9th Ss Eng Notes 2018 FINAL-1

9th Social Science (English medium) Notes
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Social Science
(Revised Notes)
Ninth Standard
2018-19
9
VEERESH P ARAKERI,
AM, Govt (Ex munciple) High school,
Davangere North.
9986261446
Veeresh P Arakeri, AM, Govt (Ex Munciple) High School, Davangere North. 9986261446 Page 2
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4. One should serve others without expecting
History anything from them.
Chapter - 1 5. Serving people is equal to the worship of
God. 6. If one repents for his mistakes God
Christianity and Islam will forgive him.
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. 7. Love your enemy. Do well to the people
1. The birth place of Jesus Christ is _______ who try to harm you.
2. The place of Jesus’ crucification is _______ 3.
The birth place of Mohammad Paigamber is 3. How did Christianity expand?
______ ∙ After the crucifixion of Christ, his disciples
4. The holy book of Islam is _________ 5. were tortured. Some of them were crucified. ∙
The successors of Mohammad Paigambar are During the time of Emperor Constantine,
known as ___________. Christianity was adopted as the State
6. __________ was the first Khalif. Religion. ∙ Subsequently, Christianity spread
7. Islam originated in____________ throughout Europe.
8. The holy book of Christianity is ______ ∙ Today, Christian Churches are found
throughout the world and have a large
Answer:- (1) Bethlehem (2) Golgotha (3) number of followers.
Mecca (4) Quran (5) Khalifs. (6) Aboobakar
(7) Arabia (8) ‘Bible’ 4. Write a note on the life of Mohammad
Paigambar.
II. Discuss with your friends and write ∙ The Mohammad Paigambar was born in 570
answers to the following Questions. C.E at Mecca His parents were Abdulla
1. Write a note on the life of Jesus Christ. and Ameena.
∙ Jesus Christ was born into a poor family of ∙ He lost his parents during his childhood and
Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem village near was brought up by his uncle.
Jerusalem.
∙ In Mecca he married widow Khadijah. They
∙ He did not get proper education. Despite this had two sons and four daughters.
he acquired a lot of religious knowledge. ∙ At
∙ He started meditating deeply for long hours
the age of thirty he came under the influence
on Mount Heera and he achieved
of John Baptist and was baptized by him.
enlightment. ∙ Soon, his principles became
∙ He enlightened the people in distress by very popular
divine teachings and made them among people. This known as ‘Quran’. ∙
psychologically strong. When Paigambar opposed polytheism people
∙ This made him very popular among the of Mecca conspired to murder him.
people and he was known as a messiah ∙ He travelled from Mecca to Madina when he
or the saviour of the people. became aware of this in C.E 622(Hijra). ∙ The
∙ Gradually people considered him as a godly people of Madina welcomed him, and they
man. The priestly class of Jews opposed this. defeated the people of Mecca.
∙ They complained against Jesus Christ to the ∙ Paigambar came back to Mecca. Finally they
governor of Roman Empire Pontius Pilate, also became the followers of the religion
charging him of treason. propagated by Paigambar Gradually his
∙ After the trial he was taken to Golgotha on a principles spread all over the Arab region.
Friday and crucified on the cross. Paigambar died in C.E 632.
2. List the teachings of Jesus Christ. 5. What is Hijra?

Jesus Christ’s preachings are: When Paigambar opposed polytheism
1. God is one and he is most merciful. He is strongly, the enraged people of Mecca
the creator of entire creation. conspired to murder him. He travelled from
2. Everyone should develop brotherhood Mecca to Madina when he became aware of
feelings about others. this in C.E 622. This incident is known as Hijra
3. Loving the people in distress is equal to (the departure)
worshipping God.
The teachings of Islam are-
6. What are the teachings of Islam?

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1. God is one. A simple prayer is enough to brought qualitative changes in the society. It is
win the heart of the God. known as empowerment.
2. One should lead an honest and principled
life and should keep away from all the bad 11. Name the main sects in Islam.
habits. 3. One should have respect for women The most important sects of Christianity are-
and compassion for the poor and weak. 1) Catholics 2) Protestants.
7. Name the five important rituals of Chapter - 2

Islam. Islam follows five important rituals.
1. Kalima – Belief only in Allah. Mohammad Medieval India
is his prophet.
2. Namaz - Prayer for Allah for five times a
And Political
day. 3. Roza- Fasting in the month of
Ramazan. 4. Zakath- Definite sum to be
Transition
spared in the income to give to the poor.
5. Haj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime. i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1.
The founder of Grujara Prathihara dynasty is
8. What are the main Contributions of __________
Islam? After accepting Islam, Arabs have 2. Prithivraj Chouhan defeated in the first
been known for the following contributions. battle of Terrain.
1. Medicine for Measles and other diseases 3. The prominent Commander of Mohammed
and books on medicine. Gohri was ___________
2. New inventions in Science and 4. The first woman to rule among the Delhi
Mathematics 3. The spread of knowledge built Sultans was ____________
by Medieval Arab and Persia in the field of 5. The famous Sultan of Khilji Dynasty
Geography and Astronomy to other parts of was__________
the world. 6. The capital city was shifted from Delhi to
4. Islam influenced the art and architecture. during the rule of Thuglaq.
The features of Islamic architecture can be 7. ___________ was written by Alberuni 8.
seen in the buildings built in Roman, Quwatul Islam mosque was constructed by
Byzantine and Persian empires. _______
9. Name the main sects in Islam. Ans:- (1) Nagabhatta, (2) Mohammed
The most important sects of Islam are Shia Ghori (3) Qutubuddin Aibak (4) Razia
and Sunni. sultana (5) Alauddin (6) Devagiri (7)
Tarik-E-Yamini (8) Qutubuddin Aibak
10. Name the main sects in Islam.
Contributions of Christianity ii. Answer the following questions:
1. Christianity has taught the noble principles 1. Explain the contributions of Rajput
of peace and brotherhood to the world. kings to the field of literature.
2. The educational centres established by ∙ Rajput kings themselves were scholars.
Churches and missionaries have played a Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written
significant role in the growth of education. various literary works.
3. Christianity has introduced the Gothic style ∙ Munja had poets Padmagupta and
in architecture. Halayudha in his court.
4. Missionaries have extended health ∙ King Bhoja had scholars like Shanthisena,
services all over the world. Prabhachandra Suri, and Ghanapala
5. Women and weaker sections have been during his rule.
largely benefitted by the education. This has ∙ The Jayadeva’s Poetic work ‘Geethagovinda’,
∙ Bharavi’s ‘Keerathanarjuneeya’, ∙ Bhavabhuti’s ‘Mahaveeracharitha’ &
∙ Bharthruhari’s ‘Ravana Vadha’, ‘Uthararamacharita’; and
∙ Mahendrapala’s ‘Kavya Meemamse’ were ∙ Historical works like Kalhana’s ‘Raja
written during the rule of Rajputs. Tharangini’; Jayanika’s ‘Prithiviraja Vijaya’
∙ Dramas like Rajashekara’s ‘Bala Ramayana’ and and Hemachandra’s ‘Kumarapla Charitha’ are
‘Karpuramanjari’; the important works.

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∙ ‘Prithiviraja Raso’ by Chand Bardahi and ‘Bhoja 1. Revenue reforms: An official record that
Prabandha’ by Balalla are the noted had all the details of lands implemented by
biographies of Rajput rulers. him. 2. He established department of
agriculture. 3. The uncultivated lands were
2. Explain the administration system of made cultivable. 4. Shifting of his Capital:
Iltamush briefly. He wanted to shift his capital from Delhi to
devagiri because to establish the capital city
∙ Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas
at the centre of the vast empire, and to
(provinces) and appointed Iktadhars
protect the capital city from foreign invasions.
(provincial officers) to run administration.
5. Experiment of symbolic Coins- He
∙ He appointed a group of forty sardars to
brought gold coin named ‘Dinar’ and silver
advise him in administrative issues.
coin
∙ The Prime Minister and Judges used to named ‘Adli’ into circulation. Copper and
advise him. brass coins were also brought into
∙ Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation symbolically.
circulation.
5. What were the contributions of Delhi
3. What were the administrative reforms Sultans to art and architecture? Give
implemented by Alluddin Khilji? examples. ∙ The Delhi Sultans introduced a
Reforms in the administration. new style of
1. He abolished religious endowments, Inams architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’
(gift) lands and subsidy. architecture.
2. An efficient intelligence network was ∙ Arches, domes and minarets are the main
established by him. features of this style.
3. He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice ∙ The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques,
game. 4. He banned association formation palaces, public buildings, madrasas and
among his Sardars (lieutenants). Dharmashalas. ∙ Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam
5. Farmers with minor landholdings and also mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana
the big landlords had to pay taxes. ∙ Mosques are the few examples of
6. He appointed revenue officials to collect Indo-Islamic style.
the fixed taxes from the farmers.
7. Military reforms: The salary of the soldier
givn in the form of cash.
8. The process of stamping the horses called Chapter – 3
as ‘Dhag’ came into effect.
9. He created a system wherein the common
Religious Promoters
people had access to pulses, cereals,
cooking oil, sugar, salt and fuel at fair
And Social Reformers
prices.
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable
10. Similarly he established markets to sell
words : 1. Shankara was born at in
horses and slaves. Kerala.
2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is
4. What were the administrative reforms
the Truth”. This statement was declared by
implemented by Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq.
_____ 3. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy
Administrative reforms
is_________ 4. Ramanujacharya's disciples
are called ___________ ∙ Adwaitha means Brahma is the absolute
5. The hoysala king __________ had invited truth, the rest of the world is false.
Ramanujacharya to his kingdom. ∙ The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not
6. ___________ and his disciples advocated separate from Brahma.
Veerashaiva philosophy ∙ Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul)
with the absolute truth, Brahma.
Ans:- (1) Kalati (2) Shankaracharya (3) ∙ Only then we can attain moksha (liberation).
Madwacharya (4) Shrivaishnavites (5)
Vishnuvardhana (6) Basaveshwara 2. Which is the philosophy advocated by
Ramanujacharya? What is their sect
ii. Answer the following questions called?
1. Explain the Adwaitha philosophy.

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Ramanujacharya advocated ‘Vishistadwaitha’ important or less important.
philosophy. His sect called Shrivaishnavites. ∙ He nurtured the culture of ‘work is workship’
through his physical labour philosophy. ∙ By
3. Explain the philosophy advocated by declaring “Body as the temple”, Basaveshwara
Ramanujacharya. tried to implement work is workship
∙ Ramanujacharya’s philosophy is called as philosophy in life.
‘Vishistadwaitha’. ∙ These thinkings are still the guiding lights of
∙ According to this philosophy Jeeva (life) and the present society.
Prakruthi (Nature) are under the control of
Bramha. 6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa?
∙ Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become What were its objectives?
one simutaneously. Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre
called “Anubhava Mantapa” at Basava kalyana of
∙ He said that world is the expressed
present Bidar.
manifestation of Bramha and world is a reality.
Objectives
∙ In order to achive Mukthi (salvtion) Bhakti
1. They wanted to eradicate various socio
and Prapathi (complete surrendrance to god)
cultural issues like gender discrimination
are important.
and caste system.
2. They were inisting that one should remain
4. What are the teachings of
Madhwacharya? ∙ According to transparent in his life. His external
Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or behaviour and internal thinking should
illusion. remain clean. This transparent state of life is
the ‘ultimate truth’ they declared.
∙ It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine
3. Their vachanas reach the common people
Soul. ∙ Between these, the Divine soul is
and created a social movement.
independent and the rest of the world is
illusionary.
7. Name the books written by
∙ The Divine soul and the human soul have a
Shankaracharya.
Lord and Servant relationship.
∙ Shankarabhasya,
∙ Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme.
∙ Anandalahari,
∙ Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the
∙ Soundaryalahari,
human soul and thus enable it to attain
moksha. ∙ Shivanandalahari,
∙ Viveka choodamani,
5. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’ ∙ Prabudda sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy
philosophy of Basaveshwara. stotra are some of shankaracharya’s books. ∙ His
∙ Basaveshwara advocated ‘self Reliance and hymn ‘‘Bhajagovindam’’ is world famous.
insisted one should earn one’s living’.
∙ He also declared no profession in more
Chapter - 4
Vijayanagara And Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2)
Bahamani Kingdoms Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4)
Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan;
(6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1.
Vijayanagar empire was established in the ii. Answer the following questions
year ______________. 1. Name the four dynasties who ruled
2. The Madhuravijaya was written by Vijaynanagar Empire.
________ 3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire
_________ 4. The king who wrote Amukta are (1) Sangama,
Malyada in Telugu was __________. (2) Saluva,
5. Madarasa at Bidar was established by (3) Tuluva, and
______ 6. The Kitab-E-Navarasa was (4) Araveedu.
written by ______

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2. What were the achievements of system and society? Economic system:
Devaraya II? (a) Land tax was the main source of revenue
for the kingdom.
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra
of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu. (b) Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna government as tax.
river in the north east by suppressing the (c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax,
regional leader of the border. market tax, commercial tax, import and export
taxes and tributes from the vassals were other
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received
royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. forms of revenue to the kingdom.
Hence he came to be known as (d) Agriculture was the backbone of the
Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor economy. Many important food and cash crops
were grown.
of the South). (d) He chased the traditional foe
Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and (e) Many wells, tanks and canals were
occupied Mudgal and Bankapura. constructed for irrigation and agriculture. (f)
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, There was great progress in the field of
took up a successful naval victory. industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom,
3. What were the problems salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated
Krishnadevaraya had to face when he sugar, must, sandal perfume etc. were
ascended the throne? When exported.
Krishnadevaraya came to power, the kingdom (h) There were many textile industries.
was besieged by various complex internal and (i) Coins of different denominations like gold
external problems. coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through copper coins were in use. There were
new sea routes, had established colonies. diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to be available in plenty.
expand their kingdom in the southern region. G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani had trade relations with the Vijayanagar
dynasty became powerful Sultanates and Empire. Society:
plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. (a) The society was based on the 4-tiered
And (d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa caste system. However, there was also
were a constant source of threat. occupation-based caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans,
4. What are the contributions of blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters,
Vijayanagar Empire to the economic weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and The ∙most important temple was
devadasi were prevalent. Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which
(d) Though monogamy was the common has unique structure.
practice, kings and rich people had many ∙ The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known
wives. for its magnificent architectural beauty. ∙ The
saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage
5. Describe the art and architecture of the halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the
Vijayanagar period. beauty of this temple.
∙ The unique feature of Vijayanagar ∙ The most ancient temple at Hampi, the
architecture was the construction of huge Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall.
auditoriam and marriage halls.
∙ Temples had huge towers (rayagopura), leaf 6. How can Gawan be considered as the
shaped arches and platforms. best Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty?
∙ In this art, more than ornamentation, the ∙ As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani
qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the
were given importance. Bahamani kingdom to great heights through
∙ Rough granite stone (kanashile) was used his efficient administration and victories. ∙
for construction of these structures. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum.
∙ The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, ∙ He invaded Orissa and conquered
Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, Kondaveedu.
kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc.

