1. Uite! Este un tractor în mijlocul străzii, între două mașini.
Look ! There is a tractor in the middle of the street, between two cars.............................
2. Există vreun sistem bun de irigații pe aceste câmpuri?
Is there a good irrigation systemon these fields?.......

Give the correct 3 forms of the following verbs:

INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
to grow Grew Grown to cultivate Cultivated Cultivated
to sow Sowed Sown to plant Planted Planted
to ripen Ripened Ripened to irrigate Irrigated Irrigated
to mow Mowed Mown to harvest Harvested Harvested

 Think of verbs that express AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES:

Insert verbs to fit the contexts given:
Before planting, the earth must be ……plowed…………………… (arat).
Plants must be ……sown……………… (însămânțate) or ……planted………………… (plantate) in the soil, on the field or
in gardens.
Cultivation means after sowing, the crop plants must be ……watered………………… (udate),
…………fertilized……………… (fertilizate), ………sprayed……………… (stropite) against pests and
………weeded………………… (plivite) when weeds grow around them.
When they ripen, plants must be ………harvested………………… (recoltate) or ………picked………………… (culese).

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES: Verb + -ing → activity
NOUN
VERB Romanian
representing the activity
…………………. ………………….
to grow = a cultiva, a crește
…………………. ………………….
to cultivate = a cultiva
to plant = a planta
to sow, to seed = a ………………….
to water = a uda (plante)
to irrigate = a ………………….
to fertilize = a fertiliza
to weed = a ………………….
to spray = a ………………….
to harvest = a ………………….
to pick = a culege (fructe)
to plough (UK) plow (US) = a ………
to mow = a cosi
to rake = a grebla

Use the appropriate words to fill in the gaps:

agrochemicals barn celery cereals crops expensive farm few
field harvesting help land lettuce lucrative machinery main
need nitrogen orchard organic pesticides piece planned plots
plow rows sowing stable tools trees turn useful
vegetable vineyard water weeds workforce

I bought a piece of …………………….. last year. It contains the …………………….. and a ……………………..
with a few buildings, including a …………………….., a silo and a ……………………... The field is big enough to cultivate
several …………………….. if I divide it into ……………………... At first, I thought about cultivating fruits, so I
…………………….. to turn my land into an ……………………... Then, I thought it even more …………………….. to make
and sell wine, so I planned to …………………….. my land into a ……………………... But buying fruit ……………………..
or grapevine plants is …………………….., so I decided to just grow ……………………... I will also allot a small
…………………….. of land to a …………………….. garden close to the …………………….. farm building, where I plan to
set up a …………………….. small plots dedicated to growing tomatoes, …………………….., peppers, cucumbers,
carrots and ……………………... Both for vegetables and for cereals I …………………….. reliable farming
…………………….., good hand …………………….., as well as …………………….. (fertilizers such as
…………………….. and …………………….., which can be chemical or …………………….. ). First of all, I need a tractor
on which to mount a …………………….., a harrow or other machinery required for …………………….., spraying or
……………………... Hand tools are mostly …………………….. in the vegetable garden to manage the
…………………….., destroy the …………………….. and …………………….. the crops. Last but not least, I need reliable
…………………….., good laborers to …………………….. me cultivate and harvest.

Give the words from the previous activity:

azot = ............................................ muncitor, zilier = ............................................
buruieni = ............................................ podgorie = ............................................
câmp = ............................................ produse agrochimice = ............................................
culturi de plante = ............................................ rând = ............................................
forță de muncă = ............................................ rentabil = ............................................
grajd = ............................................ salată verde = ............................................
grapă = ............................................ semănat = ............................................
grădină de legume = ............................................ siloz = ............................................
hambar = ............................................ stropit = ............................................

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

livadă = ............................................ țelină = ............................................
lot (de pământ) = ............................................ viță de vie = ............................................

