Group 3

Topic: Mughal Dynasty

Reporter: Pagunsan, Melvin F. Bsed SS-3A
Objectives:
• Define the concept and the origin of the Mughal Empire
• Describe the background of the 6 major emperors of the Mughal Empire
• Recognize the contributions of the 6 major emperors of the Mughal Empire
• Explain the fall of the Mughal Empire during the Rule of Aurangzeb
A. The concept and the origin of Mughal Empire

- Mughals are the members of the Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of
northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. As early as the 17th century, the
term Mughal covered a large number of groups. Generally, all Central Asian immigrants to
India. The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority. Mughal
dynasty started when the first emperor Chagatai Turkic prince Babur invaded the Northern
part of India.

B. The background of the 6 major emperors of the Mughal Empire

- Babur (AD 1526-1530) was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia

and the first Mughal Emperor, He was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine. In 1494,
when his father died, Babur at the age of 12, became king of Fergana. (In present-day
Uzbekistan), although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. In a few decades he tries to
consolidate and to control Samarkand but he loses control over and over again. By 1501, he
was again to regain control of Samarkand but was shortly thereafter defeated by his most
formidable enemy, Muhammad Shaybani, khan of the Uzbeks. For three years Babur
concentrated on building up a strong army. In 1504, he was able to cross the snowy Hindu
Kush mountains and capture (Kabul, Afghanistan). With this move, he gained a wealthy new
kingdom and re-established his fortunes. In 1520 he captured Badakhshan and in 1522,
Kandahar. In 1524 he briefly controlled Lahore.

- Humayun (AD 1530-1556) is the second Mughal Emperor and was the eldest son of Babur.
He had three brothers, Kamran, Askari, and Hindal. Before Babur died, He nominated
Humayun to take His throne and fulfill His given promises. Also, He keeps His promise to be
kind to His brothers so he divided their particular land. Humayun engage in conflict with Sher
Shah Suri, the Battle of Chausa (1539 CE), this the brutal defeat for Humayun for almost 8000
Mughal soldiers died in this battle. For the second time the Battle of Kannauj (1540 CE)
Humayun force to fight again with Sher Shah’s army but his mogul soldiers were already weak
from the previous attacks they have to give up his kingdom and soon
-Akbar (AD 1556-1605) is the third Mughal emperor and was the son of Humayun. He
defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556) with the help of Bairam Khan. He
was unstoppable in His reigning, He keeps expanding His empire to North, West, and East part
of India.

-Jahangir (AD 1605-1627) was the son of Akbar and was the Fourth Emperor in Mughal
Empire. Under the rule of Jahangir, Mughal architecture became more Persian than Indian. He
was also a patron of the sciences. Jahangir’s important role in building a Mughal cultural
identity has been neglected. Nevertheless, Jahangir was a great lover of art, and Mughal
painting reached new heights under his patronage.

-Shah Jahan (AD 1628-1658) was the son of Jahangir and the Fifth Mughal Emperor. His reign
is considered the Golden Age of the Mughal empire. Architecture, in general, saw the best of
Mughal construction during his time. He is credited with constructing many beautiful
monuments throughout the landscape of North India. He is best remembered for his
architectural achievements.

-Aurangzeb (AD 1658-1707) was the son of Shah Jahan and the last seriously notable Mughal
emperor secured the Mughal throne after a brutal war of succession with his brothers Dara,
Shuja and Murad. He is a strong and authoritarian ruler. He was noted for his religious piety;
he memorized the entire Quran, studied hadiths and stringently observed the rituals of Islam.
Aurangzeb was not as involved in architecture as his father. Under Aurangzeb's rule, the
position of the Mughal Emperor as chief architectural patron began to diminish. Aurangzeb
ruled for forty-nine years over a population of 150 million people. He was a fanatic, Sunni
Musalman. His chief aim was to convert India to country of Islam. He was intolerant towards
other faiths, especially Hindus. He was also against Shia Muslims.
C. The contributions of the 6 major emperors of the Mughal Empire

-Babur
In 1520 he captured Badakhshan and in 1522, Kandahar. In 1524 he briefly controlled Lahore.
Afterward, He defeats Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat (AD 1526), Rana Sanga
(Sangram Singh) at battle o Khanwa (AD 1527), Medini Rai of Chenderi at Battle of Chanderi
(AD 1528), and Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)
This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms, cannons, and field artillery.

