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AMBO UNIVERSITY WOLISO CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ASSIGNMENT

IT-4^Th YEAR FIRST SEMISTER

NAME: MIKIRU NIGUSE

ID/NO: 25874/11
 AI APPLICATION IN HEALTH CARE AND GAMING

Contents
1. Introduction.................................................................................................2
1.1 Types of AI of relevance to healthcare......................................................2
1.2 Machine learning – neural networks and deep learning........................2
1.3 Natural language processing..................................................................3
1.4 Rule-based expert systems......................................................................4
1.5 Physical robots........................................................................................4
1.6 Robotic process automation...................................................................4
1.7 Diagnosis and treatment applications.......................................................5
1.8 Patient engagement and adherence applications......................................7
1.9 Administrative applications......................................................................8
1.10 Implications for the healthcare workforce..............................................9
1.11 Ethical implications...............................................................................10
1.12 The future of AI in healthcare...............................................................11
2. Understanding the Role of AI in Gaming....................................................12
2.1 Use of AI in Gaming Development and Programming...............................12
2.2 Making Games Smarter Than Ever............................................................13
2.3 Making Games More Real.........................................................................13
2.4 Enhancing the Overall Gaming Experience................................................14
2.5 Transforming Skills of Developer..............................................................14
2.6 Making Mobile Games Smarter with AI in Gaming....................................14
2.7 Final Words about AI in Gaming................................................................15
3. References.....................................................................................................15

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1. Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies are increasingly prevalent in

business and society, and are beginning to be applied to healthcare. These

technologies have the potential to transform many aspects of patient care, as well
as administrative processes within provider, payer and pharmaceutical
organizations’.

There are already a number of research studies suggesting that AI can perform as
well as or better than humans at key healthcare tasks, such as diagnosing disease.
Today, algorithms are already outperforming radiologists at spotting malignant
tumors, and guiding researchers in how to construct cohorts for costly clinical
trials. However, for a variety of reasons, we believe that it will be many years
before AI replaces humans for broad medical process domains. In this article, we
describe both the potential that AI offers to automate aspects of care and some of
the barriers to rapid implementation of AI in healthcare.

1.1 Types of AI of relevance to healthcare

Artificial intelligence is not one technology, but rather a collection of them. Most

of these technologies have immediate relevance to the healthcare field, but the
specific processes and tasks they support vary widely. Some particular AI
technologies of high importance to healthcare are defined and described below.

1.2 Machine learning – neural networks and deep learning

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Machine learning is a statistical technique for fitting models to data and to ‘learn’
by training models with data. Machine learning is one of the most common forms
of AI; in a 2018 Deloitte survey of 1,100 US managers whose organizations’ were
already pursuing AI, 63% of companies surveyed were employing machine
learning in their businesses. It is a broad technique at the core of many approaches
to AI and there are many versions of it.

In healthcare, the most common application of traditional machine learning is

precision medicine – predicting what treatment protocols are likely to succeed on a
patient based on various patient attributes and the treatment context The great
majority of machine learning and precision medicine applications require a training
dataset for which the outcome variable (eg onset of disease) is known; this is called
supervised learning.

A more complex form of machine learning is the neural network – a technology

that has been available since the 1960s has been well established in healthcare
research for several decades and has been used for categorization applications like
determining whether a patient will acquire a particular disease. It views problems
in terms of inputs, outputs and weights of variables or ‘features’ that associate
inputs with outputs. It has been likened to the way that neurons process signals, but
the analogy to the brain's function is relatively weak.

The most complex forms of machine learning involve deep learning, or neural

network models with many levels of features or variables that predict outcomes.
There may be thousands of hidden features in such models, which are uncovered
by the faster processing of today's graphics processing units and cloud
architectures. A common application of deep learning in healthcare is recognition
of potentially cancerous lesions in radiology images. Deep learning is increasingly
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being applied to radionics, or the detection of clinically relevant features in

imaging data beyond what can be perceived by the human eye. Both radionics and
deep learning are most commonly found in oncology-oriented image analysis.
Their combination appears to promise greater accuracy in diagnosis than the
previous generation of automated tools for image analysis, known as computer-
aided detection or CAD.