PEOPLE AND JOBS

farm + -er = farmer (fermier)
horticulture + -ist = horticulturist (horticultor)
+ -er + -ist
breed → .................. = crescător (de animale) agronomy → agronomist = ..................
farm → .................. = fermier horticulture → horticulturist = ..................
garden → ................. = grădinar oenology → oenologist = ..................
grow → .................. = cultivator, crescător orchard → orchardist = ..................
labour → .................. = muncitor, lucrător viticulture → viticulturist = ..................
make → .................. cheesemaker = .......................
winemaker = ...........................
work → .................. = muncitor, lucrător

IN THE PLANT NURSERY. PREPOSITIONS. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition:
● above ≠ below
● behind ≠ in front of
● between
● to
● against
● inside ≠ outside
● next to
● on ≠ under
● far ≠ near

a) The watering can is .............. the floor. h) The pesticide canisters are .............. the hose.
b) The fertilizer sack is .............. the table leg. i) The gardening tools are placed .............. the wall.
c) The hanging baskets are hanging .............. the table. j) The watering can is .............. from the tools.
d) The spade is .............. the two rakes. k) The nitrogen powder is .............. the sack.
e) The sunflower pot is .............. two other plant pots. l) The hanging baskets are .............. the tools.
f) The fertilizer sack is .............. the table. m) The tools are .............. the pesticide canisters.
g) The hose is attached .............. the wall .............. the n) The plant pots are .............. the table.
pesticide canisters. o) The hose is .............. the table and the tools.

Give the words from the previous activity:

azot = ............................................ ghiveci suspendat = ............................................
bidon = ............................................ greblă = ............................................
cazma = ............................................ îngrășământ = ............................................
furtun = ............................................ stropitoare = ............................................
ghiveci = ............................................ unelte de grădinărit = ............................................

Choose between THERE IS or IT IS:

a) ……………………. a watering can on the table. g) ……………………. cabbage and lettuce. Which do
b) ……………………. someone at the door for you. you prefer?
c) ……………………. very cold outside. h) ……………………. time to go.

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 d) ……………………. new. i) ……………………. dirt in your tractor.
e) I prefer an orchard to a garden. ……………………. j) ……………………. a broken tool in the nursery.
easier. k) ……………………. another flight at 12.30.
f) ……………………. ten o’clock. l) Go to the other window. ………………. a better view.

● Translate into English:

1. Uite! Este un tractor în mijlocul străzii, între două mașini.
..........................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Există vreun sistem bun de irigații pe aceste câmpuri?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Give the correct 3 forms of the following verbs:

INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
to grow to cultivate
to sow to plant
to ripen to irrigate
to mow to harvest

● Think of verbs that express AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES:

Insert verbs to fit the contexts given:
Before planting, the earth must be ………………………… (arat).
Plants must be …………………… (însămânțate) or ……………………… (plantate) in the soil, on the field or in gardens.
Cultivation means after sowing, the crop plants must be ……………………… (udate), ………………………… (fertilizate),
……………………… (stropite) against pests and ………………………… (plivite) when weeds grow around them.
When they ripen, plants must be ………………………… (recoltate) or ………………………… (culese).

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – lect.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 PLANT PARTS
HERBACEOUS PLANT WOODY PLANT such as a

such as a pansy or a lily(CRIN)… TREE (oak or poplar) stejar si plop or a SHRUB arbust (jasmine or honeysuckle)-
iasomie sau caprifoi

PLANT PARTS. Read the text and translate:

The main parts of flowering plants (angiosperme)are roots, stems(tulpini), leaves, flowers and fruit. The function
of roots is to anchor the plant to its substrate and to absorb water and minerals. Thus, roots are generally found
underground and grow downward. Usually, plants have either fibrous roots(radacina fieroasa) (cereals and other
grasses) or taproots (radacina pivotanta)(dandelion and other common plants). Taproots can enlarge and become
storage organs (carrot, beet). Two important elements of the root are the growing tip(VARF DE CRESTERE) and the
root hairs. Stems are usually above ground, grow upward, and bear leaves, which are attached in a regular pattern at
nodes along the stem. The portions of the stem between nodes are called internodes. Plants have either aerial stems
or underground stems which serve as food storage organs and are called tubers (such as potatoes), bulbs (such as
hyacinths ) or rhizomes (such as ginger). In some plants, the stems develop sharp structures called thorns (derived from
shoots, such as the hawthorn), spines (derived from leaves, such as cacti) or prickles (derived from the epidermis, such
as the rose or raspberry). Climbing plants such as ivy or grapevine have tendrils used to attach to a support. Plants also
generate buds from which leaves or flowers develop.

