A Project Dissertation

On

LINEARIZATION APPROACH FOR MODELING POWER

ELECTRONICS DEVICES IN POWER SYSTEM
Submitted
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
POWER ELECTRONICS
by

JANGA KEERTHANA 19474T7906

Under the guidance of

Mr. S.MANORANJAN
Assistant Professor

Affiliated to
Kakatiya University
Warangal.
ESTD:2009

Department of electrical and electronics engineering

WARANGAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Warangal-506 342(TS)
2019-2021
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
WARANGAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Oorugonda (V), Gudepd X road, Damera (M)
Warangal-506342(T.S)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “LINEARIZATION

APPROACH FOR MODELING POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES IN POWER
SYSTEM” carried out by JANGA KEERTHANA (19474T7906) of M.Tech, Power
Electronics (2019-2021) in partial fulfillment of the master of M.Tech in the Warangal
Institute Of Technology And Science, Warangal.

Mr. S.MANORANJAN, Asst. Prof . Mr.K.SRINIVAS, Asst. Prof.

Project Guide Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my guide Sri.S.MANORANJAN,

Asst. Professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department for allocating his
Precious time to our project work. I am deeply indebted to him for his logical guidance,
Support and encouragement throughout the project whenever I approach him and bringing it
to a successful completion.
I Express my great full thanks to Mr.K.SRINIVAS, Head of the Department of
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, Warangal institute of technology &
science, for enabling me to complete this work successfully.
I express my gratefulness to Chairman and members of the project evaluation
Committee for their critical evaluation and timely advices.

I owe my heartfelt thanks to Dr.N.SHYAM KUMAR GARU, Principal & Secretary

cum Correspondent.

I also thank for supporting staff of all laboratories, and I also thank to my parents for
their help in making my project a success.

JANGA KEERTHANA
19474T7906
 DECLARATION

I declare that the Project entitled “LINEARIZATION APPROACH FOR

MODELING POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES IN POWER SYSTEM” submitted
to the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Warangal institute of technology
& science affiliated to KU Warangal in partial fulfillment for the degree of “Master of
Technology” in Power Electronics, entirely the original work which has been an
Endeavour of my effort. This project does not form a part of any other existing project.

