ELECTROMAGNETIC

EFFECT OF HIGH VOLTAGE

TRANSMISSION LINES ON HUMAN BEING

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

Dual Degree [B.Tech. & M. Tech.]

in
Electrical Engineering
by
SARBAJEET JENA
(Roll No.710EE2069)

May, 2015

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008
http://www.nitrkl.ac.in/
ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECT OF HIGH VOLTAGE
TRANSMISSION LINES ON HUMAN BEING

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

Dual Degree [B.Tech. & M. Tech.]

in
Electrical Engineering
by
SARBAJEET JENA
(Roll No.710EE2069)
May, 2015

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Subrata Karmakar

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008
http://www.nitrkl.ac.in
 National Institute of Technology
Rourkela

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECT OF HIGH

VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES ON HUMAN BEING” submitted by SARBAJEET
JENA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Dual Degree B. Tech. and M.
Tech. in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Power Control and Drives during 2014 -
2015 at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by him
under my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to
any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Date Prof. S. Karmakar

Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008
 Acknowledgement
I am indebted to many people who contributed through their support, knowledge and friendship,
to this work and the years at NIT Rourkela.
I am grateful to my guide Prof. S. Karmakar for giving me the opportunity to work on this
area with vast opportunities. His valuable guidance made me learn some of the advanced
concepts during my work. I sincerely appreciate the freedom Prof. S. Karmakar provided me to
explore new ideas in the field of my work. He supported and encouraged me throughout the
project work.
I am thankful to our Head of the Department, Prof. A.K Panda, for providing us the facilities
required for the research work.
My hearty thanks to all my friends, for their help, co-operation and encouragement.
I render my respect to all my family members for giving me mental support and inspiration
for carrying out my research work.

Sarbajeet Jena
Roll No.710EE2069

i
 Contents
Topics Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Contents ii
Abstract iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
List of Abbreviations vii
List of Symbols viii
Chapter 1 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3 Objective and scope 3
1.4 Organisation of thesis 3
Chapter 2 5
Literature review
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Experimental study 6
2.3 Summary 7
Chapter 3 9
Exposure limit of electromagnetic filed for human being

3.1 Introduction 10
3.2 Electric field 10
3.3 Magnetic field 11
3.4 Professionals working near transmission line 12
3.4.1 Electric field limit 12
3.4.2 Magnetic field limit 12
3.5 General public 12
3.5.1 Electric field limit 12

ii
 3.5.2 Magnetic field limit 12
3.6 Summary 13
Chapter 4 14
Minimum permissible clearance for transmission lines
4.1 Introduction 15
4.2 Ground clearance for most minimal conductor of transmission line 15
4.3 Power line intersection 15
4.4 Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor 17
Chapter 5 18
Modelling of electromagnetic field of transmission Line
5.1 Designing of electric field around electric power transmission lines 19
5.2 Magnetic field designing for power transmission line 20
5.3 Finite element formulation 21
Chapter 6 23
Finite element analysis of electromagnetic field of transmission line using
ANSYS
6.1 Introduction 24
6.2 Why FEA is needed? 24
6.3 Electrostatic solver 25
6.3.1 Steps for solving electrostatic problem 25
6.4 Magneto static solver 27
6.4.1 Steps for solving magneto static problem 27
6.5 Designing transmission line along with human being 29
6.5.1 creating a transmission line segment 29
6.5.2 Setting boundary condition 30
6.5.3 Setting the excitation 30
6.5.4 Analysis 30
6.6 Human body model 30
Results and discussion 32
Conclusion and future scope of work 45
References 46

iii
 ABSTRACT

Once ignored electromagnetic field have become too hazardous in recent days due to the rampant
rise of gadgets which are source of electromagnetic radiations such as mobile phones, power
transmission lines and other such devices. This paper put forward a detailed model of
electromagnetic field generating because of HV power lines with the use of technique of finite
element method so that an idea on the physiological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF)
generated by the HV power transmission lines are made available in the public domain. Because
it is high time people should know safe limits for electromagnetic fields. The magnetic field and
electric field around a HV 220 kV electrical overhead line is analyzed for various geographical
region like agricultural land, coastal land and sandy soil. Two other models of 132 kV and 400
kV are also analyzed. All these analysis are done in presence of human being so as to include the
proximity effect. And report so generated is compared with existing guidelines and some new
safety measures are introduced too. All the above discussed analyses are done with ANSYS
Maxwell 3D. This method is a useful tool for the evaluation of the biological effects and safety
standards of high voltage transmission line.

iv
 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.
Figure 1(a) 220 kV transmission line tower 29
Figure 1(b 132 kV transmission line tower 29
Figure 1(c) 400 kV transmission line tower 29
Figure 1.2 Human body model used for simulation in ANSYS 31
Figure 2 220 kV transmission line model in ANSYS 32
Figure 3 Schematic diagram of human being under a transmission line 32
Figure 4 Contour plot of electric field in ANSYS 33
Figure 4.1 Detailed contour plot electric potential around conductor 33
Figure 5 Contour plot of electric potential in ANSYS 33
Figure 5.1 Counter plot of electric potential in both x and y direction 33
Figure 6 Contour plot of magnetic field strength at 220 kV line near coastal area 34
Figure 6.1 Detailed contour plot of magnetic field strength around conductors 34
Figure 7 Variation of electric field on geographical areas for 220 kV line 35
Figure 8 Dependence of electric filed on distance from transmission line 36
for different geographical areas
Figure 9 Variation of electric potential on different geographical area for 37
220 kV line
Figure 10 Dependence of electric potential on distance from the 37
transmission line for different geographical area
Figure 11 Variation of electric field on height from ground for different type of 38
transmission line
Figure 12 Dependence of electric field on distance for different type of 38
transmission line
Figure 13 Variation of electric potential on height from ground for different type 39
of transmission line
Figure 14 Dependence of electric potential on distance for different type of 39
transmission line
Figure 15 Comparison of magnetic flux density with height from ground for 40
different geographical region
Figure 16 Dependence of magnetic flux density on different geographical 40
region for a 220 kV transmission line
Figure 17 Dependence of magnetic field strength on geography of region 41
for 220 kV transmission line
Figure 18 Dependence of magnetic field strength on distance from 220 kV 41
transmission line
Figure 19 Dependence of magnetic flux density on height from ground for 42
different type of transmission line
Figure 20 Variation of magnetic flux density on distance from transmission line 42
Figure 21 Dependence of magnetic field strength on height from ground for type of 43
different transmission line
Figure 22 Variation of magnetic field strength on distance from transmission line 43

v
 List of Tables

Table No. Table Topic Page No.

