Lecture 1 Tire or Tyre

TIRE OR TYRE
❖ Is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle
through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels.
❖ Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are pneumatically inflated structures, which
also provide a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface.
❖ Tires provide a footprint, called a contact patch, that is designed to match the weight of the vehicle
with the bearing strength of the surface that it rolls over by providing a bearing pressure that will not
deform the surface excessively
Tire
Rim
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HISTORY OF TIRES
❖ The earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron (later steel) placed on wooden wheels used on carts
and wagons. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, would cause the tire to expand by heating it in
a forge fire, place it over the wheel and quench it, causing the metal to contract back to its original size
so that it would fit tightly on the wheel
❖ The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared
in 1847 lodged by Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson. However,
this never went into production.
❖ The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street, cart
Belfast, by Scots-born John Boyd Dunlop, owner of one of Ireland's most
prosperous veterinary practices. It was an effort to prevent the headaches
of his 10-year-old son Johnnie, while riding his tricycle on rough
pavements.
wagon
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HISTORY OF TIRES
❖ Synthetic rubbers were invented in the laboratories of Bayer in the 1920s. In 1946, Michelin
developed the radial tire method of construction. Michelin had bought the bankrupt Citroën
automobile company in 1934, so it was able to fit this new technology immediately. Because of its
superiority in handling and fuel economy, use of this technology quickly spread throughout Europe
and Asia. In the US, the outdated bias-ply tire construction persisted, until the Ford Motor Company
adopted radial tires in the early 1970s, following a 1968 article in an influential American magazine,
Consumer Reports, highlighting the superiority of radial construction.
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HISTORY OF TIRES
❖ the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and
tear. Early rubber tires were solid (not pneumatic). Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles,
including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. Metal tires are still
used on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber (or other polymer) tires are still used in various
non-automotive applications, such as some casters, carts, lawnmowers, and wheelbarrows.
John Boyd Dunlop 1915
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MATERIALS OF TIRES
The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups, the cords that make up the ply
and the elastomer which encases them.
❖ Cords
➢ The cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain the
inflation pressure, can be composed of steel, natural fibers such as cotton or silk, or synthetic fibers
such as nylon or kevlar.
❖ Elastomer
➢ The elastomer, which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and hold
them in place, is a key component of pneumatic tire design. It can be composed of various composites
of rubber material the most common being styrene-butadiene copolymer with other chemical
compound such as silica and carbon black.
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FUNCTION OF TIRE
❖ To support the vehicle load.
❖ To provide cushion against shock.
❖ To transmit driving and braking forces to the road.
❖ To provide cornering power for smooth steering.
❖ It must be strong enough to carry loads and resist damage.
❖ Must meet all requirement of all weather conditions and on all surfaces without overheating.
❖ It must provide good road grip for traction, cornering, accelerating and braking.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
Tire consist of
1) Tire Casing
The tire casing is the body of the tire and
includes components such as the Bead,
Sidewall, Body Ply and Innerliner. Basically
everything except the Tread and Belt System
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
2) The Body Ply
Most passenger tire casings are multi-ply and
incorporate polyester, nylon or rayon cords within
the casing rubber compound. These cords add
strength to the casing rubber. Polyester is
commonly used because it provides good rubber
adhesion, excellent strength and good ride
characteristics at a relatively low weight, and it
also exhibits heat dissipation characteristics. Other
fabric materials used in the tire casing include
nylon and rayon, which both exhibit slightly
different benefits tuned to specific tire
requirements.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
3) The Sidewall
A special rubber compound is used in the
sidewall of the tire to add flexibility and weather
resistance. Some tires, such as performance tires,
may also incorporate steel and/or nylon inserts to
provide quicker steering response.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
4) The Bead
Tire bead bundles secure the tire to the wheel.
They are large steel cords wound together to form
a cable or ribbon-type configuration. The casing
plies are looped around the bead bundles to hold
them in place. Bead filler, a rubber compound, is
incorporated within the bead configuration and
extends into the sidewall area. The rubber
compound used on the outside bead area is usually
a hard, durable compound that withstands the
rigors of mounting the tire to the wheel.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
5) The Innerliner
A specific rubber compound is used as an air
seal inside the tire. This innerliner layer has no
cord reinforcing and is similar to an inner tube.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
6) The Belt System
The belt system is placed on top of the casing during the
construction process. The belt system's main function is to
provide stability to the tire’s tread area, which contributes to
wear, handling and traction. Steel is the most common belt
material. Steel belts provide strength and stability to the
tread area without adding a lot of weight to the tire. Usually
two plies of steel cord placed at opposite angles make up the
belt system. The most common belt configuration is two
stacked plies of steel cord.
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TIRE CONSTRUCTION
7) The Tread
The tread slab is placed on top of the belt system
during the manufacturing process. Tread usually
contains two rubber compounds: tread base and tread
cap. Tread base compounds adhere to the belt system
when the tire is cured, improving durability and
stabilizing the layers of polyester cords, called plies,
which make up the under tread. Tread cap is typically
made with an abrasion-resistant, higher-grip rubber
compound, which works with the tread base and tread
design to provide traction and mileage. The tire's tread
pattern is molded into the tread cap rubber during the
curing process
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TIRE OR TYRE

John Boyd Dunlop 1915

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