JANGA KEERTHANA
19474T7906
 ABSTRACT

Power electronics devices are extensively used in renewable energy resources,

modern power grids, and industrial facilities. In this project, a linearization approach is used
as a generic dynamic modeling method for power electronics devices in power systems. The
associated control system is included in the modeling. This approach can be readily used for
renewable energy resources, such as wind turbines and solar photovoltaic systems, and for
power electronics devices in power systems, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs).
Averaging methods have been widely used as approximation techniques for solving
differential equations for long time. In many speed drive applications, torque control is
required or desired, but precise, closed-loop control of speed is not necessary. A braking
chopper is used as an electrical switch to limit the DC bus voltage by switching the braking
energy to a resistor where the braking energy is converted to heat. The developed dynamic
models are suitable for power systems dynamic studies. The dynamic load model of a
system, with a voltage source inverter low-voltage six-pulse VFD and an induction motor is
used and the results are obtained in MATLAB/SIMULINK active and reactive power limit,
voltage sag and fault clearance has been explained by using SIMULINK.
 CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
LIST OF FIGURES i
1.INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.Resistor 2
1.1.1 Resistance 3
1.2.Capacitor 4
1.2.1.Capacitance 5
1.3.Inductor 6
2. CIRCUIT BREAKER 9
2.1.Operation 9
2.2 ARC Interruption 11
2.3 Short-Circuit 12
2.4 Types of Circuit Breakers 13
2.4.1 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers 13
2.4.2 Magnetic Circuit Breakers 15
2.4.3 Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breakers 15
2.4.4 Common Trip Breakers 16
2.4.5 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 16
2.4.6 High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 18
2.4.7 Sulfur Hexafluoride (Sf6) High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 19
2.4.8 Disconnecting Circuit Breaker (DCB) 19
2.4.9 Carbon Dioxide (Co2) High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 20
3.POWER-SYSTEM PROTECTION 21
3.1 Components: 21
3.2 Protective Device : 22
3.3 Types of Protection 23
3.3.1 High-Voltage Transmission Network 23
3.3.2 Low-Voltage Networks 24
3.4 Co-Ordination 24
3.5 Disturbance-Monitoring Equipment 25
3.6 Performance Measures 25
4.MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 27
4.1 Mutual Inductance Between Coils 28
4.2 Mutual Induction 29
4.3 Coupling Coefficient 31
4.4 Coupling Factor Between Coils 31
5. DIODE 32
5.1 Diode Symbol 32
5.2 Working Principle of Diode 33
5.2.1 Unbiased Diode 33
5.2.2 Forward Biased Diode 35
5.2.3 Reverse Biased Diode 35
5.3 Characteristics of diode 37
5.4 Types of Diode 38
6.THYRISTOR 39
6.1 Introduction 39
6.2 Function of the gate Terminal 40
6.3 Switching Characteristics 41
6.4 Applications 42
6.5 Snubber Circuits 44
6.6 HVDC Electricity Transmission 44
6.7 Comparisons to Other Devices 45
6.8 Failure Modes 45
6.9 Types of Thyristor 46
6.9.1 Reverse Conducting Thyristor 46
6.9.2 Photothyristors 46
7. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB 47
7.1 History of Matlab 47
7.2 Strengths of Matlab 47
7.3 Other Features 48
7.4 Components of Matlab 48
7.5 Matlab and Engineering 49
7.6 Toolboxes in Matlab 49
7.6.1 Simulink 49
7.6.2 Sim Power System 56
 7.7 Applications of MatLab 58
7.8 Basic Circuit Designing and Analyzing of Results 59
8.PROPOSED DC PROTECTION CIRCUIT 60
8.1 Step Load Analysis 61
8.2 Circuit Design 62
8.3 Circuit Analysis 62
8.4 Transient Analysis 66
8.5 Detailed Simulation 67
9.LABORATORY VALIDATION 68
10.PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 71
10.1 Topology Modifications 71
10.2 Medium-Voltage Design 72
10.3 Effect of Grid Impedance and Leakage Inductance 74
10.4 Fault Inception 75
11.SIMULATION CIRCUITS AND RESULTS 76
CONCLUSION 80
REFERENCES 81
 LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO.
Fig 1.1. Fault Sensing Using A Path From The Source. 1
Fig 1.2.Fault Sensing Using A Path From The Breaker 2
Fig 1.3.Typical Resistor 2
Fig 1.4.A variety of capacitors 5
Fig 1.5. Capacitors come in various shapes. 5
Fig 1.6. Current Carrying Coil 6
Fig 1.7. Flux pattern of a bar magnet 7
Fig 2.0 Circuit Breaker Electronic Symbol 9
Fig 2.1 A Two-Pole Miniature Circuit Breaker 11
Fig 2.2 Four One-Pole Miniature Circuit Breakers 11
Fig 2.3 Inside Of A Circuit Breaker 14
Fig 2.4 400 Kv Sf6 Live Tank Circuit Breakers 19
Fig 2.5 72.5 Kv Carbon Dioxide High-Voltage Circuit Breaker 20
Fig 4.1 Mutual Inductance Between Coils 28
Fig 4.2 Mutual Induction 29
Fig 5.0 Diode Symbol 33
Fig 5.1 Unbiased Diode 34
Fig 5.2 Forward Biased Diode 35
Fig 5.3 Reverse Biased Diode 37
Fig 5.4 V-I Characteristics of diode 37
Fig 6.0 Structure of Thyristor 40
Fig 6.1 Layer Diagram Of Thyristor. 41
Fig 6.2 V – I Characteristics 42
Fig 6.3 Waveforms In A Thyristor Circuit 43
Fig 7.0 Block Diagram Of Mat Lab Components 48
Fig 7.1 Simulink Library Browser 50
Fig 7.2 Connectung Blocks 50
Fig 7.3 Sources And Sinks 51
Fig 7.4 Continous And DeSCRete Systems 52
Fig 7.5 Simulink Blocks 53
i
Fig 7.6 Simulink Math Blocks 53
Fig 7.7 Signals And Systems 54
Fig 7.8 Setting Simulation Parameters: 55
Fig 7.9 Simulink Library browser 58
Fig 7.10 Basic Circuit Designing And Analyzing Of Results 59
Fig. 8.0 Proposed DC Circuit Breaker 60
Fig .8.1 Variation Of The Proposed DC Circuit Breaker. 60
Fig. 8.2 Equivalent Circuit Of The Proposed DC Breaker. 63
Fig. 8.3 Voltage Transfer Function Of The Proposed Breaker. 63
Fig. 8.4 Thevenin Impedance Of The Proposed Breaker. 64
Fig.8.5 Breaker Response To A Step Change In Load. 65
Fig. 9.0 Breaker Response To A Fault. 68
Fig. 9.1 Measured Response To A Step Change In Load. 68
Fig. 9.2 Laboratory dc breaker 69
Fig. 9.3 Measured Response To A Fault. 70
Fig. 10.0 Power System With Modified DC Switch. 71
Fig 10.1 Simulation Demonstrating Switch-Off Capability. 72
Fig.10.2 Simulation demonstrating fault handling 73

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