GRAMMAR REFERENCE

1.1 I AM, YOU ARE (page 3)

I am (= I’m), you are (= you’re)
Affirmative (+) Negative (-) Question Short answers
I I’m from Lima. I’m not from Mexico City. Am I in room 6B? Yes, you are. / No, you’re not.

You You’re from Paris. You’re not from Bogotá. Are you from Tokyo? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

1.2 WHAT’S … ?, IT’S … (page 5)

What’s … ? (= What is) It’s … (= It is) Don’t repeat the
What’s your first name? It’s Juana. subject of the
question:
What’s the name of your college? It’s Garcia College. The name of my
What’s your email address? It’s [email protected]. company is
It’s Dallas Sales.
2.1 IS / ARE IN STATEMENTS AND YES/NO QUESTIONS (page 13)
is / are in statements and yes/no questions
Affirmative Question Short answers
Is he your husband? Yes, he is. / No, he’s not.
He / She / It ’s ten. (’s = is)
Is she your friend? Yes, she is. / No, she’s not.

Are you brothers? Yes, we are. / No, we’re not.

You / We / They ’re cousins. (’re = are)
Are they your children? Yes, they are. / No, they’re not.

2.2 IS NOT / ARE NOT (page 15)

is not (= ’s not) / are not (= ’re not)
He / She / It ’s not in Rio de Janeiro.
You / We / They ’re not shy.

isn’t (= is not) / aren’t (= are not) After singular nouns

Jack isn’t boring. (= 1 thing), use isn’t.
After plural nouns
The students aren’t in the class room.
(= 2+ things), use aren’t.
3.1 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES; POSSESSIVE ’S AND S’ (page 23)
Possessive adjectives
I ➔ my This is my apartment.
he ➔ his His name is Sergei.
she ➔ her It’s her favorite picture.w
it ➔ its Nice cat! What’s its name?
you ➔ your Is this your room?
we ➔ our Our home is in La Paz.
they ➔ their Rita is their daughter.

Possessive ’s and s’
Add possessive ’s to a singular noun. (= 1 thing)
This is Sergei’s room.
My mother’s name is Kate.
Add possessive ’ after the s of a plural noun. (= 2+ things) Do not add another s:
This is his parents’ house. His parents’s home ➔
My cousins’ house is in Rio. His parents’ home

3.2 IT IS (page 25)

It is a pronoun. It is always singular. Use it for things. For example, the house = it.
Use isn’t after nouns. Use ’s not after pronouns.

It is in statements and yes/no questions

Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
The house is small. isn’t small. (isn’t = is not) Yes, it is.
Is it small?
It’s (= it is) small. not small. No, it’s not.

3.4 INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE (page 28)

Question word be Information questions ask for
What is your name? information about, for example,
people, places, age, time, and
Where is the house? quantity. Don’t answer information
How old are they? questions with yes/no answers.
Who are they? Use is to talk about 1 thing. Use are
to talk about 2+ things. Use a noun
How many people are in the house? after How many … ?
How many rooms are in it?
4.1 SIMPLE PRESENT STATEMENTS WITH I, YOU, WE (page 35)
Simple present statements with I, you, we
Affirmative Negative
have a smartwatch. don’t have a smartwatch.
like my phone. don’t like my phone.
I / You / We
love games. don’t love games.
want a tablet. don’t want a tablet.

4.2 SIMPLE PRESENT YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH I, YOU, WE (page 37)

Simple present yes/no questions with I, you, we
yes/no questions Short answers
Do I send nice emails? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.
Do we post good photos? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.
Do you use social media? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Do you and your friends play games? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.

4.4 A/AN; ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS (page 40)

a/an adjectives before nouns
Use a/an with singular nouns. It means “one.” Adjectives go before a noun:
Do you have a laptop? (= 1 laptop) You have a nice home. ✓
This is an app for photos. (= 1 app) You have a home nice. ✗
Use a before consonant sounds (for example, b, It’s an expensive laptop. This is a new apartment.
c, d, f, …): a tablet, a cookie I post interesting photos.
Use an before vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u): an app, The ending of an adjective is the same for singular
an apartment and plural nouns. Do not add s to an adjective.
I like small TVs. ✓
I like smalls TVs. ✗
Don’t use a/an with:
1 plural nouns: I like photos. 3 numbers + noun: I have one son and two daughters.
2 this + noun: This tablet is nice. 4 possessive adjectives + noun: My phone is really old.
5.1 SIMPLE PRESENT STATEMENTS WITH HE, SHE, THEY (page 45)
Simple present statements with he, she, they Use in to talk
Affirmative Negative about times of
day: I run in the
plays basketball. doesn’t play basketball. morning.
goes out every evening. doesn’t go out every evening. Use on to talk
He / She watches TV a lot. doesn’t watch TV a lot. about days:
studies on the weekend. doesn’t study on weekends. I play soccer on
has a big house. doesn’t have a big house. Saturdays.

play soccer. don’t play soccer.