Deep learning is also increasingly used for speech recognition and, as such, is a
form of natural language processing (NLP), described below. Unlike earlier forms
of statistical analysis, each feature in a deep learning model typically has little
meaning to a human observer. As a result, the explanation of the model's outcomes
may be very difficult or impossible to interpret.

1.3 Natural language processing

Making sense of human language has been a goal of AI researchers since the
1950s. This field, NLP, includes applications such as speech.

1.4 Rule-based expert systems

Expert systems based on collections of ‘if-then’ rules were the dominant

technology for AI in the 1980s and were widely used commercially in that and
later periods. In healthcare, they were widely employed for ‘clinical decision
support’ purposes over the last couple of decades5 and are still in wide use today.
Many electronic health record (EHR) providers furnish a set of rules with their
systems today.

Expert systems require human experts and knowledge engineers to construct a

series of rules in a particular knowledge domain. They work well up to a point and

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are easy to understand. However, when the number of rules is large (usually over
several thousand) and the rules begin to conflict with each other, they tend to break
down. Moreover, if the knowledge domain changes, changing the rules can be
difficult and time-consuming. They are slowly being replaced in healthcare by
more approaches based on data and machine learning algorithms.

1.5 Physical robots

Physical robots are well known by this point, given that more than 200,000
industrial robots are installed each year around the world. They perform pre-
defined tasks like lifting, repositioning, welding or assembling objects in places
like factories and warehouses, and delivering supplies in hospitals. More recently,
robots have become more collaborative with humans and are more easily trained
by moving them through a desired task. They are also becoming more intelligent,
as other AI capabilities are being embedded in their ‘brains’ (really their operating
systems). Over time, it seems likely that the same improvements in intelligence
that we've seen in other areas of AI would be incorporated into physical robots.

Surgical robots, initially approved in the USA in 2000, provide ‘superpowers’ to

surgeons, improving their ability to see, create precise and minimally invasive
incisions, stitch wounds and so forth.Important decisions are still made by human
surgeons, however. Common surgical procedures using robotic surgery include
gynecologic surgery, prostate surgery and head and neck surgery.

1.6 Robotic process automation

This technology performs structured digital tasks for administrative purposes, i.e.
those involving information systems, as if they were a human user following a

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script or rules. Compared to other forms of AI they are inexpensive, easy to

program and transparent in their actions. Robotic process automation (RPA)
doesn't really involve robots – only computer programs on servers. It relies on a
combination of workflow, business rules and ‘presentation layer’ integration with
information systems to act like a semi-intelligent user of the systems. In healthcare,
they are used for repetitive tasks like prior authorization, updating patient records
or billing. When combined with other technologies like image recognition, they
can be used to extract data from, for example, faxed images in order to input it into
transactional systems.

We've described these technologies as individual ones, but increasingly they are
being combined and integrated; robots are getting AI-based ‘brains’, image
recognition is being integrated with RPA. Perhaps in the future these technologies
will be so intermingled that composite solutions will be more likely or feasible.

1.7 Diagnosis and treatment applications

Diagnosis and treatment of disease has been a focus of AI since at least the 1970s,
when MYCIN was developed at Stanford for diagnosing blood-borne bacterial
infections. This and other early rule-based systems showed promise for accurately
diagnosing and treating disease, but were not adopted for clinical practice. They
were not substantially better than human diagnosticians, and they were poorly
integrated with clinician workflows and medical record systems.

More recently, IBM's Watson has received considerable attention in the media for
its focus on precision medicine, particularly cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Watson employs a combination of machine learning and NLP capabilities.
However, early enthusiasm for this application of the technology has faded as

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customers realized the difficulty of teaching Watson how to address particular

types of cancer and of integrating Watson into care processes and systems. Watson
is not a single product but a set of ‘cognitive services’ provided through
application programming interfaces (APIs), including speech and language, vision,
and machine learning-based data-analysis programs. Most observers feel that the
Watson APIs are technically capable, but taking on cancer treatment was an overly
ambitious objective. Watson and other proprietary programs have also suffered
from competition with free ‘open source’ programs provided by some vendors,
such as Google's Tens or Flow.

Implementation issues with AI bedevil many healthcare organizations’. Although

rule-based systems incorporated within EHR systems are widely used, including at
the NHS, they lack the precision of more algorithmic systems based on machine
learning. These rule-based clinical decision support systems are difficult to
maintain as medical knowledge changes and are often not able to handle the
explosion of data and knowledge based on genomic, proteomic, metabolic and
other ‘comics-based’ approaches to care.

