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    Questions For Research: Sci Ed 114.1 Cell & Molecular Biology (Laboratory)

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    Dream Doquey
    This document contains questions and answers about cell and molecular biology. It discusses the biomolecules that make up enzymes, factors that influence enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, and inhibitors. It describes the major classes of enzymes based on their function, providing examples for each class with their substrates, reactions, and products. It also discusses enzyme assays as a tool used to study enzyme activity.

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    Questions For Research: Sci Ed 114.1 Cell & Molecular Biology (Laboratory)

    Uploaded by

    Dream Doquey
    20 views3 pages
    This document contains questions and answers about cell and molecular biology. It discusses the biomolecules that make up enzymes, factors that influence enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, and inhibitors. It describes the major classes of enzymes based on their function, providing examples for each class with their substrates, reactions, and products. It also discusses enzyme assays as a tool used to study enzyme activity.

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    SCI-ED-114.1_BSED-3D_Group-4_Exercise-4-QFR (1)

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    This document contains questions and answers about cell and molecular biology. It discusses the biomolecules that make up enzymes, factors that influence enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, and inhibitors. It describes the major classes of enzymes based on their function, providing examples for each class with their substrates, reactions, and products. It also discusses enzyme assays as a tool used to study enzyme activity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views3 pages

    Questions For Research: Sci Ed 114.1 Cell & Molecular Biology (Laboratory)

    Uploaded by

    Dream Doquey
    This document contains questions and answers about cell and molecular biology. It discusses the biomolecules that make up enzymes, factors that influence enzyme activity like temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, and inhibitors. It describes the major classes of enzymes based on their function, providing examples for each class with their substrates, reactions, and products. It also discusses enzyme assays as a tool used to study enzyme activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Course Code & Description: Sci Ed 114.

    1 Cell & Molecular Biology (Laboratory)


    Group 4 Members: AGYOD, Redford | DOLO, Jan Kaiser | DOQUEY, Dream | DUMALNOG, Geryl Mae |
    SALEY, Joylyn | TANGONAN, Ana Marie
    Degree & Section: BSED 3D

    QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH


    1. What biomolecules make up enzymes?
    The biomolecules that make up enzymes are proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in one
    or more polypeptide chains. They act as catalysts when bonded upon substrate molecules decreasing the
    activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur. The lower the activation energy, the faster the
    rate of a reaction. Thus, enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
    2. Describe the influence of the following factors on the rate of enzyme activity:
    a. Temperature - As the temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity increases as well. Hence, as
    the temperature lowers, the reaction also slows down. The enzyme’s optimum activity is reached at its
    optimum temperature. However, as there is continuous increase of temperature at extreme levels, there
    is a sharp decrease in enzyme activity as the enzyme's active site changes shape and is already being
    denatured.

    b. pH - Each enzyme work bests at a specific pH value. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on
    where it normally works. As the pH increases so does the rate of enzyme activity until it reaches its
    optimum activity at its optimum pH. Same with temperature, a continued increase and decrease in pH
    at extreme levels results in a sharp decrease in activity as the enzyme’s active site changes shape and
    is now being denatured.

    c. Substrate concentration - As the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, this increases
    reaction rate levels. Which, an optimum rate is reached at the enzyme’s optimum substrate
    concentration. A continued increase in substrate concentration results in the same enzyme activity as
    there are not enough enzyme molecules available to break down the excess substrate molecules.

    d. Enzyme concentration - Increased enzyme concentration speed up the enzyme reaction, as long as
    there is substrate available to bind it, once all of the enzymes have been bonded, any substrate
    increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and
    working at their maximum rate. This is simply because more substrate molecules will be colliding with
    enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.

    e. Inhibitors - The influence of the inhibitors is that it reduces the compatibility of substrate and enzyme
    that leads to the inhibition of enzyme substrate complexes formation, preventing the catalysis of
    reactions and decreasing at times to zero, the amount of product produced by a reaction. Thus,
    Inhibitors alter the catalytic action of the enzyme and consequently slow down or in some cases stop
    catalysis.
    3. Describe the major classes of enzymes based on their function and give one specific example for each. Give the substrates, specific
    reaction and products of each example given.

    Major Classes of Function Example Substrate Specific Reaction Products


    Enzyme
    1) Oxidoreductase Catalyze the transfer Dehydrogenase Glyoxylate Catalyze the reversible Lactate to Pyruvate:
    of electrons from one conversion of lactate to  Pyruvic acid
    molecule to another (ex:. Lactate pyruvate with the  NADH, H+
    molecule. Dehydrogenase) reduction of NAD+ to
    NADH and vice versa. Pyruvate to Lactate:
     Lactic Acid
     NAD+
    2) Transferase Catalyze the transfer Transaldolase Fructose-6- In the Pentose  erythrose-4-phosphate
    of a group of atoms phosphate Phosphate Pathway, the
    (ex: amine, carboxyl, enzyme Transaldolase  fructose-6-phosphate.
    carbonyl, methyl, transfers a
    etc.)l from a donor dihydroxyacetone group
    substrate to an from donor compounds
    acceptor compound. (fructose 6-phosphate
    or sedoheptulose 7-
    phosphate) to aldehyde
    acceptor compounds.
    3) Hydrolase Catalyze the Lipase Triglycerides Catalyzes the hydrolysis  Fatty acid
    cleavage of a of triglycerides.
    covalent bond using  glycerol
    water (Hydrolysis).
    4) Lyase Catalyze splitting of Aldolase Fructose1, 6- In the Glycolysis  Dihydroxyacetone
    chemicals into bisphosphate metabolic pathway, phosphate (DHAP)
    smaller parts without Aldolase catalyzes the
    the use of water. conversion of fructose  glyceraldehyde - 3 -
    1-6-diphosphate to phosphate.
    glyceraldehyde 3-
    phosphate and
    dihydroxy-acetone
    phosphate.
    5) Isomerase Catalyze Epimerase DP-glucose UDP-galactose 4- UDP-galactose to UDP-
    rearrangement of epimerase catalyzes the glucose:
    atoms within a (ex: UDP- interconversion of UDP-
    molecule galactose 4 galactose and UDP-  UDP-glucose
    epimerase) glucose during normal UDP-glucose to UDP-
    galactose metabolism. galactose:
     UDP-galactose

    6) Ligase Catalyze the Carboxylase Biotin Catalyzes the  Oxaloacetate


    reaction of joining anaplerotic
    (ex: Pyruvate
    two large carboxylation of
    Carboxylase)
    molecules by pyruvate to
    establishing a new oxaloacetate
    chemical bond
    7) Translocase Catalyze the Ornithine Ornithine Transports ornithine  Mitochondrial
    movement of ions translocase into the mitochondria ornithine
    or molecules for use in the urea
    across membranes cycle.
    or their separation
    within membranes

    4. Describe one tool/ procedure in molecular biology used in studying enzyme activity.
    One tool/ procedure in molecular biology used in studying enzyme activity are enzyme assays
    Enzyme assays are used to characterize an enzyme by measuring its activity. The decrease in substrate or the increase in product during a
    specific time interval are used to determine measurement techniques. From the measured parameters, the necessary value may be determined.
    Because assays can only be assessed if all reaction conditions are the same, factors such as a sufficient pH, buffer, and temperature must be
    specified and maintained constant all across the reaction.

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