(Week 11) Power Transmission

Topic 5
Power Transmission
Dr. Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden

P06-210, 07-5535451, 019-7422313
Institute of High Voltage & High Current (IVAT)

School of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Course Topics
1 – AC Power (2 weeks)
2 – 3-Phase System (2 weeks)
3 – Magnetic Circuits (2 weeks)
4 – Transformers (2 weeks)
5 – Generation, Transmission & Distribution (4 weeks)
6 – DC Machines (1 week)
7 – AC Machines (1 week)
TOTAL – 14 weeks
Transmission
Generation
Distribution
*Photo from http://www.poncelectric.com/
Generation

Transmission
Objectives
Student should be able to:
1. List and describe various types of transmission lines.

2. Discuss basic concepts related to design and structure of
power transmission lines.
1. Model the lines into suitable line representatives.

2. Analyze power flow and performance of line in terms of
efficiency and voltage regulation.
Objectives
What will we cover in the topic?
① Line Conductor
② Types of Transmission Lines
③ Design Concept & Line Structures
④ Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit:
i. Short line
ii. Medium line: t- and π-circuit
Introduction
Power plant Transmission Consumer
v Operated at a very high voltage level à Reduce power losses.

Introduction
v Most long distance lines are v Underground lines or

overhead lines due to cost submarine cables à
and maintenance Congested areas or river or
considerations. sea.
Transmission Line Conductors
Copper Aluminum
v Copper has better conductivity per unit of volume
compared to aluminum but is more costly and has worse
conductivity per unit of weight.
v Thus, aluminum is widely used as power line conductors

compared to copper.
All-aluminum
All-aluminum-alloy
conductor (AAC)
conductor (AAAC)
Aluminum conductor steel- Aluminum conductor alloy-

reinforced (ACSR) reinforced (ACAR)
v Supported by alloy/steel à Increases conductor’s strength.

How to differentiate the arrangement?
Aluminum Steel
Cross sectional view of a sample of ACSR conductor
24Al/7St or 24/7
Cross sectional view of typical ACSR conductor

Types of Transmission Lines
v The line is insulated by the pin

insulators that are suspended on the
transmission tower and by the air
surrounding the conductors.
v The pin insulators are normally

made of porcelain or glass and also
form the support for the
conductors to the tower.
Overhead
Underground
v Underground lines are used to transmit across river or sea

and through densely populated areas.
Overhead cable Underground cable
vBare (uncovered) à easy v Well insulated and

to dissipate heat and reduce protected against external
the weight. elements.
vFor high voltage/power v Low power applications
transmission. because heat is not easily
dissipated.
High Voltage Alternating Current Lines (HVAC)
v HVAC lines using three phase conductor arrangement is

used to transmit power at high voltages to distribution
sections.
v Relatively lower AC voltages at generating stations are

increased by step-up transformers to high transmission
voltages.
v In Malaysia, three standard transmission voltage levels,

132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV.
High Voltage Direct Current Lines (HVDC)
v HVDC lines are typically used in two situations:
i. To transmit power at extremely long distances.

ii. To connect two power systems with different
frequencies (asynchronous systems) or in different
countries.
Investment cost VS transmission distance

Advantages of HVDC rather than HVAC lines
v More economical for very long distance.

v Lower cost of HVDC line construction.
v No significant magnetic.
v No electric field effects from the line to the environment.
v No voltage regulation problem.
v No reactive compensation issue.
Design Concept and Line
Structure
Cost to design, fabricate,
and construct the tower Clearance
Power capacity and

Soil and surrounding voltage level of the line
conditions
Factors need to be considered

Design Concept and Line
Structure
Shield conductor
Phase conductor
Suspension
insulator set
*Spacer between A set of three phase

two conductors conductors on a tower
*Bright red spheres that

can guide the pilots
Identification Security feature against

plate for the line unauthorized climber
Line Parameter
v There are four effects on power transmission lines :

resistance, inductance, capacitance, and leakage
resistance.
v Voltage differences between points move electrons, hence

current flows in the line.
v The electrons encounter resistance along the line and this

effect contributes to power loss and, to some extent,
voltage drop in the line.
Line Parameter
v The transmission line also develops two types of fields,

namely magnetic and electric fields.
v Magnetic field is developed when current induces flux

around the conductor.
v Alternating current continuously changes the flux and

resulting into induced voltage along the line.
v The effect forms inductance which causes voltage drop in

the line and requires constant supply of reactive power.
Line Parameter
Line Parameter
v Conductance between conductors that are in touch with

each other or between any conductor to earth through
suspension insulator contributes to the flow of leakage
current in transmission lines.
v However, since the leakage in normal operating

condition is quite negligible, the leakage reactance to
represent the conductance is not taken into account in
the following discussion.
Note: All parameters (R, L, C) are normally given in per

unit length. Ex. R = 0.1 ohm /km.
Equivalent circuit for
Transmission Line
v Three-phase transmission line in balanced condition can be
represented by a single phase circuit.
Transmission Line
v Resistance and inductance are series parameters while

capacitance is shunt parameter in the circuit.
v Physically, all line parameters are distributed uniformly along

the line.
v However, to simplify the line analysis, typically the parameters

are assumed as lumped elements at a given point in the
equivalent circuit.
Transmission Line
v In this section we will describe modeling techniques available

to lump the line parameters based on length of the line which
can be divided into 3 representation :
1) Short line representation (< 80 km)

2) Medium line representation (80 km – 240 km)
3) Long line representation (> 240 km)
v The long line representation will be covered in EMT course.