This situation is beginning to change, but it is mostly present in research labs and
in tech firms, rather than in clinical practice. Scarcely a week goes by without a
research lab claiming that it has developed an approach to using AI or big data to
diagnose and treat a disease with equal or greater accuracy than human clinicians.
Many of these findings are based on radiological image analysis, though some
involve other types of images such as retinal scanning or genomic-based precision
medicine. Since these types of findings are based on statistically-based machine
learning models, they are ushering in an era of evidence- and probability-based

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medicine, which is generally regarded as positive but brings with it many

challenges in medical ethics and patient/clinician relationships.

Tech firms and startups are also working assiduously on the same issues. Google,
for example, is collaborating with health delivery networks to build prediction
models from big data to warn clinicians of high-risk conditions, such as sepsis and
heart failure. Google, Enclitic and a variety of other startups are developing AI-
derived image interpretation algorithms. Jovian offers a ‘clinical success machine’
that identifies the patients most at risk as well as those most likely to respond to
treatment protocols. Each of these could provide decision support to clinicians
seeking to find the best diagnosis and treatment for patients.

There are also several firms that focus specifically on diagnosis and treatment
recommendations for certain cancers based on their genetic profiles. Since many
cancers have a genetic basis, human clinicians have found it increasingly complex
to understand all genetic variants of cancer and their response to new drugs and
protocols. Firms like Foundation Medicine and Flatiron Health, both now owned
by Roche, specialize in this approach.

Both providers and payers for care are also using ‘population health’ machine
learning models to predict populations at risk of particular diseases or accidents or
to predict hospital read mission. These models can be effective at prediction,
although they sometimes lack all the relevant data that might add predictive
capability, such as patient socio-economic status.

But whether rules-based or algorithmic in nature, AI-based diagnosis and treatment

recommendations are sometimes challenging to embed in clinical workflows and
EHR systems. Such integration issues have probably been a greater barrier to broad

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implementation of AI than any inability to provide accurate and effective

recommendations; and many AI-based capabilities for diagnosis and treatment
from tech firms are standalone in nature or address only a single aspect of care.
Some EHR vendors have begun to embed limited AI functions (beyond rule-based
clinical decision support) into their offerings, but these are in the early stages.
Providers will either have to undertake substantial integration projects themselves
or wait until EHR vendors add more AI capabilities.

1.8 Patient engagement and adherence applications

Patient engagement and adherence has long been seen as the ‘last mile’ problem of
healthcare – the final barrier between ineffective and good health outcomes. The
more patients proactively participate in their own well-being and care, the better
the outcomes – utilization, financial outcomes and member experience. These
factors are increasingly being addressed by big data and AI.

Providers and hospitals often use their clinical expertise to develop a plan of care
that they know will improve a chronic or acute patient's health. However, that often
doesn't matter if the patient fails to make the behavioral adjustment necessary, e.g.
losing weight, scheduling a follow-up visit, filling prescriptions or complying with
a treatment plan. Noncompliance – when a patient does not follow a course of
treatment or take the prescribed drugs as recommended – is a major problem.

In a survey of more than 300 clinical leaders and healthcare executives, more than
70% of the respondents reported having less than 50% of their patients highly
engaged and 42% of respondents said less than 25% of their patients were highly
engaged.

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If deeper involvement by patient’s results in better health outcomes can AI-based

capabilities be effective in personalizing and contextualizing care? There is
growing emphasis on using machine learning and business rules engines to drive
nuanced interventions along the care continuum. Messaging alerts and relevant,
targeted content that provoke actions at moments that matter is a promising field in
research.

Another growing focus in healthcare is on effectively designing the ‘choice

architecture’ to nudge patient behavior in a more anticipatory way based on real-
world evidence. Through information provided by provider EHR systems,
biosensors, watches, smartphones, conversational interfaces and other
instrumentation, software can tailor recommendations by comparing patient data to
other effective treatment pathways for similar cohorts. The recommendations can
be provided to providers, patients, nurses, call-center agents or care delivery
coordinators.

