PE Bones and Muscle

PE 31
ANATOMICAL TERMS Bone Classifications

 Superficial Direction –close to the surface  LONG BONES
of the body – consist of long shaft covered by hard
 Deep position –any feature that is further bone around a hollow center that
away from the body. contains yellow marrow.
Ribs superficial, Heart is deep – these bones are light but very strong.
 Proximal Position– limbs – major weight bearing bones.
“closer” where limbs are attached. 2 ends: Spongy bone and red marrow.
 Distal Positions
-further from the point of attachment –  SHORT BONES
fingers are distal to the shoulders –chunky, compact bones that are strong
 Superior –a position towards the head.
 Inferior –a position away from the head. and reinforce by thickening of the
bone tissue.
SKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW –contains spongy bone and allow a
 a new born baby has 305 bones variety movements at joints.
 25 years old, some bones fused together
to obtain maximum strength.  FLAT BONES
 Average human skeleton 206 bones –made up of 2 strong slayers of compact
 All bones are living organs
Coll (living) Minerals (non-living) bone, joined by layer of spongy bone.
 Largest Bones –gives protection to organs beneath
-Femur –allow for large areas of muscle
- Humerus attachment.
 Smalles Bones
- Middle Ear (Maleus, Incus, Stapes)  IRREGULAR BONES
5 MAJOR FUNCTION OF BONES –thin layer of compact bone containing
1. Support – for tendons and ligaments a mass of spongy bone. Vertebra
and framework for body shape. –reinforced, extra strength is needed.
2. Protection –Cranium protects brain
Ribs and Sternum protect internal 2 MAIN PARTS: DIVISION
organs e.g heart and lungs. 1. Axial Skeleton – aligned along the axis
3. Movement –bones work w/ muscle to of the body.
produce work. –skull, vertebral column
-muscles are attached to the skeleton. (spine, sacrum, and coccyx)
-work by contracting (shortening) and – sternum, ribs
pulling the bones. 2. Appendicular skeleton –outside the

4. Storage – and release for excess body main axis.
minerals. –upper extremities
5. Blood Production – Ribs, Vertebrae, (arms, forearms, hands)
Humerus, Femur contains red bone –pectoral (shoulder) girdle
marrow –makes RW cells & platelets. –pelvic (hip)
PE 31
–lower extremeties 3. Cardiac Muscle –make up the walls in
(thigh, knee, leg, foot) the heart. Involuntary control.
JOINTS – occurs 2 or more bones.
–essential for movement, as muscles
need to pass over them for contraction
to occur.
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
–held by ligaments– thick cord stringy tissue
 Isotonic – most common
MAIN TYPES –muscle length changes as tension
1. Fibrous – immovable is developed.
2. Cartilaginous – partially movable Ex. When a shot-putter pick up the shot-
3. Synovial – freely movable put and raises it to his/her neck.
 Isometric – muscle contraction but do
MUSCULAR SYSTEM OVERVIEW not produce any movement.
 over 600 muscles in the body Ex. If you were to hold out your arm,
 from hairs in your arms up to legs palm up and a weight is placed in
 w/o it, hearts wouldn’t beat, we couldn’t your hand. Your arm muscles would
breathe, digest food, walk, talk, or develop tension but not change a
reproduce. length.
3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS  Isokinetic –occurs when tension in a

1. Movement –most of our muscles are muscle is maximal throughout
under voluntary control. the range of motion.
 some muscles we do not –exercise the muscle effectively
consciously control such as muscle –specialised gym equipments
in the eye and heart. assist with these
2. Posture –make continuous changes to – the harder you push or pull,
our posture allowing for the the greater the resistance
constant offered by the machine.
pull (gravity) placed on our body.
3. Body Heat –the energy muscles require
to contract produces movement and
release heat that maintain body temp.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. Skeletal Muscle – muscles attached to
our bone under voluntary control.

2. Smooth Muscle – found internally in
blood vessels and the walls of
intestine and stomach under
involuntary control.

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PE 31

ANATOMICAL TERMS Bone Classifications

pulling the bones. 2. Appendicular skeleton –outside the

3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS  Isokinetic –occurs when tension in a

release heat that maintain body temp.

our bone under voluntary control.

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