Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
First Quarter
Module 2

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 CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND
SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT
Learning Module No. 2
Week 2 of 9
Content Standards: Culture and society as anthropological and
sociological concepts
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Analyze the concept, aspects and
changes in/of culture and society
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define and discuss culture;
2. Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives of culture,
society and politics; and
3. Appreciate the nature of culture and society from the perspectives of
anthropology and sociology.
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
CULTURE
The word CULTURE is derived from Latin word “cultura” which
means “to grow or to civilize”.
The classic definition of culture was given by EDWARD TYLOR, an
English anthropologist, who stated,

“Culture refers to that complex whole which

includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,
customs, and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of the
society”.

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 2 TYPES OF CULTURE
MATERIAL CULTURE NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Refers to the concrete and tangible Consists of words people use; the
things that man creates and uses. habits they follow; the ideas,
They range from the prehistoric customs and behaviour that any
stone tool of primitive man to the society professes and to which
most advanced computer of the they strive to conform, laws,
modern man. techniques, lifestyles, and
Examples: food, clothing and knowledge are included, too.
fashion, buildings and properties, Examples: ideas and knowledge,
arts and technology beliefs and traditions, symbols and
language, behaviour, religion

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
is learned and acquired
is socially transmitted through language
is a social product
is a source of gratification
is adaptive
is the distinctive way of life of a group of
people
has sanctions and controls
is stable yet dynamic
is an establish pattern of behaviour
tends toward integration

F U N C T I O N S OF CULTURE
Culture defines situations
- Each culture has many subtle cues which define each situation.
Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals
- Each person learns from his/her culture what is good, true, and
beautiful.
• Attitudes – tendencies to feel and act in certain ways
• Values – measures of goodness and desirability
• Goals – those attainments which our values define as worthy
Culture defines myths, legends, and the supernatural
- Myths and legends may inspire or reinforce effort and sacrifice and
bring comfort in bereavement.

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- We cannot understand the behavior of any group without knowing
something of the myths, legends, and supernatural beliefs they
hold.
Culture provides behaviour patterns
- People find a ready-made set of patterns awaiting them which they
need only to learn and follow.
- A society without rules or norms that define right and wrong
behavior would be very much like a busy street without traffic signs
or any understood rules.

THEORIES ON CULTURE
THEORY PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE
▪ All culture undergo the same
CULTURAL EVOLUTIONISM development stages in the same
order.
▪ The main classification include
savagery, barbarism, and
civilization
DIFFUSIONISM ▪ All societies change as a result of
cultural borrowing from one
another.
HISTORICISM ▪ Each culture is unique and must
be studied in its own context
PSYCHOLOGICAL ▪ Personality is largely seen to be
ANTHROPOLOGY the result of learning culture.
FUNCTIONALISM ▪ Society is thought to be like a
biological organism with all of the
parts interconnected.
▪ Culture is said to be shaped by
NEO-EVOLUTIONISM environmental and technological
conditions. Culture evolve when
people are able to increase the
amount of energy under their
control.
MATERIALISM ▪ Culture is the product of the
“material condition” in which a
given community of people finds
itself.

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 ELEMENT OF CULTURE
EXAMPLES IN
ELEMENTS DEFINITION PHILIPPINE
CONTEXT
▪ These are guides or models of behaviour which tell us
NORMS what is appropriate or inappropriate, what is right or
wrong.
It is divided into two: ▪ Pre-marital sex,
FORMAL NORMS Homosexual
a. Mores – they are norms relationships
that has a firm control to
moral and ethical
behaviour.
2 Kinds of Mores
Positive mores or duty or
the “thou shall behaviour”
Negative mores or taboo or
the “thou shall not
behaviour”
Example: incest, cannibalism
b. Laws – they are ordinance ▪ 1987 Constitution,
of reason enacted to protect laws promulgated
the people from the bad by the Philippine
effects of outdated mores Government
INFORMAL NORMS ▪ Doing “Mano Po”
a. Folkways or Customs – Practicing
These are everyday habits; “Bayanihan”
customs, traditions and
conventions people obey
without giving much thought
to the matter.
▪ It refers to an object, gestures, ▪ Cross for
SYMBOLS sound, color or design that Christianity;
represents something “other Crescent shape is
than itself”. for Islam; and
▪ These are anything that carry Dove for peace
a meaning recognized by
people who share a culture.
▪ It refers to a form of ▪ The crossing of
LANGUAGE communication using words fingers may refer
either spoken or gestured with that someone is
the hands and structured with hoping for good
grammar, often with a writing luck but in
system. Vietnam it
represents the
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 genitals of a
female.
▪ Represents the standards we ▪ Filipino hospitality,
VALUES use to evaluate the desirability resiliency, close-
of things. family ties,
▪ They provide the foundation positive outlook in
that underlies a people’s entire life and optimism
way of life.
IDEAS ▪ Idea of a model
Are non-material aspect of community, idea of
culture and embody man’s an educated
conception of his physical, person and idea of
social and cultural world. alternative
marriage.
BELIEFS ▪ Belief in spirits,
Refers to a person’s gravity and in life
conviction about a certain after death
idea; it embodies people’s (superstitious
perception of reality and beliefs)
includes the primitive idea
of the universe as well as
the scientist’s empirical
view of the world.