Table 3.1 Exposure limits for 50/60 Hz electromagnetic field for human being 13
Table 4.1 Minimum clearance for un-electrified tracks or 1.5 kV DC system 16
tracks
Table 4.2 Minimum clearance for 25 kV ac system tracks 16
Table 4.3 Minimum clearance between lines crossing each other (IE-1957) 17
Table 6.1 Electromagnetic properties of material used in ANSYS 29
Table 6.2 Tissue properties and thickness of 3-layer human head model 30
Table 7.1 Simulation result for human being of height 1.83m and standing 44
under the power line

vi
 List of Abbreviations

Abbreviations Expansion
AC Alternating Current
ACSR Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
DC Direct Current
DOF Degree Of Freedom
EMF Electro Magnetic Field
ELF Extremely Low Frequency
FEM Finite Element Method
HV High Voltage
IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
IRPA International Radiation Protection Association
LT Low Tension
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
UK United Kingdom
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
WHO World Health Organization

vii
 List of Symbols

Symbols Expansion
A Ampere
B Magnetic Flux density
C Coulomb
E Electric Field
H Magnetic Field
Hz Hertz
kV Kilovolt
V Volt
m Meter
mA Miliampere
mT Militesla
μ Magnetic Permeability
ω Angular Frequency
σ Conductivity
ɛ Relative permittivity

viii
Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

 Introduction
 Motivation
 Objective and scope

1
Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Earlier human being experienced naturally generating electric and magnetic fields which are by
and large harmless. But in the last 50 years due to technological advancement and population
growth people’s demand have increased. Today we are generating more power, transmitting it
more and distributing more which led to rise of artificial, extremely low frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic fields at frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz mainly. Nowadays artificially generated
electric field have more magnitude than natural fields at 50 and 60 Hz. Physiological functions
such as neuromuscular action, glandular secretion, cell membrane building, and improvement,
growth and repair of tissue are affected by internal electric field . As health of human being get
affected from increase in electric fields and currents in the body as told by Grandolfo et al. 1985
[1], questions emerge concerning conceivable impacts of artificially created fields on biological
system. To be able to sustainably live with advances in science and technology, time has come to
fix a safe limit for exposure of ELF electromagnetic fields. So that future growth of technology
is smoothly maintained.

With the inputs from Grandolfo and Vecchia, 1989, Regulatory and advisory committees
have been set up in many countries to examine the possible harmful effects of ELF
electromagnetic fields on human health [2].

1.2 Motivation
Today we have little learning about electromagnetic field's impact on individual due to absence
of experimental research. People don't know necessary steps to be followed in case of exposure
to magnetic field as they have been not informed about present day exposure limit to
electromagnetic field by their competent authority. But everything is not so gloomy in some
nations there is an on-going debate between promoter of prohibitive defensive measures and
promoters of technological growth regarding increasing influence of electromagnetic fields.

2
Chapter 1 Introduction

1.3 Objective and scope

Till today experiments done on animals are extrapolated to human beings. This is not entirely
correct data to limit the exposure of electromagnetic field to humans. There is need for study of
electromagnetic field in presence of human. For this finite element analysis (FEM) is most
appropriate. It can calculate electric field, electric potential, magnetic flux density and magnetic
field strength more accurately then presently available simulation tools. We need to develop
standard operating procedures for establishing safe limits for professionals and general public
working or living near low frequency electromagnetic fields. We should also study the harmful
health effect caused if any standard norms are violated.

Ahlbom et al. 1987, UNEP/WHO/IRPA 1984, UNEP/WHO/IRPA 1987 [3]- [6] and many
other associate societies of IRPA, and various institutions and individual scientists have been
told to put forward a detailed discussion of potential adverse effects and draft a temporary
guidelines with their valuable comments. Many useful statements and criticisms were obtained,
and are gratefully acknowledged.

The gravity of electromagnetic exposure is recognised by the committee and they said that
there are many things to be found, when some exposure limits are established. The rationality of
the observation made in the scientific reports must be questioned, as many of them have
extrapolated the results on animals to the human being. Different countries may have different
safety limits depending on their feasibility, economy, national public health priorities and social
responsibility.

1.4 Organisation of thesis

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of exposure of electromagnetic field on human and its effect
and motivates to develop a virtual environment for studying EMF around
transmission line.
Chapter 2 reviews the literature published till now and gives an idea on end result of
simulation.
Chapter 3 gives a detailed discussion on exposure of electromagnetic field to persons working
near the transmission line and general public.
Chapter 4 gives minimum clearance to be maintained between transmission lines.
3
Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 5 shows equation used to model electromagnetic field of transmission line in presence
of human.
Chapter 6 analyzed electromagnetic field of transmission line by using the method of finite
element analysis with the software of ANSYS Maxwell 3D.
Chapter 7 simulation results are obtained and discussed in detail.
Chapter 8 summarizes the results obtained in various chapters and the scope for future work is
provided.

4
Chapter 2 Literature review

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Introduction
 Experimental study
 Summary

5
Chapter 2 Literature review

Chapter 2
Literature review

2.1 Introduction
To safeguard the human being’s health from the seemingly harmful effects of exposure to
magnetic fields and electric fields at frequencies of 50/60 Hz many research work have been
conducted. Most of the studies were animal based and extrapolated to human being. Few were
done on humans. Recent dosimetric studies have provided the link for extrapolating the studies
on animals to human being. Comparisons of exposure can be made by comparing development
of internal current densities and field around body surfaces.