They
have a big house. don’t have a big house.

Use adverbs of frequency say how often you do things.

100%  always  usually  often  sometimes  hardly ever  never  0%
Put adverbs of frequency before the verb: She sometimes works on Saturday.
With pronouns + be, adverbs of frequency go after the verb: I’m usually at home in the evening.

5.2 QUESTIONS IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT (page 47)

Simple present: yes/no questions
Yes/no questions Short answers
Do I/we work on the weekend? Yes, I do / No, we don’t.
Do you eat breakfast? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does she/he study in the evening? Yes, she does. / No, he doesn’t.
Does it have two bedrooms? Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.
Do they go to class on Monday? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

Simple present: information questions

Where do I / we go every day?
I / You /
What time do you get up?
We / They
What do they do on Saturday?
Where does he live?
He / She / It When does she meet her friends?
What time does it open?
What time … ? and
When … ?
A What time is it?
B It’s 1.30.
A When does he study?
B He studies in the
evening.
6.1 THERE’S, THERE ARE; A LOT OF, SOME, NO (page 55)
There’s (= there is), there are; a lot, some, no
Singular (= 1 thing) Plural (= 2+ things)
There are no stores on our street. = zero
There’s a restaurant near the hotel. = one There are three bedrooms in the house. = an exact number
There’s no shower in the bathroom. = zero There are some chairs in the kitchen. = a small number
There are a lot of apps on my phone. = a big number

6.2 COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS (page 57)

Count nouns (nouns with a singular and plural form)
Singular Plural
Use There is with a or an. Use There are with no, some, a lot of, or a number.
There’s a plant. There are no plants. There are some plants.
There are a lot of plants. There are two plants.
Non-count nouns (nouns with no singular or plural form)
Use There is with no, some, or a lot of. Do not use a, an, or a number.
There’s no grass. There’s some grass. There’s a lot of grass.  There’s three grass.
7.1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS STATEMENTS (page 67)
Present continuous statements
Affirmative Negative
I ’m cooking breakfast right now. ’m not cooking breakfast right now.
’s helping the children. ’s not helping the children.
He / She / It ’s taking a shower. ’s not taking a shower.
’s drinking milk. ’s not drinking milk. (the cat)
’re eating breakfast. ’re not eating breakfast.
You / We / They ’re cleaning the kitchen. ’re not cleaning the kitchen.
’re learning a lot at school. ’re not learning a lot at school.

7.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS (page 69)

Present continuous: yes/no questions and short answers
I Am I talking to John? Yes, you are. / No, you’re not.
Is she cleaning the house? Yes, she is. / No, she’s not.
He / She / It Is he riding his bike right now? Yes, he is. / No, he’s not.
Is it working at the moment? Yes, it is. / No, it’s not.
Are you and your sister sending text messages? Yes, we are. / No, we’re not.
You / They
Are they waiting at the bus stop? Yes, they are. / No, they’re not.

Present continuous: information questions

I Who am I talking to?
Why is he / she carrying a bag?
He / She / It Where is he / she working today?
How is it going?
What are doing right now?
You / We / They we / you / they
Who are waiting for?

You can answer Why questions with because.

Why is he carrying a bag?
He’s carrying a bag because he has a lot of books. (= a complete sentence)
Because he has a lot of books. (= an incomplete sentence in informal speech)
8.1 CAN AND CAN’T FOR ABILITY; WELL (page 77)
can and can’t for ability; well
Affirmative Negative Questions Short answers
Yes, I can
I can paint. can’t paint well. Can I dance?
No, I can’t.
Can she dance Yes, she can.
He / She / It can paint. can’t paint.
well? No, she can’t.
Yes, they can.
You / We / They can paint well. can’t paint. Can they dance?
No, they can’t.