1.9 Administrative applications

There are also a great many administrative applications in healthcare. The use of
AI is somewhat less potentially revolutionary in this domain as compared to
patient care, but it can provide substantial efficiencies. These are needed in
healthcare because, for example, the average US nurse spends 25% of work time
on regulatory and administrative activities. The technology that is most likely to be
relevant to this objective is RPA. It can be used for a variety of applications in
healthcare, including claims processing, clinical documentation, revenue cycle
management and medical records management.

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Some healthcare organizations’ have also experimented with chat bots for patient
interaction, mental health and wellness, and telehealth. These NLP-based
applications may be useful for simple transactions like refilling prescriptions or
making appointments. However, in a survey of 500 US users of the top five chat
bots used in healthcare, patients expressed concern about revealing confidential
information, discussing complex health conditions and poor usability.

Another AI technology with relevance to claims and payment administration is

machine learning, which can be used for probabilistic matching of data across
different databases. Insurers have a duty to verify whether the millions of claims
are correct. Reliably identifying, analyzing and correcting coding issues and
incorrect claims saves all stakeholders – health insurers, governments and
providers alike – a great deal of time, money and effort. Incorrect claims that slip
through the cracks constitute significant financial potential waiting to be unlocked
through data-matching and claims audits.

1.10 Implications for the healthcare workforce

There has been considerable attention to the concern that AI will lead to
automation of jobs and substantial displacement of the workforce. Deloitte
collaboration with the Oxford Martin Institute suggested that 35% of UK jobs
could be automated out of existence by AI over the next 10 to 20 years. Other
studies have suggested that while some automation of jobs is possible, a variety of
external factors other than technology could limit job loss, including the cost of
automation technologies, labor market growth and cost, benefits of automation

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beyond simple labor substitution, and regulatory and social acceptance. These

factors might restrict actual job loss to 5% or less.

To our knowledge thus far there have been no jobs eliminated by AI in health care.
The limited incursion of AI into the industry thus far, and the difficulty of
integrating AI into clinical workflows and EHR systems, have been somewhat
responsible for the lack of job impact. It seems likely that the healthcare jobs most
likely to be automated would be those that involve dealing with digital
information, radiology and pathology for example, rather than those with direct
patient contact.

But even in jobs like radiologist and pathologist, the penetration of AI into these
fields is likely to be slow. Even though, as we have argued, technologies like deep
learning are making inroads into the capability to diagnose and categories images,
there are several reasons why radiology jobs, for example, will not disappear soon.

First, radiologists do more than read and interpret images. Like other AI systems,
radiology AI systems perform single tasks. Deep learning models in labs and
startups are trained for specific image recognition tasks (such as nodule detection
on chest computed tomography or hemorrhage on brain magnetic resonance
imaging). However, thousands of such narrow detection tasks are necessary to
fully identify all potential findings in medical images, and only a few of these can
be done by AI today. Radiologists also consult with other physicians on diagnosis
and treatment, treat diseases (for example providing local ablative therapies) and
perform image-guided medical interventions such as cancer biopsies and vascular
stents (interventional radiology), define the technical parameters of imaging
examinations to be performed (tailored to the patient's condition), relate findings

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from images to other medical records and test results, discuss procedures and
results with patients, and many other activities.

Second, clinical processes for employing AI-based image work are a long way
from being ready for daily use. Different imaging technology vendors and deep
learning algorithms have different foci: the probability of a lesion, the probability
of cancer, a nodule's feature or its location. These distinct foci would make it very
difficult to embed deep learning systems into current clinical practice.

Third, deep learning algorithms for image recognition require ‘labeled data’ –
millions of images from patients who have received a definitive diagnosis of
cancer, a broken bone or other pathology. However, there is no aggregated
repository of radiology images, labeled or otherwise.

Finally, substantial changes will be required in medical regulation and health

insurance for automated image analysis to take off.

Similar factors are present for pathology and other digitally-oriented aspects of
medicine. Because of them, we are unlikely to see substantial change in healthcare
employment due to AI over the next 20 years or so. There is also the possibility
that new jobs will be created to work with and to develop AI technologies. But
static or increasing human employment also mean, of course, that AI technologies
are not likely to substantially reduce the costs of medical diagnosis and treatment
over that timeframe.

1.11 Ethical implications

Finally, there are also a variety of ethical implications around the use of AI in
healthcare. Healthcare decisions have been made almost exclusively by humans in

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the past, and the use of smart machines to make or assist with them raises issues of
accountability, transparency, permission and privacy.