2.2 Experimental study

As per an experiment conducted by Kaune et al. in 1985, electric field of 25 kV/m faced by pigs
are equivalent to the 9.3 kV/m of peak electric field experienced at surface of the human body
and 13 kV/m normal electric field strength experienced at the surface of human body [7].
Comparison of exposure of rats, swine and human being were put forwarded by Kaune and
Forsythe (1988) which roughly estimated the limits of exposure. Electric fields at 60 Hz bring
about current densities 7.3 times more in people than in pigs, and 12.5 times more in people than
in rodents at the same undisturbed field strength. Human facing an exposure at 8 kV/m is
equivalent to 100 kV/m electric field experienced by rats and 13.7 kV/m faced by pigs. Hence it
can be concluded that there is no noticeable harmful effects in human to the electric field ranging
between 8 to 15 kV/m [8].
For 50/60 Hz frequency some individuals face sensations from their head hair or itching
within bodies and garment at electric field of 20 kV/m; but Cabanes and Gary 1981, IEEE 1978
had shown that under lab conditions a small percentage of individuals can confront field strength
of 2 or 3 kV/m [9].
At the point when a few volunteers were tested in controlled environment with electric field
strength of up to 20 kV/m demonstrated no noteworthy impacts, it was presented by Hauf and
Wiesinger 1973, Hauf 1974, Rupilius 1976, Sander et al. 1982. But this cannot prove that long-
term exposure (months or years) don’t have any health effect [10]- [13].

6
Chapter 2 Literature review

Relationship between childhood cancer and exposure of mild magnetic field was proposed by
Wertheimer N. Leeper 1979 which can be confirmed by studies conducted by Savitz 1988. [14],
[15]. These reports can't be summed up as both studies were done in the same land region and on
a similar populace. But according to some scientific panel (Ahlbom et al. 1987) still there is no
confirmation regarding link between cancer and 60Hz electromagnetic field exposure and
according to them it is a hypothesis. The U.K. Stakeholder Advisory Group on Extremely Low
Frequency EMFs (2007) have provided links between EMFs and childhood and adult leukemia,
adult brain cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Lou Gehrig’s disease, breast cancer, depression,
electrical sensitivity symptoms childhood cancers, depression, electrical sensitivity symptoms,
certain types of heart disease, miscarriage and suicide. At the same time, deficient information
on electromagnetic field impact on cancer is a matter of debate.
Making contact with a charged object also brought about numerous unsafe influences to
human body yet its seriousness relies on various variables including nature of grounding, the size
of current in contact, the term of current flow, and mass of body. Individual may not have the
capacity to discharge a charged object because of automatic muscle compressions (IEEE 1978,
IEEE 1984) caused by the currents above 10 mA level as this is the current which over reaches
the let go threshold, [10], [16]. Small children roughly have let go threshold value one and half
times more than the adult man, so extra precaution should be taken for small children. On the off
chance if the current is raised over the let-go level, there is a risk that ventricular fibrillation can
happen. According to Guy, 1985 short circuit current emanating from contacting charged objects
can be related to unruffled field strengths [17].
There is very little understanding about the effect of magnetic flux densities in humans.
Indeed, even studies on human volunteers exposed to magnetic flux densities of up to 5 mT for
four to six hours every day for a few days that to in a controlled set up along with electric fields
of up to 20 kV/m did not show any huge impacts. Above generalization was done by
UNEP/WHO/IRPA 1987 and Sander et al. 1982. Henceforth, it’s by and large presumed that
short term professional exposure ought not to surpass 5 mT and 25 mT for very extreme
conditions and induced current densities also should not rise above 10mA/m2 [5], [6].
Summary
From investigations on lab animals it is evident that cellular, physiological and behavioural
changes in human being are caused by powerful ELF electric fields. Although not all the results

7
Chapter 2 Literature review

can be scaled to human beings but these studies gives us a warning that we should try to avoid
unnecessary interactions with strong electric fields as much as possible. Even though a full proof
evidence is not there for adverse effect of electromagnetic fields but in around electric fields of 3
kV/m some people feel spark which is considered as threshold for many human. Some cases of
cancer among children and adult have been linked to increased exposure to fields at 50/60 Hz.
But some more detailed study will be required before forming a risk assessment based on these
data. Electric field varying between 1 to 10 kV/m is may be termed as the safe regions even one
is associated with it for very long time. In case of general public it is very hard to link any
diseases with exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields as they seldom confronts such fields in
their daily life.
Current induced by magnetic flux density more or less decides its effect on human being
Induced current density between 1 and 10 mA/m2 induced by magnetic flux densities above 0.5
and up to 5 mT at 50 or 60 Hz leads to minor health complications. Current densities between 10
and 100 mA/m2 due to magnetic flux density of 5 mT and up to 50 mT at 50 or 60 Hz causes
some serious effects, which include visual system and nervous system; but current densities
between 100 and 1000 mA/m2 having magnetic flux density above 50 mT and up to 500 mT at
the frequency of 50 or 60 Hz causes secretion of excitable tissue that leads to possible health
hazards. Most dangerous and life threatening is the current densities above 1000 mA/m2 with
magnetic flux density more than 500 mT at 50 or 60 Hz which causes extra systoles and
ventricular fibrillation.

8
Chapter 3 Exposure limit of electromagnetic field

Chapter 3
EXPOSURE LIMIT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR
HUMAN BEING

 Introduction
 Electric field
 Magnetic field
 Professionals working near transmission line
o Electric field limit
o Magnetic field limit
 General public
o Electric field limit
o Magnetic field limit
 Summary

9
Chapter 3 Exposure limit of electromagnetic field

Chapter 3
Exposure limit for electromagnetic field for human being

3.1 Introduction
The initial phase in building up exposure limits is to characterize the population to be secured.
Exposure limits may be related to common public or to a specific member within it. A division is
made between as far as possible for laborers and the general public for safe limits of facing
electromagnetic fields. People who are more exposed to electromagnetic fields in workplace are
professionals who are trained and aware of the potential risk associated with the work. They are
bound to follow certain precautionary measures. A professional may work in the hazardous
conditions for whole life with a daily shift of some hours so any exposure limit calculated should
be based on his working duration. The general public involves people of all ages and diverse
status group. In numerous occurrences individuals from the general public are not aware that
magnetic field exposures happen. Exposure limit for general public should be calculated for 24*7
and for whole lifetime. For general public it is very rare to face hazardous conditions of exposure
so a lower exposure limit is adopted for them.