-Humayun
He was victorious in annexing Gujarat, Malwa, Champaner, and the great fort of Mandu.

-Akbar
He introduced a land revenue system called Todar Mal Bandobast or Zabti system, He had
Navaratnas (Nine Jewels), meaning a group of nine extraordinary people. He conquered
Malwa (AD 1561) after defeating Baz Bahadur followed by Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani
Durgawati) Chittor (AD 1568), Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (AD 1569), Gujarat (AD 1672), Mewar
(AD 1576) in the Battle of Haldighati after defeating Rana Pratap, Kashmir (AD 1586), Sindh
(AD 1593), and Asirgarh (AD 1603)

-Jahanngir
The world’s first seamless celestial globe was created under his reign. He granted trading
privileges to the Portuguese and the British and was a patron of poetry and painting. He
expanded the Mughal rule as far as Gujarat and Bengal.

-Shah Jahan
He undertook the building of two great mosques, the Motī Masjid (Pearl Mosque) and the
Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), as well as the superb mausoleum known as the Taj Mahal, in
which is entombed his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The following monuments and structures
that He built during his rule are the: Red Fort or Lal Quila (Delhi), Sections of the Agra Fort,
Jama Masjid (Delhi), Moti Masjid or Pearl Mosque (Lahore), Shalimar Gardens (Lahore),
Sections of the Lahore Fort (Lahore), Jahangir Mausoleum, Takht-e-Taus, and Shahjahan
Mosque (Thatta)

-Aurangzeb
He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, subsuming most of the Indian
subcontinent under a single imperial power for the first time in human history. He invaded the
Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering many territories and taking many
slaves. He compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri and established Sharia law and Islamic economics
throughout the Indian subcontinent.
D. The fall of the Mughal Empire during the Rule of Aurangzeb

-Aurangzeb’s religious policy had two aspects:

(i) To promote the tenets of Islam and to ensure that the people led their lives accordingly.
(ii) To adopt anti-Hindu measures.

-Following were the anti-Hindu measures adopted by Aurangzeb:

Demolishing temples and breaking idols, Imposition of Jizya, Discriminatory toll, Removal of
the Hindus from Government jobs, Restrictions on Hindu educational institutions

-Results of the religious policy of Aurangzeb:

The religious fanaticism of Aurangzeb overshadowed his virtues. His reversal of Akbar’s policy
of religious toleration resulted in weakening the entire structure of the Mughal empire. It led
to several conflicts and wars in different parts of the country.
These conflicts were:
(i) Conflict with the Jats
(ii) Conflict with the Satnamis
(iii) Conflict with the Sikhs
(iv) Conflicts with the Rajput’s
(v) Conflict with the Marathas.

Aurangzeb Deccan policy cause the destruction of the best soldiers and undermined the
Mughal prestige beyond repair, contributed materially to the downfall of his dynasty.
SUMMARY

EUROPEAN EXPLORE THE EAST

OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the reason of European Exploration.
• Portugal as the leading country of European exploration.
• Distinguish the trading routes of European exploration In Africa and Asia.

Beginning around 1100s, European crusaders battled Muslims for the central
of Holy Lands in Southwest Asia. In 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo
reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. For the most of part however,
Europeans has neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands.
That changed by the early 1400s. The desire to grow rich and spread
Christianity, coupled with advances in sailing technology, spurred an Age of
Exploration.

New Trades Routes

The desire of wealth - the desire for the new sources of wealth was the main
reason for European exploration. Through overseas exploration, merchants
and traders hoped ultimately to benefit from what had become a profitable
business in Europe. Trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. Before
the European exploration Muslim sold Asian goods to Italian merchants then
resold the items at increased price to merchants throughout the europe.
Spices that europe wanted was nutmeg ginger, Cinnamon and pepper which
all of it added flavor to the bland foods of europe.

The desire to spread the Christianity also motivated Europeans to explore.