8.2 CAN AND CAN’T FOR POSSIBILITY (page 79)

can and can’t for possibility
Information questions with can
I What can I eat? How can I pay for the food?
He / She /It Where can he eat? How can he get to the restaurant?
You / We / They When can we eat? Who can we have lunch with today?
9.1 THIS AND THESE (PAGE 87)
This and these
This is my ticket. These are new boats.
This hotel is cheap. These birds are funny.
Ryan loves this farm. I don’t like these pictures.

9.2 LIKE TO, WANT TO, NEED TO, HAVE TO (page 89)
like to, want to need to, have to
like to play soccer. need to work on Saturday.
I I
want to play soccer. have to work on Saturday.
likes to play soccer. needs to work on Saturday
He / She / It He / She / It
wants to play soccer. has to work on Saturday.
want to play soccer. need to work on Saturday.
You / We / They You / We / They
like to play soccer. have to work on Saturday.

You can use need to + a

verb OR have to + a verb to
talk about things that are
necessary.
10.1 STATEMENTS WITH BE GOING TO (page 99)
Statements with be going to
Affirmative Negative
I ’m going to be home tomorrow. ’m not going to be home tomorrow.
’s going to take a walk in the park. ’s not going to go shopping next week.
He / She / It
’s going to be warm tomorrow. isn’t going to be warm tomorrow.
You / We / They ’re going to be here next weekend. ’re not going to be here next weekend.
Future time expressions
this evening, tonight, tomorrow on/next/this Monday
this week/weekend/month/year next week/weekend/month/year

10.2 QUESTIONS WITH BE GOING TO (page 101)

be going to: yes/no questions be going to: information questions
yes/no questions Short answers When are you going to leave?
Am I going to Yes, you are. Where is Sofia going to go?
I
meet him at 4:00? No, you’re not. What are we going to do today?
Is she going to Yes, she is. What time is he going to have lunch?
He / She / It
see a friend? No, she’s not. Who are they going to meet?
You / We / Are you going to Yes, I am. / Yes, we are. How are you going to get to the
They take a hat? No, I’m not. / No, we’re not. airport?
11.1 STATEMENTS WITH WAS AND WERE (page 109)
Statements with was and were
Affirmative Negative
I / He / She / It was in the house. wasn’t noisy.
You / We / They were at work. weren’t there.

11.2 QUESTIONS WITH WAS AND WERE (page 111)

Questions with was and were
yes/no questions Short answers
I / He / She Was she at home on Saturday? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
You / We / They Were you at home on Saturday? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
Information questions with was and were
I / He / She Where was he?
You / We / They How old were you in this photo?
12.1 SIMPLE PAST STATEMENTS (page 119)
Simple past statements
Use the simple past to talk about events that are in the past and finished.
I ate a big lunch yesterday.  We played soccer last weekend.  We went to La Paz last year.
Simple past verbs can be regular or irregular. Simple past regular verbs end in -ed.

Some regular verbs

-ed -d double consonant + ed change -y to -ied
worked liked
I / You / He / played loved try ➔ tried
stop ➔ stopped
She / We / They watched arrived carry ➔ carried
chat ➔ chatted
wanted used study ➔ studied
walked danced

Some irregular verbs

Base form Simple past Base form Simple past Base form Simple past
have had write wrote ride rode
go went send sent fly flew
eat ate buy bought get up got up
drink drank think thought leave left
do did run ran meet met
take took swim swam sing sang
read read drive drove

12.2 SIMPLE PAST QUESTIONS; ANY (page 121)

Simple past questions
yes/no questions Short answers
Did you have apple juice? Yes, I/we did. No, I/we didn’t.
Did we arrive on time? Yes, we/you did. No, we/you didn’t
Did she/he like the fish? Yes, she/he did. No, she/he didn’t.
Did they go out for dinner? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.

Information questions
How did I / you hear about the restaurant?
What did you / he / she have for dinner last night?
Who did we / they see at the party?

any
You can use any in yes/no questions and negative statements. Any = one, some, or all of something.
Not + any = none.
Use some in affirmative statements. You can use any and some with count and non-count nouns.
Simple past questions and statements with any
yes/no questions Negative statements
Did you have any vegetables? I didn’t have any juice.
Did Mary buy any milk? Joel didn’t eat any eggs.
Did they have any dessert? We didn’t drink any soda.