ascuțit = SHARP lăstar = SHOOT

bulb = bulb mugur = BUD
cârcel = TENDRIL organ de depozitare = STORAGE ORGAN
cereale = CEREALS păducel = HAWTHORN
epidermă = epidermis păpădie = DANDELION
fie… fie / ori… ori… = either/ or perișori absorbanți = ROOT HAIRS
floare = flower plante cățărătoare = climbing plants
fruct = fruit plante cu flori (angiosperme) = flowering plants
frunză = leaf - leaves rădăcină firoasă = fibrous root
ghimbir = ginger rădăcină pivotantă = TAPROOT
ghimpe, spin = thorn, spine, prickle rizom = RHYZOME
iederă = IVY sfeclă =. BEET
ierburi, graminee = GRASSES tubercul = TUBER
în jos = downward tulpină aeriană = AERIAL STEM
în sus = upwards tulpină subterană = UNDERGROUND STEM
internod = INTERNODE vârf de creștere =. GROWING TIP
lăstar = shoot viță de vie = GRAPEVINE
nod = NODE zambilă = HYACINTH
zmeură = RASPERRY

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – conf.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/story/amp/general-characteristics-of-roots-and-stems-87455/

ROOTS AND STEMS. ADJECTIVES:

https://www.country liv ing.com/gardening/g32128958/sunflow er-ty pes/ https://www.homestratosphere.com/w hat-is-a-dandelion-plant/ https://www.faithful-to-nature.co.za/blog/magic-baobab-superfruit/ https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/plant/leaf/green-thin-tree

TALL, LONG SHORT THICK THIN

https://www.eviney ardapp.com/blog/2017/05/30/ov erv iew-of-grapev ine- http://chengailimfruittrees.blogspot.com/2014/05/broad-leaf-fig-elephant-ear-

https://www.inspirationmadesimple.com/curling-dandelion-stems-kids-craft/ structure-and-function/ fig.html https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/EUCcin.htm

SOFT WOODY,HARD WIDE, BROAD NARROW

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/eutrochium-fistulosum/ http://dendro.cnre.v t.edu/IDBasics/margins.htm http://dendro.cnre.v t.edu/IDBasics/margins.htm https://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/tree-identification/oak/

HOLLOW SMOOTHEDGE SERRATED/DENTATE LOBED

http://plant-phy tography.blogspot.com/2012/02/rounded-hav ing-semicircular-

http://dendro.cnre.v t.edu/IDBasics/margins.htm https://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/tree-identification/oak/ outline-at.html https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/EUCcin.htm

LIGHT GREEN DARK GREEN ROUNDED SHARPER

Aceste frunze au marginea zimțată. These leaves have serrated/dentate margin/edge.

Acea tulpină este goală pe interior. …That stem is hollowed on the inside.
Acele frunze sunt rotunjite și verde-închis. Those leaves are rounded and dark green

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – conf.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

Această tulpină este groasă și scurtă. This stem is thick and short

Curs de Limba Engleză, anul I, sem I – conf.univ.dr. Olivia CHIROBOCEA-TUDOR

 Leaves have three main elements: petiole ( petiol ), blade / lamina ( limb )
and veins ( nervuri….. ).
TIP

2 ……blade..

3 ……veins……

NOTE: 1. petiol
in human anatomy ”vein” = venă; in botany ”vein” = nervură

•Internal structure of the STEM. Can you name the main parts in Romanian?

