Intro To Transmission Line

Introduction to Transmission Line
Engr. Ricky S. Valenzuela
1st Semester, Academic Year 2021 - 2022
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Engr. Ricky S. Valenzuela Introduction to Transmission Line
Transmission Line
A mechanical structure designed to transmit a certain maximum
amount of energy economically from one place to another, with a
specified limit to the permissible voltage variation at the receiving
end and with the least possible risk of interruption to continuous
service.
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Equivalent Circuit Representation of Transmission Line
Figure: Equivalent Circuit Representation of Transmission Line
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Classifications of Overhead Transmission Lines According to Length

1 Short Transmission Line – a type of transmission line having a
length of 80 km (50 mi) or less
2 Medium Transmission Line – a type of transmission line
having a length of 81 km to 240 km (150 miles)
3 Long Transmission Line – a type of transmission line having a
length above 240 km
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Parameters of Transmission Lines

1 Series Inductance of the line
2 Series Resistance of the line

3 Shunt Capacitance of the line
4 Shunt Conductance of the line
Note: Parameters 1 and 2 are for short, 1,2, and 3 are for medium,
and 1,2,3, and 4 are for long transmission lines.
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Series Resistance of the line
DC Resistance
This parameter of any transmission line rely on the cross-sectional
area of the conducting material. It is represented by R and its unit
is ohms per unit length of the conductor. It is given by:
L
RDC = ρ
A
where ρ denotes the resistivity of the conducting material in Ω−cmil
ft ,
L the length of the transmission line (ft) and A denotes the cross-
sectional area of the line (circular mil, cmil).
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Cross-Sectional Area in cmil

The cross-sectional area in cmil of a conductor is given by:
A = (dmil )2
where dmil is the diameter of the conductor in mils. Note: 1 in =

1000 mils
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AC Resistance
The AC (alternating current) resistance of the line is given by:
√
1 + 1 + F2
RAC = kRDC ; k =
2
where: F = 0.0105d 2 f for copper

F = 0.0063d 2 f for aluminum
d = diameter of conductor (inch)
f = frequency (Hertz, Hz)
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Capacitance
The transmission line is composed of 2 parallel conducting wire sep-
arated by dielectric material. So it behaves as a parallel plate ca-
pacitor. Thus it has some capacitance which is also distributed
uniformly over its length. It is measured in farads per unit length of
the conductor.
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Inductance
When current flows through a conductor then it generates a mag-
netic field perpendicular to the direction of the electric field. As
the magnetic field varies, electromagnetic flux gets generated in the
line. So, this emf now flows in opposite direction with the current
flowing through the device which is known as inductance. Its value
depends on the current flowing through the conductor. Inductance
is represented by L and its unit is Henry per unit length of the con-
ductor.
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What is Skin Effect in the Transmission Lines?
Skin Effect
The phenomena arising due to unequal distribution of current over
the entire cross section of the conductor being used for long distance
power transmission is referred as the skin effect in transmission lines.
Such a phenomena does not have much role to play in case of a very
short line, but with increase in the effective length of the conduc-
tors, skin effect increases considerably. So the modifications in line
calculation needs to be done accordingly. Moreover, skin effect is
the tendency of current to move outward the surface of conductor.
Note that skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low
( less than 50 Hz ) and conductance diameter is less than 1.0 cm.
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What is Skin Effect in the Transmission Lines?
Skin effect depends upon the following factors:

1 Nature of Material
2 Diameter of Wire
3 Frequency
4 Shape of Wire
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Types of Aluminum Conductors
The following are the common types of aluminum conductors:

1 AAC - all-aluminum conductors
2 AAAC - all-aluminum-alloy conductors
3 ACSR - aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced
4 ACAR - aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced
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Introduction to Transmission Line

Engr. Ricky S. Valenzuela

1st Semester, Academic Year 2021 - 2022

Equivalent Circuit Representation of Transmission Line

Figure: Equivalent Circuit Representation of Transmission Line

Classifications of Overhead Transmission Lines According to Length

Parameters of Transmission Lines

2 Series Resistance of the line

Cross-Sectional Area in cmil

where dmil is the diameter of the conductor in mils. Note: 1 in =

where: F = 0.0105d 2 f for copper

Skin effect depends upon the following factors:

The following are the common types of aluminum conductors:

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