European belived that it was their sacred duty not only fighting Muslims but
to convert non christian throughout the world.
Advances Technology - with the help of new technology European was able
to explore around the world. In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed a new
vessel, the caravel. The caravel was sturdier than earlier vessel, it has
triangular sails adopted from the Arabs, allowed to sail effectively against
the wind. Europeans also improved their navigational techniques, to better
determine their location at sea sailor used the ASTROBLE.
The ASTROBLE was a brass circle with carefully adjested rings markeddl off
degress. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could calculate
latitude or how far north or south of the equator the ship was. Explorer used
MAGNETIC COMPASS to accurately track the direction, a chinese invention.

Portugal leads the way

Portugal was the first European country to establish trading outputs along
the west coast of Africa. Prince Henry (son of portugal king) or Henry the
Navigator lead the way of exploration because of strong government support.
He reached the island tip of Ceuta of which he had his first glimpse of goods,
golds, silver and jewels. He also wished to spread christian faith. Portuguese
traded with africans such as gold and ivory. They also traded african
captives to use as slaves. By time Henry died in 1460, Portuguese created a
series of trading post in Western's Africa's shores.

Portuguese sailors reached Asia

In 1488, Portuguese captain Bartolomue Dias ventured far down the coast of
Africa until they reached the tip. There ship was blown away of huge storm.
They condisered exploring India but they were out of supplies so they went
home. Vacos De Gama continued Dias voyage to India. In 1497, Portuguese
explorer Vasco Da Ga ma began exploring the east African coast. In1498, he
reached the southwest part of Calicut cost which he found spices, rare silks
and prescious gems. De Gama returned home and was considered a hero. De
Gama 27,000 miles of voyage had given portugal a direct sea route to India.

Spanish Exploration
Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance a plan to sail west across
the Atlantic to reach Asia. He reached the island in Caribbean in 1492,
thinking he reached Asia. Columbus exploration lead to European
colonization of America. There were tensions between Spain and Portugal, so
pope Alexander VI steped in and suggested the imaginary dividing line
called (demarcation). All lands to the west would be Spain including most of
Americas. All lands to the east would be Portugal, however Portugal
complanined , so it was moved farther west to include parts of modern day
Brazil. In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in which
they agrees to honor the line
Portuguese trading Empire

The Portuguese built a huge trading route throughout the Indian Ocean. As
they took control over the Indian ocean they started to take control of the
spices from muslim merchant. The building of Fort Hormuz in 1514 helped
strengthen the hold of Portuguese had on the Indian Ocean. It connected the
Persian gulf and Arabian Sea, so the muslims had no way of reaching the
Indian Ocean. Later on, in 1510 the Portuguese captured Goa a port located
in India's west coast. It was made into new capital for the trading empire.
The Portuguese sailed farther down to Indonesia (east indies). In 1511
Portuguese fleet attacked on the City of Malaca and island of Malacus. The
island is rich in spices that became known the " Spice islands". Captain
Afonso De Albuquerque strived to crush the Muslims chance of participating
in Asian Trades.Merchants brought back good from Asia. The goods cost half
the price of what they were sold from Arabs and Italians more Europeans
could afford it. As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand
Magellan arrived in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began
settling them in 1565. By the early 1600s, the rest of Europe had begun to
descend upon Asia. This influenced the rest of Europe to create trades
routes.

Netherlands Dominate the Sea

The Dutch Republic is also called the "Netherlands". Netherlands became a
seapower. After gaining independence from spain 1581 and established the
dutch republic. They had largest fleet of ship in the world (20,000). The
Dutch and English broke Portuguese control in Asia. Both countries formed
an East India Company. These companies had the power to mint money,
make treties and raise their own armies. The Dutch East India Company
drove out England in the region.
European Trade Outpost
In 1619 Dutch made thier own headquarters at the island of Java. They
expanded west to conquer more island. Throughout the 1600s the
Netherlands increased control in the Indian Ocean. Since there were many
goods on the island, Netherlands nation capital Amsterdam became the
center of commercial center. They ruled most of Indonesia and Southwest
Asia which was used as a resupply stop British and France Trades
British and France gain control in the region, but they failed to win larger
areas. The English East India Company focused more on clothing. They built
a business on clothes in the European market.

