The Body in Motion

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com
Long
Jump
The Body in Motion
By Roydon Ng ©
Year 11 PDHPE
Due: 30th June 2011
2 The Body in Motion (Long Jump Video Analysis) www.roydonng.com
Q1. CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY THE MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS IN PERFORMING MAIN MOVEMENTS
Long jump is athletics’ track and field event in involving a combination of speed, strength, and
agility in an effort by the athlete to jump the furthest distance possible. These movements are
caused by different extensions and contractions in the body especially involving joints. The five
major areas of long jump are: approach run up, take off, flight through the air and landing.
During the process of sprinting the major bones work together as joints which facilitate the
movement of the body. The ankle along with the tibia and heel bones are a hinge joint. A ball
and socket joint is formed from the hip, femur and pelvic bones. Long jump also involves
movement in the knee joints with the femur and tibia acting as a hinge joint. Quadricep
muscles are used with extensions of the joint, and gastrocnemius muscles between the knee
and ankle are used in plantar flexion.
In the run up approach process, the biceps and abdominal muscles support the body.
Movement in the knees, ankles and hip also take place. Joint movements such as
hyperextension involving the gluteal muscles help the hip move. Extensions in the quadriceps
aid the role of the knee in running and the ankle is moved by plantar flexion involving the
gastrocnemius muscles.
The jumping motion requires both the biceps and deltoids as the ball and socket joint. The
extension of both arms and legs occur when the athlete is in the flight phase. During the
projectile motion of the body, the legs adduct and with the feet are parallel and next to each
other.
Q2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MOVEMENT
The video shows the athlete using several skill and health related components as part of his
long jump routine. The main components required for good performance are: speed, technique
and strength. When participating in long jump, the athlete uses three skill related components
are: power, speed and coordination. Health related components used in long jump are:
muscular power, body composition and flexibility.
Muscular power is an important part in the jumping and running movements in long jump. In
the video we can see that the athlete needs generate enough muscular power to jump and
temporarily oppose gravity which is trying to keep him down on the track. We can also observe
that muscular power was also used in the landing as his arms swing back producing slightly
more momentum for the athlete to land further.
Speed is a crucial element especially in building up momentum during long jump. The athlete
requires speed in the starting phrase of the long jump. Research has shown that many sprinters
are also good at long jump. The run up for each person is different in length but is usually
around 15 to 25 steps. The more speed an athlete can produce, the more force is able to
project the body when it comes to the jump.
Coordination is another area where the athlete needs skill in. The sprint start to long jump
involves a coordinated action and response between not only the legs but also the lower and
upper body including the arms. Good coordination is necessary as the arms and legs work
together in an efficient and aerodynamic manner to reduce air resistance and to aid in the
motions in the running, jumping, projectile and landing stages in long jump.
Flexibility allows the athlete more control over their movement of their joints in their body and
to prevent injury on jumping and landing. The ability of flexibility can help athletes avoid rolling
their ankles on the jump and when landing into the pit. Flexibility can help the athlete when in
mid-flight to be able to hold them closer together to reduce surface area and contact with wind
resistances.
Jumping Speed (Running) Flexibility: Bunching Together

Q3. THE ROLE OF BIOMECHANICS IN INFLUENCING MOVEMENT
For the athlete to further improve his performance in long jump, he would have needed to be
familiar with biomechanical principles such as motion, force, momentum along with balance
and stability.
Motion is essential in long jump as a correct application will affect the total jump distance. The
bodily motion rhythms in the run up affect the style in which the jump is undertaken. Angular
momentum is enacted by the athlete as arms and legs move in opposite directions and vice
versa. The swinging of the arms forward as the individuals’ heels touch the ground builds
momentum so that athlete does not fall backwards.
Another important aspect in long jump is the correct application of force which allows the
athlete to enhance their performance. Force is most active when the athlete jumps in the take
off stage in long jump in an attempt to jump as far as possible. Force is absorbed by the body
through the ankles and knees when the athlete lands.
In order to perform a good jump the athlete should try to aim for a lower position during the
jump in order to allow their centre of gravity to be near the front of their feet. Stepping slightly
in front of their centre of gravity as they run will keep the athlete more stable and less likely to
fall over. Balance is also needed to make sure that the centre of gravity is in the correct position
in the take off and towards the landing. When the athlete flight stage, the athlete should lean
slightly back but slant forward when they land to gain momentum.
Bibliography
Title Author Published URL
Saladino Long Jump Island School Physical 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en&v=
Slow Motion Education Department Nu2W3utPPw8
Improve your Long TeachPE.com 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5v9p5j
Jump Technique BN_Hg&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Long Jump / Brian Mac Sports Coach 2011 http://www.brianmac.co.uk/longjump/
Movement Analysis http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm
Prelim Core 2: Body in Motion “Biomechanics” PDH Measure and Workbook + Class Notes
Long Jump Wikipedia 2011 https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en
/wiki/Long_jump
Long Jump Technique Jim Giroux 2011 http://bit.ly/jpF2X9
and Training
Muscles TeachPE.com 2011 http://www.teachpe.com/
Horizontal Jumps Complete Track and Field 2011 www.completetrackandfield.com
Biomechanics of the Nicholas P. Linthorne http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~spstnpl/Publications/Ch24Lo
long jump ngJump(Linthorne).pdf

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Q2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MOVEMENT

Jumping Speed (Running) Flexibility: Bunching Together

Q3. THE ROLE OF BIOMECHANICS IN INFLUENCING MOVEMENT

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