ASSIGNMENT

COURSE TITLE: Physical Pharmacy

COURSE CODE:BPH-115

SUBMITED BY SUBMITED TO
NAME: Tasmim Mahee NAME: Abdullah Hasan(sir)
ID: 2021100300002
BATCH:38A

DATE OF SUBMISSION:9/17/2021
INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSENTAIL DRUGS

Essential Drugs: World Health Organization (WHO) presented the idea of fundamental
meds in 1977. Fundamental meds are those that fulfill the need medical care needs of the
populace. They are chosen with due respect to general wellbeing importance, proof on adequacy
and security, and near cost-viability.

Importance of Essential Drugs: The thought behind the rundowns was and stays, that the
utilization of a predetermined number of demonstrated, fundamental meds prompt better medical
care, further developed stock, lower costs, and more extensive and more fair admittance to items.
Exactly 30 years after the fact, public fundamental prescriptions records are set up in most WHO
part state

Name of some Essential Drugs:

❖ NAPA
❖ OMIDON TABLATE
❖ Orsaline-N Oral Powder
❖ Antacid Chewable Tablet
❖ Histacin Tablet
 Napa
Paracetamol
500 mg
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Indications
Paracetamol is shown for fever, normal cold and flu, migraine, toothache, ear infection, body ache,
myalgia, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, hyper-extends, colic torment, back torment, post-employable torment,
post pregnancy torment, fiery torment and post immunization torment in youngsters. It is additionally
demonstrated for rheumatic and osteoarthritic agony and solidness of joints.

Pharmacology:
Paracetamol has pain-relieving and antipyretic properties with a powerless calming action. Paracetamol
(Acetaminophen) is thought to act essentially in the CNS, expanding the aggravation limit by repressing
both isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 compounds engaged with prostaglandin
(PG) amalgamation. Paracetamol is a para-aminophenol subordinate, has pain-relieving and antipyretic
properties with frail calming movement. Paracetamol is one of the most broadly utilized, most secure, and
effective pain-relieving. It is very much endured and liberated from different symptoms of anti-
inflammatory medicine.

Tablet:
 Adult: 1-2 tablets every 4 to 6 hours up to a maximum of 4 gm (8 tablets) daily.
Children (6-12 years): ½ to 1 tablet 3 to 4 times daily. For long-term treatment, it is wise not to exceed
the dose beyond 2.6 gm/day.

Extended-Release Tablet:
Adults & Children over 12 years: Two tablets, swallowed whole, every 6 to 8 hours (maximum of 6
tablets in any 24 hours). The tablet must not be crushed.
Syrup/Suspension:
Children under 3 months: 10 mg/kg body weight (reduce to 5 mg/kg if jaundiced) 3 to 4 times daily.
3 months to below 1 year: ½ to 1 teaspoonful 3 to 4 times daily.
1-5 years: 1 -2 teaspoonful 3 to 4 times daily.
6-12 years: 2-A teaspoonful 3 to 4 times daily.
Adults: 4-8 teaspoonful 3 to 4 times daily.
Suppository:
Children 3-12 months: 60-120 mg,4 times daily.
Children 1-5 years: 125-250 mg 4 times daily.
Children 6-12 years: 250-500 mg 4 times daily.
Adults & children over 12 years: 0.5-1 gm 4 times daily.
Pediatric Drop:
Children Up to 3 months: 0.5 ml (40 mg)
4 to 11 months: 1.0 ml (80 mg)
7 to 2 years: 1.5 ml (120 mg). Do not exceed more than 5 dose daily for a maximum of 5 days.
Paracetamol tablet with actizorb technology: It dissolves up to five times faster than standard paracetamol
tablets. It is a fast-acting and safe analgesic with a marked antipyretic property. It is especially suitable for
patients who, for any reason, can not tolerate aspirin or other analgesics.
Adults and children (aged 12 years and over): Take 1 to 2 tablets every four to six hours as needed. Do
not take more than 8 caplets in 24 hours.
Children (7 to 11 years): Take ½-1 Tablets every four to six hours as needed. Do not take more than 4
caplets in 24 hours. Not recommended in children under 7 years.
Contraindications
It is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to Paracetamol.

