Biological Science

Seventh Edition

Chapter 9a
Cellular Respiration

Pages 193-200
Chapter 9 Opening Roadmap
Fig 9.4 Cellular Respiration Plays a Central Role in
Metabolism
Chapter 9 Opening Roadmap
What is Cellular Respiration?
• Two fundamental requirements of cells:

1. Source of energy to make ATP from ADP + Pi

2. Source of carbon to synthesize macromolecules

• Cellular respiration: any set of reactions that breaks down high-energy molecules
(food) to make ATP via an electron transport chain.
Fig 9.3 Cellular Respiration Interacts with Other
Metabolic Pathways
Fig 8.2 Potential Energy in Molecules is Based on
Bonds
Equal sharing Unequal sharing
(nonpolar) (polar)

Longest, weakest Shortest, strongest

bonds bonds
Decreasing potential energy

• Metabolic pathways harvest energy from reduced molecules, such

as sugars & fats.
• Much of the energy released is used to make ATP:
An Overview of Cellular Respiration
• Uncontrolled oxidation (“burning”) of glucose produces lots of energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + heat & light
glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy

• Carbon atoms from glucose oxidize to form carbon dioxide

• Oxygen atoms become reduced to form water

Fig 9.2 Cellular Respiration Oxidizes Glucose to Make
ATP in Four Major Processes
Four Steps of Cellular Respiration
• As you study each process of cellular respiration, ask:

• What goes in?

• What comes out?

• What happens to the energy released?

• Where does each process occur?

Chapter 9 Opening Roadmap
Glycolysis is a Sequence of 10 Reactions
• Glycolysis occurs in cytosol

• For each glucose molecule:

1. Two ATP used in energy investment phase (reactions 1-5)

2. NADH made; ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in energy

payoff phase (reactions 6-10)

3. Net yield = 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

 All 10 reactions

Fig 9.5 GLYCOLYSIS

of glycolysis occur
in the cytosol

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What goes in: ATP ATP

2 ATP Enzyme

invested
Glucose Glucose- Fructose- Fructose-
6-phosphate 6-phosphate 1,6-bisphosphate

Glycolysis begins with an

energy-investment phase: 2 ATP→2 ADP
What comes out: ADP ADP
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

The “2” indicates that fructose-1,6-

bisphosphate has been split into two
3-carbon sugars (only one is shown)

2 NAD+ 2 ADP 2 ADP

2 2 2 2 2

2 NADH 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate

4 ATP During the energy-payoff phase,

4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP

grossed 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 ATP 2 ATP

Reaction 1: Hexokinase
ATP First ATP investment

ADP
glucose + ATP glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

• Glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6-P) is ionic

• Phosphorylated glucose cannot diffuse back across the plasma membrane
Reaction 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase

glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate

• Glucose and fructose are isomers

• Same chemical formula (C6H12O6)
Reaction 3: Phosphofructokinase
ATP Second ATP investment

ADP

fructose-6-phosphate + ATP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

• Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has two phosphate groups NOT covalently

attached to each other
 Reaction 4: Aldolase

DHAP

G3P

fructose-1,6-bisP glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

• Only glyceraldehyde-3-P (G3P) continues in glycolysis
• DHAP is isomerized
Reaction 5: Triose Phosphate Isomerase

• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
DHAP (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-P
(G3P) are isomers

• DHAP = ketose

• G3P = aldose

G3P • One molecule of glucose has

produced 2 molecules of G3P
Reaction 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
2 Pi 2 NAD+

2 2

2 NADH + 2 H+
2 G3P + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + 2 NADH + 2 H+
• Only redox reaction in glycolysis
• Oxidation of aldehyde carbon, followed by the addition of phosphate,
forming a mixed-acid anhydride bond
• A lot of energy captured in this reaction!
Reaction 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

2 ADP • Substrate-level phosphorylation

• ATP is made from ADP

• Mixed-acid anhydride bond in 1,3-

bisphosphoglycerate has high group
transfer potential

2 ATP

2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + 2 ADP 2 3-phosphoglycerate + 2 ATP

Fig 9.6 Substrate-level Phosphorylation Involves an
Enzyme and a Phosphorylated Substrate
Reaction 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase

2 3-phosphoglycerate 2 2-phosphoglycerate

• Mutase enzymes shift a phosphate (functional) group within a molecule

• Two molecules are isomers
Reaction 9: Enolase

2 2-phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoenolpyruvate + 2 H2O

• Enolase removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate to create “enol”

• Phosphoester bond has very high group transfer potential
Reaction 10: Pyruvate Kinase

2 ADP
• Second substrate-level
phosphorylation in glycolysis

2 ATP

2 phosphoenolpyruvate + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

Enzymes in Glycolysis (Investment Phase)
All 10 reactions
of glycolysis occur
in the cytosol
GLYCOLYSIS
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What goes in: ATP ATP

Enzyme
Glucose Glucose- Fructose- Fructose-
6-phosphate 6-phosphate 1,6-bisphosphate

Glycolysis begins with an

energy-investment phase: 2 ATP→2 ADP
What comes out: ADP ADP
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

1. Hexokinase
2. Phosphoglucose isomerase
3. Phosphofructokinase
4. Aldolase
5. Triose phosphate isomerase
Enzymes in Glycolysis (Payoff Phase)
The “2” indicates that fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate has been split into two
3-carbon sugars (only one is shown)

2 NAD+ 2 ADP 2 ADP

2 2 2 2 2

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate

During the energy-payoff phase,

4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 ATP 2 ATP

6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase
8. Phosphoglycerate mutase
9. Enolase
10. Pyruvate kinase
Fig 9.1 Respiration Releases Energy Captured by
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: light energy used to
reduce CO2 à organic molecules

• Cellular respiration: oxidizes organic

molecules, releasing energy captured
during photosynthesis