ENGR. ARVIN B.

ALDOVER
¨ Transmission Line is a metallic conductor system that
is used to transfer electrical energy from one point to
another.
 a device designed to
Transmission Lines guide electrical
energy from one
point to another

used to connect the

transmitter and the
antenna

it must maintain the

integrity of the
signals in both
direction
¨ Electromagnetic Waves are form of radiant energy like heat, light,
radio, X-ray, and television waves that are considered to be oscillatory
disturbances in free space.
¨ LONGITUDINAL
¡ Thedisplacement is in the direction of
propagation

¨ TRANSVERSE
¡ The direction of displacement is perpendicular to
the direction of propagation
¨ Wave Velocity

c
¨ Frequency
l=
¨ Wavelength
f
¨ It consists simply of two parallel
wires, closely spaced and separated by
air.
¨ The distance between two conductors
is generally between 2 inches and 6
inches.
¨ high radiation losses and electrical
noise pickup
¨ The dielectric is air.
¨ Twin Lead is also known as
Ribbon Cable.

¨ Twin Lead is essentially the

same with Open-wire
transmission line except that
it is separated by solid
dielectric rather than air.

¨ The distance of two

conductors is 5/16 inch for
television transmission cable.
¨ A twisted-pair cable is
formed by twisting together
two insulated conductors.

¨ Twisted-pair configuration:
¡ Pair
¡ Units
¡ Cores
 ETHERNET CABLE MAXIMUM LENGTHS

SPECIFICATION CABLE TYPE MAXIMUM LENGTH

10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 metres

10Base2 Thin coaxial cable 180 metres

10Base5 Thick coaxial cable 500 metres
10BaseF Fibre optic cable 2000 metres

100BaseT Unshielded twisted pair 100 metres

100BaseTX Unshielded twisted pair 220 metres

Shielded Pair

parallel conductors
separated from
each other and
surrounded by a
solid dielectric

the conductors are

balanced to ground
¨ Coaxial cables are used extensively for high-
frequency applications to reduce losses and to
isolate transmission paths.

¨ Coaxial cable provides excellent shielding

against external interference.
¨ Rigid-Air Filled Coaxial
Cable has a center
conductor surrounded
coaxially by a tubular
outer conductor and the
insulating material is air.
¨ The outer conductor is physically isolated and separated from
the center conductor by a spacer.
¨ BNC
Bayonet Neill-Concelman
-Paul Neill
-Carl Concelman

Bayonet Nut Connector

Bayonet Naval Connector
Baby Neill-Concelman
Baby N connector
British Naval Connector
 ¨ N-Type
Invented by Paul Neill
 TYPE IMPEDANCE USE

RG-8 50 OHMS RADIO

TRANSMITTERS
RG-58 50 OHMS COMMUNICATION
RECEIVERS
RG-59 75 OHMS TV ANTENNA
FEEDLINES/CATV
RG-62 93 OHMS COMPUTER
NETWORKS
 ratio of a transmission line's true
Velocity propagation velocity and the
Factor speed of light in a vacuum

vp 1
VF = VF =
c e
¨ Electromagnetic Waves that travel along a transmission line from the
source toward the load.

¨ Electromagnetic Waves that travel from the load back toward the
source.
 Balance-to-ground
a measure of the electrical symmetry of a transmission line
with respect to ground potential

Unbalanced Line Balanced Line

one of its two neither conductor
conductors at at ground potential
ground potential

coaxial line two-wire line

¨ Balanced or Differential Transmission Line
¨ Unbalanced or Single Ended Transmission Line
¨ A circuit device used to connect a balanced transmission line
to unbalanced load
¡ Choke, sleeve, bazooka
Electromagnetic waves that travel along a transmission line from the
source toward the load are called _____.

A. incident wave
B. transverse wave
C. reflected wave
D. longitudinal wave
What is the actual length of one-quarter wavelength of a coax with a
velocity factor of 0.65 at 30 MHz?

A. 70 m
B. 6.5 m
C. 1.63 m
D. 5.33 m
A type of twisted-pair wherein its wires and dielectric are enclosed in a
conductive metal sleeve called a foil.

a. STP
b. Twin lead
c. UTP
d. Unshielded Twin lead
A classification of transmission line where both conductors carry
current, one conductor carries the signal and the other is the return.

A. unbalanced line
B. common mode line
C. single ended
D. differential line
The most common type of balun used in
relatively high frequency

A. Narrowband
B. Choke
C. Sleeve
D. All of these
If the two towers of a 950-kHz antenna
are separated by 120 electrical degrees,
what is the tower separation in feet?