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∙ In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi collected as land tax.
and plundered its huge wealth. (d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including
house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and
7. Describe the administration and employment
revenue system during the rule of the
Bahamani sultans. Administration: 8. Explain the education, art and
(a) There were three levels of administration architecture of the Bahamani sultans.
namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among ∙ The educational policy of the Adil Shahis
these, there was revenue, judicial and military was to propagate Islamic culture.
administration too. ∙ There were schools known as maktabs.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central They were under the control of mosques.
administration. ∙ The students in the maktabs were taught the
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith. (d) alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. ∙
Top officials, commandants, ulemas and The madras as were centers of higher
amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan. education.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces ∙ Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar
into 8 units and these provinces were himself, established a madras a (college)
administered by 15 governments. at Bidar.
(t) The governments were divided into ∙ It had a library with around 3000
paraganas. Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai manuscripts. ∙ The college was a lodge for
were the administrators of the paraganas. The students, teachers, and orthodox people.
village was the final independent unit of ∙ Astronomy, grammar, mathematics,
administration. philosophy and political science were
Taxation system: studied in this college.
(a) Land tax was the main source of income ∙ Art and architecture: The Bahamani sultans
for the kingdom. developed lndo Sareenic style of architecture.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the ∙ The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I,
revenue authorities. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal
(c) ⅓ to ½ of the agricultural produce was and Asar Mahals are the important world
famous monuments.
∙ The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one of the Ans: (l) Babar; (2) Akbar; (3) Shahjahan;
greatest structures in the world. It has an (4) Akbar; (5) Jijabai
area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7storied
minarets in the four corners of the ii. Answer the following questions.
building. There is a huge dome in the 1. Describe the military achievements of
center. The unique feature of this dome is Babar.
that is one whispers standing on one side ∙ Babar defeated the Delhi Sultan lbrahim
of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526
other side. It is the biggest Dome in India. A.D. and established the Moghul dynasty
in India.
Chapter – 5 ∙ Over a period of four years, he defeated
Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad,
The Moghuls And ∙ the Rajput king Medinarayana of Chanderi
and ∙ Ibrahim Lodhi's brother, Mohammed
The Marathas Lodhi. ∙ Babar conquered Panipat, Goghra
and Kanwa
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. He established Moghul rule over a vast
The founder of the Moghul dynasty was area in North India.
_____________.
2. The most famous emperor among the 2. Explain the characteristics of Sher-Shah
Moghuls was _______. administration.
3. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra Sher Shah established an efficient
was ______________. administration. 1) He divided his kingdom into
4. The Moghul emperor who established the four main departments.
new religion Din-e-Ilahi was ___________
5. Shivaji’s mother was _______________

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2) He was the first ruler who constructed four Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and
main highways that connected the major cities. Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
On either side of the highway, shade-giving
trees were planted and 1700 sarais were 4. Describe the contributions of
constructed. Shahjahan to art and architecture.
3) The land in the kingdom had been ∙ ShahJahan was called a great builder. He
classified as excellent, average and bad constructed the famous, immensely
according to their level of fertility. The farmersvaluable ruby-studded Peacock throne.
gave part of their income as land tax to the ∙ He constructed the TajMahal in Agra which is
government. one of the Seven Wonders of the World. ∙ He
4) If there was damage to crops during the constructed the Red Fort at Delhi. ∙ He built
movement of troops, the government Akbari Mahal, Jehangiri Mahal. ∙ He built forts
compensated the farmers. in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at
Agra.
3. What are the areas won by Akbar? ∙ Hence, his period is referred to as the
Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of 'Golden Age of Moghal Art and Architecture.
Panipar.
∙ Akbar conquered Malva, Jaipur, Gondavan, 5. Describe Shivaji’s system of
Chittor, Ranatharnbhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat administration. ∙ Shivaji had organized an
and Bengal. efficient administrative system in his vast
∙ Akbar fight against Rana Pratap (The Battle kingdom. ∙ He had divided his kingdom into
of Haldighat) and emerged victorious. many
provinces. They were called Swaraj and
∙ The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh,
Moghal areas.
∙ There were minsters known as
Asthapradhans in the central government to Ans: (1) devotion/ Trusting, (2) Kabir Das,
assist the king. ∙ In addition to them, there (3) Kabirpanthis, (4) Chaitanya
were other officials. ∙ Province, district and Charitamruta
village were the administrative units.
ii. Answer the following questions
6. Explain the achievements of 1. What are the teachings of Kabir?
Bajirao I. ∙ Bajirao I was an ∙ He condemned caste system and multiple
unparalleled warrior. idol worship.
∙ He conquered, Malwa and gained the ∙ Declared that God is one, and he is the
authority to collect Chouth and Sardeshmukhi same for both Hindus and Muslims.
taxes. ∙ He got a vast stretch between the ∙ He tried to bring about harmony and
Narmada and tolerance between the two communities.
Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees as ∙ Kabir preached the greatness of humourness
compensation tor defeating the Moghals in that goes beyond caste and religion
a battle near Bhopal. boundaries.
∙ He conquered Salcet and Basin from the
Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis 2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy
He not only ruled efficiently but also book? The followers of Guru Nanak are
regained the glory of the Maratha Empire. called Sikhs. His teachings are collected in a
book called Grant Sahib. It is their holy book.
Chapter - 6
3. Explain the concept of Bhakti by
Bhakti Panth Purandaradasa.
∙ Purandaradasa rejected false Bhakthi and
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1. insisted on inner reflections.
Bhakti means _____________ to God. 2. The ∙ He declared without inner purity, external
famous follower of Ramanand was ______ 3. purity is of no use.
Kabir’s followers are called __________ 4. The ∙ He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external
collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical thoughts filth without cleansing the internal filth’.
is called ________.

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∙ He also said without faith, the mere dipping
in a river is of no use. Chapter – 7
4. What are the effects of the Bhakti
Europe In The Middle
movement? Ages i. Fill in the blanks with suitable
∙ Reformation of the Hindu practices and words. 1. The cultural bankruptcy of Europe
bringing about harmony between Hindus is called _______________.
and Muslims were the main purposes of 2. The owner of the land was called
the Bhakti movement. _________ 3. The person who maintained the
∙ The reformers were successful in removing land was called ___________.
many weaknesses in the Hindu society. ∙ The 4. The weak person who was responsible for
regional languages of India flourished since the maintenance of land was called
the reformers wrote in these languages. This __________
enabled development of Indian culture. ∙ This
movement facilitated the evolution of Indian Ans. (1) Dark Age (2) noble (3) vassals.
Culture. (4)labourers
∙ It also made India to be identified as a land
of multi cultures. ii. Answer the following.
1. What is feudal system?
Feudal System is the political military and loggerhens (quarrel).
social system in the middle Ages, based on
the holding of lands in fief or fee and on the 3. Explain the effects of feudalism.
resulting relations between lord and vassal. 1. They had absolute control over military.
Hence both the political and economical
2. List the advantages and disadvantages powers were concentrated in one place.
of the feudal system. 2. The feudal land lords had to depend on the
(A) The advantages of the feudal system vassals for military human power. This
1. Simplicity and tailor made administrative restricted the exploitation of these classes.
system is the main contribution. 3. The power of Barbarians was brought
2. Human protection was guaranteed. under control.
3. The ruling party could not become 4. The human beings realized their rights and
autocratic as they were dependent on the duties under the system.
vassals for military service. 5. Encouraged creative output in literature in
4. There was notable progress in the England, France and Germany
economic system. 6. Feudalism slowly nourished the
5. Man became aware of his duties and emergence of cities. They become the center
fundamental rights and of trade and artecrafts.
6. Savagery of the barbaric communities was 7. Clashes took place among ruling class,
controlled. feudal lords and vassals. Due to this problem,
7. England, France and Germany the agreements of feudalism broke down.
encouraged literature.
8. Rules and regulations were created and 4. What were the reasons for the decline
this made the nobles to protect women, the of the feudalism?
weak and the Christian religion. The main reasons for the downfall of the
(B) The Disadvantages: feudal system are as follows:
1. A class of aristocracy came into being. 2. 1. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in
Arguments and disagreements began among England, France and Spain.
the aristocrats, nobles and vassals. 2. Development of regional languages,
3. Sometimes the nobles started competing nationalism, lust for absolute power in the
with the lords or the kings. kings. 3. Military power and the Crusades
4. Many became traitors and posed a threat hastened the fall of many systems.
to their own regional unity. 4. Renaissance and reformation became the
5. Judicial system became weak and there main reasons for the weakening of the feudal
was no rule of law. system.
6. The church and the state were at

͟͠͞8
Chapter - 8 Ans:- (1) rebirth/ reawaken (2) Petrarch/
Modern Europe Italy; (3) Protestants: (4) Ignatius Loyola,
(5) Hargreaves.
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. ii. Answer the following questions
Renaissance means _______________ 2. 1. What were the consequences of
______ is called the father of Renaissance. 3. religious reformation?
Followers of Martin Luther are _________ 4. The consequences of religious
The leader of the Counter Reformation reformation are: 1. Christianity was divided
movement is ________ into three sects - Catholic Church, Orthodox
5. Inventor of the spinning jenny machine is Church and Protestant church.
__________ 2. Many European kings got liberated from
the hold of the Church and the pope. Example. ∙ Petrarch is known as the 'Father
3. Religious reformation led to rise of of renaissance'. He collected about 200 Latin
nationalism. and Greek Manuscripts.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was ∙ A collection of 100 stories called Decameron
utilized for the economic development. 5. written in Italian by Boccaccio,
Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings ∙ The famous work Divine Comedy by Dante,
of Europe developed religious tolerance. 6. ∙ Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England, ∙
Due to this movement, the literacy field saw Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain, ∙ Utopia
progress. Local languages influenced the written by Thomas More of England are some
European minds. of the notable works.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent ∙ Shakespeare was an excellent poet and
reformation and this came to be known as dramatist.
Counter Reformation. ∙ St. Paul School, established in London, was
dedicated to the acquisition of this new
2. What were the reasons for geographical knowledge.
explorations?
1. When the Turks conquered the city of 5. Describe the effects of Industrial
Constantinople in 1453 A.D., the Europeans Revolution. Effects of Industrial Revolution
faced the inevitability of finding a new sea are as follows: 1. Due to the innumerable
route to India. changes in industries, demand for machines
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of grew.
competing with Arabs in sea trade. 2. Many changes took place in the economic
3. Discovery of new countries opened the and social fields too.
possibility spreading Christianity. 3. New factories were established.
4. European curiosity was roused by the 4. The cost of production came down and
adventurous nature of sea voyages towards essential products were available at a low
eastern countries. price. 5. Cottage industries could not compete
5. Mariner's compass and astrolabe with the giant factories and, thus, they
equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and collapsed. 6. The rich became richer and
maps were available to sailors. richer and the poor remained poor.
6. The Europeans believed that China was a 7. People had to migrate from villages to
fertile place to make profit. towns. 8. A capitalist class emerged in society.
9. Hostilities developed between the owners
3. Which are the water-colour paintings of and the workers, and class conflict began.
Leonardo da Vinci?
∙ Leonardo da Vinci's paintings are
∙ Last Supper and Mona Lisa, Chapter - 9
∙ Salvator Mundi, Teh Vitruvian Man,
∙ Lady with Fur Wrap. etc., Revolution And
4. Explain the development of literature in Unification Of Nations
the period of Renaissance with an