Side Effects
Side effects of paracetamol are usually mild, though hematological reactions including thrombocytopenia,
leucopenia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported. Pancreatitis, skin rashes,
and other allergic reactions occur occasionally.

Pregnancy & Lactation

Pregnancy category B according to USFDA. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly
needed
Precautions & Warnings
Paracetamol should be given with caution to patients with impaired kidney or liver function. Paracetamol
should be given with care to patients taking other drugs that affect the liver.

Overdose Effects
Symptoms of Paracetamol overdose in the first 24 hours are pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and
abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12-48 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of
glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur.
Therapeutic Class
Non opioid analgesics
Storage Conditions
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
 Omidon Tablet
Domperidone Maleate
10 mg
Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Indications
Dyspeptic symptom complex, often associated with delayed gastric emptying, gastroesophageal
reflux and esophagitis:

• Epigastric sense of fullness, feeling of abdominal distension, upper abdominal pain

• Eructation, flatulence, early satiety
• Nausea and vomiting
• Heartburn with or without regurgitations of gastric contents in the mouth
• Non-ulcer dyspepsia

Dosage & Administration

Domperidone should be taken 15-30 minutes before meals and, if necessary, before retiring.

The usual recommended oral dose of Domperidone is as follows:

 • Adults: 10-20 mg (1-2 tablet or 10-20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily. The maximum dose
of Domperidone is 80 mg daily.
• Children: 2-4 ml suspension/10 kg body weight or 0.4-0.8 ml paediatric drops/10 kg body
weight, every 6-8 hours daily.

In dyspeptic symptom:

• Adults: 10-20 mg (1-2 tablet or 10-20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily.
• Children: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (2-4 ml suspension/10 kg or 0.4-0.8 ml pediatric drops/10 kg) body
weight, every 6-8 hours daily.

In acute and sub-acute conditions (mainly in acute nausea and vomiting):

• Adults: 20 mg (2 tablets or 20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily

• Children: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (2-4 ml suspension/10 kg or 0.4-0.8 ml pediatric drops/10 kg) body
weight, every 6-8 hours daily. (In acute nausea and vomiting maximum period of treatment is 12
weeks).

By rectum in suppositories:

• Adults (including elderly): 30-60 mg every 4-8 hours.

• Children: The maximum daily dose rectally in children's is 30 mg for those weighting 10 to 25
kg. The dose may be divided throughout day if necessary.
• The maximum period of treatment is 12 weeks.

Interaction
Domperidone may reduce the risk of hyperglycemic effect of bromocriptine. The action of Domperidone
on Gl function may be antagonized by antimuscarinics and opioid analgesics. Care should be exercised
when domperidone is administered in combination with MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors.

Contraindications
Domperidone is contraindicated to patients having known hypersensitivity to this drug and in the case of
neonates. Domperidone should not be used whenever gastrointestinal stimulation might be dangerous i.e.,
gastrointestinal hemorrhage, mechanical obstruction or perforation. Also contraindicated in patients with
prolactin releasing pituitary tumor (prolactinoma).

Side Effects
Domperidone may produce hyperprolactinemia (1.3%).This may result in galactorrhea, breast
enlargement, and soreness and reduced libido. Dry mouth (1%), thirst, headache (1.2%), nervousness,
drowsiness (0.4%), diarrhea (0.2%), skin rash and itching (0.1%) may occur during treatment with
domperidone. Extra-pyramidal reactions are seen in 0.05% of patients in clinical studies.
Pregnancy & Lactation
The safety of domperidone has not been proven and it is therefore not recommended during pregnancy.
Animal studies have not demonstrated the teratogenic effect in the fetus. Domperidone may precipitate
galactorrhea and improve post-natal lactation. It is secreted in breast milk but in very small quantities
insufficient to be considered harmful.