In 1664, France tried to do same but the duchess kept attacking them.They
were successful but they weren't making profits like England. European
traders who sailed farther east to seek riches in China and Japan had even
less success in spreading Western culture. Europeans continued to gain
numerous port cities.

Reporter: Ogares, Harlene BSED SS3-A

 Summary
China Limits European Contacts

China under the powerful Ming Dynasty

China has become dominant power in Asia under the Ming Dynasty (1368-
1644). Ming ended the Mongol rule and make strict rules for not allowing
outsiders to threaten the peace and prosperity.

A. The Rise of Ming

Hongwu a peasant's son, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols
out of China in 1368. Hongwu goals is to restored agricultural lands
devastated by war, erase all traces of Mongols and gain China's power and
prosperity. He increased rice production and improve irrigation.He also
encouraged fish farming and growing crops such as cotton and sugar cane.
Hongwu became ruthless tyrant and killed thousands of officials.

B. Yonglo son of Hongwu continued his father legacy and

He moved to royal court in Beijing which led to China's capital and
He hoped that he would impress the world with his voyage. Zheng He
chinese muslim admiral who led the seven voyages. 300 Ships sailed in each
expedition and 27,000 belonged to people. Majority of the people were
soldiers, sailors, carpenters, doctors, and religious leader.
Ming Relations with other foriegn countries.
Ming dynasty tried to keep influence of outsiders, only the government was
allowed to conduct foriegn trade. Through three coastal ports, Canton,
Macao and Ningbo. China's trade flourished and the demand for Chinese
goods increased, such us silk making and ceramics.

C. Manufacturing and ceramic increased.

China didn't become highly industrialized for two main reasons:
◾ first, the idea of commerce offended China's confucian belief.
◾ it was said that thier money " supporting foreigner and robbery".
◾ second Chinese economic policies traditionally favored agricultural.
Taxes on agricultural stayed low, taxes on manufacturing and trade
sykrockted. Mateo Ricco an Italian Jesuit was the first missionary to have an
impact in chinese. He brought Christianity and knowledge in science and
technology. He gained special favor at the Ming Dynasty through his
intelligence and fluency in Chinese.
D. Manchus found the Qing Dynasty
In 1644, the Manchus people of that region invaded china and the Ming
Dynasty collapsed after more than 200 years.
Kangxi became emperor in 1661 abs ruled for some 60 years. He reduced
government expenses and lowered taxes.
The Qing Dynasty emerged and ruled more than 260 years and expanded
borders to Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet. Kangxi got support by
offering the people government position. China had rules for trade such as
paying tribute and trading at special ports.
Dutch wanted to be trade partners of China. They earn china's respect and
performed "kowtow" which involved kneeling in front of the emperor and
touching thier head to the ground nine times. This lead to Chinese accepting
Dutch traders and thier goods. In 1793 Great Britain wanted to become trade
partners whith china but they didnt agree with china's trade policies.
China stayed mostly isolated over the years not trading with other countries.

E. Most Chinese families had farmed the land the same way they have always
been taught.
Irrigation and fertilizer increased during the Wing dynasty making families
able to expand.
Sons were worth than daughters and had the responsibility to take care of
his family.
Female were not valued and were trained to supervise children's education.
Most women grew up and found outside jobs such as midwives or textile
workers that made silk.
 JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

Prepared by:

Hershey Joy N. Decripito

BSED SS3A

MAIN IDEA

The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began 250 years of isolation,
autocracy, and economic growth.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Even now, Japan continues to limit and control dealings with foreigners,
especially in the area of trade.

TERMS & NAMES

• daimyo • Oda Nobunaga • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Tokugawa Shogunate •

haiku • kabuki

SETTING THE STAGE

In the 1300s, the unity that had been achieved in Japanin the previous
century broke down. Shoguns, or military leaders, in the north and south
fiercely fought one another for power. Although these two rival courts later
came back together at the end of the century, a series of politically weak
shoguns let control of the country slip from their grasp. The whole land was
torn by factional strife and economic unrest. It would be centuries before
Japan would again be unified.
 Why Japan isolate itself?