Perhaps the most difficult issue to address given today's technologies is

transparency. Many AI algorithms – particularly deep learning algorithms used for
image analysis – are virtually impossible to interpret or explain. If a patient is
informed that an image has led to a diagnosis of cancer, he or she will likely want
to know why. Deep learning algorithms, and even physicians who are generally
familiar with their operation, may be unable to provide an explanation.

Mistakes will undoubtedly be made by AI systems in patient diagnosis and

treatment and it may be difficult to establish accountability for them. There are
also likely to be incidents in which patients receive medical information from AI
systems that they would prefer to receive from an empathetic clinician. Machine
learning systems in healthcare may also be subject to algorithmic bias, perhaps
predicting greater likelihood of disease on the basis of gender or race when those
are not actually causal factors.

We are likely to encounter many ethical, medical, occupational and technological

changes with AI in healthcare. It is important that healthcare institutions, as well as
governmental and regulatory bodies, establish structures to monitor key issues,
react in a responsible manner and establish governance mechanisms to limit
negative implications. This is one of the more powerful and consequential
technologies to impact human societies, so it will require continuous attention and
thoughtful policy for many years.

1.12 The future of AI in healthcare

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We believe that AI has an important role to play in the healthcare offerings of the
future. In the form of machine learning, it is the primary capability behind the
development of precision medicine, widely agreed to be a sorely needed advance
in care. Although early efforts at providing diagnosis and treatment
recommendations have proven challenging, we expect that AI will ultimately
master that domain as well. Given the rapid advances in AI for imaging analysis, it
seems likely that most radiology and pathology images will be examined at some
point by a machine. Speech and text recognition are already employed for tasks
like patient communication and capture of clinical notes, and their usage will
increase.

The greatest challenge to AI in these healthcare domains is not whether the

technologies will be capable enough to be useful, but rather ensuring their adoption
in daily clinical practice. For widespread adoption to take place, AI systems must
be approved by regulators, integrated with EHR systems, standardized to a
sufficient degree that similar products work in a similar fashion, taught to
clinicians, paid for by public or private payer organizations and updated over time
in the field. These challenges will ultimately be overcome, but they will take much
longer to do so than it will take for the technologies themselves to mature. As a
result, we expect to see limited use of AI in clinical practice within 5 years and
more extensive use within 10.

It also seems increasingly clear that AI systems will not replace human clinicians
on a large scale, but rather will augment their efforts to care for patients. Over
time, human clinicians may move toward tasks and job designs that draw on
uniquely human skills like empathy, persuasion and big-picture integration.

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Perhaps the only healthcare providers who will lose their jobs over time may be
those who refuse to work alongside artificial intelligence.

2. Understanding the Role of AI in Gaming

A majority of the video games —whether they’re featuring racing-car games,
shooting games, or strategy games – they all have different components that are
powered by AI or related applications. For example, the enemy bots or those
neutral characters. The main objective of utilizing AI in gaming is to deliver a
realistic gaming experience for players to battle against each other on a virtual
platform. In addition, AI in gaming also helps to increase the player’s interest and
satisfaction over a long period of time.

There are different ways in which AI and game development are growing through
each other. In spite of the fact that AI keeps on being accustomed to bring life into
video games, computer games are currently being designed with the purpose to
study their own patterns in order to improve their algorithms, which is one of the
several ways that AI is getting further developed.

Creating artificial environments by incorporating Virtual Reality, Augmented

Reality and Mixed Reality seems to be the future of the gaming industry. The rise
of Artificial Intelligence is an equally important steppingstone in developing
games that are smarter and more interactive, than than and as close to reality as
possible.

2.1 Use of AI in Gaming Development and Programming

AI runs on the stores of information accessible to it and uses this data to make an
existence where characters can live and perform basic actions. All the essential

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data gathered through AI is then engineered to create a virtual gaming environment

involving scenarios, motives, and actions attributed to the gaming characters that
are becoming increasingly realistic and natural.

To perform this, AI algorithms must be given a bounty of data to have the best
possible responses to specific stimuli. The gigantic amount of information required
to effectively train AI algorithms isn’t easily accessible and is probably the reason
AI hasn’t yet been adopted in each industry yet, although its features are countless.
The typical features of game development make them a perfect play area for
practicing and actualizing AI techniques. Most games are well perused; it is
moderately easy to generate and utilize the information, and
states/activities/rewards are relatively clear.