3.2 Electric field

The electric fields are made in the region of charged particles and are represented by a vector
denoted by the electric field strength, E. This vector is the force applied by an electric field on a
unit charge and is measured in volts per meter (V/m). For single phase source electric field
vector move along a fixed axis and for three phase source it depicts an ellipse. For measurement
purpose we take into account the undisturbed electric field because electric fields are easily
influenced by the objects present in proximity. And proximity effect makes calculation of
electric field somewhat difficult. The magnetic field is a vector quantity. Like in electric field,
magnetic fields also show same behavior with single phase source and three phase source.
Electric field is represented in complex form as
E = E e jωt,

10
Chapter 3 Exposure limit of electromagnetic field

3.3 Magnetic field

Curl of the magnetic field strength, H, resembles the current density vector, and displacement
current, H is denoted in amperes per meter (A/m). Biological organisms are seen to make
interaction with the magnetic flux density, B, which is also known as B-field. It is the B field that
causes harmful effects to human body. Force applied on a charge moving in the magnetic field is
known as magnetic flux density. Tesla (T) is the unit of magnetic flux density. One tesla is
equivalent to 1 V×s/m2 or 1 weber per meter square (Wb/m2). If a medium has total polarization
of magnetic dipoles then there is possibility of finding vital differences between B- and H-fields.
B and H are proportional in the free space due to practical purposes. The proportion B/H is
known as the magnetic permeability of the free space, μ0 = 4π10-7 H/m, and it is written in henry
per meter (1 H/m = 1 Wb/A-m). The time-changing sinusoidal component along three orthogonal
axes is denoted by the E-, B- and H-fields. To get the total field strength in free space E-, B- and
H-fields should be square rooted and added upon. Magnetic field in complex form is given as
H = He jωt
Till now electromagnetic fields are considered in an environment where there is no
obstruction to them. But, it is a very unfair circumstance, as a correction to it electromagnetic
field should be calculated in the presence of human being. Hence it will be obvious that
undisturbed electric fields or magnetic fields may be different as compare to with the presence of
objects or human. Biological impacts ought to be identified with the field on the body surface,
and also to the electric fields, currents and current densities induced inside the body. An electric
charge of 1 coulomb moving past a given point every second (C/s) is known as electric current
and is expressed in ampere (A). Current density is equivalent to the charge that passes a unit
surface region normal to the flow of charge every unit of time. Amperes per square meter (A/m2)
is the unit of current density. Keeping in mind the end goal to infer a significant measurements
idea, the reliance of natural impacts caused due to the duration of exposure and the spread of the
measurement rate in time and space, must be investigated and considered. Current density
generated inside the body affects the volatile layer of nerve and muscle cell. But currents induced
in the body cannot be measure accurately because of proximity effect. In such case undisturbed
H- field and magnetic flux density should be calculated and values for disturbed electromagnetic
field should be estimated from these values.

11
Chapter 3 Exposure limit of electromagnetic field

3.4 Professionals working near transmission line

3.4.1 Electric field limit
Constant exposure of unperturbed electric field strength shouldn't increase more than 10 kV/m
for daily workers in switch yards or near power lines. They are allowed to an exposure of electric
field strength somewhere around 10 and 30 kV/m in a short term basis if and only if electric field
multiplied by duration of exposure doesn’t exceed 80 for entire day of working.
3.4.2 Magnetic field limit
Magnetic flux densities should not be more than 0.5 mT for a professionals working whole day
near power lines. But for a short duration i.e. two hours per workday they can be allowed to an
exposure of magnetic flux density not more than 5 mT. Magnetic flux density of 25 mT is an
allowable limit for limbs.

3.5 General public

3.5.1 Electric field limit
For normal people following their routine life electric field should not be more than 5 kV/m.
These limitations applies to recreational zones, meeting grounds and so forth where a normal
individual is expected to spent maximum portion of his outdoor life. A person can face a electric
field of around 5 and 10 kV/m for couple of hours every day. Also one can be exposed to fields
in overabundance of 10 kV/m for couple of minutes every day, if the induced current density
doesn’t surpass 2 mA/m2 and precautionary measures is need to be taken to avert risky indirect
coupling impacts. It ought to be noticed that structures in a 5 kV/m outer field have field strength
of very low value inside the building.
3.5.2 Magnetic field limit
A continuous magnetic flux density of 0.1 mT is harmful for general populace. This restriction is
applied to more common areas where general public are found to spend quality amount of time
every day. A person can be allowed to magnetic flux density somewhere around 0.1 and 1.0 mT
for couple hours a day. Magnetic flux densities in abundance of 1 mT are also considered safe if
a person is exposed to it for couple of minutes every day.

12
Chapter 3 Exposure limit of electromagnetic field

3.6 Summary
Useful information required for professional and general population regarding exposures to 50Hz
or 60 Hz electromagnetic field is given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Exposure limits for 50 or 60 Hz electromagnetic field for human being
Exposure characteristic Electric field strength (kV/m) Magnetic flux density (mT)

Occupational
24 hour job 10 0.5
Short term job 30 5
For limbs - 25
General Public
For 24 hrs/day 5 0.1
Few hrs/day 10 1

Despite the fact that electrical hardware, equipment, and electrical transmission line produce
both electric and magnetic fields, latest examination has concentrated on potential health hazards
of magnetic field exposure. This is on account of some epidemiological studies which have
reported an increased cancer risk connected with exposure of magnetic field to human being. No
comparative studies have been accounted for electric fields; a considerable lot of the studies
analyzing organic impacts of electric fields were basically negative.

13
Chapter 4 Minimum permissible clearance for transmission line

Chapter 4
MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE CLEARANCE FOR
TRANSMISSION LINES

 Ground clearance for most minimal conductor of

transmission line
 Power line intersection
 Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor

14
Chapter 4 Minimum permissible clearance for transmission line

Chapter 4
Minimum permissible clearance for transmission lines

4.1 Introduction
Indian Electricity Rules, or Standards set by government of India for protection reasons, has
stated that transmission line conductors should follow a system of minimum clearance from the
ground in open spaces, national expressways, streams, railroads tracks, telecom lines, other
electrical cables, and so forth.

4.2 Ground clearance for most minimal conductor of a transmission line

As per the principle 77(4) of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, it is necessary to have a
clearances over the ground for the lowest point of conductor in transmission line: For ultra-high
voltage transmission lines, the clearance over the ground should not be under 5.182 meters in
addition to that for every 33 kV there onwards, 0.305 meters should be added. Appropriately, the
qualities for the different voltages, 66kV to 400 kV, are:
66 kV - 5.48m
132 kV - 6.11m
220 kV - 7.0m
400 kV - 8.85m

4.3 Power line intersections

In intersections over streams, telecom lines, railroad tracks, and so on.., the accompanying
clearances are kept up:
1. crossing over the streams
a. Over streams which are not meant for navigation. 3.05 m over maximum surge level is the
minimum clearance of conductor.
b. Over traversable waterways: In consultation with concerned naval authorities clearance is
fixed for highest point of ship passing through the river.