͟͠͞8
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. __________ 5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was
The 13 colonies established by England on the formed by ______ 6. The philosophy of ‘blood
Atlantic coast were called _____________. 2. and steel’ was advocated by _______
The representatives of the 13 colonies met in
1774 at ______. Ans: (1) New English Colonies, (2)
3. Declaration of America’s independence was Philadelphia, (3) 4th July, (4) Montesquieu,
on _________ (5) Joseph Mazzini, (6) Otto-van-Bismarck
4. The writer of Spirit of Laws was
∙ Hence, productivity was low.
ii. Answer the following questions.
1. Mention the reasons for American War 4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s
of Independence. unification?
Reasons for American War of Independence ∙ Garibaldi is one of the architects of Italy's
are- (a) The rise of nationalism among the unification.
people of the colonies. ∙ He was a soldier and fighter. He joined the
(b) The desire for independence among the Young Italy part and assumed leadership
colonies. of the revolution.
(c) The effects of the 'Seven Years' ∙ After that he constituted an army called Red
war. (d) The naval regulations. Brigade and with the help of Sardinia,
(e) Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, fought with Austria.
John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward ∙ In 1860, he fought against the twin states of
Coke and Benjamin Franklin. Sicily using his Red Brigade.
(f) The Quebec regulation.
∙ By conquering the same, he hastened the
(g) The Townsend taxes and national integration and pressed for
(h) The Boston tea party. democratic reforms.
2. Explain the significance of the
5. Who was the architect of unification of
American war of independence. Germany? Write a note on him.
∙ The American war of independence acted as Ottoman Bismarek was the architect of
an inspiration for the French Revolution. ∙ Germany's unification.
Many of the French who fought assisting the He was the chief minister of the King of
colonial army became leaders of the French Prussia, Williams.
revolution.
∙ He had gained lot of popularity as an
∙ Many of the Spanish and the Portuguese ambassador in various nations like Austria,
colonies in America got inspired to France and Russia.
become free and hence, revolted against
∙ He had the knowledge of their strengths and
their motherland.
weaknesses. His ambition was the
∙ The new nation called the United States of unification of Germany; He wanted to
America was born. convert Germany into Prussia.
∙ He built a powerful army on the principle of
3. How were economic factors responsible
'Blood and Steel'.
for the French revolution?
∙ His next aim was to drive out Austria from
The economic factors-
German states association.
∙ France was an agriculture-dominated nation.
In spite of advances in agricultural ∙ The well-formed German armies defeated
practices, production lagged behind. Austria in the year 1866 CE.
∙ The yield from land was very low. ∙ Bismarek realized that a war with France
∙ The farmers were the most affected. ∙ was inevitable to gain the 16 German
Famines were frequent. As a result, there states in the south attached to France.
used to be revolts and riots for food. ∙ He was successful in merging these states
∙ Industries were under the control of trade with Germany when Napoleon was
unions. defeated by these states when he tried to
capture them.
∙ Due to internal strife and interference from
Thus Bismarek completed the unification of
authorities, the development of these
unions was sluggish. Germany.

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CHAPTER – 1
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Our Constitution
Constitution.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. Some of the salient features of our
The Law which governs the States is _______ Constitution are as follows: Our Constitution
2. The meeting of new Constituent Assembly ∙ Written and Lengthy Constitution
was held on __________. ∙ Partially Flexible and partially Rigid
3. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee Constitution
of the Constitution was _______ ∙ Parliamentary Form of
4. Our Constitution provides for a Government ∙ Republican System
____________ system of Government. ∙ Federal System
5. The State where the people enjoy ∙ Fundamental Rights
sovereign power is called _________ ∙ Fundamental Duties
6. Our Constitution provides for _________ ∙ Directive Principles of State Policy
citizenship to its citizens. ∙ Independent and Centralized Judiciary
7. The Right for Constitutional Remedies has System ∙ Single Citizenship
been incorporated in Article ________ 8. The ∙ Adult Franchise
Directive Principles of State Policy are
∙ Bicameral Legislature
borrowed from _______ Constitution.
∙ Party System
Ans: (1) Constitution, (2) 11th December,
6. Which are the Fundamental Rights
1946 (3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, (4) democratic,
incorporated in our Constitution?
(5) Sovereign Republic, (6) single, (7) 32,
Our Fundamental Rights are -
(8) Irish
(1) Right to Liberty,
(2) Right to Equality,
II. Answer the following questions.
(3) Right against Exploitation,
1. Who was the President of the
(4) Right to Religion,
Constituent Assembly?
(5) Right to Education and culture and
The President of the New Constituent
(6) Right to Constitutional remedy.
Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
7. Make a List of the Fundamental Duties.
2. When did the Constitution come into
There are eleven fundamental duties. They are
force? The Constitution came into practice
as follows:
from 26th January 1950.
(1) To respect the Constitution, National flag
and National Anthem.
3. What does the Preamble to the
(2) To follow the noble ideals that inspired our
Constitution contain?
National Struggle for freedom.
∙ The Preamble to the Constitution contains
(3) To protect the integrity of India.
the fundamental policies and ideals of the
(4) To defend the motherland when called
constitution.
upon to do so.
∙ It is the sum of the structure, values,
(5) To promote the spirit of common
principles and goals of the constitution.
brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
∙ It is based on the aspirations and ideals of (6) To preserve our rich heritage.
the people of India. (7) To protect and improve the natural
environment
4. What do you mean by ‘Secularism’?
(8) To develop the scientific temper and the
Secularism is a principle of separation of state
spirit of enquiry.
from religious dignitaries.
(9) To safeguard public property and leave
Means the citizens have the liberty to practise
the violence.
any religion they desire. No religion has been
given the status of a National religion.
5. Explain the salient features of our
͟͠͞8
(10) To strive towards excellence in all explained in the article _________ and article
spheres of individual and collective activities. ____________ of the constitution.
(11) The father or the guardians should 7. The chairman of Union Public Service
provide an opportunity for education to their commission is appointed by ______
children from the age of 6 to 18 years. 8. The Supreme Court came into existence
on _________
8. Which are the Directive Principles of
State Policy? Ans: (1) Union of States, (2) Parliament, (3)
The Directive Principles of State Policy are- Vice President, (4) 25 years, (5) President,
(1) To provide adequate means of livelihood to (6) 54, 55 , (7) President, (8) 28th Jan 1950.
all citizens.
(2) To prevent the community wealth and II. Answer the following questions:
resources from becoming the private property 1. Write a note on the houses of
of a few people. parliament. The Parliament consists of two
(3) To provide equal pay for equal work to Houses. The Upper House is called Rajya
both men and women, and to protect labour Sabha and the Lower House is called Lok
welfare. (4) To provide public assistance to Sabha.
those who are old, sick, weak or helpless. Rajya Sabha :
(5) To implement a Uniform Civil Code The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is
throughout the country. 250, of which 238 members are elected by the
members of the State Assemblies and Union
(6) To provide opportunities for healthy
Territories. This House is also known as the
development and preschool education of all
House of Elders.
children below 6 years.
Term of Office: The Rajya Sabha is a
(7) To protect historical monuments and main
permanent body and is not dissolved like the
tall places of historical interest.
Lok Sabha. But the term of the members is six
(8) To separate the Executive and the
years. One-third of its members retire on
Judiciary. (9) To protect international peace
completion of six year term every second year.
and respect international law.
Lok Sabha :
(10) To establish Gram Panchayats.
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected
(11) To encourage rural and cottage
directly by the people, so, it is known as the
industries. (12) To organize and develop
House of People. The maximum number of
agriculture and animal husbandry on modem
seats is 545.
lines.
Term of Office: The Lok Sabha members are
(13) To ensure prohibition of liquor.
elected for a term of five years.
(14) To ensure development of farming based
on scientific methods.
2. Write a short note on the structure of
Rajyasabha.
∙ The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is
CHAPTER – 2 250, of which 238 members are elected by
the members of the State Assemblies and
The Union Government Union Territories.
∙ The remaining 12 members, who are experts
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable from various fields like literature, art,
words. 1. India is ____________ science and social work are nominated by
2. The Union legislature is the President.
called___________ 3. The Speaker of ∙ This House is also known as the House of
Rajyasabha is _____ of India. 4. The Elders.
minimum age to become the member of ∙ The Vice-President is the Chairman of the
Lokasabha is __________ Rajya Sabha.
5. The commander-in-chief of all the three ∙ The Deputy Chairman is chosen from among
forces is ______ the members.
6. The election of the president of India is
∙ At least 10% of the members ∙ The House should meet at least twice in a
(a minimum year.
of 25 members) should be present during
the sessions of the Rajya Sabha.

͟͠͞8
3. What are the qualifications needed to Cabinet.
become a member of Lokasabha?
Qualifications of the Members : 6. Write a note on the formation of union
1. Should be a citizen of India. cabinet and its responsibilities.
2. Must not be less than 25 years of age. 3. ∙ The Union Cabinet is the real Executive and
Should not hold any office of profit under the has Ministers in two hierarchies.
Government. ∙ The first one is the cabinet level and the
4. Should not be a person of unsound mind. second is the Minister of State.
5. Should not have been punished under law. ∙ The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet
6. Should possess qualifications as specified is 15 of the total strength of the parliament.
by Parliament from time to time. ∙ The Cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities.
∙ The Minister of every department is
4. Explain the election process for the responsible for the administration of his
post of the President. department.
∙ The President is elected by an electoral ∙ He has individual responsibility for the
college. success or failure of his department.
∙ This college is consisting of elected ∙ The Union Cabinet has collective
members of both Houses of Parliament, responsibility to the Parliament with regard
∙ And all elected members of the legislative to the decisions and policies taken by it.
assemblies of all the States. ∙ Therefore, the cabinet can be in power only
as long as it enjoys the trust of the
5. List out the powers of the Prime Parliament. ∙ When it loses the trust, it has to
Minister. ∙ The Prime Minister recommends be removed by a No-Confidence Motion.
to the President the appointment of Ministers
to the Council of Ministers. CHAPTER – 3
∙ He also allocates the various portfolios
among the Ministers.
State Government
∙ He can also remove Ministers.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1.
∙ His decision is final in the allocation of
India has ____________ states and
portfolios.
_________ union territories.
∙ The Prime Minister is Head of Government 2. The total number of members of Karnataka
so he is responsible for all actions of the Legislative Assembly is ____________. 3.
Government. The Karnataka state Legislative Council has
∙ He co-ordinates the activities of the various ____________ members.
Ministers. 4. The Council of Minister has __________
∙ He takes greater interest in framing policies and _________ power and it is the real
related to planning, defence and foreign executive. 5. The Governor is appointed by
affairs. the _________ 6. The state Advocate General
∙ He is the head of Union Cabinet. is appointed by ___________
∙ All discussions of issues of national and Ans: (1) 28, 7; (2) 225 (3) 75; (4) Chief
international importance are discussed Minister; administration (5)President; (6)
and decisions are taken under his Governor;
chairmanship.
∙ He is the link between the President and the II. Answer the following questions-
1. Explain the structure of the Legislative that they are not represented properly.
Assembly. ∙ However, the number of seats in small
∙ The strength of the Legislative Assembly States is less. Ex- In Mizoram and Goa,
depends on the population of the State. ∙ The there are 40 members each.
maximum number of seats of any Legislative ∙ The Vidhana Sabha in Karnataka has 225
Assembly/Vidhana Sabha should not exceed members. 224 members are elected
500 or be below 60. whereas one Anglo-Indian is nominated
∙ The Governor can nominate one member by the Governor.
from Anglo Indian community if he feels

͟͠͞8
2. Which areas do the members of House can become the Chief Minister.
Legislative council represent? ∙ However, he has to become the Member of
The members of the Legislative Council/ anyone House within 6 months.
represent five fields.
1. Some are elected from among the
Members of the Legislative assembly,
2. Local Bodies, CHAPTER – 4
3. Graduates' Constituencies,
4. Teacher's Constituencies. Judicial System
5. The Governor nominates some Members I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1.
who are experts in the field of art, The Supreme Court of India came into
literature, education, social service, existence in __________.
science members who have completed 2. The retirement age of the High Court
their term retire. judge is ______
3. The Judges are appointed by
3. Write a note on the qualifications and __________. 4. The head of Revenue Tax
tenure of the Governor. Board is ________ 5. The Lokadalats came
The qualifications of the office of the into existence in the year _________
Governor- (l) Should be a citizen of India.
(2) Should not be less than 35 years of age. Ans:- (1) January 28, 1950 (2) 62 years (3)
(3) Should not hold any office of profit under The President (4) The Revenue Secretary
the Government. (5) 1985
(4) Should not be a Member of either
Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a II. Answer the following questions-
Member of either, he should resign from that 1. Explain the functions of Supreme
post when he is appointed as the Governor. Court. Functions and powers of Supreme
The term of the office of the Govt. is 5 years. Court- ∙ Original Powers : Resolving the
disputes
4. Write a note on the Chief Minister. ∙ The between the Union and the States, and
Chief Minister is the Head of the State between the States; Safeguarding the
Government. Fundamental Rights of citizens;
∙ Success or failure of the State government Interpreting the provisions of the
depends on his personal charm. Constitution and passing on writs.
∙ He is the repository of all the power of the ∙ Appellate Powers : Citizens may file cases
State. ∙ He is the Head of the Council of in the Supreme Court against the
Ministers, the Legislature, and the leader of judgements given in the lower courts.
the majority party in the government. ∙ Advisory Powers : The Supreme Court
∙ The Chief Minister should be a member of may advise the President when he seeks
any one of the two Houses. its opinion on important public issues. The
∙ Even those who are not Members of either President may consult the Supreme Court
for advice. courts to the High Court; to supervise the
∙ The Supreme Court serves as a Court of working of the subordinate courts; to admit
Records, writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental
∙ Chief Advisor to the Centre and States, Rights and other legal rights of citizens; to
and ∙ has the power to issue special appoint the staff and regulating them.
writs.
3. Name the subordinates courts under
2. Write a note on functions of High the civil courts.
courts. Functions of the High Courts Subordinate courts under the District Courts
are- are - 1. Court of Subordinate Judges
1. The original power to resolve civil and 2. Court of Additional Subordinate
criminal cases; Naval, Marital and contempt of Judges 3. Court of Munciffs
court cases. 4. Court of Additional Munciffs
2. To admit appeals against the judgements
passed by the subordinate courts in civil and 4. Write a note on Criminal courts.
criminal cases. o Criminal courts came into existence on 1
3. To direct transfer of cases from the lower April, 1974.