Japan isolate itself in order to have a homogeneous society,

great unified family with common values and beliefs, and because of
increasingly dangerous European threat, lastly to keep Japanese worldview
and lifestyle uncontaminated by the western ways.

A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders

In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s old feudal system. The country
collapsed into chaos. Centralized rule ended. Power drained away from the
shogun to territorial lords in hundreds of separate domains.

Local Lords Rule

A violent era of disorder followed. This time in Japanese history, which

lasted from 1467 to 1568, is known as the Sengoku, or “Warring States,”
period. Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates.

Key people in creating Isolation

DAIMYO

SHOGUN IEYASU

THE EUROPEAN (INVADERS)

 New Leaders Restore Order

A number of ambitious daimyo hoped to gather enough power to take

control of the entire country. One, the brutal and ambitious Oda Nobunaga ,
defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568.

 This was the first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in
Japan. However, Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan.
 He committed seppuku, the ritual suicide of a samurai, in 1582, when
one of his own generals turned on him.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Nobunaga’s best general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued his fallen

leader’s mission. By 1590, by combining brute force with shrewd political
alliances, he controlled most of the country, eventually conquered China and
invaded Korea in 1592.

Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan

One of Hideyoshi’s strongest daimyo allies, Tokugawa Ieyasu

completed the unification of Japan. Japan was unified, but the daimyo still
governed at the local level. To keep them from rebelling, Ieyasu required that
they spend every other year in the capital.

The “alternate attendance policy” and other restrictions, Ieyasu tamed the
daimyo. This was a major step toward restoring centralized government to
Japan.
 Life in Tokugawa

Japan enjoyed more than two and a half centuries of stability, prosperity, and
isolation under the Tokugawa shoguns.

Tokugawa society was very structured.

 The emperor had the top rank but was just a figurehead.
 The actual ruler was the shogun.
 Below him were the daimyo, the powerful landholding.
 Samurai warriors came next.
 The peasants and artisans followed them.
 Merchants were at the bottom.
 Culture Under the Tokugawa Shogunate

Society in Tokugawa Japan

In Japan, as in China, Confucian values influenced ideas about society.

According to Confucius, the ideal society depended on agriculture, not
commerce. Farmers, not merchants, made ideal citizens. In the real world of
Tokugawa Japan, however, peasant farmers bore the main tax burden and
faced more difficulties than any other class. Many of them abandoned farm
life and headed for the expanding towns and cities. There, they mixed with
samurai, artisans, and merchants.

Culture Under the Tokugawa Shogunate

 Noh is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been

performed since the 14th century. 
 The people also read haiku 5-7-5-syllable, 3-line verse poetry. This
poetry presents images rather than ideas.
 Kabuki theater, Actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and
mime, performed skits about modern life.
  The paintings the people enjoyed were often woodblock prints showing
city life.

Contact Between Europe and Japan

Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century, during the

Warring States period. Despite the severe disorder in the country, the
Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries, from Portugal and, later, other
European countries. These newcomers introduced fascinating new
technologies and ideas. Within a century, however, the aggressive Europeans
had worn out their welcome.

Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan

The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, when shipwrecked

Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of southern Japan. Portuguese
merchants soon followed. They hoped to involve themselves in Japan’s trade
with China and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese brought clocks, eyeglasses,
tobacco, firearms, and other unfamiliar items from Europe. Japanese
merchants, eager to expand their markets, were happy to receive the
newcomers and their goods.

Did the Isolation of Japan Have a Positive Effect?

Overall, we believe that the Isolation had a mostly positive effect on Japan
but still included a slight negative effect as well.

The Cons of Government in Isolated Japan

Over time the financial situation of the Leadership figures began to decline
and led to higher taxes, this then led to riots among the rural population.

Social order was frozen to maintain stability, this meant no movement

between classes.

The Rigid social order created a sharp distinction between the samurai and
the commoners.
With the stop of warfare, the Japanese ended up not having any warriors to
protect them.