15
Chapter 4 Minimum permissible clearance for transmission line

2. Interaction with telecom lines. The lowest clearances between the conductors of an electrical
transmission line and telecom wires are

66 kV → 2,430mm
132 kV → 2,750mm
220 kV → 3,060mm
400 kV → 4,860mm

3. Running over rail line tracks: for lowest part of conductor having maximum sag in the
transmission line minimum height over the railway line should be maintained as per the
regulations for Electrical Crossings of Railway Tracks, 1963, which is given in Table 2 & 3.

Table 4.1: Minimum clearance for un-electrified tracks or 1.5 kV DC system tracks
System voltage Broad gauge Metre and narrow gauge
Inside station Outside station Inside station Outside station
limits (m) limits (m) limits (m) limits (m)
66 kV 10.2 7.8 9.2 6.6
132 kV 10.8 8.4 9.9 7.2
220 kV 11.0 8.9 10.2 7.5
400 kV 13.5 11.0 12.5 10.2

Table 4.2: Minimum clearance for 25 kV AC system tracks

System Broad gauge, metre gauge and narrow gauge
voltage
Inside station limit (m) Outside station limit (m)
66 kV 13.2 11.2
132 kV 14.2 12.2
200 kV 15.2 13.2
400 kV 16.2 14.2

16
Chapter 4 Minimum permissible clearance for transmission line

Table 4.3: Minimum clearance between lines crossing each other (IE-1957)
System Voltage 132 kV 220 kV 400 kV 800 kV

Low & Medium 3.05m 4.58m 5.49m 7.94m

11-66 kV 3.05m 4.58m 5.49m 7.94m

132 kV 3.05m 4.58m 5.49m 7.94m

220 kV 4.58m 4.58m 5.49m 7.94m

400 kV 5.49m 5.49m 5.49m 7.94m

800 kV 7.94m 7.94m 7.94m 7.94m

5.4 Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor

To maintain a clearance between ground and top conductor angle of shielding should be taken
into consideration i.e. the angle made by ground wire and outermost conductor. Angle of
shielding is require to restrict direct interference of lightning stokes on the tower. Depending
upon the number of ground wires and configuration of conductor the shield angle varies from
about 25° to 30°.

17
Chapter 5 Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

Chapter 5
MODELING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF
TRANSMISSION LINE

 Designing of electric field around electric power

transmission lines
 Magnetic field designing for power transmission line
 Finite element formulation

18
Chapter 5 Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

Chapter 5
Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

5.1 Designing of electric fields around electric power transmission lines

Wave equation or Helmholtz’s equation is used to show electric fields (E) radiating from a
transmission line as in Eq. (1) [18], [20] as per Faraday’s law.

∇ − − =0 (1)

Here ε is equal to the dielectric permittivity of medium, μ and σ are equal to the magnetic
permeability and the conductivity of conductors, respectively.
The time harmonic mode has been considered in this paper as system governor and electric field
is represented in complex form,
E = E e jωt,
Therefore,

= = − (2)

Here ω is known as angular frequency. From Eq. (1), is substituted by the complex electric field,
Eq. (1) can be written as follows.
∇ − + =0 (3)

When considering the problem of two dimensions in Cartesian coordinate (x, y), hence

1 1
+ −( − ) =0 (4)

Analytically, no simple solution exists for the above equation. Consequently, in this paper the
FEM is decided to be a potential apparatus for discovering estimated electric field solution for
the equations described in Eq.(4) [21].

19
Chapter 5 Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

5.2 Magnetic field designing for a power transmission line

Magnetic field intensity H when multiplied with magnetic permeability μ, it results in magnetic
fields (B) caused by a power transmission line carrying high current.
B = μH.
Utilizing the wave equation (Helmholtz’s equation) as in (1) [20], [21], magnetic field modeling
that follows the Ampere’s circuital law is defined.

∇ − − =0 (5)

Here ε is equal to the constant dielectric permittivity, μ is equal to the magnetic permeability,
and σ is equal to the conductivity.
The time harmonic mode has been considered in this paper as system governor and magnetic
field is represented in complex form as
H = He jω t [8],
Therefore

= = − (6)

Here ω is the angular frequency Therefore, refer to (1) can be written as

∇ − + =0 (7)

Considering the problem in two dimension (x, y) plane, then

1 1
+ −( − ) =0 (8)

Analytically, no simple solution exists for the above equation. Consequently, in this paper the
FEM is decided to be a potential apparatus for discovering estimated electric field solution for
the equations described in.

20
Chapter 5 Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

5.3 Finite element formulation

Galerkin approach has been adopted to govern equations of Maxwell’s equations, which is the
particular weighted residual method for which the weighting functions are the same as the shape
functions [19]. According to the method, the electric field is expressed as follows.

( , )= + + (9)

Here Nn, n = i, j, k is the element shape function and the En, n = i, j, k is the approximation of the
electric field at each node (i, j, k) of the elements, which is
+ +
=
2∆
Here ∆ is the area of the triangular element and,
= − , = − , = −
= − , = − , = −
= − , = − , = −

The method of the weighted residue with Galerkin approach is then applied to the differential
equation, Eq. (4) & (8), where the integrations are performed over the element domain .

1 1
( + ) − ( − ) =0 (10)

1 1
( + ) − ( − ) =0 (11)

[M+K]{E} = 0

21
Chapter 5 Modeling of electromagnetic field of transmission line

=( − ) (12)

( − )∆ 2 1 1
= 1 2 1
12
1 1 2

= ( + )

+ + +
= + + +
4∆
+ + +

Where v is the material reluctivity (υ=1/μ) FEM approximation of a 3×3 matrix is written for one
element containing 3 nodes. When each and every element of a system of n nodes are present
then the system equation is represented as n×n matrix.

