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    Prayer Before Study: Philia Sophia Love of Wisdom

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    Hanz Albrech Abella
    This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature of philosophy and how it began with early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. It then covers different approaches to philosophy like critical/analytic and speculative approaches. Key methods of philosophizing discussed include Plato's contributions around the world of forms and Socrates' use of dialectic methods. The document also examines the nature of knowledge, types of knowledge, theories of truth, and morality including approaches to ethics and moral reasoning. Environmental ethics is briefly introduced at the end.

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    Prayer Before Study: Philia Sophia Love of Wisdom

    Uploaded by

    Hanz Albrech Abella
    31 views5 pages
    This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature of philosophy and how it began with early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. It then covers different approaches to philosophy like critical/analytic and speculative approaches. Key methods of philosophizing discussed include Plato's contributions around the world of forms and Socrates' use of dialectic methods. The document also examines the nature of knowledge, types of knowledge, theories of truth, and morality including approaches to ethics and moral reasoning. Environmental ethics is briefly introduced at the end.

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    INTRODUCTION-TO-PHILOSOPHY-OF-THE-HUMAN-PERSON

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    This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature of philosophy and how it began with early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. It then covers different approaches to philosophy like critical/analytic and speculative approaches. Key methods of philosophizing discussed include Plato's contributions around the world of forms and Socrates' use of dialectic methods. The document also examines the nature of knowledge, types of knowledge, theories of truth, and morality including approaches to ethics and moral reasoning. Environmental ethics is briefly introduced at the end.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views5 pages

    Prayer Before Study: Philia Sophia Love of Wisdom

    Uploaded by

    Hanz Albrech Abella
    This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses the nature of philosophy and how it began with early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. It then covers different approaches to philosophy like critical/analytic and speculative approaches. Key methods of philosophizing discussed include Plato's contributions around the world of forms and Socrates' use of dialectic methods. The document also examines the nature of knowledge, types of knowledge, theories of truth, and morality including approaches to ethics and moral reasoning. Environmental ethics is briefly introduced at the end.

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    REVIEWER- INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

    Prayer before Study


    Lord, I know you are with me and love me.
    Give me peace of mind as I prepare for this time of study.
    Help me to focus, keep me from all distractions so that
    I will make the best use of this time that is available to me.
    Give me insight that I might understand what I am studying,
    and help me to remember it when the time comes.
    Above all, I thank you for the ability to be able to study
    and for the many gifts and talents you have given me.
    Help me always to use them in such a way that they honor you
    and do justice to myself. Amen

    TOPIC 1: NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY


    Philosophy comes from the two (2) Greek words:
    Philia “to love” Sophia “wisdom”
    Philosophy is the “love of wisdom”.
    Philosophy is considered as a science because:
     The investigation is systematic
     It follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures
     It is an organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences

    TOPIC 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF DOING PHILOSOPHY


    Vocabulary:
    Triumvirate (in Ancient Rome) a group of three men holding power in particular
    Hylozoist the doctrine that all matters has life
    Contemplative involving or given to deep reflection or thinking
    Milesians
    Thales father of Western Philosophy. He assumed that the earth is flat
    Anaximander for him, fundamental substance of reality is the infinite or apeiron
    Anaximenes for him, the fundamental substance is air.
    Pre-Socratic Philosophers
    Pythagoras- treated philosophy as a way of life and primary constituent of reality is numbers
    Heraclitus- believe that the only permanent in the world is change
    Parminedes- contradicts the idea of change and there is no such thing as change and motion
    Empedocles- believed to be immortal. Believed that reality is made up of 4 elements (earth, air, water,
    fire)
    Anaxagoras- acknowledged the idea or nous or mind
    Zeno-pronounced that there is no motion

    TOPIC 3: APPROACHES IN DOING PHILOSOPHY


    Critical or analytic- analyze and define our fundamental concepts and clear the resolute criticism
    Speculative-aims to reach some general conclusions as to the nature of the universe
    Reductionist-understanding complex ideas by reducing them to their parts or individual constituents
    Holistic-works on assumptions that all properties in a system cannot be broken down by its
    components
    TOPIC 4: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
    Vocabulary
    Knowledge- facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education
    Wisdom- the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment
    Opinion- view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
    Illusion- an instance of a wrong or misinterpreted perception of a sensory experience
    Imagination- the faculty of forming new ideas, or images or concept of external objects not present
    to the senses.

