Name: Hary

G.
Esparagosa`
Grade and
Section: 11-
Kepler

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Learning Module
in
general biology 1

(Week 3)
 Learning Module in General Biology 1

Name: Grade Level:

(Week No.3)
LESSON 3
CELL CYCLE
Learning competency/ies:
 Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
 Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
Objectives
This lesson aims to:

Explain the phases of the cell cycle and their control points;
Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis; and
Value the importance of mitosis and meiosis.

Review
ILLUSTRATE ME!!!
Directions:
Draw and label the chromosome.

25
 Pre-assessment
Multiple Choice: Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. If the parent cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will

be in the daughter cells after meiosis?
a. 48 b. 24 c. 12 d. 6
2. Which of the following phases of mitosis precedes cytokinesis?
a. anaphase c. telophase
b. second interphase d. a and b
3. Synopsis occurs between
a. mRNA and ribosomes
b. two homologous chromosomes
c. A male and female gamete
d. spindle fibres and centromere
4. When the cell is about to divide the chromatin materials gets
condensed and organised into
a. chromatin membrane c. chromatin acids
b. chromatin material d. chromosomes
5. Cell division cannot be stopped in which phase of the cell cycle?
a. G1- phase c. S - phase
b. G2- phase d. Prophase

Introduction
One of the wonders of life is the way in which a few single cells can
multiply, diversify, and organize to form tissues, organs, and organ
systems in higher organisms. The processes involved are guided by an
elaborate series of information transfer. This information is capable of
organizing the development of the organisms from a single cell into
complex association of tissues and organs, and of directing events
ranging from cellular chemistry to the organism behaviour .
In this lesson we will explore how cells multiply and diversify to form
an organisms.

Content
The Cell Cycle

Cell division is just one of several stages that a cell goes through
during its lifetime. The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that
include growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division. The cell cycle in
prokaryotes is quite simple: the cell grows, its DNA replicates, and the
cell divides. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is more complicated.

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

The diagram in Figure below represents the cell cycle of a

eukaryotic cell. As you can see, the eukaryotic cell cycle has several
phases. The mitotic phase (M) actually includes both mitosis and
cytokinesis. This is when the nucleus and then the cytoplasm divide. The
other three phases (G1, S, and G2) are generally grouped together as
interphase. During interphase, the cell grows, performs routine life
processes, and prepares to
divide. These phases are
discussed below.

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. This

diagram represents the cell
cycle in eukaryotes. The First
Gap, Synthesis, and Second
Gap phases make up
interphase (I). The M (mitotic)
phase includes mitosis and
cytokinesis. After the M phase,
two cells result.

Interphase

Interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle can be subdivided into the

following three phases, which are represented in Figure above:

• Growth Phase 1 (G1): during this phase, the cell grows rapidly,
while performing routine metabolic processes. It also makes proteins
needed for DNA replication and copies some of its organelles in
preparation for cell division. This phase is sometimes referred to as Gap
1.

• Synthesis Phase (S): during this phase, the cell’s DNA is copied in
the process of DNA replication.

• Growth Phase 2 (G2): during this phase, the cell makes final
preparations to divide. For example, it makes additional proteins and
organelles. This phase is sometimes referred to as Gap 2.
Control of the Cell Cycle

If the cell cycle occurred without regulation, cells might go from

one phase to the next before they were ready. What controls the cell
cycle? How does the cell know when to grow, synthesize DNA, and divide?
The cell cycle is controlled mainly by regulatory proteins. These proteins
control the cycle by signaling the cell to either start or delay the next
phase of the cycle. They ensure that the cell completes the previous
phase before moving on. Regulatory proteins control the cell cycle at key
checkpoints, which are shown in Figure below. There are a number of
main checkpoints.

• The G1 checkpoint, just before entry into S phase, makes the key
decision of whether the cell should divide.

• The S checkpoint determines if the DNA has been replicated

properly.

• The mitotic
spindle checkpoint
occurs at the point in
metaphase where all
the chromosomes
should have aligned at
the mitotic plate.

Checkpoints in the
eukaryotic cell cycle
ensure that the cell is
ready to proceed
before it moves on to
the next phase of the
cycle.

MITOSIS

What is meant by the "division of the nucleus"?

What do you think this colorful picture shows? If you guessed that
it’s a picture of a cell undergoing cell division, you are right. But more
specifically, the image is a lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes
undergoing mitosis, during early anaphase.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis

During mitosis, when the nucleus divides, the two chromatids that
make up each chromosome separate from each other and move to
opposite poles of the cell. This is shown in Figure below.

Mitosis is the phase

of the eukaryotic cell cycle
that occurs between DNA
replication and the
formation of two daughter
cells. What happens
during mitosis?

Mitosis actually
occurs in four phases. The
phases are called
prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
They are shown in Figure
below and described in greater detail in the following sections.

Mitosis in the
Eukaryotic Cell
Cycle. Mitosis is the
multi-phase process
in which the nucleus
of a eukaryotic cell
divides.

Prophase

The first and

longest phase of
mitosis is prophase.
During prophase,
chromatin condenses
into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks
down. In animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin to separate
and move to opposite poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a
spindle starts to form between them. The spindle, shown in Figure below,
consists of fibers made of microtubules.
 Spindle. The spindle starts
to form during prophase of
mitosis. Kinetochores on
the spindle attach to the
centromeres of sister
chromatids.

Metaphase

During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each

pair of sister chromatids (see Figure below). The sister chromatids line
up at the equator, or center, of the cell. This is also known as the
metaphase plate. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will
separate and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides.

Chromosomes, consisting of
sister chromatids, line up at
the equator or middle of the
cell during metaphase.