22
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

Chapter 6
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF TRANSMISSION LINE
USING ANSYS
 Introduction
 Why FEA is needed?
 Electrostatic solver
o Steps for solving electrostatic problem
 Magneto static solver
o Steps for solving magneto static problem
 Designing transmission line along with human being

23
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

Chapter 6
Finite element analysis of electromagnetic field of transmission line
using ANSYS

6.1 Introduction
Finite element analysis is an approach to replicate loading conditions on a model and generates
the model's reaction to those conditions. FEA is taking into account the thought of building a
complicated material with straightforward technique of blocks. Utilization of this basic thought
can be discovered all over the place in regular life and also in engineering. In FEM a complicated
space is partitioned into simple geometric shapes called elements. Within elements specific
nodes are chosen where mathematical analysis are conducted.
Individual elements are linked to given system through an assembly procedure. A group of
linear or nonlinear algebraic equation is usually obtained when boundary and load conditions are
taken into account.
Arrangement of this sort of comparison gives the approximate conduct of continuum or
framework. The continuum (any framework which is considered for examination) has an
interminable number of degrees of freedom (DOF), while the discreet model has a limitless
number of DOF. This is what gives name to finite element method. Very high speed computers
are often require to calculate large numbers of equation associated with FEM.
Two highlights of the Finite Element method are significant.
1. The piece wise estimate of the physical field on finite elements which give great accuracy
even with normal approximating capacities.
2. More precision could be achieved by simply expanding the number of elements. One
technique to take care of a wide number of problems, including issues in solid mechanics,
fluid mechanics, chemical reaction, electromagnetism, heat transfer, biomechanics and
acoustic, to give some examples.
7.2 Why FEA is needed?
FEA is required for following reason,
1. To decrease the amount of model testing. As it is a computer based simulation one can ask
questions at every stage of simulation process.

24
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

2. There are many things like artificial knee which are very expensive even for making a
prototype. In such case FEM can be used to solve the problem.
3. But most important thing is it saves money, time and more reliable in making a better quality
model.

6.3 Electrostatic solver

Static electric fields generating from stationary charge distribution or voltage given is solved by
using electrostatic solver. Scalar potential automatically calculate Electric Field (E) and Electric
Flux Density (D). When no current flow that means when electrostatic equilibrium is established
then fields inside a conductor is equipotential, thus joule losses are said to be zero. To achieve
the perfect accuracy point, the electrostatic solver uses an automatic adaptive mesh refinement
technique which is an added advantage.
6.3.1 Steps for solving electrostatic problem

1. Selecting the electrostatic solver

When ANSYS is opened automatically magnetostatic problem get selected. To select

electrostatic solver give command Maxwell 3D in the menu and choose Solution Type. In the
solution window that next appear select Electric and then Electrostatic and then press OK
2. Defining material properties
Many parameters need to be assigned to define electrostatic material properties some of those are
Relative permittivity:
Permittivity (ɛ) is the ability of a substance to store charge from applied electromagnetic field
and transmitting that energy. Electric field solution in the insulators is determined by relative
permittivity. In ANSYS there are two modes for relative permittivity; it can be either simple or
anisotropic
Bulk conductivity:
Conducting and insulating properties of an object define its conductivity. In electrostatic solver
perfect conductors are only considered. In ANSYS there are two modes for bulk conductivity; it
can be either simple or anisotropic. Questions arising out of insulator or conductor can be solved
by choosing Material threshold in Design settings of Maxwell 3D.

25
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

3. Defining condition of boundary in 3D

Nature of the electric field at the crossings or the edges of the problem area is defined by
boundary conditions. To select boundary in Maxwell 3D one need to choose boundaries and
from there choosing requisite boundary type.
Boundary types for Maxwell 3D
De fault (No Boundary Assigned): In case of condition when no boundary is selected for an
area there are two possible choices to be followed and these are
• Natural: If it is an interface between the objects then natural is chosen. Values of surface
charge density near the boundary change the value of normal component of the filed D.
• Neumann: If boundaries are at the outside of solution domain we choose Neumann where E
Field is tangential to the boundary and flux cannot pass it.
Insulating:
In the insulating type of boundary electric field can have discrete type of conditions. Insulating
boundaries are generally used to model thin layers where permittivity of each layer can be
specified.
Master/ Slave:
It is used to decrease the length of design by enabling users the freedom to generate one period
of a periodic structure. By seeing E and V vectors it compares the electric field of the slave
boundary to that of the master boundary.
Symmetry boundary: This is good for reducing the size and complexity of the design or
making short the solution duration by helping user to model a small portion of structure. It is
commonly used for outside boundaries.
4. Selecting excitation
Providing excitation is nothing but electrically loading the model. It is given by choosing Assign
Excitation from Excitation window of Maxwell 3D.
Excitations are of following types
Voltage: DC voltage is provided to the selected portion. It is a point to remember that only
objects or their faces can be assigned voltages in 3D model.
Charge: giving charge to the selected object or face of a 3D object
Floating: when potential is not known inside a conductor then floating is used across object or
face of the 3D object

26
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

Charge density:
In case of 3D object volume charge density is provided.
5. Analysis setup
In analysis setup it is require mentioning how many iterative step is needed so as to quicken the
solution process when it is simulated. To add solution set up we select analysis setup in
Maxwell 3D.
6. Electrostatic solution process
It is the final step to start simulation of the model, to do this we click analyze all in solution
process window of Maxwell 3D.

6.4 Magnetostatic solver

DC current flowing through a coil or a permanent magnet produces static magnetic field and this
static magnetic field is solved by the magnetostatic solver of ANSYS Maxwell. Magnetic field is
decoupled with the electric field inside the current carrying coil. Losses in a current carrying
conductor are mainly due to Ohmic losses. To achieve the perfect accuracy point, the
magnetostatic solver uses an automatic adaptive mesh refinement technique which is an added
advantage.
6.4.1 Steps for solving magnetostatic problem

1. Selecting the magnetostatic solver

When ANSYS is opened automatically magnetostatic problem get selected. Magnetostatic from
magnetic is selected from solution type window provided in the Maxwell 3D
1. Defining material properties
Many parameters need to be assigned to define magnetostatic material properties some of those
are
Relative permeability: A magnetic property of a material is defined by magnetic permeability
along with magnetic coercivity. In ANSYS there are two mode for relative permeability, it can
be either simple (linear μr) or Nonlinear (BH Curve) or/and anisotropic.
Bulk conductivity: It does not alter the magnetic portion of analysis and commonly used to find
the current distribution in current carrying conductors. There are two ways to represent them like
it could be simple or anisotropic.