Precautions & Warnings

Domperidone should be used with absolute caution in the case of children because there may be an
increased risk of extra-pyramidal reactions in young children because of an incompletely developed
blood-brain barrier. Since domperidone is highly metabolized in liver, it should be used with caution in
patient with hepatic impairment.

Overdose Effects
There are no reported cases of overdose.

Therapeutic Class
Motility Stimulants, Motility stimulants/Dopamine antagonist, Prokinetic drugs

Storage Conditions
Store below 30°C, Protected from light & moisture. Keep out of children's reach.
 Orsaline-N Oral Powder
Oral Rehydration Salt [Powder]
13.95 gm
Bristol Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Composition
Reduced osmolarity: 1/2 liter formula (10.25 gm): Per sachet contains-

• Sodium chloride 1.30gm

• Potassium chloride 0.75 gm
• Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate 1.45 gm
• Glucose anhydrous 6.75 gm

Higher osmolarity: 1/2 liter formula (13.95 gm): Per sachet contains-

• Sodium chloride 1.75 gm

• Potassium chloride 0.75 gm
• Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate 1.45 gm
• Glucose anhydrous 10 gm

Higher osmolarity: 1 liter formula (27.50 gm): Per sachet contains-

• Sodium chloride 3.5 gm

• Sodium biocarbonate 2.5 gm
• Potassium chloride 1.5 gm
• Glucose anhydrous 20 gm
Indications
Oral Rehydration Salt is indicated in Diarrhea (treatment) and Electrolyte depletion (prophylaxis and
treatment)

Pharmacology
Oral rehydration salts are given orally to prevent or treat dehydration due to acute diarrhea. Essential
water and salts are lost in stools and vomiting, and dehydration results when blood volume is decreased
because of fluid loss from the extracellular fluid compartment. Preservation of the facilitated glucose-
sodium co-transport system in the small-bowel mucosa is the rationale of oral rehydration therapy.
Glucose is actively absorbed in the normal intestine and carries sodium with it in about an equimolar
ration. Therefore, there is a greater net absorption of an isotonic salt solution with glucose than one
without it.

Potassium replacement during acute diarrhea prevents below-normal serum concentrations of potassium,
especially in children, in whom stool potassium losses are higher than in adults. Bicarbonates are
effective in correcting the metabolic acidosis caused by diarrhea and dehydration.

Dosage & Administration

Children less than 2 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 10 to 20 spoonful (50-100 ml).

Children 2 to 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 100-200 ml of prepared oral saline.

Adult and children above 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 200-400 ml of prepared saline.
Interaction
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Contraindications
No known contraindications
Side Effects
No known side effects
Pregnancy & Lactation
FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category

Precautions & Warnings:

Depressed renal function, severe continuing diarrhea or other critical fluid losses may need
supplementation with parenteral fluids along with oral saline. Solutions containing acetate or gluconate
ions should be used with caution, as excess administration may result in metabolic alkalosis. Solutions
containing dextrose should be used with caution in patients with known subclinical or overt diabetes
mellitus.
 Antacid Chewable Tablet
Aluminium Hydroxide + Magnesium Hydroxide
250 mg+400 mg
Square pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Composition
Each tablet contains-

• Dried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel BP (Al2O3 47%, minimum): 250 mg

• Magnesium Hydroxide BP: 400 mg

Each 5 ml contains-

• Aluminum Oxide (Equivalent amount of Aluminum Hydroxide Gel USP): 175 mg

• Magnesium Hydroxide (Equivalent amount of Magnesium Hydroxide Paste USP): 225 mg

Indications
Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide is indicated for Hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, gastritis,
heartburn, sour stomach & dyspepsia.
Pharmacology
This drug is well-balanced combination of essential non-systemic antacids which excel in efficacy and
palatability. These are dependable antacid preparations without acid rebound, constipating or cathartic
effects. Both the preparations provide symptomatic relief of hyperacidity associated with heartburn, acid
ingestion or sour stomach.