͟͠͞8
o They are also known as District Magistrate Magistrate Court: This court takes up
courts. appeals against the judgments given by
o They function under the High Court. o The the Tahsildar court or the District
highest criminal court at the district level is Subdivisional Officer’s court. The Deputy
the Sessions court. Commissioner is its judge.
o The District Judge performs the function of ∙ Commissioner’s Court: This court takes up
a judge of this court too. appeals against the judgments of the
o The court takes up crimes like murder, district magistrate courts. The Divisional
robbery, dacoits etc. Officer is its judge.
o It has the powers to issue death sentences ∙ Revenue Board: This is the highest court
and also life imprisonment sentences. dealing with Revenue cases.
Other criminal courts-
∙ Chief Magistrate Court: This court can 6. What are reasons behind the
impose seven years punishment. establishment of Lok Adalat court?
∙ In India, the legal procedure is time
∙ First Grade Magistrate Court: This court
can impose punishment upto 3 years or consuming and expensive.
fine upto Rs.5000/-, or impose both. ∙ So government want this Lok Adalat function
Moreover, it can admit appeals against faster and are less expensive.
judgments from lower magisterial courts. ∙ This gives importance to compromising of
∙ Second Grade Magistrate Court: This cases.
court has the power to impose punishment
upto 2 years or a fine of Rs.1000/- or both. CHAPTER – 5
∙ Third Grade Magistrate Court: Indian Election System
5. Write a note on Revenue courts. I Fill up the blanks:
Revenue courts take up cases related to land 1. The Electoral roll is revised __________
tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts year. 2. The Public Election Campaign comes
comprise the following courts: to end before ________ hours to Election
∙ Tahasildar Court/ Taluk Magistrate Court Day. 3. The recognition to political parties is
: The Tahasildar Court is the lowest court ∙ accorded by __________.
District Subdivisional Officer’s Court: This 4. The Independence of Journalism is
court takes up appeals against the decisions protected by __________.
and judgments of Tahsildar courts.
∙ District Revenue Court or District Ans:- (1) every year (2) 48 (3) The Election
Commission (4) ‘Press Council of India’ identification.
II Answer the following questions 2. Prove that “Political Parties are the link
briefly: 1. Write a note on ‘Electoral between elected representatives and
Roll’. people”. ∙ Political parties are necessary in the
∙ The voters list is the list which contains the democratic set up.
names and certain other details of the ∙ Political parties are the link between
voters. It is also called the Electoral Roll. representatives, government and the people.
∙ The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election ∙ They play a major role in formulating
Commission much before the elections. ∙ policies for social and economic progress.
Electoral Roll is revised every year. At the ∙ Political parties become a training ground to
time of revision the names of those who have develop leadership qualities.
attained the age of 18 are included and the
names of the dead are deleted. 3. Write a note on Coalition Governments.
∙ The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials ∙ Many a time no party gets the required
to identify the voters. majority to form the government. Such a
∙ The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) situation is called ‘Hung Parliament’. In such a
are issued to all the eligible voters by the situation some of the political parties join
Election Commission to prevent together and make alliances to get the
impersonation. required
∙ EPIC is also used as a proof for general

͟͠͞8
majority to form the government. Such Defence Ministry is in ___________.
alliance is called ‘Post-poll alliance’. 5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at
∙ At certain times two or more than two ______ 6. The border security force training
parties join together and make alliance centre is in ___________
before the elections. This type of alliance is 7. The Indian Red Cross Society established
called ‘Pre poll alliance’. in ________
∙ Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political
parties to join together to form the Ans:- 1) The sovereignty 2) President, 3)
government when there is a hung General, 4) Delhi, 5) Vishakhapatnam, 6)
parliament or assembly. Yelahanka in Bangalore 7) 1920
∙ Such a government formed with the co
II. Answer the following questions-
operation of different political parties is
1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar
called ‘Coalition Government’.
known as?
∙ The political parties of Coalition Government The Naval Base near Karwar known as Sea
share power and responsibility by joining bird.
Council of Ministers.
2. Which are the four divisions of our
Defence Ministry?
CHAPTER – 6 The four divisions are as follows –
Defence Of The Nation (1) Defence Section
(2) Defence production Section,
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. (3) Defence Researeh and Development
The main objective of our defence policy is Section (4) Retired Defence Personal
protecting ________. Welfare Section.
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three
Armed Forces is ______. 3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
3. The Chief of the Army is called ∙ The headquarters of the India Army is in
__________ 4. The headquarters of the Delhi.
∙ Its head is known as the
Commander-in-Chief. He has a Deputy (vii) North-Western Command at Jaipur in
Commander-in-Chief. General, Major Rajasthan.
General, Brigadier,
∙ Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to 5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air
assist him in his work. Force.
∙ The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank ∙ The Indian Air Force works very effectively
Regiment called the Armed Corps and the and courageously both during war times
Gunners' Regiment. and peace times.
∙ There is a Supply and engineering branch ∙ It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security
too. ∙ The Army has been divided into seven and stability.
commands for administrative convenience. ∙ ∙ The headquarters of the Air Force is in New
Each command is under the charge of a Delhi.
general officer (commander- in-chief) of the ∙ It is organized into five Operational
rank of a Lt. General. Commands and two Functional Commands.
4. Which are the Commands of the Army? 6. What are the qualifications required for
There are seven Commands of the Army. (i) recruitment to the Army?
Western Command at Chandimandir in Those who desire to work in the Armed
Chandigarh forces ∙ Should be service-oriented, patriotic,
(ii) Eastern Command at Kolkata in West and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake
Bengal (iii) Northern Command at Udhampur of the country and also be familiar with the
in Kashmir. multi cultural fabric of the nation.
(iv) Southern Command at Pune in ∙ However there are certain conditions with
Maharashtra. (v) Central Command at regard to physical requirements, mental
Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh health,
(vi) Training Command at Mhow in Madhya
Pradesh.

͟͠͞8
general education and technical (ii) Cadets who have earned distinction during
knowledge that have to be met. training are given seats in professional college.
∙ When recruitments are made to the lower (iii) Cadets are given training in handling
posts of the army, they are made weapons.
according to the percentage of recruitable (iv) During training, cadets go on adventures
male population (RMP) of the State and like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or
the Union Territories. mountaineering, sailing etc.
∙ Recruitment of women to the three armed (v) Students who have received N.C.C.
forces takes place through the women training can secure admission in any defence
Special Entry Scheme (WSES). school.
7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are 8. Explain the organization of the Indian
its advantages? Red Cross Society.
The aims of National Cadet Corps are ∙ The Indian Red Cross Society is a
1. To develop among the students a sense of humanitarian voluntary organization and
discipline, has nearly 700 branches as State and
2. Leadership qualities, Union Territories.
3. Friendliness and service-mindedness. 4. It ∙ Its headquarters are in Delhi.
is a body of disciplined and trained youth ∙ The Indian President is its Chairman. ∙ A
force which comes to the rescue of the nation Secretary General is its Administrative
during emergencies. Officer.
They given various concessions are as ∙ It has an administrative body consisting of 19
follows: (i) Those who have received N.C.C. members and a Secretary.
training can join the armed forces easily. ∙ The President nominates 6 members
whereas the remaining 12 members are Integration’?
elected from the State and Union National Integration refers to that situation
Territories. where all the people of that country feel they
∙ The Red Cross society renders valuable are one although there are differences with
service to people during natural calamities regard to race, religion, culture and language.
and other emergencies.
CHAPTER – 7 3. Which are the factors that lead to unity
in diversity?
National Integration The factors that lead to unity in diversity
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. are ∙ geographical unity,
India is a secular country and so does not ∙ political unity,
oppose any ___________. ∙ religious unity,
2. Communalism is a major obstacle to ∙ linguistic unity,
_______ 3. Republic Day is a ∙ Cultural unity.
_______________ festival. 4. India has Thus amidst diversity there is unity among
considered ___________ languages as Indians. The feeling of 'We are all one' is deep
National languages. rooted in the mind of every Indian.
5. Our National Animal is ____________
4. Which are the factors that promote
Ans: (1) religion, (2) national integration, National Integration?
(3) national, (4) 22, (5) Tiger The factors promoting national integration
are ∙ Secularism,
II. Answer the following questions ∙ Democracy,
1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
∙ national festivals,
Nationalism is the strong belief that a people
∙ national symbols and
who share a common language, law, uniform
∙ Interdependence of the Central Government
administation, history and culture should
constitute an independent nation, free of and State Government on one another.
foreign domination.
5. What are obstacle to Nationa
2. What do you mean by ‘National Itegration?

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(i) When people belonging to different castes
and religion form their own associations and 6. What are your suggestions to overcome
indulge in activities which encourage their obstacles that affect National Unity? Some
castes and religion, national integration is of the suggestions (problems) hindering the
threatened. National integration are as follows:
(ii) The variety of languages in India is ∙ People of one religion or caste respect those
leading to linguistic obsession and belonging to others, support them and
parochialism. celebrate all festivals together that national
(iii) The presence of innumerable castes and integration can be fostered.
caste-based associations is leading to ∙ Better vocational education should be
communalism. provided
(iv) Border disputes, river water disputes and ∙ Iimplement measures to check the members
language disputes between states are also of school dropouts.
problematic factors for national integration. ∙ In these ways, we, the responsible citizens of
(v) The other actors like terrorism, India, should respect one another, and
untouchability, lack of political will, negligence together enjoy a sense of solidarity.
of people are also obstacles to national ∙ Only then will there be a true sense of unity
integration. in the country.
The family which has people of more than
two generations consisting of parents, their
Sociology
children, grandchildren and great
grandchildren is called joint family.
The group of people living under one roof,
Chapter - 1 eating food prepared in one kitchen, having
Family equal rights to the property, engaging in same

type of worship and having specific blood
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. relatives is called joint family.
The word family is derived from the Latin word
_______________ 4. What is a nuclear family?
2. The cell of the society is A family having husband, wife and their
________________. 3. If the father is the unmarried children is called nuclear or modem
head of the family, that family is called as family.
________
4. Among the Nayars of Kerala _________ 5. What are the characteristics of a family?
family is found. ∙ Family is universal- It is a social system
seen in all ages and all countries.
Ans: (1) famulus; (2) family; (3) ∙ It is the basic unit for all social activities.
patriarchal; (4) Matriarchal. ∙ Continuous responsibility and social
ii. Answer the following. accountability.
1. How does the family become a social ∙ Bringing up and Nurturing.
unit? Family is a unit of society. It is like a ∙ Teaches social behaviour- Right from
living cell. The community develops from a childhood, the members of the family not
family, leading to the creation of a nation. only realize their social responsibilities but
also understand the need for cooperation.
2. Mention the types of family. ∙ It instructs the tradition- The social
Families are classified based on different traditions, morality and behaviour are all
principles. controlled by the family.
(A) Based on authority, a family can be
classified as Patriarchal and Matriarchal. 6. Discuss the role of family in individual’s
(B) Based on marriage, it can be classified as social development stages.
Monogamy, Bigamy and Polygamy. ∙ Every activities of social institutions start
(C) Based on size, it can be classified as from the family.
Undivided and Divided.
3. What is a joint family?

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∙ The political, economical, educational and demands and taboos, indirectly control the
several other activities of the society begin children. ∙ The family teaches behaviours like
from the family. friendship, freedom and security during
childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old
∙ A child learns its mother tongue in the family.
age.
∙ It understands the social life around it
through the mastered mother tongue.
7. Explain the characteristics of a joint
∙ Children develop as per the social situation family. Characteristics of Joint Family:
around the family.
1) Large in size
∙ The family teaches the children about the 2) Co-ordination and co-operation:
ways of interacting with elders and the peer 3) They reside together under the same roof
group. ∙ This means, the social behaviour, its and use same kitchen.
4) Members of the joint family believe in the ∙ Subconscious capacity of the children is also
same religion and practice. developed.
5) Self-sufficient unit. ∙ School will extend his/her life and make
6) The senior members of the joint family are them ready for social life.
entrusted with the authority and responsibility. ∙ Various positive aspects that find expression
in teachers like good behaviours, equality
8. What are the reasons for the increase of and good will get reflected in the children
nuclear families in the present days? Main as well.
reasons for the increase of nuclear families in ∙ This enables children develop love,
the present days are- cooperation, tolerance, co-living, mutual
∙ Individuality, focus on individual respect and other various values in their
achievement, concept of individual happiness, life.
∙ change in value system with regard to rights
of property, 2. What are the values learned by a child
∙ progress in the areas of science and from the family members?
technology, ∙ The child learns the first lesson of life values
∙ rapid urbanization, such as love, concern, faith, patience,
∙ democratic values and concept of equality cooperation, coordination etc., at home.
and ∙ many other things have contributed to ∙ The appreciation from the family always
the rise of nuclear families. encourages the activities of the child.
∙ Children learn obedient nature in family.
Chapter - 2
3. Explain the importance of socialization
Socialization process.
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1. 1. Converts human being into social being.
The changing process of human being as a 2. Provides the scope of adopting, imitating
social being is called_______. and learning of many skills.
2. Mother is the first _______ of a child. 3. 3. Develops the social relationship and
The important agency of socialization is provide commitment and support to the social
_____ 4. Radio is an agency of _______ system. 4. Helps the development of
Ans: (1) socialization (2) teacher (3) family personality. 5. Helps the continuity of tradition.
(4) socialization
4. Mention what does the socialization
ii. Anser the following questions: indicates.
∙ Socialization indicates basically human being
1. Explain the role of school in the is a social animal.
process of socialization. ∙ Child starts to learn the social behaviour
∙ In schools the child is not only influenced by form its childhood.
the teachers but also by its friends and ∙ The process of learning social behaviour and
classmates. the process of becoming social being is
∙ The social behaviour, knowledge and called socialization.
experience of the child are moulded by the
education.