27
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

Magnetic coercivity: Permanent magnetization of the magnetic object is confirmed by it. It is

always required to specify magnitude and direction of magnetic coercivity.
Boundary types for Maxwell 3D
De fault (No Boundary Assigned): In case of condition when no boundary is selected for an
area there are two possible choices to be followed and these are
• Natural: If it is an interface between the objects then natural is chosen. Values of surface
charge density near the boundary change the value of normal component of the filed D.
• Neumann: If boundaries are at the outside of solution domain we choose Neumann where E
Field is tangential to the boundary and flux cannot pass it.
Insulating:
In the insulating type of boundary electric field can have discrete type of conditions. Insulating
boundaries are generally used to model thin layers where permittivity of each layer can be
specified.
4. Assigning excitations
Providing excitation is nothing but electrically loading the model. It is given by choosing Assign
Excitation from Excitation window of Maxwell 3D.
Excitations are of following types
Voltage: DC voltage is provided to the selected portion. It is a point to remember that only
objects or their faces can be assigned voltages in 3D model.
Charge: giving charge to the selected object or face of a 3D object
Floating: when potential is not known inside a conductor then floating is used across object or
face of the 3D object
Charge density:
In case of 3D object volume charge density is provided.
Voltage drop: It is equal to voltage but can only be given to planes lying inside the conduction
path.
5. Analysis setup
In analysis setup it is require mentioning how many iterative steps is needed so as to quicken the
solution process when it is simulated. To add solution set up we select analysis setup in
Maxwell 3D.

28
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

1. Electrostatic solution process

It is the final step to start simulation of the model, to do this we click analyze all in solution
process window of Maxwell 3D.

6.5 Designing of transmission line along with human being

6.5.1 Creating a transmission line segment
Consider a 132 kV or 220 kV or 400 kV transmission line consisting of 6 conductors (double
circuit) with 3 conductors on each circuit as shown in Fig 1.
The power lines are bare conductor of ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) having

Figure 1 (a) 220kV, (b) 132kV, (c) 400 kV transmission line tower

radius of 30mm. The system frequency is 50 Hz and air is considered as surrounding medium.
The ground may be agricultural land, coastal land or sandy soil depending upon different
locations in India.

Table 6.1: Electromagnetic properties of material used in ANSYS [22]

Material Relative Conductivity(σ) Relative
permittivity(ɛ) (S/m) permeability(μ)
ACSR 3.5 0.8×108 300
Air
Agricultural 15 10 1
land
Coastal land 10 1 1
Sandy soil 4 0.001 1

29
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

6.5.2 Setting the boundary conditions

The boundary conditions are implemented as a simple bounding region of open air. The default
setting for a new bounding region is the smallest box that encloses all of the objects in the model.
Since the fields will only be solved inside the bounding region, we must pad the default region to
create a meaningful view of the fields around the transmission line.
6.5.3 Setting the excitations
Now we will apply a voltage to each end of the transmission line. With the end highlighted,
right-click on that end and select Assign Excitation->Voltage. Apply 220 kV for 220 kV
transmission line at Y = 20m. As we are observing the transmission line for a span of 20m. Then
select other end of the transmission. Subtract 100 V from the transmission line voltage and apply
219.9 kV to the transmission line end at Y = 0.
Ground is given 0V excitation.
6.5.4 Analysis
In the Project Manager window, right click on Analysis and choose “Add Solution Setup.” In
the Solution Setup pop-up window, under the General tab, in the “Adaptive Setup” section,
change the “Maximum Number of Passes” to 7 and the “Per cent Error” to 1, to get the
simulations, and then select OK. Then select Maxwell 3D->Analyse All to run the simulation,
which may take a few minutes.

6.6 Human body model

A human body contains many types of tissues, cells, organs and many more things which should
be replicated in an artificial human body model to a large extent. So experiments with these
human bodies are realistic to certain extent.

Table 6.2: Tissue properties and thickness of 3-layer human head model [23]

Tissue Relative Conductivity(σ) Relative Thickness

permittivity(ɛ) in S/m permeability(μ) in mm

Skin 40.7 0.65 1 1

Bone 20.9 0.33 1 1.25

Brain 41.1 0.86 1 77.75

30
Chapter 6 Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS

Figure 1.2: Human body model used for

simulation in ANSYS

Most of these models have been developed by computer segmentation of data from magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) and allocation of proper tissue type. Some of scientist who have
developed artificial human body model are Dawson in 1997; Dawson, Moerloose & Stuchly in
1996; Dimbylow in 1997; Dimbylow in 2005; Gandhi in 1995; Gandhi & Chen in 1992; Zubal in
1994.

Here a 3 layered head (skin, bone, brain) and 1 layered body (skin) is used.

31
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

Chapter 7
Results and discussion

In Fig.2 a transmission model of 220 kV is considered which is situated near coastal region. A
surrounding of x = 30m, y = 20m and z = 21m is considered.

In Fig 4.1 the electrical field is more pronounced in lower conductors than in upper conductors
because of its proximity to human being.

Figure 2: 220 kV transmission line model in Figure 3: Schematic diagram of human being under a
ANSYS transmission line

32
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

Figure 4: Contour plot of electric field in Figure 4.1: Detailed contour plot of
ANSYS electric field around conductor

Figure 5: Contour plot of electric potential in Figure 5.1: Contour plot of electric
ANSYS potential in both x and y direction

In Fig 5 and Fig 5.1 earth conductor at top is seen to be having 0 potential, electric potential of
middle phase conductor is more compared to other two phases of conductors

33
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

In Fig 6.1 the magnetic field strength around ground line is 0. Like electric field, magnetic field
is more pronounced in lower conductor due to proximity effect.

34
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

With the help of ANSYS Maxwell, many configuration of transmission line like 132 kV, 220 kV
and 400 kV is modeled and studied. Different geographies like agricultural land, coastal land and
sandy region is also taken into account. Data collected from these large varieties of simulations
are plotted using MATLAB.

Figure 7: Variation of electric field on different geographical areas for a 220 kV line

Fig. 7 shown above represents plot between electric field (E) and height from ground for a 220
kV transmission line. In Fig.7 E is almost similar for agricultural land, coastal land and sandy
soil but when requisite clearance is not provided then values of E is very high as compared to
safe limits given in table. In the zoomed out E is very high when no human are present in the
vicinity of power line. But when a person of height 1.83 m is standing below the power line, the
value of E decreases this due to the proximity effect. Presence of moisture also play a great role
in determining the value of E that’s why for coastal land E is high but for sandy soil it is low.
[24]

35
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

Figure 8: Dependence of electric filed on distance from the transmission line for different
geographical areas

Fig 8 shows variation of electric field (E) with distance. E is large when a person is standing
directly below the power lines, but as we move away from power lines E reduces. It is safe to
stand at distance of 50m from the power line.