Aluminum hydroxide gel, a slow acting antacid and an adsorbent with prolonged effect, has high
neutralizing power. Magnesium Hydroxide possesses a slow but sustained acid neutralizing property.
Antacids of both tablet and suspension possess adsorbent property. They form a protecting coating over
the ulcer surface facilitating its healing; thus, protecting the sensitive mucosa of stomach and duodenum
from further irritation.
Dosage & Administration
Tablet: Two tablets 1-3 hours after meal and at bed time or as directed by the physician.

Suspension: 2 tea spoonful 1-3 hours after meal and at bed time or as directed by the physician.
Interaction
This drug inhibits the absorption of following drugs: Azithromycin, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin,
isoniazid, rifampicin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pivampicillin, tetracyclines, Gabapentin and phenytoin,
Itraconazole, ketoconazole, Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and Phenothiazines.
Contraindications
This is contraindicated in hypophosphatemia. It is also contraindicated in alkalosis and hypermagnesemia
where abdominal distention may be due to partial or complete intestinal obstruction.
Side Effects
Long term use of any antacid results in alkylurea, which may predispose to nephrolithiasis by forming
precipitation of calcium phosphate.
Pregnancy & Lactation
It is advised to avoid antacid preparations in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Precautions & Warnings
Antacids reduce the absorption of tetracycline when given concomitantly. These should not be used
concomitantly
Therapeutic Class
Antacids
Storage Conditions
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
 Histacin Tablet
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
4 mg
Jayson Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Indications
Chlorpheniramine Maleate is indicated in the following indications-

• Urticaria
• Sensitivity reactions
• Angioneurotic edema
• Vasomotor rhinitis
• Cough
• Common cold
• Motion sickness and
• Other allergic conditions.

Pharmacology
Chlorpheniramine Maleate is an alkylamine antihistamine. It is one of the most potent histamine H1-
receptor blocking agents which is used as a potent antihistamine. This generally causes less sedation than
promethazine. Chlorpheniramine Maleate exerts its effects by blocking H1-receptor competitively.
Dosage & Administration
Adult- Usual adult dose is 4 mg every 4-6 hours, maximum 24 mg daily.

Child-

• 6-12 years: 2 mg every 4-6 hours, maximum 12 mg daily.

 • 2-5 years: 1 mg every 4-6 hours, maximum 6 mg daily.
• 1-2 years: 1 mg twice daily.

Below 1 year the use of Chlorpheniramine Maleate is not recommended.

Interaction
Chlorphenamine maleate has been reported to be incompatible with calcium chloride, kanamycin sulfate,
noradrenaline acid tartrate, pentobarbital sodium, and meglumine adipiodone.
Contraindications
Chlorpheniramine is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to this agent, in newborn or premature
infants.
Side Effects
Chlorpheniramine is well-tolerated, but sometimes drowsiness, dizziness, muscular weakness, and
gastrointestinal upset may occur.
Pregnancy & Lactation
This drug should not be used in lactating mother and in pregnancy especially during the first trimester of
pregnancy.
Precautions & Warnings
Chlorpheniramine should be used with caution in patients with glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy.
During therapy with chlorpheniramine, caution should be taken in driving vehicles and operating
machinery.
Overdose Effects
CNS depression (including sedation, apnea, CV collapse), CNS stimulation (including insomnia,
hallucination, tremors, convulsions), tinnitus, blurred vision, dizziness, ataxia, hypotension. Stimulation
and atropine-like signs and symptoms (including dry mouth, fixed dilated pupils, flushing, hyperthermia,
Glo symptoms) are more likely in children.
Therapeutic Class
Sedating Anti-histamine
Storage Conditions
Store in a cool (Below 25°C temperature) and dry place protected from light. Keep out of the reach of
children.