A. 231 ft
B. 235 ft
C. 176 ft
D. 345 ft
¨ Primary Constants

¨ Secondary Constants
¨ The Primary Constant are uniformly distributed throughout the
length of the line and commonly called Distributed
Parameters.
¨ depends on the length of the line, the size of the conducting
wires, the spacing between the wires, and the dielectric
between the wires
ú Series Resistance
ú Series Inductance
ú Shunt Conductance
ú Shunt Capacitance
 Inductance
when current flows through a wire, magnetic
lines of force are set up around the wire
 Capacitance

the two parallel wires act as plates of a capacitor and that the
air between them acts as a dielectric
 Resistance
because there is no perfect conductor, resistance also exist
through the wires
 Conductance
because any dielectric is not a perfect
insulator, a small current known as leakage
current flows between the two wires
Transmission Line Constants
¨ The Transmission Characteristics of a
transmission line are called Secondary
Constants.
¨ Characteristic impedance

¨ Propagation Constant
¨ Impedance measured at the
source when the line is infinite
¨ Also known as Surge Impedance
¨ For maximum power transfer from
the source to the load, a transmission
line must be terminated in a purely
resistive load equal to the
characteristic impedance of the line.
ZL=Zo
 the impedance of
Characteristic the transmission
Impedance line

R + 2pfL
Zo = W
G + 2pfC
at low frequencies at high frequencies

R L
Zo = W Zo = W
G C
Zo : Two-wire Line

276 d
Zo = log W
e r
Zo : Coaxial Line

138 d1
Zo = log W
e d2
¨ Propagation Constant or Propagation coefficient is used
to express the attenuation and the phase shift per unit
length of a transmission line.

g = a + jb
g= ( R + jwL )( G + jwC )
Determine the characteristic impedance for an air dielectric two-wire
parallel transmission line with the ratio of distance between cables and
radius of a balanced line is equal 6.11.

A. 150 ohms
B. 250 ohms
C. 217 ohms
D. 300 ohms
Defined as the impedance seen looking at an
infinitely long line or the impedance seen
looking into a finite length of the line that is
terminated in a purely resistive load with the
resistance equal to the characteristic
Impedance of the line.
A. Input impedance
B. Surge impedance
C. Output impedance
D. Circuit impedance
When analyzing a transmission line, its inductance and
capacitance are considered to be:
a. lumped
b. distributed
c. equal reactances
d. ideal elements
A coaxial cable has a capacitance of 40 pF
per ft. and a characteristic impedance of
60 ohms. Calculate its inductance/ft.

A. 0.72 uH/ft
B. 0.144 uH/ft
C. 0.288 uH/ft
D. 0.36 uH/ft
Calculate the minimum length of a pair of
conductors to be considered as a
transmission line, if its operating
frequency is 800 MHz.

A. 37.5 mm
B. 375 mm
C. 37.5 cm
D. 3.75 mm
The input power to a loss free cable is 5 W. If the reflected
power is 7 dB down on the incident power, the output
power to the load is

a. 4 W
b. 5 W
c. 6 W
d. 7 W
In order to avoid reflections, the load
impedance used to terminate RG 62 A/U
is computed as _____.

A. 93
B. 150
C. 75
D. 50
The characteristic impedance of a cable depends on:
a. the resistance per foot of the wire used
b. the resistance per foot and the inductance per foot
c. the resistance per foot and the capacitance per foot
d. the inductance per foot and the capacitance per foot
¨ Velocity Factor is sometimes called Velocity Constant.

¨ Velocity Factor is simply the ratio of the actual velocity of propagation

through a given medium to the velocity of propagation through free
space.
 Vp
Vf =
c
1
Vf =
er
 Velocity of Propagation
related to the values of inductance and capacitance

1 1
vp = VF =
LC c LC
¨ Delay Lines are transmission lines designed to intentionally introduce a
time delay in the path of electromagnetic wave.

¨ The amount of time delay is a function of the transmission line’s

inductance and capacitance.
𝑡 = 𝐿𝐶
t d = 1.016e
 Skin Effect

a tendency for
alternating current to
flow mostly near the
outer surface of the
conductor
¨ The inherent and unavoidable power loss because of the finite
resistance of the transmission line.

¨ Proportional to current and inversely proportional to characteristic

impedance

¨ Sometimes called conductor or conductor heating loss or I2R loss.

¨ A difference of potential between the two conductors of
a transmission line causes dielectric heating.
¨ Proportional to the frequency and the voltage across the
dielectric, while inversely proportional to the
characteristic impedance for an power transmitted.
¨ If the separation between the conductors in a transmission line
is an appreciable fraction of a wavelength, the electrostatic
and electromagnetic fields that surround the conductor cause
the line to act as an antenna.

¨ Radiation loss is proportional to the frequency.