36
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

Figure 9: Variation of electric potential on different geographical area for 220 kV line

Figure 10: Dependence of electric potential on distance from the transmission line
for different geographical area

37
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

In Fig 9 electric potential (V) versus height from ground is plotted. Potential increases up to the
middle of the tower height and then decreases. When there is a discrepancy like no clearance is
given then V is very high. It is almost same for agricultural land, coastal land and sandy soil.
Proximity effect also changes the value of V, it is high when no human is present and low if
human is present. Fig 10 shows variation of electric potential on distance.

Figure 11: Variation of electric field on height from ground for different type of transmission line

Figure 12: Dependence of electric field on distance for different type of transmission line

38
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

250
132 kV

220 kV
200
400 kV
E le ctric P o te ntial(kV )

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
Height from ground(m)
Figure 13: Variation of electric potential on height from ground for different type of
transmission line
55
132 kV
50 220 kV
400 kV
45
Electric Potential(kV)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance(m)
Figure 14: Dependence of electric potential on distance for different type of transmission line

From Fig 11-14 variation of electric field and electric potential for different voltages is shown.
Here E & V are high for 400 kV and low for 132 kV so one can say electric field is affected by
voltage of transmission line.

39
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

9
agricultural land
8 coastal land
sandy soil
7
Magnetic flux density (mT)

no human
6 no clearance

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Height from ground (m)

Figure 15: Comparison of magnetic flux density with height from ground for different
geographical region

5
agricultural land
4.5 coastal land
sandy soil
4 no human
no clearance
Magnetic flux density (mT)

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (m)

Figure 16: Dependence of magnetic flux density on different geographical region for a 220KV
transmission line

40
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

7
agricultural land
coastal land
6
sandy soil
Magnetic field strength (kA/m)

no human
5
no clearance

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Displacement (m)

Figure 17: Dependence of magnetic field strength on geography of region for 220 kV
transmission line

4
agricultural land

3.5 coastal land

sandy soil
Magnetic field strength (kA/m)

3 no human
no clearance
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (m)

Figure 18: Dependence of magnetic field strength on distance from 220 kV transmission line

From Fig.15 to Fig.18 dependence of magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic field (H) on 220
kV transmission line is shown. When the height increases from ground both B and H decreases
up to mid height of highest point of power line but it increases from there onwards. When there
41
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

is no clearance, values of B and H are at very dangerous level. It is also notice that as one move
away from the power line B and H decreases. From the simulation it is seen that at a distance of
15 m from power line B is in the acceptable range of exposure as given in table 4.

8
132 kV
7 220 kV
400 kV
Magnetic flux density (mT)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Height from ground (m)

Figure 19: Dependence of magnetic flux density on height from ground for different type
of transmission line

4.5
132 kV
4 220 kV
400 kV
3.5
Magnetic flux density (mT)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 20: Variation of magnetic flux density on distance from transmission line

42
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

6
132 kV

5 220 kV
Magnetic field strength (kA/m)

400 kV
4

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Height from ground (m)

Figure 21: Dependence of magnetic field strength on height from ground for type of different
transmission line

3.5
132 kV

3 220 kV
Magnetic field strength (kA/m)

400 kV

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (m)

Figure 22: Variation of magnetic field strength on distance from transmission line for different
type of transmission line voltage
From Fig 19 to Fig 22, it is seen that Magnetic flux density and Magnetic field are dependent on
transmission line voltage. Here 132 kV and 400 kV lines are considered for a region containing
sandy soil and 220 kV line is selected for agricultural region. So at the position where person is

43
Chapter 7 Results and discussion

standing below transmission line, data for 132kV and 400 kV are nearly same where as it is less
for 220 kV agricultural regions. This is because of presence of moisture in the agricultural land.

Table7.1: Simulation result summary for human being of height 1.83 m and standing under the power
line
Test condition Electric field Electric potential Magnetic flux Magnetic field
(E) in V/m (V) in kV density (B) in mT (H) in kA/m
Agricultural land 5810 19.5 2.92 2.32
(220 kV)
Coastal land (220 6000 19.54 2.92 2.32
kV)
Sandy soil (220 5506 19.7 3.02 2.40
kV)
No human 17220 32 2.92 2.32
(220 kV)
No clearance (220 8400 28 4.65 3.7
kV)
132 kV 4500 15.5 3.9 3.11

400 kV 8520 29.5 3.88 3.1

Above Table 8.1 gives the summary of simulation results at a position where the human being is
standing below the transmission line i.e. 14m in x axis and at an elevation of 1.83m which is also
the height of human being.

44
 Conclusion and future scope

Chapter 8
Conclusion and future scope of work

Electromagnetic effect of transmission lines on human being is represented in a simulation set up

by use of finite element method. One such FEM software is ANSYS Maxwell 3D. Simulations
are carried out for various conditions as presence of human being in different geographical areas
like agricultural land, coastal land and sandy region. Different transmission line voltages are also
studied. Harsh conditions are also taken into account like not giving permissible clearance for
transmission lines. Electric fields and magnetic fields which are generated in ANSYS are further
analyzed in MATLAB. All the results obtained are compared with standard safe limits of
electromagnetic radiation given by International Radiation Protection Association.
In future field study around a transmission line should be carried out. There are different
equipments which can be used to measure electromagnetic fields like MAGNUM 310 of Dexsil
Corporation, Trifield 100XE EMF Meter which is a task for future batches to take over and complete
the project.

45
 Reference

Reference

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[2] Grandolfo M, Vecchia P. Existing safety standards for high voltage transmission lines. In: Franceschetti G,
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[3] Ahlbom A et al. Biological Effects of Power Line Fields. In: New York State Power Lines Project, Scientific
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[7] Kaune W.T, Forsythe W C. Current densities measured in human models exposed to 60 Hz electric fields.
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[12] Hauf R. Effects of 50 Hz alternating fields on man. Electrotechn. Z.B. 26:319-320, 1974 (in German).

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[17] Guy A W. Hazards of VLF electromagnetic fields. In: The impact of proposed radiofrequency radiation
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[18] Chari, M.V.K., and Salon, S.J., Numerical Methods in Electromagnetism, Academic Press, USA, 2000.

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