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∙ The moment the child gets the power of
thinking and talking, it will make contact 5. Explain the role of mass media in
with the people living in the society. socialization process.
∙ Human beings are deeply influenced by
∙ It tries to communicate non-verbally and tries
to imitate the others. advertisements, radio programs, stories,
novels, Television serials, dance drama,
music, posters and important statements
by popular persons. democratic concepts are the important
∙ News, quiz, introductory talks, discussion, elements of coexistence.
programs introducing various important ∙ All should have equal opportunity,
places and others help the viewers to independent, social, economical, political
develop good personality. and justifiable life.
∙ Similarly programs of academic interest ∙ Equality with reference to caste, religion,
facilitate better social behaviour among race, gender, region and other aspects.
people. ∙ It says no one should be discriminated in any
name.
6. Explain the role of neighbourhood in
socialization process. 4. Mention the characteristics of social
∙ The people of neighbourhood live like the changes.
members of the same family by sharing 1. Social change is a continuous
their happiness and sorrows. process. 2. Social change is
∙ Neighbourhood people help each other in universal.
festival, fair, marriage, religious rituals and 3. Social change varies in its form and speed.
other programmes. 4. The chain of social process creates social
∙ Neighbourhood relationship is much stronger change.
in rural communities than in urban
communities. 5. Is the social change necessary?
∙ Yes. In order to modifications of social
7. What is socialization? process and socio-cultural development
The process of learning social behaviour and social change is necessary.
the process of becoming social being is called ∙ The Mobility found in human society is
socialization. basically due to social change.
Chapter - 3 6. Why the competition increases

day-by-day? The Globalised economy is
Social Change pushing people to earn more at the cost of
health, in the name of competition. This has
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable changed the attitude of human life totally.
words : 1. Change is the Law of
__________
2. School is a __________ for cooperative
Chapter - 4
life. 3. The ‘Theory of Evolution’ was presented Community
by __ Ans: (1) nature (2) medium (3)
i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1.
Darwin. Nomadism is called as a way of ___________.
2. The main pillar of Indian society is
ii. Answer the following questions :
__________ community.
1. What is social change?
3. The tribes of North East Zone are
Social change can be defined as the
__________. Ans:- (1) life (2) rural (3)
transformation that takes place in the lifestyle
Mongolian tribe.
of common people.
2. What is cooperation?
ii. Answer the following questions:
Cooperation means giving and taking in
1. What is a Tribe?
society for fulfil their basic needs.
A group of clans with kinship is called Tribe.
Working together to achieve a common goal
Tribe is the group which live in a particular
is called cooperation. geographic area and have their own social,
3. What are the basic elements of political and cultural administration.
coexistence? ∙ Secular, socialist and

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2. What is a village? The area consisting of the families who
mainly depend on agriculture and agriculture
based occupations for their livelihood is called I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1.
village. We celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on ______
2. The year in which the State was named as
3. Define the concept of a city. Karnataka is _____.
A place that has a population of more than 3. The State to the East of Karnataka is
five thousand and a density of one thousand _______ 4. The largest district in Karnataka
people per square kilometre and where more is ________ 5. The total area of Karnataka
than 75% population is engaged in is ______sq.kms. 6. The shape of
non-agriculture production, then it is called as Karnataka resembles a _______
city. Ans:- (1) 1st November 1956 (2) 1973 (3)
Andhra Pradesh (4) Belagavi (5) 1,91,791 (6)
4. Explain the characteristics of tribal Cashewnut
community.
1. Simple and self-content. II. Answer the following questions:
2. Worship of nature. 1. Give the latitudinal and longitudinal
3. Loyal to the community and unity. extent of Karnataka.
4. Equality and independence to Karnataka extends from 11°-31' north to
women. 5. Endogamous marriages. 18°-45' North latitude and 74°-12' east to
6. Unique and different mother 78°-40' East longitude.
tongue. 7. Living in natural
environment. 2. Name karnataka’s neighbouring states.
8. Economic system based on hunting and The sates of Maharashtra In the north, Andhra
gathering of minor forest produces and Pradesh in the east Tamil Nadu in the south
sporadic agriculture. and south-east, Kerala in the south-west, Goa
in the north-west. these are the neighbouring
5. Explain the division of tribals in India states of Karnataka.
according to the geographical locality. The
three important geographical zones in India 3. Which are the four administrative
according to the geographical locality are: 1) divisions of Karnataka?
North and North-east Zone: Four administrative divisions of Karnataka
2) Central Zone: are : Bengaluru, Mysuru, Belagavi and
3) South zone. Kalaburagi
6. Explain the types of rural 4. Explain the geographical location of

community. Types of village Karnataka in India.
1. Centralized villages. Karnataka is situated in the Southern part of
2. Independent households and farms India, in the Western Central area of the
villages. 3. Scattered group villages. peninsular region.
4. Village of line houses.
5. Circle shaped villages. Chapter – 2
6. Square shaped villages.
7. Converged road villages or market villages. Physiographic
7. List the features of a rural Divisions Of
community. The features of a rural
community as follows: 1. Small in size.
Karnataka
2. Agriculture and agriculture related
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1.
economy. 3. Community life.
Island is located near Malpe is _________. 2.
4. Democratic ideals.
Sahyadris is the name given to _______ Ghats
5. Lack of civic infrastructure.
in Karnataka.
GEOGRAPHY 3. Agumbe Ghat links _______ and _______
Chapter - 1
OUR State – Karnataka

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4. The Kashmir of Karnataka is __________. maidan. ∙ There are many hills in the
Southern Maidan. Some of them are-
Ans- (1) St. Mary (Coconut island) (2) Chitradurga hills, Narayana durga hills,
Western Ghat (3) Shimoga, Udupi (4) Savandurga and Shivas anga in Bangalore
Kodagu. rural district.
∙ Madhugiri hill in Tumkur district is the biggest
II. Answer the following questions : monolithic hill in Asia.
1. Mention the important physical ∙ Nandi hill station, chennakeshwara hill,
divisions of Karnataka. Kavaledurga and Skandagiri hills in
1. The Coastal Plain Mandya district, Biligirirangana hill,
2. The Malnad region and Malemadeshwara hill, Himarad
3. The Maidan region. gopalswamy hills of Chamrajnagar district,
Chamundi hill Mysore.
2. Write a note on the relief features of
Malnad region. 5. Mention the mountain passes in the
∙ The Western Ghats in our state are called Western Ghats.
Malnad or the land of hills. The mountain passes in Western Ghats are-
∙ Malnad runs parallel to the coastline from (i) Charmudi Ghat which links Mangalore
north to south. Chikmaglur.
(ii) Shiradi Ghat -it links Hassan -Sakleshpur
∙ They have steep slopes like terrace to the
west and gentle slope to the east hence and Mangalore.
they are called Ghats. (iii) Agumbe Ghat- it links Shimoga and
Udupi. (iv) Hulikal Ghat-it links Shimoga and
∙ They are 650 kms in length and 50-76 kms in
Kundapur.
width.
∙ The height ranges from 900 to 1000 meters
III. Match the following :
from sea level. AB
1. Jogfalls a. Mangaluru
3. Give an account on the coastal plains of
2. Om beach b. Northern maidan 3.
Karnataka. Nandi hill station c. Sharavati river
∙ The Karnataka coastal plain lies between the 4. Monolith hill d. Gokarna
Arabian Sea and Malnad. 5. Land of sunshine e. Chikballapur
∙ The coastline extend-320 kms. Its width f. Madhugiri Hill
varies from 12 to 64 kms. Ans. (1) - c (2) - d (3) - e (4 )- f (5) - (b)
∙ It is broad in the south and goes on
becoming narrow with steep slopes towards Chapter - 3
north. ∙ Its height is more than 200 meters
above sea level. It is called the Canara or the
Climate, Soil, Natural
Karnataka Coastline'. Vegetation And Animals Of
∙ Many fast flowing rivers rush through this Karnataka
coastline formed by sea erosion. They lead
to creation of estuaries. I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1.
∙ There are many ports along the coastline. The months of _______, _______, _______
Among them, the 'New Mangalore is the form Summer season.
major one. 2. The season with heavy rainfall is
∙ Many beautiful beaches along the sea-coast ___________ 3. Extensively soil found in
attract tourists here are some small islands North Karnataka is_______
located near the coast. Fishing is the main 4. The area that has evergreen forests is
occupation of the coastal people. _______ 5. The district that has largest forest
area in Karnataka is __________.
4. Name the main hills of Southern
AB
Ans. (1) March, April, May; (2) rainy 1) Adichunchanagiri a) Bird Santuary
season; (3) Black soil (4) receiving more 2) Mandagadde b) National forest 3)
than 250 cms rainfall; (5) Uttar Kannada Nagarahole c) Deciduous forest 4)
Sandalhood tree d) Peacock
II. Match the following : Sanctuary e) Red soil

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III. Answer the following questions : and medicines are manufactured from
1. Name the four seasons of sandalwood.
Karnataka. (1) Summer season - ∙ They are popular all over the world, and
March to May hence are not only supplied to all parts of
(2) Rainy season - June to September the country but also exported to foreign
(3) Retreating Monsoons - October - countries.
November (4) Winter season - December This is the reason Karnataka is known as 'the
to February land of sandalwood'.
2. Write a note on the rainy season in 6. Name the wild animals in our forests.
Karnataka. The wild animals in our forests are tigers,
∙ The rainy season in Karnataka is also called lion, cheetah, wild buffalo, elephant, leopards,
the season of South- West Monsoon winds. ∙ boars, bisons, stags, deer, bears, porcupines
The Western Ghats check the moisture laden etc.
winds blowing from the Arabian Sea, A variety of snakes and colourful birds can
resulting in heavy rain. also be seen in the forests of Karnataka.
∙ As we move eastward, amount of rainfall
gets reduced. As a result, the eastern
maidan is a rain-shadow area. Chapter - 4
∙ Agumbe is an area of heavy rainfall. Hence it Water Resources Of Karnataka
is called 'Cheerapunji of South India'.
∙ There is cloudy atmosphere throughout. I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1.
During this season, Karnataka receives The Cauvery River takes its birth at
about 80% of its rainfall. _________ of Kodagu district.
2. The famous Jog Falls is produced by the
3. Mention the types of soils in __________ river.
Karnataka. The types of soils found in 3. The Krishnarajasagar dam is in ________
Karnataka are 1) Red soil, district.
2) Black soil 4. The first hydro-electric power generating
3) Laterite Soil and station in Karnataka is _________
4) Coastal Alluvial Soil. 5. The Almatti dam has been constructed
across __________ River.
4. Name the types of natural vegetation of
Karnataka. Ans: (l) Talacauvery; (2) Sharavathi; (3)
The natural vegetation of Karnataka Mysore; (4) Shivanasamudra; (5) Krishna
are 1) Evergreen forests,
2) Deciduous forests, II. Answer the following questions :
3) Mixed forests and 1. Name the important rivers of Karnataka.
4) Temperate Grasslands and shrubs. (l) East flowing- The Krishna, the Cauvery, the
Pennar and the Palar.
5. Why is Karnataka known as ‘the Land of (2) West flowing rivers- Sharavathi, Kali,
Sandalwood’? Gangavali, Netravathi, Varahi, Aghanashini
∙ Sandalwood is a special tree grown in etc.
Karnataka forests.
∙ Perfume, objects with intricate carving, soap 2. Write a short note on river Krishna. ∙
River Krishna is an East flowing river. ∙ It is ∙ Irrigation and hydro-electric power
the second important river of South India. ∙ It generation have benefitted to the Northern
takes birth at Mahabaleshwar and flows Karnataka.
1392 kms towards the east to join the Bay
of Bengal. 3. What are the tributaries of Cauvery
∙ But it flows only for 480 km through river. Tributaries of Cauvery River are- the
Karnataka. Hemavathi, Harangi, Lokapavani, Arkavathi,
∙ The Bhima, Koyna, Tungabhadra, Shimsha, Lakshmanatirtha, Kapila,
Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are its Suvarnavati and Bhavani.
tributaries.