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND

SOCIETY
C U LT UR E SOCI ETY
▪ Determines how we view the ▪ The structure of relationships
world around us within which culture is created
▪ Defines situation and shared through
▪ Treasury of knowledge regularized pattern of social
▪ Provides behavior patterns interaction.
▪ Defines attitudes, values, goals ▪ Provides the context within
▪ Models personality which our relationship with
▪ Decides our career the external world develop.
▪ How we structure society
constrains the kind of culture
we construct.
▪ Cultural preferences vary
across societies.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGICAL
CONCEPT CONCEPT

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▪ It is the study of humans and ▪ It is the scientific study of
human behavior and societies society, patterns of social
in the past and present. relationships, social
▪ Is wide-ranging, including, interactions, and culture.
fossil remains, non-human ▪ The systematic interpretation
primate anatomy and of codes and conducts in the
behavior, artifacts from past form of language, symbols,
cultures, past and present face expressions, dress, food,
languages, and all the music, etc. used by people in
prehistoric and contemporary society.
cultures of the world. ▪ Social interaction amongst
human in the basic
sociological concept, because
all humans and groups that
make up a society socialize.
▪ The causes of cultural changes
in a society are cultural
diffusion, innovation, and
imposition of cultural change
by outside world.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
PERSPECTIVE
Maciones, J. (1997) gives the following characteristics of
Sociological Perspectives:
a. Seeing the general in the particular
b. Seeing the strange in the familiar
c. Human behaviour is not as individualistic as we
think, but rather social forces affect human
behaviour
d. Sociological perspectives has a global perspective,
the study of the larger world and our society’s place
in it.

e.

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 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
PARADIGM FOCUS
STRUCTURAL o The way each part of the society functions
FUNCTIONALISM together to contribute to the whole
CONFLICT THEORY o The way inequalities contribute to social
differences and perpetuate differences in
power.
SYMBOLIC o One-to-one interactions and communications
INTERACTIONISM

WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY???

Self-Awareness Think Carefully Understand Diversity

REFERNCES
BOOK: Wilfredo R. San Juan, Ma. Luz J. Centeno, Melchor Q. Tenoso, and Marietta G. Anterola. Sociology, Culture
and Family Planning (Conceptual, Experimental and Interactive Approach), Philippine Copyright 2007 by Unlad
Publishing House 200 C-INSILAY, Pasig City, Printed by Grand C. Graphics, Inc.
INTERNET SOURCES:
http://www.slideshare.net/SilveryGynnCastardo/anthropological-and-sociological-perspective-on-culture-and-
society-108546279?from_m_app=android
http://www.slideshare.net/NaraMier/module-3-anthropology-and-the-study-of-culture?from_m_app=android
http://www.slideshare.net/PrajabhinandanaBhikshuSansadaya/introduction-to-sociology-
67676131?from_m_app=android
https://study.com/academy/lesson/elements-of-culture-definitions-and-ideal-real-culture.html. Accessed May 27,
2020
https://www.compellingtruth.org/cultural-relativism.html. Accessed May 27,2020
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/
culture/themes/culture-and-development/the-future-we-want-the-role-of-culture/the-two-sides-of-the-coin/.
Accessed June 1,2020
https://www.google.com/search?ei=1A_ZXojJMJDT-
Qbi547gCg&q=What+are+the+norms++in+culture+and+society&oq
https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-competence/culture-and-diversity/main. Accessed June 1,
2020
https://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html Accessed June 1, 2020.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118895078.ch20
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-cultural-relativism-important-to-the-study-of-anthropology Accessed June 1, 2020.

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 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan

NAME: __________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

GRADE & SECTION/STRAND: _____________________ SCORE: ________________

ACTIVITY 1: Call to Mind

Directions: Identify the Elements of Culture of the listed
below. Write your answer on the space provided before the
number.
_________ 1. Curfew _________ 6. Filipino
_________ 2. Generosity _________ 7. Same sex marriage
_________ 3. Pedophilia _________ 8. Black cat brings misfortune
_________ 4. Flag _________ 9. Hospitality
_________ 5. Karma _________ 10. Bayanihan to Heal as One Act

ACTIVITY 2: What’s in Your Pizza?

DIRECTIONS: Choose the appropriate TOPPINGS (WORDS) from
the box below that best describes the characteristics of ‘society’, ‘culture’ and
‘politics’ to complete each flavor. Write down your answers inside the
triangular shape.
Pepperoni POLITICS Bacon SOCIETY

Hawaiian CULTURE

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 TOPPINGS (CHARACTERISTICS)
Democracy Interaction Conflict Theory Legal Force
Acquired Church Norms Diverse
Adaptive Innovation Dynamic Law

ACTIVITY 3:
Directions: Feel free to express your thoughts in answering the
following question. Illustrate instances that can be applied.

What is meant by passable standards of conduct?

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