Here are the 5 ways in which AI is revolutionizing the gaming industry:

2.2 Making Games Smarter Than Ever

AI-based Voice intelligence is now changing the way in which games are played.
These assistants bolster a wide scope of intelligent games across genres. Apart
from hosting their own games, recent advancements show their entrance into
console games too. The main objective of game developers in the future will be to
plan strong frameworks inside games. This will require present-day AI techniques,
for example, design acknowledgment and reinforcement realizing, where the
characters inside the games will self-learn from their own behavior and evolve
accordingly. The gaming industry has recognized this, and some have even started
using these ideas.

2.3 Making Games More Real

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There have been staggering progressions in 3D visualization techniques, physics-

based stimulations and more recently, incorporation of Virtual Reality and
Augmented Reality in games. These technologies have enabled game developers to
create intelligent, visually appealing games which one would never envision 10
years back.

Gamers don’t simply need great illustrations anymore; they need games to take
after the real world. This is a test for game developers, and AI is assuming a
tremendous job in addressing this need. Imagine a game that can interpret and react
to your in-game activities, foresee your next move and act accordingly.

2.4 Enhancing the Overall Gaming Experience

Gamers nowadays give a great deal of consideration to detail – this not just
incorporates the visual appearance and the very good quality graphics, but also,
how vivid and interactive the game is, in every potential way. Through constant
customization of scenarios, AI has the capacity to play a vital job in taking the
gaming experience to the next level.

2.5 Transforming Skills of Developer

In addition to the skill of traditional game development and techniques, game

developers will currently need to likewise skill up on these AI techniques to make
smarter, realistic and increasingly intelligent games.

The game developers have consistently been pioneers in adopting cutting-edge

innovation to sharpen their technical skills and creativity. Reinforcement Learning
is a sub-set of Machine Learning, and the calculation behind the famous AI PC
program Alpha Go, which beat the world’s best human Go player is a case in point.

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Even for the traditional game developers, the rising utilization of AI in games will
mean a change in the way in which games are created.

2.6 Making Mobile Games Smarter with AI in Gaming

Mobile game developers are exploring different Machine Learning and AI

algorithms to give ‘smartness’ to mobile phone games, while still holding handling
power limits. Comparing the present mobile games with the ones 5 years back, and
you’ll see a huge shift in terms of the visual appearance of the games, and how
intelligent they have become. However, it is noteworthy that the processing power
of the cell phone games is yet to catch up to their desktop counterparts, including
the lack of a gaming console, which is beyond comparison at this stage.

Whether it’s changing the manner in which we interact with games, the content
inside them, or the manner in which they are designed, it’s evident that AI will
keep on revolutionize the gaming business – perhaps at a faster rate than it ever has
previously.

2.7 Final Words about AI in Gaming

We can say that Artificial intelligence will keep on creating a huge impact on the
video gaming and e-gaming industry. Since the information turns out to be
increasingly accessible and simplified to the normal game developers, we’re
probably going to see an immense move to further developed visuals and
characters that can make their own storylines.

Developers have started making AI-based player profiles in their game frameworks
to give a characteristic vibe to the players. The AI players are prepared and trained
with styles of player conduct to create a realistic feeling in the game.

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3. References
1. Lee SI, Celik S, Logsdon BA, et al. A machine learning approach to integrate
big data for precision medicine in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Common 2018;
9:42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Ordo M. Introduction to neural networks in healthcare. Open Clinical,

2002. www.openclinical.org/docs/int/neuralnetworks011.pdf [Google Scholar]

3. Fakoor R, Ladhak F, Nazi A, Huber M. Using deep learning to enhance cancer

diagnosis and classification. A conference presentation The 30th International
Conference on Machine Learning, 2013. [Google Scholar]

4. Buchanan BG, Shortliffe EH. Rule-based expert systems: The MYCIN

experiments of the Stanford heuristic programming project. Reading: Addison
Wesley, 1984. [Google Scholar]

5. Ross C, Swetlitz I. IBM pitched its Watson supercomputer as a revolution in

cancer care. It's nowhere close. Stat 2017. www.statnews.com/2017/09/05/watson-
ibm-cancer. [Google Scholar]

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