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4. Name the different sources of irrigation project 2. Gaganachukki,
in Karnataka. Bharachukki b. River
The different sources of Karnataka are 3. Vani Vilas Sagar c. Kali river
1. wells, 4. Nagajhari d. Cauvery river
2. canals and 5. Pennar e. Sharavathi
3. tanks. f. Marikanive
Ans. 1 - (e); 2 - (d); 3 - (f); 4 - (a); 5 - (b).
5. Mention the main hydro-electric power
stations of our state. Chapter – 5
The main hydro-electric power stations of our Land Resources Of
state are - Shivanasarnudra, Shimsha
(Cauvery river), Sharavathi, Linganamakhi, Karnataka I. Fill in the blanks with
Gerusoppa and Mahatma Gandhi hydro suitable words : 1. Utilising land for different
power station (Sharavathi river), Supa, purposes is called ____________.
Nagajhari, Kadra and Kodasalh (Kali river), 2. The largest net area sown is in
Varahi and mari Kanive (Varahi river), Bhadra, __________ district.
Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Alamatti 3. Sorghum vulgare is the scientific name of
(Knshna fiver) projects. _____________ crop.
4. The ____________ district is the largest
6. Write a brief note on river water producer of sugarcane in Karnataka.
disputes. ∙ Many rivers in India flow through 5. Tobacco contains an intoxicating
more than one state. This has given rise to substance called ___________.
disputes regarding the use of river water.
∙ The Cauvery water dispute and the Krishna Ans. (1) utilization of land (2) Gulbarga (3)
water disputes in Karnataka are of this kind. ∙ Jowar (4) Mandya (5) Nicotine
The catchment area of the river Cauvery is
spread in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala II. Answer the following questions :
and Puducherry. 1. Name the different types of land
∙ The river water dispute between Karnataka utilization in Karnataka.
and Tamil Nadu is more than a century old, (i) Net sown area, (ii) Forest area, (iii) Land
yet it is a burning issue even today. not available for cultivation, (iv) Other
∙ The river Krishna too flows through different uncultivated land, (v) Fallow land.
states, Maharashtra, Karnataka and
Andhra pradesh. This has given rise to 2. Write a note on the importance of
river water dispute. agriculture in Karnataka.
(i) Agriculture provides employment to
IV. Match the following: people. (ii) Provides food for the people and
AB raw material to industries.
1. Linganamakki dam a.Hydro-electric (iii) It is a source of revenue to the state, and
earns foreign exchange.
(iv) Agriculture helps in the development of 4. Explain the main characteristics of
tertiary occupations like transport, banking, ‘mixed farming’?
insurance etc. In addition to growing crops, dairy farming,
(v) It plays an important role in the political silkworm rearing, sheep rearing, poultry, bee
and social system of the state. keeping, fishery etc. are taken up in the same
(vi) It is the main source of livelihood for land. This called mixed farming.
many. (vii) It is the backbone of our state’s
economy. Economic progress depends on 5. Mention the uses of ragi.
agriculture. ∙ Ragi is a food grain with innumerable
nutrients.
3. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the ∙ Ragi balls, porridge, sprouted flour, malt,
main crops grown under irrigation. dosa etc. are made from ragi.
Crops grown by irrigation sources of canals, ∙ In Karnataka it is the third most important
tanks or wells is called "irrigation'. food grain after paddy and jowar.
Paddy and sugarcane are the main crops
grown under this fanning.

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∙ It is available at fewer prices. Gold’?
∙ The stalks of the ragi plant are used as ∙ Karnataka occupies the first position in the
fodder for cattle. production of gold in India.
∙ Ragi can be preserved for many months. ∙ It produces 80 of the total gold in India.
Hence Karnataka is known as the Land of
III. Match the following : Gold. Gold is being produced in Karnataka
AB from ancient times.
1. Coffee a. Mixed farming
2. Cotton b. Beverage crop 2. Which are the important minerals
3. Sugarcane c. Tobacco available in Karnataka?
4. Nippani d. Fibres crop Karnataka has rich and varied mineral
5. Sheep-rearing e. Plantation crop resources. Among them, iron ore, gold,
f. Commercial crop Ans:- I - (b); 2 - manganese, lime stone, copper, bauxite,
chromite’s, mica, asbestos and granite are
(d); 3 - (f); 4 - (c); 5 - (a) important.
3. Which is the ore used as an alloy?

Manganese is used as an alloy in the
Chapter – 6
manufacture of steel to increase its Hardness.
Mineral Resources 4. Name the places in Karnataka where
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1. iron ore is available.
Kudremukh in Karnataka is noted for Iron ore is mainly distributed in the districts of
_________ ore. BeIlary, Chikmaglur, Bagalkot, Chitradurga,
2. The best-quality iron ore is Tumkur, Shimoga, Dakshina kannada, Uttar
______________. 3. Sandur in Ballari district Kannada and Gadag. Bellary has rich deposits
has ________ mines. 4. The metal that is and they are mainly found in Hospet and
produced from bauxite ore is ___________. Sandur areas. Iron ore is being extracted, at
5. The deepest gold mine is _____________. Donimalai, Vibhutigudda, BeLagala,
Kumaraswamy Hills, Timmappana Gudi,
Ans- (1) Iron (2) magnetite (3) Iron ore (4) Devadri Range and Ramadurga Hills.
aluminium (5) Champion Reef
5. Which district is an important producer
II. Answer the following questions: of bauxite?
1. Why Karnataka is called the ‘Land of Belgaum is the leading district in the
production of bauxite.
6. Name the important gold mines of Chapter – 7
Karnataka.
The important gold mines of Karnataka are
Hatti in Raichur district is the biggest gold
Transport
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1.
mine in India. Lot of gold is being produced
Villages and towns are linked by ________
here. It is produced in Bellara in Tumkur
transport.
district and Ajjanahalli near Shira. Other
2. There are _______ national highways
places with gold deposits are Mulgund and
passing through Karnataka.
Kappatagudda in Gadag district, Kempinakote
3. The city railway system of Bengaluru is
in Hassan District etc.
called _______
III. Match the following: 4. The port that is called the ‘Gateway of
AB Karnataka’ is ______
1. Supa a. Manganese 5. The Coastal Railway of Karnataka is called
2. Hatti b. Bauxite __ Ans. (1) Road; (2) 14; (3) Namma Metro
3. Kumsi c. Limestone Rail; (4) Mangalore; (5) Konkan.
4. Khanapur d. Irone ore
e. Gold mine II. Answer the following questions:
Ans. 1-(a); 2 (e); 3 (d); 4 - (b). 1. Explain the importance of road transport.

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∙ A large number of people of rural areas in
Karnataka use this road transport. 4. What are the advantages of air
transport? ∙ Air transport is the fastest mode
∙ This links the villages and towns.
of transport. ∙ It helps to carry people, mail
∙ Roads can be constructed easily, at low
and lightweight
cost. ∙ People and goods can be transported
goods to distant places in the shortest time. ∙
to every corner of the state.
Air transport is of great help during natural
∙ Development of roads determines the calamities, wars and other emergencies.
progress of the state’s agriculture, industry,
mining and commerce. 5. Name the ports of Karnataka.
Mangaluru port, Old Mangaluru Port, Malpe,
2. Name the different types of roads in Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal,
Karnataka. Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar.
Different types of roads are
1. National highways,
III. Match the following:
2. State highways, AB
3. District roads and 1. Golden Quadrilateral a. Port
4. Village roads. 2. Broad gauge b. Bengaluru 3.
H.A.L. c. NH-4
3. List the important rail routes of
4. Belekeri d. Airport
Karnataka. ∙ In Karnataka state, there is no
5. Namma Metro e. Railways f.
uniform distribution of railway lines in all the
Waterways
districts. ∙ Bangalore, Bellary, Belgaum,
Hassan, Uttar Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi,
Ans:- 1-(C), 2 - (e); 3 - (d); 4 - (a); 5 - (b).
Ramnagar and Dakshina Kannada districts
have an average of 150 to 200 km long Chapter – 8
railway.
∙ Konkan railway route of west coast links
Industries Of
Mangalore to Mumbai. Karnataka I. Fill in the blanks with
Konkan Railways: This is the most suitable words: 1. The first Iron and Steel
important railway route of West Coast. It links Industry of Karnataka was established at
Mangaluru and Mumbai. ___________.
2. The Manchester of Karnataka is (HMT, BEL, BHEL), watches, iron and
_________ 3. The by-products of sugar are steel, aluminium, information technology,
____________. 4. Ammasandra has electronic bio-technology industry etc.
___________ industry. 5. Silicon Valley is the
name of _______city. Ans- (1) Bhadravathi 2. Explain the iron and steel industry of
(2) Davanagere (3) Bagasse and molasses Karnataka.
(4) Cement (5) Bangalore ∙ Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s foresight enabled an
Iron and Steel industry to be set up at
II. Answer the following: Bhadravathi in Shivamogga district in
1. Write a note on the industrial 1923.
development in Karnataka. ∙ So that the rich and abundant iron ore
∙ After 1902 Rice mills, tile factories, beedis deposits in the Bababudangiri hills could be
and cigarettes, iron and brass foundries utilized. ∙ This factory was named as Mysuru
were established. Iron and Steel Industries Limited (MSIL).
∙ After 1923, many modern manufacturing ∙ Later on, it was handed over to Steel
units like iron and steel, soap factories, Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in 1989.
cotton and silk mills, paper, cement, paint, ∙ Today it is known as Visveswaraiah Iron and
sugar, sandal oil industries etc were Steel Industry (VISL).
started.
∙ After independence, the industrial policy of 3. Give an account of the distribution of
the Central Government enabled further cotton textile industry in Karnataka.
industrial development in the state. ∙ The first Cotton factory, M.S.K. Mill, was
∙ As a result, many more factories were established in 1884 at Gulbarga.
established, for instance; manufacture of ∙ Later another was started in Hubli.
aeroplanes, engineering, machine tools,

͟͠͞8
∙ After independence, cotton mills were set up information technology industry.
in the northern maidan region where
cotton was grown widely. III. Match the following:
AB
∙ Davanagere is called the Manchester of
I. Dandeli a. Cement
Karnataka.
2. Torangal b. Cotton Textiles 3.
∙ There are ginning and spinning mills in
Molakalmuru c. Paper
Hubli, Ilkel, Guledgudda, Rabakavi,
4. Shahabad d. Computers
Bagalkot, Molakalmuru, Gadag Betagiri,
5. Infosys e. Iron and steel
Badami, Belgaum, Naragund, Gokak,
Bellary, Hunsur, Nanjangud,
Ans. 1 - (c), 2 - (e), 3 -(b), 4 - (a), 5 - (d).
Periyapattana and Chamraj nagar.
4. What are the factors essential to start a

sugar industry?
Chapter – 9
The factors essential to start a sugar industry
are - sugarcane production, ideal climate, Major Tourist Centers Of
power supply, local market, labour, transport Karnataka I. Fill in the blanks with
system etc. suitable words: 1. Nandi Hill Station is in
__________ district. 2. Niagara of Karnataka
5. Mention the reasons for centralization is _________waterfalls. 3. Ibrahim Roza, a
of information technology industry in pilgrimage is located in __________ city.
Bangalore? Ans. Bangalore has good climate, 4. The beach near Gokarna is
electricity supply, technical experts, financial ________ 5. The City of Palaces is
assistance, vast market and infrastructure. ________
That is why it has emerged as a center for
Karnataka. There are about eighteen wild
Ans- (1) Chikkaballapur; (2) Gokak; (3) life sanctuaries. Muthodi, Bandipur,
Bijapur;(4) Om;(5) Mysore Nagarhole, Dandeli, Bhadra
animal sanctuaries and Ranganathittu,
II. Answer the following questions: Kokkare Bellur, Mandagadde, Gudavi bird
1. What are the advantages of tourism? sanctuary are the main wildlife sanctuaries of
∙ People go to different places from their Karnataka.
places to satisfy their curiosity, for
religious celebrations, for peace of mind, 5. Name the places of historical
relaxation, to see picturesque places, importance in Karnataka.
seeking happiness and for improvement of Hampi, Belur, Halebid, Somnathpur, Badami,
health. Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura,
∙ In the modem world, tourism has become an Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave,
inevitable affair of the human life. Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.
∙ We can gain knowledge about the place,
culture, civilization, life etc. 6. Listout some National parks of
Karnataka. There are five national Parks in
2. Name the basic facilities needed in a Karnataka. They are - Rajiv Gandhi National
tourist spot. Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerghatta,
The basic facilities required in a tourist spot Kudremukh and Ansi National Park.
are tourist homes, lodges with all the facilities
and restaurants. III. Match the following:
AB
3. Write a note on the Kudremukh hill 1. Biligirirangana hills a.Uttara Kannada
station. ∙ Kudremukh hill station at district 2. Jogi Betta b. Chamarajnagar 3.
Chikmaglur district. ∙ It is a major hill station Yana c. Bird sanctuary 4. Anshi d.
in karnataka. ∙ It has dense green forest, Chitradurga 5. Ranganthittu e. National
many hillocks, coffee estates and waterfalls. Park f. Peacock sanctuary
4. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Ans. 1 - (b); 2 - (d); 3 - (a); 4 - (e); 5 - (c).