Cons of Economy in Isolated Japan

The Isolation of Japan affected them in a bad way because they had little
trade with foreigners, over taxing and the continued use of rice for payment.

The emperor took on a more ceremonial role and had little input to the
country other than picking those who would become Shogun.

Shogun became more influential than the emperor meaning they had more
control over the people around them because there were more people
controlling the population.

With Isolation came a stop to warfare and fighting, bringing peace to Japan

Without outside influences, the society changed to reflect who they were

The Isolation prevented foreign influence among the Japanese people.

Pros of the Culture in Isolated Japan

The Cons of Foreign Policy in Japan

Cons of Social Structure Change

Social order was frozen to maintain stability.

A strict social status system made a sharp distinction between the samurai
and the commoners

The Cons of Culture in Isolated Japan

Because they had a unique worldview, it meant that they were not aware of
any other cultures of other countries.

They had no knowledge of other fantastic things from other countries.

Pros of Government in Isolated Japan

The Pros and Cons of National Isolation

The Pros of Foreign Policy in Japan

Pros of the Economy in Isolated Japan

Pros of Social Structure Changes

 The Isolation of Japan helped their economy.

 Their economy was not affected by outside influence and so they made
their own type of society which developed a stable and peaceful
economy.
 The Isolation of Japan affected the social structure because without
outside influences they built a society that reflected who they were.
This started new cultures and better societies.
 The isolation brought a stop to the warfare which meant the samurai
became officials of the shogun as they were no longer needed as
warriors.
 Being isolated greatly influenced their culture, giving it a change to
flourish without input from other countries. The culture barley changed
throughout a long period of time.
 A large part of Japanese culture involves art dance drama.
 A style of Japanese art is a painting called Ukiyo-e. Paintings were
usually on landscape.
 Indian companies were established by the Dutch and the British and
became active in the early 1600’s.Isolation effected japanese world
view.
 Some distinct things that came out of isolation are, Sumo wrestling,
Calligraphy, tea ceremony, painting, sculpture, and architecture
 Japan in Isolation

Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended. One port, Nagasaki,

remained open to foreign traders. For more than 200 years, Japan remained
basically closed to Europeans. In addition, the Japanese were forbidden to
leave, so as not to bring back foreign ideas. Japan would continue to
develop, but as a self-sufficient country, free from European attempts to
colonize or to establish their presence.

Key person getting Japan out of isolation

Commander Matthew Perry under the American government sailed to

Tokyo Bay and forced Japan sign the convention of Kanagawa.

References: World History Textbook

Prezi
 TOPIC: ATLANTIC WORLD
GROUP 3
REPORTER: EDJEE SOLINAP MAGTANG
TOPIC: ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

OBJECTIVES:
• IDENTIFY THE SLAVE TRADE
• MAY ABLE TO KNOW WHAT IS TRIANGULAR TRADE
• CONSEQUENCE OF SLAVE TRADE

A. ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

- It is to meet the demand of labor they needed for their growing agricultural
needs thousands and millions of Africans were captured and enslaved my
Americans.

B. CAUSES OF AFRICANS SLAVE TRADE

- The uprising demand of worker by the Americans lead to capture Africans to
work
- African withstand diseases having farming skills unlikely to escape

C. SLAVERY SPREADS THROUGHOUT AMERICAS

- England dominates the slave trade
- From 1690 to 1807 England Dominates slave trade.
- About 400 000 enslaved Africans brought to north Americas colony.
- African cooperation and Resistance
- Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery
- Later, some rulers protest the trade.

D. TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

- Trade network that links Europe, Africa and Americas
- In a system known as the triangular trade, Europeans traded manufactured
goods for captured Africans, who were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to
become slaves in the Americas. The Europeans, in turn, were supplied with
raw materials. ... The Dutch became the foremost slave traders during parts of
the 17th century.