¨ Coupling loss occurs whenever a connection is made to
or from a transmission line or when two separated
pieces of transmission line are connected together.
¨ Corona is a luminous discharge that occurs between the two
conductors of a transmission line when the difference of
potential between them exceeds the breakdown voltage of the
dielectric insulator.
 Length of a Transmission Line

physical length is short

Electrically Short compared to a quarter-
wavelength of the energy it is
to carry

physical length is long

compared to a quarter-
Electrically Long wavelength of the energy it is
to carry
 Example A 3 m line is electrically
long or short when:

frequency is 30 kHz? frequency is 30,000 MHz?

v v
l= l=
f f
3x108 m/s 8
3x10 m/s
l= l=
30x103 Hz 30,000x10 6 Hz
l = 10,000 m l = 0.01 m
𝝀 𝝀
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝟒
A commonly used coaxial cable, RG-8A/U, has a capacitance of 29.5
pF/ft and inductance of 73.75 nH/ft. Determine the velocity of
propagation introduced by a 1-ft section of this coaxial cable use as a
delay line.

A. 2 x 10^ 8 m/s
B. 3 x 10^ 8 m/s
C. 1 x 10^ 8 m/s
D. 4 x 10^ 8 m/s
It is defined simply as the ratio of the actual velocity of propagation
through a given medium to the velocity of propagation through space.

A. velocity factor
B. propagation constant
C. propagation delay
D. velocity ratio
It occurs whenever a connection is made to or from a transmission
line or when two sections of transmission line are connected
together

a. Power loss
b. Coupling loss
c. Radiation loss
d. Resistance loss
Calculate the time delay in nanosecond
introduced by a 100 ft coaxial cable with
a dielectric constant of 2.3.

A. 230
B. 152
C. 154
D. 15.2
Calculate the velocity factor of a coaxial
cable, used as a transmission line, with a
characteristic impedance of 50 ohms,
capacitance is 40 pF/m and inductance
equal to 50 uH/m.
A. 0.073
B. 0.44
C. 0.22
D. 0.73
The typical value of the velocity factor of
an open-wire transmission line is

A. 0.8
B. 0.7
C. 0.6
D. 0.9
What is the actual length in feet of a one
wavelength of a coax with a
velocity factor of 0.695 at 42 MHz?

A. 17.82
B. 16.28
C. 19.26
D. 16.97
The effect of frequency on the resistance of a wire is called:

a. I2R loss
b. the Ohmic effect
c. the skin effect
d. there is no such effect
¨ A transmission line is nonresonant if it is of infinite length or if it is
terminated with a resistive load equal to the ohmic value of the
characteristic impedance of the transmission lines.
¨ In a Resonant line, the energy is alternately transferred between the
magnetic and electric fields of the distributed inductance and
capacitance of the line.
¨ The reflection coefficient is a vector quantity that
represents the ratio of the reflected voltage to
incident voltage or reflected current to incident
current.
¨ The reciprocal of the Reflection Coefficient is the
Return Loss
 Ir Er
G= G=
Ii Ei
Reflection Coefficient

Zl - Zo
t=
Zl + Zo

( R a - R o ) + Xa
2 2

t=
( R a + R o ) + Xa
2 2
 At matched line; ZL = Zo
Γ = 0; most desirable

At short circuited line; ZL = 0

Γ = -1

At open circuited line; ZL = infinity

Γ =1
¨ Device used to locate
discontinuities in a
transmission line.
¨ The two traveling waves setup an interference pattern known as
Standing Waves.
¨ Standing Wave Ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum
voltage to the minimum voltage or the maximum current to
the minimum current of a standing wave.
 Zo
SWR = Z o > ZL
ZL

ZL
SWR = ZL > Z o
Zo
 Vmax
VSWR =
Vmin

Imax
ISWR =
Imin
 SWR - 1
G=
SWR + 1

1+ G
SWR =
1- G
 Pr
t=
Pi

Reflection Coefficient and SWR

Return Loss = -20log t

A generator sends 50mW down a 50-ohm line. The generator is
matched to the line, but the load is not. If the coefficient of reflection is
0.5, how much power is reflected?

A. 7.65mW
B. 37.5mW
C. 12.5mW
D. 14mW
A positive voltage pulse sent down a transmission line
terminated in a short-circuit:
a. would reflect as a positive pulse
b. would reflect as a negative pulse
c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative
pulse
d. would not reflect at all
A positive voltage pulse sent down a transmission line terminated
with its characteristic impedance:
a. would reflect as a positive pulse
b. would reflect as a negative pulse
c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse
d. would not reflect at all
A positive voltage-pulse sent down a transmission line terminated
in an open-circuit:
a. would reflect as a positive pulse
b. would reflect as a negative pulse
c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse
d. would not reflect at all
A 50-ohm coax is connected to a 73-ohm
antenna. The SWR is