͟͠͞8
Chapter – 10 ∙ According to the 2001 census, the total
population of Karnataka was 5,28,50,562. ∙ In
Population Of Karnataka the decade from 2001 to 2011, 80,80,142
persons have been added to the population. ∙
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1. The growth rate during this period was 15.67
The total population of Karnataka according to %. This growth rate is lower than the growth
the 2011 census is _______ rate of population in India (17.64%).
2. The most populous district of Karnataka in ∙ The reason for this is awareness about
___ 3. The district which has more females is family planning programmes, literacy
______ 4. The district which has the least programmes, birth control etc.
population is ______________
5. The average density of population per 2. Name the districts with the highest and
sq.km in Karnataka is __________ the lowest density of population.
Bangalore Urban district has the highest
Ans. (1) 6,11,30,704; (2) Bangalore Urban; density of population at 4378 persons per sq.
(3) Udupi;(4) Kodagu; (5) 319. km. and occupies the first position. Kodagu
district has the lowest density with 135
II. Answer the following questions: persons per sq.km.
1. Write a note on the growth of
population in Karnataka. 3. Explain the Characteristics of urban
and rural population in Karnataka.
∙ Karnataka is pre-dominant by villages and Natural Resources
has 29,406 villages.
∙ As per the 2011 census, they have totally I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1.
3.75 crore population. Natural resources are __________ of nature.
∙ It means, the rural population forms 61.4 and 2. The resources that reproduce within a
38.6 (2.35 crore) live in urban areas. specified time span are _______
3. Iron ore is ___________ resource.
∙ Compared to the average urban population
of India, the urban population of 4. Scarcity arises when the need for
Karnataka is greater. resources is __________ than the availability
of it.
∙ It is not distributed equally in all the districts.
5. Development emphasizing the availability
Bangalore Urban district has the largest
of resources to meet the needs of future
urban population whereas Kodagu district
generations is also called as
has the smallest urban population.
_________________
4. Write a note on literacy in Karnataka. ∙
6. In 2010, the mankind used____________
The average literacy rate if Karnataka in 2011
was 75.6%. Earths to meet their requirements.
∙ This rate is higher than the average literacy
Ans: (1) gifts (2) renewable resources (3)
rate of 74% in India.
Non renewable resources (4) higher (5)
∙ When district wise literacy rate is considered, conservation (6) 50% of natural resources.
Dakshina Kannada district with 88.6%,
occupies the first position. II. Answer the following in one sentence
∙ Bengaluru Urban district occupies the each: 1. What are natural resources?
second position (88.5%). Resource is all the materials that humans use
∙ Udupi districts occupy the third position. ∙ In in conducting their economic activities of
contrast, Yadgir with 52.4% has lowest production, exchange and consumption.
literacy rate.
∙ Male literacy rate is 82.9% whereas female 2. Give two examples of renewable
literacy rate is 68.2% in Karnataka. resources. Water, land, forests, air, sunlight
∙ When the literacy rates in urban and rural and heat are some examples for renewable
areas are compared, naturally the literacy resources.
rate in urban areas is higher.
3. Give two examples of abiotic
ECONOMICS resources. Water, soil, minerals, etc. are
abiotic resources.
Chapter 1

͟͠͞8
used items into new, useful materials of
4. What is conservation? products.
Conservation of natural resources means not
to waste them but use them judiciously so that III. Answer in 5-6 sentences each:
there is a balance between nature and our 1. Differentiate between renewable and
use of natural resources. non renewable resources.
Renewable resources:
5. Define ecological footprint. ∙ These resources get replenished as we use
Ecological footprint is an estimate of the them.
amount of space on the earth that an ∙ Nature, through its natural processes, goes
individual uses in order to survive, using on replenishing them.
existing technology. ∙ They are also called non-exhaustible
resources.
6. What is recycling? ∙ Water, land, forests, air, sunlight and heat
Recycling is the process of turning waste and are some examples.
Non-renewable resources: energy use in your school and at home? ∙
∙ These resources get depleted as we go on As a student I put off all lights when not in use
using them. in our school.
∙ Eventually they are emptied and cannot be ∙ Turn the air conditioner and heater off at
created again. night. ∙ Whenever there is a chance I will get
∙ These resources are known as exhaustible outside for fun because it take less energy.
resources. ∙ I Keep doors and windows shut when
∙ Minerals like Iron ore, copper, gold, heating or cooling the classroom.
manganese, bauxite etc.,
∙ Nature cannot replenish them through its 5. What measures will you to take to
processes. reduce the ecological footprint?
Food:- I would like to buy organic food, or
2. Explain the causes for increasing locally grown produce.
scarcity of resources. ∙ I will keep my own bags to the store (canvas
1. Overpopulation: or reuse plastic/paper).
2. Growing industrialization: ∙ I will buy and eat fewer processed foods. ∙
3. Expanding urban areas: Instead of drinking a juice box, eat a piece of
4. Atmospheric pollution: fruit.
5. Water pollution and land degradation: 6. ∙ I eat less meat and dairy products.
Humans increasing wants are the main causes ∙ I eat at home instead of ordering out
for increasing scarcity of resources. Energy/Electricity- I put off all lights when
not in use.
3. What are 4Rs? Explain in brief. ∙ Keep doors and windows shut when heating
4Rs means it is the strategy for Conservation or cooling the house/car.
of resources: Reduce, Reuse, Recharge or Transportation- Walk or ride your bicycle to
Regenerate and Research. school.
1) Reduce: Reduce refers to minimizing the ∙ Take public transportation.
use of resources and their wastage or trying to ∙ Creating less waste
use less amount of any resource. Water- I turn off the tap while brushing my
2) Reuse: Every resource must be used teeth and cleaning utensils.
multiple times. ∙ I don’t pour toxics down storm drains. ∙
3) Recharge and regenerate: This refers to I put a brick in your toilet tank.
taking steps to allow the resource to grow ∙ I prefer Indian type (squatting) toilets more.
through conscious human efforts.
4) Research: Researching ways to find Chapter - 2
renewable alternatives to non-renewable
resources. Human Resources Of
4. What steps would you take to conserve India

͟͠͞8
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. 6. In India, since the birth rate is high and the
The working people who have knowledge, death rate is _______ the population growth
talent and skill are called the_____ of that rate is high.
country. 2. In 2011, the sex ratio was
______________ 3. Census takes place once Ans:- (1) Human resource (2) 943 (3) ten
in _____________ years in India. (4) Literacy, skill attainments and life
4. The quality of population in a country expectancy (5) child/ infant mortality rate
depends on ________ and ________
5. The average number of children who die II. Answer the following in one sentence
below one year of age for every 1000 live each: 1. Who are the people identified as
births is called___________ ‘Working People’?
The adult population who are educated and
healthy and possess the capability to increase 2. Human Resources are considered very
the national income are called Working vital among the factors of production.
People. Why? ∙ Human resource occupies greater
importance in the production of goods and
2. What is meant by ‘Human Resources’? services than natural resources and material
Educated and healthy, working people who resources. ∙ Human resource provides the
work to increase the nation’s income are called skills and workforce needed for production.
human resources. ∙ The people who work in various jobs in the
fields of agriculture, industry and service
3. What was India’s population according sectors are referred as the workforce.
to 2011 census? ∙ Without human resource no resources can
India’s population according to 2011 census was be called resources.
121.1 crores.
3. What is the role of health and education
4. What do you mean by ‘birth rate’? Birth in developing human resources?
rate refers to the total number of live births per ∙ Health:- Good health improves not only the
thousand of a population in a year. quality of life of people but also the quality
of their work.
5. In 2011, India’s birth rate was 22 and ∙ Therefore, if rapid economic development
death rate was 6. What is the population has to be achieved, the health of the
growth rate? Population growth rate formula people should be improved.
is –
∙ Education:- If good education, training are
provided to human resources, they can be
transformed into human capital.
∙ Education can transfer knowledge and skills
So 2011 population growth rate is from one generation to the next.
According to the 2011 census, the population ∙ Through the education anyone can gain
density of India is 382. knowledge of doctor, engineer and scientists.
III. Answer the following.
4. Why the population growth is high in
1. What is Population Density? How is the the developing countries?
population density of a country calculated?
∙ In the developing countries, the government
Density of population is the number of people
provides better education and health
living per square kilo meter of geographical
facilities and epidemics are brought under
area. Population density of a country is
control. Due to this, the death rate will
calculated by dividing the total population of a
decline steeply.
country by the total land area.
∙ On the other hand, the birth ∙ Because of a very high birth
rate continues to remain high rate and steeply
or decline very slowly.
=
6. What was the population density of falling death rates, the population growth
India according to the 2011 census? tends to be higher.

͟͠͞8
5. What measures are taken by the ∙ The governments are providing all facilities
government to improve the quality of to improve the health and nutrition of a
population? woman right from the day she becomes
∙ Good health improves not only the quality of pregnant up to the day she delivers the
life of people but also the quality of their baby.
work. ∙ The National Health Policy of India aims to
improve health care, family welfare and
nutritional services of the people. ensures the provision of food at all times to
∙ The government has tried to provide everyone in the country.
comprehensive health facilities and thus
improve the quality of people. 6. What is Buffer Stock?
System of purchasing food grains and
Chapter - 3 making them available for public distribution is
called buffer stock.
Poverty And Hunger
III. Answer the following questions
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. 1. How is poverty identified in India? ∙
The percentage poor according to NSSO in Dadabhai Naoroji used the concept of
2004-05 was___________ ‘poverty line’ to identify the poor.
2. The Indian government has established ∙ After independence also, the poverty line is
_____________ to buy and store food grains. being used as the yardstick to measure
3. The Health Insurance that is provided to poverty.
poor people is called _______ ∙ In 2005, Suresh Tendulkar Committee
4. The project programme for providing old adopted the monthly per capita
age pension is ____________ expenditure (MPCE) on education, health,
5. The price at which government purchase electricity and transport, along with food,
______ before sowing is called _________ to determine the poverty line.
∙ C. Rangarajan Committee following the
Ans:- (1) 27.7% (2) Food corporation of Tendulkar Committee recommendations
India (3) yashashwini scheme (4) Sandhya fixed the poverty line expenditure at Rs.
Suraksha yojana (5) Minimum support 32 in rural areas and Rs. 47 in urban
price. areas.
II. Answer the following in a sentence 2. What are the indicators of
each: 1. Give the meaning of ‘poverty’. poverty? ∙ Poverty line,
The condition in which people are deprived of ∙ Suresh Tendulkar Committee adopted the
their fundamental needs like food, clothing, monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE), ∙
shelter, education and health is called poverty. World Bank identifies a person who is unable
to spend $1.25 for daily consumption as
2. What are the basic requirements of being below the poverty line.
human beings?
Food, clothing, shelter, education and health 3. What are the reasons for persistence of
are the basic requirements of human beings. hunger in India?
∙ Lack of purchasing power among the poor. ∙
3. What is ‘poverty line’?
The shortcomings in the distribution of food
Poverty line represents the estimated
grains to the people.
minimum level of income needed to secure
the basic necessities of life. ∙ Rapid increase in population
4. What is the indicator framed to measure ∙ Low level and growth of national
amount of hunger? income ∙ Rise in price level
‘Global Hunger Index (GHI)’ is the indicator ∙ Unemployment
framed to measure amount of hunger. ∙ Capital deficiency.
5. What is ‘food security’? 4. Explain the working of the public

Food Security refers to the system which distribution system in India.

͟͠͞8
∙ The food grains procured by the FCI are market prices through the fair price shops.
distributed to the poor people at lesser than This is called as the public distribution
system.
∙ Food grains, sugar, kerosene, cooking oil and Labour And Employment
other essential items are distributed through
these fair price shops.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1.
∙ The government has taken steps to open fair Labour is a ____________ input in production.
price shops in all villages, towns and cities. ∙ 2. Working age group refers to
Govt. issued different types of cards _________years. 3. The share of female
depending upon the economic status. workers in total workforce of India is about
∙ These cards entitle specific quantities of ____________
various items to the people. 4. As economic development takes place,
∙ BPL (Below poverty line) ration cards, share of workers in __________ sector
Antyodaya Anna Yojana scheme is being declines. 5. MGNREGA was passed in the
implemented under which very poor families year ________
are distributed food grains at very low
prices. Ans: (1) human (2) between 16 and 60 (3)
3.35% (4) primary (5) 25th august 2005.
5. List out the measures taken by the
government to eradicate poverty. II. Answer the following:
1) Economic development measures 1. What is the meaning of labour?
2) Implementation of poverty eradication The capacity to exercise physical or mental
programs: effort for the purpose of producing goods or
a. Self-employment programmes: services by human beings is called labour.
i. The ‘Integrated Rural Development
Programme’ (IRDP) 2. What is unorganized sector?
ii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Grama Swarozgar The small and scattered units which are
Yojana’ (SGSY) largely outside the control of the government
iii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana and hardly follows any rules and regulations
(SSRY) are called unorganized sector.
iv. The National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM) also called as Deen Dayal 3. Define unemployment.
Antyodaya Yojana. Unemployment is a situation where a person
b. Wage Employment programmes: is able to engage in work at the prevailing
‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment wage rate in the market but is unable to find
Guarantee Scheme’. work.
3) Provision of minimum basic amenities:
∙ The ‘Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)’ ∙ 4. How is unemployment rate measured?
Health insurance is being provided to poor Unemployment rate is calculated as a
people under ‘Yashaswini’ scheme. percentage of labour force not getting work.
∙ Houses are constructed for the poor under
‘Indira Awas Yojana’, and ‘Valmiki Ambedkar 5. Explain the main causes of
Awas Yojana’; unemployment in India.
∙ ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana’ (PMGY) The major causes of unemployment in India
4) Social Security Measures. are: ∙ The use of modern technology resulted
in low level of employment creation. The low
6. Explain social security measures for level of growth in primary sector curtailed the
poor people. job opportunities at rural level.
∙ Deserted old people get old age allowance ∙ Increase in labour force/ Population
every month under ‘Sandhya Suraksha growth- ∙ Inappropriate technology:
Yojana’. ∙ Dependence on agriculture
∙ Handicapped people and helpless people ∙ Decline of small scale and cottage
incapable of doing any work get disability industries. ∙ Low mobility of labour:
pension every month.
∙ Poor widows get widow pension every month.
Chapter - 4