Anaphase

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres

divide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the
spindle fibers. This is like reeling in a fish by shortening the fishing line.
One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister
chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole
of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.

Telophase

During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form

chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic
activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear
membranes (nuclear envelope) form.
Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well

as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits in two and the
cell divides. Cytokinesis occurs somewhat differently in plant and animal
cells, as shown in Figure below. In animal cells, the plasma membrane of
the parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter
cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the
parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each
side of the cell plate.

Cytokinesis is the final stage of eukaryotic cell division. It occurs

differently in animal (left) and plant (right) cells.

How do you make a cell

with half the DNA?

Meiosis. This allows cells to

have half the number of
chromosomes, so two of
these cells can come back
together to form a new
organism with the complete
number of chromosomes.
This process not only helps
produce gametes, it also
ensures genetic variation.

Meiosis

The process that produces haploid gametes is meiosis. Meiosis is a

type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by
half. It occurs only in certain special cells of the organisms. During
meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and haploid cells form that
have only one chromosome from each pair. Two cell divisions occur
during meiosis, and a total of four haploid cells are produced. The two
cell divisions are called meiosis I and meiosis II. The overall process of
meiosis is summarized in Figure below.

Overview of Meiosis. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate and go to

different daughter cells. This diagram shows just the nuclei of the cells. Notice the
exchange of genetic material that occurs prior to the first cell division.

Phases of Meiosis

Meiosis I begins after DNA replicates during interphase of the cell cycle.
In both meiosis I and meiosis II, cells go through the same four phases as
mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. However, there
are important differences between meiosis I and mitosis. The flowchart
in Figure below shows what happens in both meiosis I and II.

Phases

of Meiosis. This
flowchart of
meiosis shows
meiosis I in
greater detail
than meiosis
II. Meiosis I—
but not
meiosis II—
differs
somewhat
from mitosis.
How does meiosis I differ from mitosis? How does meiosis I differ from
mitosis? Notice at the beginning of meiosis (prophase I), homologous
chromosomes exchange segments of DNA. This is known as crossing-
over, and is unique to this phase of meiosis.

Meiosis I

1. Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the

chromosomes condense. Centrioles start moving to opposite poles of the
cell, and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous
chromosomes pair up, which is unique to prophase I. In prophase of
mitosis and meiosis II, homologous chromosomes do not form pairs in
this way. Crossing-over occurs during this phase.

2. Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to the paired homologous

chromosomes. The paired chromosomes line up along the equator
(middle) of the cell. This occurs only in metaphase I. In metaphase of
mitosis and meiosis II, it is sister chromatids that line up along the
equator of the cell.

3. Anaphase I: Spindle fibers shorten, and the chromosomes of each

homologous pair start to separate from each other. One chromosome of
each pair moves toward one pole of the cell, and the other chromosome
moves toward the opposite pole.
4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new
nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of the cell divides, and two
haploid daughter cells result. The daughter cells each have a random
assortment of chromosomes, with one from each homologous pair. Both
daughter cells go on to meiosis II. The DNA does not replicate between
meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis II
1. Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle
begins to form in each haploid daughter cell from meiosis I. The
centrioles also start to separate.
2. Metaphase II: Spindle fibers line up the sister chromatids of each
chromosome along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite
poles.
4. Telophase II and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new
nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of each cell divides, and four
haploid cells result. Each cell has a unique combination of chromosome.
 Self-Check Activities
MITOSIS
Directions: Illustrate the different stages of mitosis. Describe each.

Prophase Stage Metaphase Stage

it’s the first stage of mitosis where the Metaphase stage is where chromosome are
cell starts breaking down some of carrying genetic information and align it to
structures and build the others. the center of the cell before separating it.

Anaphase Stage Telophase Stage

Anaphase is the process where it Telophse is the last step where it
separates the duplicated genetic separates the duplicated genetic
material.
material.

DIFFERENCE OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Mitosis gives two nuclei Meiosis gives four.

It gives identical cells to each other and to the Leads to genetic variation due to crossing
mother cell. over and independent assortment.

Includes one division. It includes two.

The genetic variation doesn’t change. The genetic variation increased.

 Key Concepts
 The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that c e l l s go
through. It includes growth, D N A synthesis, and cell division. In
eukaryotic cells, there are two growth phases, and cell division
includes mitosis.
 The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins at three
key checkpoints in the cycle. The proteins signal the cell to
either start or delay the next phase of the cycle.
 Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no
longer regulated. Cancer cells grow rapidly and may form a
mass of abnormal cells called a tumor.
 Cell division in eukaryotic cells includes mitosis, in which the
nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm
divides and daughter cells form.
 Mitosis occurs in four phases, called prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
 Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid
cells.

Evaluation
Multiple Choice: Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of
interphase?
a. DNA duplication
b. Organelle duplication
c. Increase in cell size
d. Separation of sister chromatids
2. The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?
a. Centromere
b. Centrosome
c. Kinetochore
d. Cleavage furrow
3. Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a
characteristics of which stage of mitosis?
a. Prophase
b. Prometaphase
c. Metaphase
 d. Anaphase
4. Unpacking of chromosomes in the formation of the new nuclear
envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
a. Prometaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
5. Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which
stage of mitosis?
a. Prometaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase

Enrichment Activities
MEIOSIS
Directions: Illustrate the stages of meiosis and give the important event
that happened during each stage.
 Bibliography
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/2.32/primary/lesson/cell-
cycle-bio

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/2.34/primary/lesson/mitosis-and-cytokinesis-bio

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/2.36/primary/lesson/meiosis-bio