Basic Concepts of Effective Communication
Basic Concepts of Effective Communication
Basic Concepts of Effective Communication
Nonverbal- gesture, body language, posture, voice tone, facial exp. Descriptive Grammar- creative; no rules; formal/informal language
- all about speaker’s body language - comics, drama, novels
- nonverbal signals reflect situation more accurately Prescriptive G.- technical; rule-bounded; formal language (biography)
- nonverbal response can sometimes contradict verbal
DOs in Written Comm using Prescriptive Grammar
communication, affecting message effectiveness st
1. Avoid contract words 12. Capitalize 1 letter of sentence
3 elements: Appearance speaker (clothing, cosmetics, hair)
2. Capitalize “I” (special pronoun) 13. Put period after each sentence
surrounding (room size, lighting, deco)
3. Double negatives 14. Don’t end sentence w/ preposition
Body Language (facial exp, gesture, posture)
4. Don’t start sentence w/ “and”/“but” 15. Don’t use “!”
Sounds (voice tone, volume, speech rate) 5. Correct parallelism 16. Avoid highfaluting/complex words
6. Avoid run-on sentences 17. Don’t be wordy
Types based on Purpose & Style 7. Correct grammar 18. Avoid ambiguities
Formal- formal & official style; professional settings 8. Proper punctuation marks 19. Don’t split infinitives
- avoid slang/foul language; correct pronunciation 9. Avoid clipped words (‘coz) 20. Check word choice & redundancies
- authority lines are to be followed 10. Never use slangs 21. Use active voice
11. Avoid cliches
REGISTERS PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
- speaker’s language use in written/spoken circumstances INFORMATIVE- input new learning, enhance prior knowledge, confirm concept, alleviate
- word choices, definition, voice tone, facial expression, nonverbal clues idea comprehension, explain process
- stylistic variation (acc on how we behave in diff. situation); register can - stick to facts; avoid repetition; make it clear
be determined/ influenced by social occasion, purpose, participant, context PERSUASIVE- convince; support idea you want to convey (commercial, billboard)
- be objective & subjective; cite
Types ARGUMENTATIVE- logical & reasoned way to show one’s POV, belief (debate)
- one-way debate; move reader to action; end with a punch
Intimate- private; between close relatives/intimate persons
- language used may not be shared in public Public Speaking- speaker/Orator to audience; discourse/Orations
Casual- peers & friends; jargon, slang, street language, vulgar words - different from casual convo
Consultative- standard; professional/mutually acceptable language Public Speaking Casual Conversation
- acc to employment status; giving advice - formal language; formal env - informal language & env
- used in presentations - celebrations, entertainment, influencing
Formal- one-way (sole-speaker, audience only listens), respectful,
- highly structured context - unstructured
academic, legal
- religious sermon, SONA, formal speech, judge pronouncement Types of Speech
Frozen- remains unchanged; mostly written; mostly in ceremonies NARRATIVE- from manuscript; word-for word iteration of written message
- Preamble of Constitution, established prayers, Allegiance to country MEMORIZED- recitation of memorized message
- no consultation IMPROMPTU- on the spot; limited time
EXTEMPORANEOUS- planned/rehearsed w/minimal notes; longer time; topic given before
Communicative Competences
Linguistic/Grammatical- competent in grammar, structure, phonology, 6 steps to successful Public Speaking
morphology, semantics, 5 macro skills 1. Clarify your objective. 4. Choose your visual aids.
2. Analyze your audience. 5. Prepare your notes
- edit written/spoken output
3. Collect and organize your information. 6. Practice your delivery.
Sociolinguistic- “language of society”; putting oneself to speaker’s shoes
- c. in using appropriate words, expression, attitude to topic, Advantages of Public Speaking
setting, group; immerse oneself to convo 1. Career advancement 3. Critical thinking 5. Improve communication skills
2. Boost confidence 4. Personal development 6. Make new social connections
Strategic- c. in providing clarifications & finding solution on comm. 7. Expand your professional network 8. Learn to persuade
ambiguities & confusions
Discourse- c. in making, initiating, developing, controlling (1 specific Disadvantages
focus), shifting (change focus), turn-taking (give opportunity to - Fear, Time sink, Lack of Control, Stressful
speak), claiming (butting in), terminating convo
- maintain continuous convo Elements for Good Delivery
- Volume - Rate - Vocal variety - Articulation - Gestures
- Pitch - Pauses - Pronunciation - Movement - Eye contact
TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY FOR COMMUNICATION INTERVIEW- formal dyadic transaction (between two people); effective listening
Multimodal text- make meanings using technology; must combine 2 or more - transactional & symbolic, requires meaning; presentational & representational
communication systems
- ≠ digital; can be written
Characteristics
MODES: GOAL-DRIVEN- w/clear purpose, goal to be achieved
Q&A
Print-based- written, visual, spatial modes (books, comics, posters)
STRUCTURED- actions are expected to reach clearly defined goal
Digital- PPT, blogs, videos
CONTROLLED- by interviewer
Live- monologue, roleplay; combines gestural, spatial, spoken language, audio
UNBALANCED- time spent talking to each other
Transmedia- multiple media; take novels to higher level of interactivity (film, games)
Types
Multimedia literacy- encourage to understand & embrace how media shapes world
EMPLOYMENT- both parties have great deal riding on success’
- increases comprehension of students - help express oneself in many ways
- “ motivation of to learn PERFORMANCE- activities/work are discussed; employees & supervisors
EXIT- resignation; education & volunteer orgs
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES THEORY (Howard Gardner) INFORMATION-GAINING- webcasts, blogs, magazines
- human intelligence has 8 modalities: PERSUASIVE- influence as ultimate goal; interviewer give info & influence interviewee
visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, PROBLEM-SOLVING- interviewer has greater experience
naturalistic, logical-mathematical, & musical HELPING- by someone w/expertise & whose services are engaged by someone
Factors to consider in creating multimodal text:
Planning an Interview
a. PURPOSE- what you want to achieve d. VIEWERS- for video/live output
b. MESSAGE- actual text e. LISTENER- must be engaging - define goals - begin on time - consider possible questions
c. READERS- appreciate message you delivered - gather materials - prepare list of topics - arrange setting
Guidelines
Factors that can help in making multimodal text
Before to begin: think about what person is useful as candidate
a. WRITTEN/LINGUISTIC- vocabulary, structure, grammar
1ST Contact w/Interviewee:
b. AUDIO- music sound effects, ambient noises, silence, voicetone, accent
I. Explain who you are, why you want to talk to them, and what you wish to find out.
c. VISUAL- moving/still images using colors, symbols, angle, framing
II. Interviewees must know what question will be asked & how long the interview will last.
d. GESTURAL- body movement, expressions, demeanors, speed, stillness, angles. III. Arrange a time to meet, a time to call them on the phone or a date for an email exchange
e. SPATIAL- space design: scale, proximity, boundary, direction, layout, organization
Preparing interview: Don’t’s: casual approach, sound effect/color, leave acknowledgment, stutter, cram too
I. Wear appropriate apparel for the interview. much in 1 slide
II. Prepare a list of questions in advance. Best Presentation
III. Since relying on one’s memory is haphazard, record responses in some way
- use proper grammar, formal speech, avoid descriptive speaking
1ST Meet w/Interviewee - address all contents/parts of paper
I. Explain any issues of confidentiality. Strengths: Linguistic Sociolinguistic, Discourse
II. Explain the format of the interview.
III. Explain how to get in touch with you later if necessary
When asking questions POLITICAL PAPER
FIRST STEP
I. Ask only one question at a time.
II. Attempt to remain neutral as possible. Prompt- introductory paragraph through questions/statements to direct
III. Encourage and illicit responses with non-committal body language. Mind Map- visually organize, brainstorm w/o worrying on structure
IV. Don’t let the respondent stray to another topic. - main concept branches to main concept
V. Keep questions neutral in tone.
Structure
After you’re done: be polite & send gratitude INTRO- gateway; thesis (total argument, answer questions & take position)
Advantages BODY- support thesis; reliability of paper; evidence, divide arguments into parts
- determine if applicant has requisite skills for job - interview is modified to get info CONCLUSION- simple language, restate purpose & compare findings
- appraise candidate’s verbal fluency - select equally qualified applicant - opportunities for future research; recommendation
- don’t summarize, bring minor points, introduce new info
Disadvantages
Writing & Style
- subjective evaluations
- academic style; paragraph is logical order; proof-read
- decisions made within first minutes, remainder to validate original decision
- avoid cliches & slogans, long quotations, repetition
- interviewers form stereotypes
- negative info; lack evidence of validity of selection, not as reliable as tests Readings
- footnotes/endnotes; number is always on outside of period & quotation
- APA format:
ACADEMIC PAPER Author’s surname, initials. (DATE). Title. Location of publisher: publisher. Retrieved
from URL
- present enigmatic knowledge based on writer’s position through critical thinking
- formal; thesis statement to establish primary argument
Fundamentals
CLARITY- concise, direct, brief
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES- prove accuracy & reliability; strengthen credibility, clarification
OBJECTIVENESS- not biased; prove thesis statement w/strong arguments
REFERENCE- APA, MLA, Chicago types
LOGICAL FLOW- consistent
Examples of AP
CRITIQUE PAPER- summarize & critically appraise
ESSAY- formal writing giving writer’s argument
RESEARCH- fact-based
MOVIE ANALYSIS- points out strengths & weaknesses
BOOK REVIEW- book is described & evaluated
Steps
1. Make own research & type of magazine where article is published
2. Find ideas to put stories together
3. Exploit ideas & make it “now” kind of article
4. Be an advanced thinker
5.Write to editor
6. Start Humbly
7. Write first draft
8. Polish 1st draft
9. Ask authority to read your work
10. Pitch your piece
Content of AP
TITLE- short overview
ABSTRACT- 300-500 words; whole summary: objectives, context, key results,
comparison to other works, conclusion, recommendation
INTRO- broader context; relate other works w/own data on global scope
METHODOLOGY- materials & method; procedures
RESULTS & DISCUSSION- findings; longest part
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION- answer objectives
ACKNOWLEDGMENT & REFERENCE