PHLOEM VESSELS
ase 1 OR 3 EPIDERMIS ....epiderma.....
ne..... PHLOEM TISSUE
...
liberian.....
4 PITH ........maduva............
XYLEM VESSELS ............
..vase 2 OR
XYLEM TISSUE
ase
VOCABULARY REVISION
arac = .....stake................ mraniță = ............manure.............
arat = .......plowing............ muncitor = ......labourer...................
azot = ........nitrogen................. pepinieră = ..nursery....................
cazma = ......spade............... plivire = ....weeding.....................
câmp, ogor, lan, holdă, tarla = .......field.................. podgorie = ....vineyard................
crescător (de animale) = .....breeder............. sapă = ......hoe...................
cultură de plante = ......crop................... semănat (acțiune) = ....seeding.....................
fertilizant = .......fertilizer.................. semănătoare = ....seed drill...............
ghiveci suspendat = .....hanging bascket.................... siloz = ..........silo............
grădină de legume = ......vegetable stropitoare = .......watering can..................
garden................... substanțe agrochimice = ........agrochemical
irigație = .......irrigation.................. substances.................
livadă = ........orchard................. teren agricol = ......agricultural land / ...farmland /
mașini agricole = .....agricultural cropland..........
machinery.................... unelte manuale = .......hand tools..................
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
Seva circulă prin vasele conducătoare, adică vase liberiene și vase lemnoase.
…………The sap circulates/moves/travels/flows through the transport vessels, namely phloem vessels and xylem
vessels.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Măduva se găsește în centrul tulpinii.
……The pith is found in the centre of the
stem…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Epiderma acoperă toată planta, de la rădăcină până la fruct.
……………The epidermis covers the whole plant/ entire, from the root to the
fruit…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Fotosinteza este procesul prin care plantele, cu ajutorul clorofilei, folosesc lumină solară, apă și dioxid de carbon pentru
a crea oxigen și energie sub formă de zaharuri.
………………The phosynthesis is the process by which the plants, with the help chlrophyll, USE SUNLIGHT, WATER
AND CARBON DIOXIDE TO CREATE OXYGEN AND ENERGY IN THE FORM OF/ AS
SUGAR………………………………………….
Give a few verbs related to plants:
GROW ,DEVELOP DEVELOP
PRODUCE BRANCHES
PRODUCE BUDS(MUGURI)
AND
LEAVES
BLOOM/BLOSSOM
BEAR FRUIT(
PRODUCE SEEDS
WILT, WITHER
DIE

Compare TREES with SHRUBS

TREES SHRUBS

wikipedia wikipedia https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/63137/view/glaucous-dog-rose-rosa-dumalis-

OAK TREE SPRUCE TREE DOG ROSE

molid maces

ADJECTIVES for shrubs and trees

Woody Perena(longeviva) perennial DECIDUOS/CONIFEROUS

BOTH TREES AND SHRUBS ARE WOODY AND PERENNIAL PLANTS. THEY CAN BE BOTH
DECIDOUS(OAK,BIRCH AND CONIFEROUS(SPRUCE, FIR-BRAD)… The trees are bigger than shrubs They have a
mainstem which grows thick and strong and is called TRUNK.
Shrubs may be branched(ramuroase) from the ground and their stems are thinner.
NEW VOCABULARY:
arbust lemnos și peren = woody and perennial molid = SPRUCE TREE
shrub trunchi puternic = STRONG TRUNK
copac foios (cu frunze căzătoare) = DECIDIOUS TREE tulpină subțire = THIN STEM
creangă groasă = THICK BRANCH atât… cât și… = BOTH/ AND
mesteacăn = BIRCH TREE atât copaci cât și arbuști = BOTH TREES AND
SHRUBS

Describe the leaves:

COMPARED TO OTHER PLANTS, THESE ARE
MEDIUM SIZED(HAVE A MEDIUM SIZE). Their
blade is wide, long and light green. They appear to
be thin. The edge(margin) is smooth and not
serrated or dentate like other leaves. The veins are
visible, thick and red.

www.amazon.com, www.magicgardenseeds.com