E. CONSEQUENCE OF SLAVE TRADE

- RESULTS IN AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS
- Africans suffer from loss of so many people
- African families were disrupted
- Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas
- Population in Americas Changes

TOPIC: ATLANTIC WORLD

GROUP 3
REPORTER: EDJEE SOLINAP MAGTANG
TOPIC: THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL TRADE

OBJECTIVES:
• WHAT IS COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• THE GLOBAL TRADE
• WHAT IS MERCANTILISM
A. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL TRADE
• - The colonization of the Americas introduced new items into eastern and
western
hemisphere

B. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
-It is the travel between the Old and the New World was a huge environmental
turning
point, called the Columbian Exchange. It was important because it resulted in the
mixing
of people, deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population,
crops,
animals, goods, and trade flows

C. GLOBAL TRADE
- Wealth from Americas growth of trade changes business in Europe
- Increase in business leads to inflation or rising of prices in Europe

D. MERCANTILISM
- Policy of Mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power
- - One effective way so that nations become wealthy, is they gather gold and
silver.
- One way to balance trade is when nations sell more goods than it buys it.
- Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods.
 Spain Builds an American Empire
Reporter: Rica S. Martinez BSED SS 3-A

Main Idea
The vast wealth to be had from colonizing the Americans sealed the fate of millions of
Native Americans and Africans who were forced to work in mines and on plantations.
Over the span of several centuries, Europeans conquered the Americans empires.
How did Spain build an American empire?
In order to control its new empire, Spain created a formal system of government to rule
its colonies.
Where did Spain build their American Empire?
Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and gaining
control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand
across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and
much of North America.

The voyage of Columbus changes the Americas

In 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor, led a voyage for Spain. He sailed west
hoping to reach Asia. Instead, he landed in the Americas. Columbus thought that he
had reached the East Indies in Asia. He misnamed the natives he met there, calling
them Indians. He claimed the land for Spain. From then on, Spain began to create
colonies. Colonies are lands controlled by another nation.

The Voyages of Columbus

 Columbus left Spain on August 3, 1492.
th
 On October 12 he reached what he thought was an island in the East Indies.
 He instead landed on an island in the Bahamas and claimed it for Spain.
First encounter
 They accepted anything and gave what they had with the utmost good will.
 Columbus called the natives ‘’Indians’’ and named the land San Salvador or Holy
Savior’’.
 He found no gold. So, he began to island hop. Claiming each as he went along.
 ‘’It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession’’.
Three More Trips
 Columbus now became an ‘’empire builder’’.
 Spain’s rulers were so pleased with the claims that they financed three more
trips.
 Goal? Transform Caribbean Islands into colonies.

Where’s the Gold?

 Unable to find gold, he claims the lands for Spain
 1493- sets out for another voyage to the Americas with a larger fleet
 Spain sets ups colonies- lands controlled by a foreign nation

Other Explores take to the Seas

 Amerigo Vespucci – traveled east coast of
South America.
 Reported that land was a new world and
not part of Asia.
 America was named after him.
 Ferdinand Magellan- Traveled west around the
 world. Trip took three years.
 His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Exploration
 1500- Pedro Alvares Cabral claims brazil for Portugal
 1501- Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as a continent
 1507- German Map maker names the new continent America
 Vasco Nunez be Balboa reaches the pacific ocean
 1519- Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world
 1522- Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to Spain

Spanish Conquer Mexico

 Conquistadors
 1519- Hernando Cortes- Spanish adventure- lands in Mexico
 He and others become known as Conquistadors- Spanish Conquerors
 Cortes Conquers the Aztecs
 Cortes and 600 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
 By 1521, the conquer Aztec Empire
 Superior Weapons and diseases wipe out Aztecs so quickly

Spanish Conquer Peru

 Francisco Pizzaro
• Leads force to Peru in 1532
• Pizzaro kills Atahualpa- Inca Ruler- and defeats the Inca

THE AZTECS
• Late 1200’s Aztecs arrived in Valley of Mexico from the north
• Legend- they were told by an Aztec god to search for an eagle sitting on a cactus
with a snake in its beak
• Finally saw this sign @ Lake Texcoco

Spain Expands
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 American colonies made Spain most powerful nation in the world during the 16
century (1700s)
 Built up military- especially navy to protect ships
 For 150 years they seldom lost a battle
 Pushing North
 Started settling in parts of present day United States
 Ponce de Leon- 1513 landed in Florida & claimed it for Spain
 Searching for fountain of youth
 Explorers traveled through the American Western/SW lands looking for another
empire to conquer
 AZ, NM, TX, OK, & KS all belonged to Spain
 “Europeans Nations Settled in North America”

Main Idea
EMPIRE BUILDING Several European nations fought for control of North America,
and England emerged victorious.

