Diagrams Involving Entropy
Diagrams Involving Entropy
Diagrams Involving Entropy
We have used P-v and T-v diagrams in the study of the first law of
thermodynamics. In the second law analysis, we have new property that
is called entropy, so it is very helpful to plot the processes on diagrams
one of their coordinates is the entropy. The two diagrams commonly used
in the second-law analysis are the temperature-entropy and the
enthalpy-entropy diagrams.
T-S diagram
𝛿𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = ( )
𝑇 𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝛿𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑇. 𝑑𝑆
2
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣 = ∫ 𝑇. 𝑑𝑆 𝑘𝐽
1
which corresponds to the area under the process curve on a T-S diagram.
Therefore, we conclude that the area under the process curve on a T-S
diagram represents heat transfer during an internally reversible
process.
Note
For irreversible Process, the area under process curve on T-S diagram has
no meaning.
Special processes:
2
𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑇 ∫1 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇(𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) = 𝑇∆𝑠 = ± according to heat added or
rejected
𝛿𝑞
∆𝑠 = ∫ + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑇
∆𝑠 = 0
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 0
𝑠2 = 𝑠1
Compression process
𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
Show the Carnot cycle on a T-S diagram and indicate the areas that
represent the heat supplied QH, heat rejected QL, and the net-work output
Wnet,out on this diagram.
Therefore, the area enclosed by the path of a cycle (area 1234) on a T-S
diagram represents the net-work. Recall that the area enclosed by the path
of a cycle also represents the net work on a P-V diagram.
𝛿𝑄
∆𝑆 = ∫ + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑇
𝑄12
∆𝑆 =
𝑇
But when the temperature varies during the process, we have to have a
relation between Q and T to perform this integration. Finding such
relations is difficult and we will determine 𝑑𝑠 in a different way that we
will do in this section.
The differential form of the 1st law equation for a closed stationary
system (a fixed mass) can be expressed for an internally reversible
process as
𝛿𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣. − 𝛿𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣. = 𝑑𝑈
But
𝛿𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣. = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
Thus
𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑈 𝑘𝐽
𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 𝑘𝐽
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃
𝑑ℎ = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃
And then