    Plato’s Contribution to the Acquisition of Knowledge


    Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Founder of the
    Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western
    world.
    Plato said “Virtue is knowledge and knowledge is wisdom”
    World of Forms and Ideas- a world in another dimension which contains the perfect knowledge—
    unchanging and eternal forms and ideas
    Human beings were called dualistic because we possessed the attributes of mind and body
    1. Plato’s metaphysical system
    2. Allegory of the Cave (Refer to the uploaded videos)
    3. Plato’s Divided Line

    Socrates
    Socrates said “the unexamined life is not worth living”
    Socratic-Dialectic Method (refer to the uploaded video)
    He was accused of poisoning the mind of the young generation. Thus, punished and sentenced to death
    by letting him drink the poisonous extract of the Hemlock plant

    Rene Descartes
    For him, “doubting is a form of thinking”
    Never accept the truth of someone’s statement without any proof or evidence

    TOPIC 5: NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

    3 stages of apprehension before knowledge become possible


    Perception- recognizing objects
    External perception -perceiving object using 5 senses (tangible objects)
    Result of this process is called percept
    Internal perception -perceiving object using memory or imagination (intangible
    objects)
    -Result of this process is called image or phantasm
    Abstraction- act perceiving the object intellectually, without affirming or denying anything
    concerning it.
    - The result of this process are concepts -- exist in the mind
    - When words express concepts, they are technically called terms
    Judgment- It completes the act of mind for knowledge to become possible
    The result of this process is called statement or proposition
    SENTENCES AND STATEMENTS

    Analytic statement- The truth or falsity of the knowledge claim being made could be found within the
    statement itself. (more on definition)
    Ex. A puppy is a young dog (this statement is true because the puppy was defined as a young dog) –No
    further inquiries to be made because the reason was already given in the statement)

    Empirical statement- The truth or falsity being claimed rests on its correspondence with facts or with
    the current state of affairs being claimed (more of describing the object)
    Ex. The cat is on the mat (we cannot say that this statement is true or false because we need to validate
    if the cat is really on the mat)

    Note: Analytic-analyzes the statement Empirical-requires investigation or validation

    TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
    Formal Knowledge- adhere with the well-formed formulas in mathematics, linguistic, and logic.
    Characterized by the consistency of the system being used
    Empirical Knowledge-depends on the investigation and further studies in hard and soft sciences like
    botany, physics, chemistry, anthropology). Use the faculty of experience and sense perception in order
    to establish their knowledge claims
    THEORIES OF TRUTH
    3 theories of truth:
    Coherence theory- Deals with the consistency of the truth of statements being claimed within the
    system used or employed. (Consistent)
    Ex. Blue is a color

    Correspondence theory- Has to do with the correspondence of knowledge claims being made with
    the state of affairs in the world. (Actual scenario—involves objects as evidence)
    Ex. The cat is on the mat (upon checking, the cat is really on that state)

    Pragmatic theory- based on the good or practical consequences of an idea. “If I do this, what is it for
    me?” (Practicality)
    Ex. The concept of santa claus is true because he gave me presents

    MORALITY
    MORALITY
     Comes from the root word “mores”—are the customs including the customary behavior of a
    particular group of people.
     Therefore, mores (Latin) and ethos (Greek), both refers to customary behavior.
    Ethics
     Is a branch of philosophy that deals with the systematic questioning and critical examination of
    the underlying principles of morality.
     Comes from the root word “ethos” which refers to the character of a culture. It includes the
    attitude of approval or disapproval in a particular culture at a given time and place.
    2 Approaches in Ethics
    Normative ethics destined to give an answer to the question “what is good?”
    Ex. Is it okay to cheat during examination?
    Meta-ethics tries to go beyond the concepts and parameters set by normative ethics by trying to
    question the basis of the assumptions proposed in the framework of norms and standards by normative
    ethics
    Ex. What makes cheating bad?
    FREEDOM
    is assumed when one is making his choices and is the agent that is taking full responsibility in
    planning his life, and in the process, planning and budgeting his actions for some future outlook or
    goals.
    Human being is free…but such freedom is not absolute because we need to adhere with the
    standard set by our society.
    Ex. Human being is free and capable to kill somebody. But killing is punishable by law.
    Human beings were subjected to the context of morality because we are capable to deliberate and
    reflect using our rational capacity.
    2 Choices of Human Beings
    Intellectual choice choosing what is the right thing to do
    Practical choice choosing what is beneficial and what made you happy
    MORAL REASONING is a process of examining moral arguments -- argument is defined as the
    search for a statement or a set statements that can be made to yield a conclusion. Also called known as
    evaluative reasoning since one is trying to evaluate the soundness of the argument from the moral point
    of view.
    2 Approaches in Moral Reasoning
    Deontological Reasoning- is an ethic based on duty
     Greek word “dein” meaning duty.
     Recognizes that there are moral principles that we follow which we consider as universally
    correct and should be applicable to all humanity.
    Teleological Ethics- goal or purpose of an action must be based on its consequences
     “telos” meaning end
     “The end justifies the means”
    ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
    is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also
    the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents
    Eco-feminism- believes that a society characterized by a mentality that tolerates the oppression of
    women is directly linked with its tendency to tolerate the abuse of the environment and degradation of
    nature
    Anthropocentrism- refers to a human-centered, or “anthropocentric,” point of view. In philosophy,
    anthropocentrism can refer to the point of view that humans are the only, or primary, holders of moral
    standing. Anthropocentric value systems thus see nature in terms of its value to humans
    Pathocentrism- based on the assumption that all life is of the same origin and thus related. As a
    consequence, all living beings have the capacity to experience pain.
    Holism-contrary to individualistic approaches, particularly anthropocentrism.
    Biocentrism- can be either individualistic or holistic. Ecosystems and non-living nature are excluded
    (water!)
    1 Corinthians 4:2
    Moreover, it is required of stewards that they be found trustworthy.

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