Short Line Representation
v With length of less than 80 km, capacitive effect is

insignificant.
v The per phase circuit for the short line representation

consists of the series parameters.
VS and IS : phase voltage and phase current, at the sending

end of the line.
VR and IR : phase voltage and current, at receiving end.
R : Total resistance per phase (in ohm)
XL : Total inductive reactance per phase (in ohm)
v The line impedance per phase, Z,

v IS and IR are the same, while voltages VS and VR are

different due to the voltage drop VRL in the line impedance.
v VR is taken as reference phasor in the analysis

v In matrix form
v Known as ABCD parameters for transmission line where

A = 1, B = Z, C = 0, and D = 1, leads to AD - BC = 1.
Example:
A 30 km, three phase 50 Hz transmission line is transferring

power to a 500 kW load with power factor of 0.9 lagging. The
load voltage is 10 kV. Given resistance and inductance of the
line per phase of 0.1 Ω per km and 0.424 mH per km,
respectively, calculate
(i) current from the sending end / to the receiving end

(ii) voltage at the sending end of the line.
Self-assessment question:
A 30 km, three phase 50 Hz transmission line is transferring

power to a 500 kW load with power factor of 0.8 leading. The
load voltage is 10 kV. Given resistance and inductance of the
line per phase of 0.1 Ω per km and 0.424 mH per km,
respectively, calculate
(i) current from the sending end / to the receiving end,

(ii) voltage at the sending end of the line.
Medium Line Representation
v Medium line representation is used for line with length of

between 80 km to 240 km.
v All line parameters are still represented as lumped

elements.
v There exists two representations for the medium lines,

namely:
i. T-circuit representation.
ii. π-circuit representation
T-circuit Representation
v For sending end voltage :

v For sending end current :

π–circuit Representation
Efficiency
v In general, phase voltage and current at sending end of

transmission line can be represented as
v Similarly, at the receiving end, phase voltage and current can

be represented as
Efficiency
v In most cases, phase voltage at the receiving end is taken as

a reference i.e. the angle for VR is set to zero.
v Total apparent power from the source is
v Total apparent power received by the load is

Efficiency
v The real power magnitudes delivered by the source and

that received by the load respectively, are
v Total real power loss in the line is

Efficiency
v The efficiency of the transmission line is a ratio of the

power received by the load to the power generated by the
source, i.e.
v The efficiency can be expressed in percentage by

multiplying 100%.
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation
v Degree of voltage rise at the receiving end of the line when

a rated load (or known as full load) is completely removed
from the load terminal, with sending end voltage is fixed.
v The voltage relationship to determine line regulation can be

expressed as
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation
Note
Value of VR-NL : Vs since IR is zero at no-load condition.

VR-FL : VR when the line is loaded.
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation
In-Class Question 1
In-Class Question 2
In-Class Question 2
In-Class Question 2
Final Exam 2013/14-1
Final Exam 2013/14-2

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Topic 5

Dr. Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden

Institute of High Voltage & High Current (IVAT)

2 – 3-Phase System (2 weeks)

3 – Magnetic Circuits (2 weeks)

5 – Generation, Transmission & Distribution (4 weeks)

*Photo from http://www.poncelectric.com/

Student should be able to:

1. List and describe various types of transmission lines.

1. Model the lines into suitable line representatives.

Power plant Transmission Consumer

v Operated at a very high voltage level à Reduce power losses.

v Most long distance lines are v Underground lines or

v Thus, aluminum is widely used as power line conductors

Aluminum conductor steel- Aluminum conductor alloy-

v Supported by alloy/steel à Increases conductor’s strength.

Cross sectional view of a sample of ACSR conductor

Cross sectional view of typical ACSR conductor

v The line is insulated by the pin

v The pin insulators are normally

v Underground lines are used to transmit across river or sea

Overhead cable Underground cable

vBare (uncovered) à easy v Well insulated and

High Voltage Alternating Current Lines (HVAC)

v HVAC lines using three phase conductor arrangement is

v Relatively lower AC voltages at generating stations are

v In Malaysia, three standard transmission voltage levels,

High Voltage Direct Current Lines (HVDC)

v HVDC lines are typically used in two situations:

i. To transmit power at extremely long distances.

Investment cost VS transmission distance

v More economical for very long distance.

Power capacity and

Factors need to be considered

*Spacer between A set of three phase

*Bright red spheres that

Identification Security feature against

v There are four effects on power transmission lines :

v Voltage differences between points move electrons, hence

v The electrons encounter resistance along the line and this

v The transmission line also develops two types of fields,

v Magnetic field is developed when current induces flux

v Alternating current continuously changes the flux and

v The effect forms inductance which causes voltage drop in

v Conductance between conductors that are in touch with

v However, since the leakage in normal operating

Note: All parameters (R, L, C) are normally given in per

v Resistance and inductance are series parameters while

v Physically, all line parameters are distributed uniformly along

v However, to simplify the line analysis, typically the parameters

v In this section we will describe modeling techniques available

1) Short line representation (< 80 km)

v The long line representation will be covered in EMT course.

v With length of less than 80 km, capacitive effect is

v The per phase circuit for the short line representation

VS and IS : phase voltage and phase current, at the sending

v The line impedance per phase, Z,

v IS and IR are the same, while voltages VS and VR are

v VR is taken as reference phasor in the analysis