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    Energies 2018, 11, 877 4 of 19: Force Analysis of Flange

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    Tushar Choudhary
    The document discusses stress analysis and leakage calibration of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank outlet pipes. It examines primary and secondary stress on the pipeline based on international standards. Stress must meet allowable levels to prevent failure. The document also evaluates flange leakage using equivalent pressure methods, where forces are converted to pressure and must be below maximum allowable working pressures. A case study analyzes the material properties and design parameters of an LNG outlet pipe between a storage tank and vaporizer.

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    Energies 2018, 11, 877 4 of 19: Force Analysis of Flange

    Uploaded by

    Tushar Choudhary
    13 views2 pages
    The document discusses stress analysis and leakage calibration of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank outlet pipes. It examines primary and secondary stress on the pipeline based on international standards. Stress must meet allowable levels to prevent failure. The document also evaluates flange leakage using equivalent pressure methods, where forces are converted to pressure and must be below maximum allowable working pressures. A case study analyzes the material properties and design parameters of an LNG outlet pipe between a storage tank and vaporizer.

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    IMP1

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    The document discusses stress analysis and leakage calibration of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank outlet pipes. It examines primary and secondary stress on the pipeline based on international standards. Stress must meet allowable levels to prevent failure. The document also evaluates flange leakage using equivalent pressure methods, where forces are converted to pressure and must be below maximum allowable working pressures. A case study analyzes the material properties and design parameters of an LNG outlet pipe between a storage tank and vaporizer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views2 pages

    Energies 2018, 11, 877 4 of 19: Force Analysis of Flange

    Uploaded by

    Tushar Choudhary
    The document discusses stress analysis and leakage calibration of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank outlet pipes. It examines primary and secondary stress on the pipeline based on international standards. Stress must meet allowable levels to prevent failure. The document also evaluates flange leakage using equivalent pressure methods, where forces are converted to pressure and must be below maximum allowable working pressures. A case study analyzes the material properties and design parameters of an LNG outlet pipe between a storage tank and vaporizer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Energies 2018, 11, 877 4 of 19

    In order to comprehensively examine the primary stress and the secondary stress, the stress of the
    pipeline is evaluated by comprehensive stress (sum of primary stress and secondary stress).
    The stress calibration of the LNG storage tank outlet pipe should be based on the ASME B31.3
    “Process Piping” standard [22].
    Primary stress should meet the following condition [21]:

    S L ≤ Sh (1)

    Secondary stress should meet the following condition [21]:

    0.5
    SE = (Sb + 4St2 ) ≤ S A = f R (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh ) (2)

    where SL = the sum of longitudinal stresses produced by gravity and other continuous loads
    in the pipeline; Sh = allowable stress of thermal state; SE = the computed displacement stress
    range caused by thermal expansion and end point displacement; SA = the allowable displacement
    stress range; Sc = allowable stress of cold state; fR = stress range factor; Sb = the stress of a pipe
    generated by the composite bending moment under thermal expansion, cold shrinkage, and endpoint
    displacement; St = the stress of a pipeline generated by torque under thermal expansion, cold shrinkage,
    and endpoint displacement.

    2.3. Flange Leakage Calibration


    The Kellogg equivalent pressure method is usually used to calibrate the flange leakage of
    industrial pipelines [23,24]. Equivalent pressure is used to replace the design pressure of the flange,
    and the axial force and torque are converted to the equivalent pressure and applies to the flange.
    The force of the flange is shown in Figure 1.

    Figure 1. Force analysis of flange.

    Equivalent pressure (converted by axial force) [23]:

    4F
    p1 = 2
    (3)
    πDG

    Equivalent pressure (converted by torque) [23]:

    16F
    p2 = ± 3
    × 103 (4)
    πDG
    Energies 2018, 11, 877 5 of 19

    Equivalent total pressure [23]:

    4F 16F
    pe = p + 2
    ± 3
    × 103 (5)
    πDG πDG

    where pe is equivalent total pressure (Absolute value), MPa; p is design pressure, MPa; F is axial force
    (positive for drawing force, negative for compressing force), N; M is bending moment, N·m; DG is the
    circle diameter of the center of the pressing force of the gasket, mm.
    Equivalent total pressure should meet the following condition [23]:

    t
    pe ≤ pmax (6)

    t
    where pmax is allowable working pressure of flange at working temperature, MPa.

    3. Case Study

    3.1. Project Overview


    As shown in Figure 2, the outlet pipe of a LNG storage tank is the cryogenic pipeline between the
    LNG storage tank and the air-heated vaporizer. The load conditions of the pipe nozzle are implemented
    according to the American Petroleum Institute standard API 661 “Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for
    General Refinery Service” rules [25].

    Figure 2. Diagrammatic sketch of LNG storage tank outlet pipe.

    The material of LNG pipe is SS304 seamless stainless steel, which design temperature and
    operation temperature are −196 ◦ C and −140 ◦ C, respectively. The design pressure and operation
    pressure are 1.0 MPa and 0.6 MPa, respectively. The specific parameters of the LNG pipe are shown in
    Table 1. The insulation layer material of LNG pipe is polyurethane, and the specific parameters of the
    insulation layer are shown in Table 2.

    Table 1. Parameters of LNG pipe.

    Density of
    Material Outside Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Allowable Stress (MPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Poisson’s Ratio
    LNG (kg/m3 )
    SS304 76 4.0 137 210 0.30 435

    Table 2. Parameters of the insulation layer of LNG pipe.

    Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Heat Emission


    Material Thickness (mm)
    (W/(m·◦ C)) (J/(kg·K)) Coefficient (W/(m·◦ C))
    Polyurethane 100 0.0045 840 8.14

    For SS304 material, the allowable stress is 137 MPa when the operating temperature is lower
    than 20 ◦ C. Since the pipeline operating temperature in the LNG vaporizing station is lower than

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