A. 0.685
B. 1
C. 1.46
D. 2.92
For matched condition, what is the
relationship of load and characteristic
impedance?

A. Greater than
B. Less than
C. Equal
D. Impossible to say
 load’s impedance the line acts as the
dominates the circuit principal component
in the circuit
characteristic
impedance is of little line impedance
consequence to the defines circuit
circuit's behavior behavior
 Impedance Matching
to minimize the impact of transmission line length
any signal source connected to the other end will see the
exact same impedance, and will have the exact same current
drawn from it
reflected waves are considered as loss since
reflected energy is energy not delivered to
the end device
 to eliminate reflections
Impedance
makes the line
Matching “appear” infinitely long

Reflected waves will also manifest if the terminating

resistance isn't precisely equal to the characteristic
impedance.
Re-reflections of a reflected wave may also occur at
the source end of a transmission line
Perfectly Matched
Transmission Line
¨ ZL= Zo’: the quarter wavelength line acts as a transformer with
a 1:1 turns

¨ ZL> Zo’: the quarter wavelength line acts as a step-down

transformer

¨ ZL< Zo’: the quarter wavelength line acts as a step-up

transformer
Zo ' = ZZ
o L
¨ When the load is complex impedance, it is necessary to use Stub to
remove the reactive component to match the transmission line to the
load.
Tx Line Input Impedance
A short section of a transmission line, open or shorted that is used to
match the impedance of the line to that of an antenna or transmitter.

A. Slotted line
B. Stub
C. Wavetrap
D. Lecher wire
A pulse is transmitted down a cable that has a velocity of propagation
of 0.8c. The reflected signal is received 1 microsec later. How far down
is the cable impairment?

A. 150m
B. 120m
C. 100m
D. 200m
If the length of a open-circuited stub is
less than quarter-wavelength but greater
than 0, the stub behaves as

A. inductor
B. capacitor
C. resistor
D. complex
Impedance inversion maybe obtained
with __________.

A. a half-wave line
B. an open-circuited stub
C. a short-circuited stub
D. a quarter-wave line
An open transmission line 6 inches long acts as a/an ___ at a frequency
of 492 MHz.

A. Parallel resonant circuit

B. Series resonant circuit
C. Inductive reactance
D. Capacitive reactance
Short circuited stubs are preferred to open-circuited stub
because the latter are
A. More difficult to make and connect
B. Made of a transmission line with different
characteristic impedance
C. Liable to radiate
D. Incapable of giving a full range of reactance
A short-circuited half-wavelength line acts like a

A. Parallel resonant circuit

B. Series Resonant Circuit
C. Oscillator
D. LC circuit
A short-circuited half-wavelength line acts like a

A. Parallel resonant circuit

B. Series Resonant Circuit
C. Oscillator
D. LC circuit
ENGR. ARVIN B. ALDOVER
1. The characteristic impedance will
_________, if the spacing between the
wires of a balanced transmission line is
increased.

A. Increase
B. Remain the same
C. Decrease
D. Cannot be determined
2. If the length of a short-circuited stub is
less than quarter-wavelength but greater
than 0, the stub behaves as

A. inductor
B. capacitor
C. resistor
D. complex
3. The desirable SWR on a transmission
line is

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. infinity
4. An antenna is being fed by a properly
terminated two-wire transmission line. The
current in the line at the input end is 3A. The
surge impedance of the line is 500 ohms. How
much power is being supplied to the line? M

A. 3.1 kW
B. 2.5 kW
C. 1.6 kW
D. 4.5 kW
5. A transmitter supplies 50W through a
line with an SWR of 2:1. What is the
power absorbed by the load?

A. 31W
B. 22.5W
C. 44W
D. 15W
6. A coaxial cable with two layers of foil
insulation and two layers of braided
shielding.

A. Quad shielding
B. Double shielding
C. Triple shielding
D. Shielding
7. The difference in potential between two
conductors of a metallic transmission line causes
______.

a. Conductor loss
b. Dielectric heating
c. Radiation loss
d. Corona
8. For a transmission line with an incident
voltage of 5V and a reflected voltage of
3V, determine the reflection coefficient.

A. 0.4
B. 0.6
C. 0.5
D. 0.7
9. For maximum absorption of power at the
antenna, the relationship between the
characteristic impedance of the line Zo and the
load impedance ZL should be

a. Zo = ZL
b. Zo > ZL
c. Zo < ZL
d. Zo = 0
10. Sound travels approximately

A. 2200 feet per second

B. 1100 feet per second
C. 550 feet per second
D. 600 feet per second
11. In AWG, the higher the wire gauge _____

A. the higher the diameter and the lower the

resistance
B. the smaller the diameter and the higher the
resistance
C. the smaller the diameter and the higher the
conductance
D. the larger the diameter and the higher the
resistance
12. The minimum voltage along a
transmission line is 260V, while the
maximum is 390V. The SWR is

A. 0.67
B. 1.0
C. 1.5
D. 1.2