͟͠͞8
collective decision?
6. What are the types of The individual decision taken by sole trading
unemployment? Different kinds of concerns is individual decision. Whereas
unemployment are- Decision making by a group of people as in
∙ Semi unemployment, the case of Partnership firms and Board of
Directors as in the
∙ hidden unemployment,
case of Joint Stock Companies or
∙ technical unemployment,
Co-operative Societies are called Group
∙ intermittent unemployment,
decisions.
∙ optional unemployment,
∙ unemployment of the educated and 4. What is the principle of authority and
uneducated unemployment etc. responsibility in principles of
management? This principle refers to the
7. Write the objectives and functioning of authority and responsibility, which are the
MGNREGS. combination of official authority and personal
Objectives of MGNREGS- it provides a legal responsibility. Both are compounded with
guarantee for one hundred days of intelligence, experience, past experience,
employment in every financial year to adult moral worth etc.,
members of any rural household willing to do
public work related unskilled manual work at II. Answer the following questions
the statutory minimum wage. 1. What are the principles of management
Functioning of MGNREGS- Government suggested by Henry Fayol?
fails to do so, then the person is given Henry Fayol suggested principles are
unemployment allowance. 1) Division of Work:
NREGA covers the entire country with the 2) Authority and responsibility
exception of districts that have a hundred 3) Discipline
percent urban population. 4) Unity of command
It boosted access to a bank account by 5) Unity of Direction
women as the wages are transferred 6) Sub-ordination of Individual interest to
electronically to the beneficiary’s account. General interest
7) Remuneration of personnel
8) Centralisation
9) Scalar chain:
10) Equity.
11) Stability of security to personnel
BUSINESS STUDIES 12) Initiative
Chapter - 1 13) Espirit De-Corps
Management Of 2. What are the functional areas of

management?
Business I. Answer in a The Managerial functions may be classified
sentence. into different areas.
1. What is management? (1) Planning (2) Organising (3) Staffing (4)
Generally management is the principles of Directing (5) Co-ordinating (6) Controlling.
managing the activities of an enterprise.
3. Write about the authority and
2. What do you mean by decision making? responsibility, scalar chain and
Decision making is the mental process, centralization in principles of management.
resulting in the selection of a course of action Authority and responsibility: This principle
among several activities. refers to the authority and responsibility, which
are the combination of official authority and
3. What is individual decision and what is personal responsibility. Both are compounded
with intelligence, experience, past experience, superior-subordinate relationship. The range
moral worth etc., of authority and responsibility of superiors in
Scalar chain: relation to the subordinates at various levels
This principle means that every enterprise should be clearly defined.
should have graded authority or

͟͠͞8
4. What is the need for decision making in Organising: It is the process of bringing
management of business? together the man power and material
∙ To achieve their objectives and goals the resources. Some of the material resources are
business organisation has to take decision. machines and materials. Putting the material
resources and man power together into
∙ There are number of choices available
even working order to achieve the objectives is the
in a small matter. He has to choose one main purpose of the organizing area of
among the several alternatives and that managerial function. It also involves
alternative should be best suited and delegation of sufficient authority to the
economical. managers and establishment of linking
together the various positions to the purpose
∙ It is based on the decision which the
of enabling the people to work in a
businessman has taken.
co-ordinated manner.
∙ Thus the decision making plays a very
significant role in the business. 8. How is controlling an important area of
managerial function?
5. What are the important elements of It is an important area of the managerial
decision making? function. It covers almost all the management
Important elements of Decision activities. It keeps check on other functions of
making : • Establishing goals management. It is a function that every
• Defining tasks manager in the organization has to perform.
• Searching for alternatives
• Developing plans 9. What are the main objectives of
• Rational thinking and reasoning controlling areas?
• Situation The main objectives of controlling area are :
• Evaluation a) to create an atmosphere of order and
discipline in the organization to ensure proper
6. What factors are to be kept in mind, co-ordination of activities.
while taking a decision? b) to ensure confirmation of actual
The following factors are to be kept in mind performance with the pre-determined plans.
while taking decisions. c) to achieve the increase of the overall
• Analysing the problem. efficiency of the organization.
• Planning of course of action.
• Maintaining courage and patience. 10. “Directing and co-ordinations are very
• Foresightedness. important functions in business
• Ability to take quick and wise decision. management” how?
Directing is the area of functional
7. What do you mean by planning and management where instructing, guiding,
organisation in functional areas of supervising and leading the people of an
management? organization towards accomplishment of the
Planning: It involves the future course of organizational goals. It is issuing orders or
operation for a given period. The process of instructions to the sub-ordinates and make
planning includes determination of certain that the instructions are properly
organizational objective and formulation of carried out and the operations are successfully
plans, policies, strategies, programmes, planned.
procedures and schedules. Co-ordination is the harmonious blending of
the activities of the different departments for ___________. 2. ‘The suppliers of goods raise
the achievement of the desired goals. It is the credit from the buyers,’ it is called __________
arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of 3. The business concerns raise credit to carry
actions in the pursuit of common purpose. out day to day affairs and is called
___________. 4. For immediate needs the
business institutions get credit from
Chapter - 2 __________
5. The capital of joint-stock companies is
Financial divided into small units. They are called
___________. 6. The bank that supplies credit
Management I. Fill in the to import and export trade is called ________
blanks 7. The IFCI was started in the year ___________.
1. Business enterprises require two types of
finance, they are ___________ and

͟͠͞8
8. The first share market of India was started at
__________. 4. Why business concerns require short
term finance?
Ans:- (1) Short term, long term (2) trade (i) Short term finance is required to meet the
working capital needs. i.e. to purchase raw
credit (3) loan/ bank credit (4) indigenous
materials, to pay wages and salaries, to meet
bankers/ money lenders (5) shares (6) EXIM
the marketing and administrative expenses.
Bank (7) 1948 (8) London.
(ii) There is always a time gap between sales
II. Answer the following questions in two to and receipt of sale proceeds. To fill the financial
three sentences each. gap between these two processes namely sales
1. What is the meaning of financial and receipt of sale proceeds sufficient funds are
required.
management?
Acquisition of funds and their effective
5. What do you mean by long term finance?
utilization, keeping in mind the overall objectives
of the concern is financial management. The finance required for the development
programmes such as expansion of the level of
2. Which are the two types of finance production, modernization of production methods
and fixed capital of an undertaking is called long
required by the business concerns? Give
term finance.
examples. Short term finance: Finance that is
required for day-to-day working is called Short
6. Give the names of any three
term finance. Example- to purchase raw
organizations in the field of ‘Mutual funds’
materials, to pay wages and salaries, to meet
Unit Trust of India (U.T.I.), S.B.I. Magnum
the marketing and administrative expenses.
equity fund, LIC growth fund, UTI Market plan,
Long term finance: finance required for the
Prudential ICICI balance fund, HDFC income
development programmes such as expansion of
fund, Bajaj allianze etc.,
the level of production, modernization of
At international level, Global deposit receipts
production methods. Ex: To procure fixed
(G.D.R.), American Deposit Receipt (AMD) are
assets, establishing new undertaking etc.
important Mutual fund companies.
3. Mention any four sources of short term
III. Answer the following questions, each in
credit required by business concerns?
about eight to ten sentences.
a) Trade credit: It is the credit obtained by the
1. What is the role and importance of
suppliers of goods.
b) Bank credit or Bank loan: Generally the finance to business concerns?
1. Without finance no business activity is
business houses borrow money from banks for
possible. 2. Finance helps to obtain resources
a period of three months to one year.
that are required in the process of production
c) Advance from customers: receive money in
and marketing of goods and services.
advance of supplying the goods.
3. Finance helps business enterprise for the
d) Short term public deposit or installment credit.
smooth running.
4. Finance guides and regulates the investment
decisions and expenditure. modernization of production methods etc.,
5. Finance helps for modernization, ∙ This type of finance is also required for
diversification, expansion and development of financing the fixed capital of an undertaking.
an enterprise. 6. Finance is essential to Ex: To procure fixed assets, establishing
undertake research, market survey, new undertaking etc.
advertisement and publicity for effective
marketing of the products. 3. “Issue of shares and debentures play a
7. Finance is required to develop industries invery important role in long term credit.”
backward areas. What are they? How do they help?
8. Financial stability will enhance the credit Issue of Shares: To start a joint stock
worthiness of the concern. company, the promoters issue shares. Also
whenever they need additional capital for long
2. Explain briefly the purposes for which term purpose, the companies raise the funds
long term finance is required by business through issue of shares to the public.
concerns? ∙ Long term finance refers to finance Debentures: The joint-stock companies are
required for the development programmes such empowered to borrow finance for meeting long
as expansion of the level of production, term

͟͠͞8
financial requirements through the issue of
Debentures. Debentures are the debts or loans 7. Explain in brief the part played by stock
borrowed by the companies. exchange in financial matters of business. ∙
The Stock exchanges regulate and control
4. What is the part played by Industrial business in buying, selling and dealing in
Finance Corporation (IFC) and State Finance securities.
Corporations (SFS) in financing business? ∙ They are regulated by the government. ∙ They
1) Industrial Finance Corporation of India do not engage only in the purchase and sale of
(IFCI): The Corporation grants loans to public securities but provide a place where members
limited companies and to co-operative societies. can carryout their business on their own
State owned public limited companies can also account under codes, rules and regulations. ∙
borrow funds from the corporation. The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was set up
2) State Finance Corporations (SFC’s): for the purpose of providing a nation wide stock
The main objective of State Finance trading facility to investors, so as to bring the
Corporations is to provide long term finance to Indian financial market in line with international
small and medium scale industries in their financial markets.
respective states.
5. What are long term public deposits and Chapter - 3

what are their advantages to public?
A company can accept public deposits to meet
Accounting In Business
1. Fill in the blanks
long term financial needs. This is long term
1. The book in which the daily business
public deposits.
transactions are recorded is called
Advantages:-
___________
∙ The procedure to get these deposits is simple
2. The transaction “Paid salaries” comes under
and does not involve many formalities.
______________ kind of accounts.
∙ A company can accept these deposits for a 3. The Modern and scientific method of
period not exceeding 5 year (60 months). ∙ The
maintaining accounts is called __________
deposits are unsecured and 8% to 10% of system of Book keeping.
interest is allowed. 4. The difference between the debit and credit
side of an account is called___________
6. What do you mean by Money market and
5. The two accounts of “commenced business with
how is it different from capital market?
cash are” __________ and _____________ 6. The
Money market is a system where the funds can
profit earned by Trade is transferred to ______
be borrowed under money market for a short
account.
period for working capital.
7. “The permanent assets lose a portion of their
value every year” it is called __________ 8. The which are maintained to record the transactions
difference between Assets and Liabilities of a carried out with persons or firms are called
Trade is called ________ Personal Accounts. Ex Suresh’s a/c, xco’s a/c. etc.,
Ans:- (1) Rough book (2) nominal (3) double Bank a/c.
entry (4) balance of account (5) cash account, Real accounts: The ledger accounts that are
capital account (6) profit and loss (7) maintained by the business concerns to record
depreciation (8) capital. the assets which the firm possesses. ex : Building’s
a/c, Cash a/c, Furniture a/c, Machinery a/c. etc.,
II. Answer the following questions: Nominal accounts: The business concerns
1. Which is the book of original entry in have to maintain separate accounts for the
Accounting? Why is it called the book of profits or incomes it earns and for losses or
original entry? expenses it incurs. These accounts are called
Journal is called the book of original entry in Nominal Accounts. Ex : Rent a/c, Salaries a/c,
accounting. interest a/c, commission a/c, Rates & Taxes a/c,
Full particulars of the transactions are recorded Insurance Premium paid etc.,
first in the Journal. So it is called the book of
original entry. 3. What is the need for accounting in
business? ∙ Accounting records of a business
2. What are the types of Accounts? Give concern are the permanent records of
examples. transactions relating to its income and
Accounts are classified into three types. expenditure.
Personal accounts: The ledger accounts

͟͠͞8
∙ Accounting records provide full information
5. Which are the final accounts? What is the
about business transactions.
result of Profit and loss account?
∙ Accounting helps a business concern to
Trial Balance is prepared to ascertain the
compare results of the business from year to
arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts. After
year. ∙ Accounting helps to ascertain the
ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger,
financial position of a business concern.
Final accounts are prepared.
∙ Accounting helps a business concern to know
The result is Gross profit or Gross loss. Profit
the amount due to others and amount due
and Loss account contains Gross profit or Gross
from others.
loss, brought down from trading account and
∙ Accounts are the documentary evidence also all the expenses or losses and all gains or
required to prove the status of business profits which are of non-trading items.
concern to government or to other agencies
as and when required. Accounts are 6. “There is no need to find out the balance
required even in case of legal matters. of goods sold account and goods purchases
∙ Accounting records and reports help the a/c? Why?
management of a concern in its future ∙ Goods account appears as goods purchases
planning and decision making process. account and goods sales account.
∙ So also goods returns account as purchases
4. What is Double-entry system of book
returns accounts and sales returns account. ∙
keeping? Every business transaction involves
These accounts are not balanced but taken as
two aspects. One aspect gives the benefit and
purchases account sales account, purchases
another aspect receives the benefit. Both these
returns account, sales returns account and
aspects are to be recorded in books. For every
shown in trial balance.
aspect there is an account in ledger. Every
ledger account has two sides, one account
7. What is the result of depreciation of fixed
receives the benefit and another account gives
assets?
the benefit. While entering the aspects we enter
∙ The permanent assets lose their value every
two aspects on opposite sides. This system is
year. It is called Depreciation.
called Double entry system.
∙ It is deducted from the asset and shown as a
loss. ∙ The total debit and credit balances of
personal accounts except capital account and
Money market capital market
Bank account are shown together.
arranges funds for arranges funds for
∙ The total debit balances of personal accounts working capital fixed capital
represents as ‘Sundry Debtors’ and total credit
balances represents as ‘Sundry Creditors’. Borrow money for a borrowing and
∙ In the trial balance bank balance is shown as short period varying lending of long
cash at Bank and capital account is shown from a day, a week, a term funds
as Capital. The difference between assets & month or 3 to 6
liabilities is called capital. months
8. What is the difference between Money Here rate of interest The rate of
market and Capital market? is high interest is low
Money market Capital market

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9th Social Science (English medium) Notes

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