Why is it Matter Now

The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that
guides the United States today.

Terms & Names

 New France
 Jamestown
 Pilgrims
 Puritans
 New Netherland
 French and Indian War
 Metacom
Setting the Stage
Spain’s successful colonization efforts in the Americas did not go unnoticed. Other
European nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, soon became
interested in obtaining their own valuable colonies. The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in
1494, had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. However,
other European countries ignored the treaty. They set out to build their own empires in
the Americas. This resulted in a struggle for North America.

Competing Claim in North America

Magellan’s voyage showed that ships could reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean.
Spain claimed the route around the southern tip of South America. Other European
 countries hoped to find an easier and more direct route to the Pacific. Not finding the
route, the French, English, and Dutch instead established colonies in North America.

Explorers Establish New France

The early French explorers sailed west with dreams of reaching the East Indies. One
explorer was Giovanni da Verrazzano , an Italian in the service of France. In 1524, he
sailed to North America in search of a sea route to the Pacific. Many explorers sailed
after him and They founded Quebec, which became the base of France’s colonial empire
in North America, known as New France.
A Trading Empire
France’s North American empire was immense. But it was sparsely populated. By 1760,
the European population of New France had grown to only about 65,000. A large number
of French colonists had no desire to build towns or raise families. They also included
young, single men engaged in what had become New France’s main economic activity,
the fur trade. Unlike the English, the French were less interested in occupying territories
than they were in making money off the land.

The English Arrive in North America

The explorations of the Spanish and French inspired the English. In 1606, a company
of London investors received from King James a charter to found a colony in North
America. About four months later, in 1607, they reached the coast of Virginia. The
colonists claimed the land as theirs. They named the settlement Jamestown in honor
of their king.

The Settlement in Jamestown

The colony start disastrous. The settlers were more interested in finding gold than in
planting crops. During the first few years, seven out of every ten people died of hunger,
disease, or battles with the Native Americans.Despite their nightmarish start, the colonist
eventually gained a foothold in their new land. Jamestown became England’s first
permanent settlement in North America.Jamestown had high demand in England for
tobacco turned it into a profitable crop.

Puritans Create a “New England”

In 1620, a group known as Pilgrims founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in

Massachusetts. Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, these colonists sought
religious freedom. A group known as Puritans also sought religious freedom from
 England’s Anglican Church. They established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts
Bay. Puritans wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other
Christians to follow.

The Dutch Found New Netherland

Following the English and French into North America were in the Dutch. America were
the Dutch. In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Netherlands,
sailed west. The Dutch claimed the region along these waterways. They established a fur
trade with the Iroquois Indians. Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Company.
In 1621, the Dutch government granted the company permission to colonize the region
and expand the fur trade.

The Struggle for North America

As they expanded their settlements in North America, the nations of France, England,
and the Netherlands battled each other for colonial supremacy.

The English Oust the Dutch

To the English, New Netherland separated their northern and southern colonies. In 1664,
the English king, Charles II, granted his brother, the Duke of York, permission to drive
out the Dutch. When the duke’s fleet arrived at New Netherland, the Dutch surrendered
without firing a shot. With the Dutch gone, the English colonized the Atlantic coast of
North America. By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine
to Georgia.

England Battles France

The English soon became hungry for more land for their colonial population. As their
colonies expanded, France and England began to interfere with each other. It seemed
that a major conflict was on the horizon. In 1754 a dispute over land claims in the Ohio
Valley led to a war between the British and French on the North American continent. The
conflict became known as the French and Indian War.

The End of Colonialism in the Americas

The countries of the Western Hemisphere became independent from Europe in the 50-
year period from 1775 to 1825. The United States won its independence in 1776, and
Mexico and Central America became free of Spanish rule in 1821. Georgia Colony, 1732-
1750, In the 1730s, England founded the last of its colonies in North America.