Geography Grade 9fg

Beteseb Academy Jimma Branch
Subject :- Geography Grade:- Nine Quarter:- First
Instructor Name:- Dejene Negash Date:- October /08/2020
 specific objectives
At the end of this section, you will be able to:
 convert linear scale to areal scale;
 calculate the scale of a map;
 calculate the areas of regular and irregular shaped figures by referring to the
scale of a map;
The Relationship Between Linear and Areal Scale
➔ Linear scale expresses the ratio of map distance to ground distance. It is the
most common scale type.
➔ Areal scale shows the relationship between map area and ground area. Areal
scale is the square of linear scale. For example, if a map has a linear scale
of 1 cm to 6 km, then the areal scale of the map is (1 cm)² to (6 km)² , which means
1 cm² to 36 km ² .
Area Scale = (Linear Scale)² ={ Distance on the map }²
Distance on the Ground
The linear scale of the map is the square root of the given areal scale.
Generally ;Areal scale is the square of linear scale. On the other hand, linear scale is
the square root of areal scale.
How to Find the Scale of a Map
There are two ways of finding a map scale, if it is not given:
1. By using the known distance between two points on the map
This method is used if the ground distance between two points or places shown on the map is given.
Then use the following procedure to obtain the scale:
i. Measure the distance between the two points on the map in centimeters.
ii. Divide the obtained distance on the map by the ground distance
2. By using latitudes
In this method, the scale of the map can be obtained by using the values of latitudes.
1º latitude is about 111 km
This relationship is derived from the circumference of the earth – 40,000 km.
If 360º = 40,000 km
1º =?
=1º × 40, 000kms =111 km
360 º
 The Measurement of Regular and Irregular Shaped Areas
Some areas have regular or geometric shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, circles and squares.
Others have irregular or non-geometric shapes.
This procedure is important for measuring areas on maps:
• Measure the area of the feature on the map;
• If the map scale is linear, convert it to areal;
A) Measuring Regular-Shaped Areas

A regular shape is a geometrical shape such as a circle, triangle or square.
i. Square A = S 2 ; where A = area, and S = side
ii. Rectangle A = l × w; where A = area, l = length, and w = width
iii. Right angle triangle A = 1⁄2 bh; where A = area, b = base, and h = height
iv. Circle A = πr 2 ; where A = area, and r = radius. (π = 3.14 )
B) Measuring Irregular Shaped Areas
If the feature to be measured has an irregular shape, its area cannot be directly calculated by using
mathematical formulae.
(DEAR STUDENTS; READ A DETAIL ADITIONAL INFORMATION FROM YOUR
TEXTBOOK)
 Statistical Diagrams
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of
numerical data. “Statistics” also refers to a collection of numerical information about a particular
feature.
Types of statistical diagrams
1. Simple line graphs
2. Simple bar graphs
3. Pie charts
➢ Simple Line Graph
A line graph uses lines to show changes over time.

It is also used to show the relationship between two sets of information/phenomena.
The graph can also help you to compare periods of actual and projected population growth on the
African continent.
➢ Simple Bar Graph
It uses horizontal or vertical bars to show different amounts of the same item or different
values for the same phenomenon.
It show how amounts or values differ from place to place or as they change over time.
➢ Pie Chart
Pie charts are circle graphs.

They use segments of the circle to show the sizes of the items that make up its subject.
The circle of the chart represents the total (100%).
The segments represent parts of the whole.
Pie charts are primarily used to
✔ show the sizes of parts in relation to a single whole.
✔ show the sizes of those parts in relation to each other.
• Often, pie charts also emphasize one or more significant elements in the data.

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Beteseb Academy Jimma Branch

Subject :- Geography Grade:- Nine Quarter:- First

Instructor Name:- Dejene Negash Date:- October /08/2020

• If the map scale is linear, convert it to areal;

A) Measuring Regular-Shaped Areas

A line graph uses lines to show changes over time.

Pie charts are circle graphs.

✔ show the sizes of those parts in relation to each other.

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