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    Physics Beyond The Standard Model: 20 Oktober 2021

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    Husain Mustansir Manasawala
    1. The document discusses several theories beyond the Standard Model, including left-right symmetric models, Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), and Supersymmetry. 2. Left-right symmetric models propose mirror fermions and extend the electroweak symmetry group. GUTs attempt to unify the electroweak and strong interactions, with the first being the Salam-Weinberg model unifying electromagnetism and the weak force. 3. Supersymmetry posits a symmetry between bosons and fermions where each particle has a superpartner. It addresses issues like the hierarchy problem in the Standard Model.

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    Physics Beyond The Standard Model: 20 Oktober 2021

    Uploaded by

    Husain Mustansir Manasawala
    15 views4 pages
    1. The document discusses several theories beyond the Standard Model, including left-right symmetric models, Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), and Supersymmetry. 2. Left-right symmetric models propose mirror fermions and extend the electroweak symmetry group. GUTs attempt to unify the electroweak and strong interactions, with the first being the Salam-Weinberg model unifying electromagnetism and the weak force. 3. Supersymmetry posits a symmetry between bosons and fermions where each particle has a superpartner. It addresses issues like the hierarchy problem in the Standard Model.

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    BSM

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    1. The document discusses several theories beyond the Standard Model, including left-right symmetric models, Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), and Supersymmetry. 2. Left-right symmetric models propose mirror fermions and extend the electroweak symmetry group. GUTs attempt to unify the electroweak and strong interactions, with the first being the Salam-Weinberg model unifying electromagnetism and the weak force. 3. Supersymmetry posits a symmetry between bosons and fermions where each particle has a superpartner. It addresses issues like the hierarchy problem in the Standard Model.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views4 pages

    Physics Beyond The Standard Model: 20 Oktober 2021

    Uploaded by

    Husain Mustansir Manasawala
    1. The document discusses several theories beyond the Standard Model, including left-right symmetric models, Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), and Supersymmetry. 2. Left-right symmetric models propose mirror fermions and extend the electroweak symmetry group. GUTs attempt to unify the electroweak and strong interactions, with the first being the Salam-Weinberg model unifying electromagnetism and the weak force. 3. Supersymmetry posits a symmetry between bosons and fermions where each particle has a superpartner. It addresses issues like the hierarchy problem in the Standard Model.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Physics Beyond the Standard Model

    20 oktober 2021

    −mR
    I. Standard Model m = 0 : V RR1 , m 6= 0 : V e R , R > m 1

    Strong interactions → Yukawa S = d xL(φ, dφ), L = Lf ree + Lint


    4

    [g] 1, [S] = 1, [L] 4, [B](boson) = m, [Ψ] = m3/2


    e2
    Electromagnetic → L ≈ eψγ µ ψAµ , [e] = 1, α = 4π 1
    ≈ 137
    Weak Interactions L ≈ g(nO p)(eOA ν) [g] ≈ m2 , m ≈ 102 GeV.
    A 1

    2. The Quark Model


    Particle - irreducible representation of Poincare group.

    1
    Lecture 3
    II. Left-Right Symmetric Model

    1. Triangular Anomaly: One vertex of a triangular diagram (Like Higgs-


    fermion coupling) violates parity. SU (3) ⊗ SU (2) ⊗ U (1), Q = T3 + Y2 .
    i gi = 0. Sum of charges of fermions is 0.
    P

    i
    2. Mirror
     Fermions: m(φL φR + φR φL ). L ≈ h1 φHi φ + h2 ij φ H j φ
    u u∗
    For , uR , dR , there exists , u∗ , d∗ .
    d L d∗ R L L
     
    M1 M2
    There’s a mass matrix of the form , where M1 ≈ M2 (mag).
    M2 M1

    2 , where B is the baryon


    3. SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R ⊗ U (1), Q = T3L + T3R + B−L
    number and L is the lepton number.
    M1 M2
    SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R ⊗ U (1) −−→ SU (2)L × U (1)Y −−→ U (1)SM .
    M =?,1015 GeV
    4. Pati-Salam Model: SU (4) ⊗ SU (2)L ⊗ SU (2)R −−−−−−−−−→ SU (3) ⊗
    SU (2)L × SU (2)R ⊗ U (1)B−L . The SU(3) (dim 8) lies inside the SU(4)
    (dim 15).

    2
    Lecture 4
    III. Grand Unified Theories
    These theories attempt to unify Electromagnetic, Weak, and Strong Interacti-
    ons. Most recent is the Salam-Weinberg Model which unifies EM and Weak into
    the Electroweak theory. SU (3) ⊗ SU (2) ⊗ U (1) ⊂ SU (5). The constants seem
    to converge at about 1015 − 1016 GeV.

    • Gauge fields?
    • Quarks and leptons, generations
    • Breaking of gauge symmetry

    • Masses of quarks and leptons

    a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 → a = (i, α), i = 1, 2, 3; α = 1, 2
    !
    i
    3, 1, 23
       
    a φ d
    φ = → →
    φα 1, 2, −1 (ν, e)
       
    φ[ij] u
    φ[a,b] =  φiα  = (u, d)
    φ[αβ] ν
    Such ideas would lead to two Higgs doublets Hα , H α
    Another way is SU (5) ⊂ SO(10). Line above the number implies anti-spinor
    φa . Further, models explain the 3 generations. The SUSY model deals with the
    hierarchy problem, and posits the

    3
    IV. Supersymmetry
    We need two technical points to be clarified here.

    • Fermions anticommute: x1 x2 = −x2 x1 , x2 = 0


    • Majorana or self-adjoint: {γ µ , γ ν } = 2g µν
    1 µν
    Fermions transform as χ → e− 2 σ ηµν χ

    1. Examples of supermultiplets:

    /
    L = ∂B∂B + F ∂F

    δB ≈ (F η), δF ≈ ∂Bη

    Vector supermultiplet: (1, 21 )

    1 i
    L = − A2µν + χ∂χ
    /
    4 2

    Read notes on supersymmetry.

    (1)

    Helping fields,

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