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Power Quality Enhancement using Custom Power Devices

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 Power Quality Enhancement
using Custom Power Devices
Eyad A. Feilat
Associate Professor, Chairman
Electrical Power Engineering Department
Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering
Technology Yarmouk University
Irbid, Jordan

28 April 2014

Yarmouk University 0 E. A. Feilat

 Short Biography - Education
Electrical Engineering December
Ph.D
“High Voltage Engineering” 2000
Electrical Engineering December
M.Sc.
“Electric Machines & Power Systems” 1989
Electrical Engineering December
B.Sc.
“Power Systems” 1987
 AREA OF RESEARCH
Applications of artificial intelligence and signal processing to power systems,
power quality, high voltage engineering, and power system stability & control

 PH.D. DISSERTATION
“Lifetime Characteristics of Magnet Wires under High Frequency Pulsating
Voltage and High Temperature”,
 M.SC. THESIS
“Dynamic Stability Evaluation of Multimachine Power Systems Using
Synchronizing and Damping Torques”
Yarmouk University 2 E. A. Feilat
 Short Biography – Employment
Chairman Electrical Power Engineering Department Sept. 2013 – Present

Associate
Electrical Power Engineering Department Feb. 2013 – Present.
Professor
Associate
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department Aug. 2008 – Jan. 2013
Professor
Associate
Electrical Power Engineering Department Oct. 2006 – Aug. 2008
Professor
Assistant
Electrical Power Engineering Department Feb. 2001 – Oct. 2006
Professor
Research
June 1997 – Dec. 2000
Assistant High Voltage Laboratory

Lecturer Electrical Engineering Department Jan. 1990 – Aug. 1996

Teaching
Electrical Engineering Department Jan. 1988 – Dec. 1989
Assistant

Yarmouk University 3 E. A. Feilat

 Short Biography - Taught Courses
Undergraduate Courses
KFUPM YU SQU

Power System Quality

Power System Analysis I & Power Distribution Systems
II High Voltage Engineering Power System Analysis
Electric Circuits
Power System Quality Power System Protection
Network Theory
Electric Machines I & II High Voltage Engineering
Electrical Systems
General Electric Machine Artificial Intelligence
Electric Machines
Control Systems Electric Circuits
Electrical Installation
Electric Circuits I & Electric Engineering

II Numerical Analysis Fundamentals Electrical

Engineering Technology Signals
and Linear Systems

Yarmouk University 4 E. A. Feilat

 Short Biography
Postgraduate Courses
YU & SQU
Power System Protection
Digital Power System Protection
Modern Control Theory
Power System Quality M.Sc Thesis Supervision
MEMS 10

Publications
Researc Technical
Journals Conference
h Reports
Reports
27 47 12 9

Yarmouk University 5 E. A. Feilat

 Power Quality Enhancement
using Custom Power Devices

Eyad A. Feilat
Associate Professor, Chairman
Electrical Power Engineering Department
Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering
Technology Yarmouk University
Irbid, Jordan

28 April 2014

Yarmouk University 6 E. A. Feilat

 Outline
 Power Quality (PQ) Problems
 Power Quality Mitigation
 Custom Power Devices
 Need of Custom Power Devices (CPD)
 DVR,
 DSTATCOM,
 UPQC

 Benefits of Applying Custom Power Devices

 CPD, location, basic principle, operation
 Future Scope

Yarmouk University 7 E. A. Feilat

 Power Quality Problems

 A power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a

nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or mis-operation of end use Equipments.
 Sensitive equipment and non-linear loads are now more
common place in both the industrial sectors and the domestic
environment such as programmable logic controllers and
adjustable speed drives.
 Electronic equipments are very sensitive loads against harmonics
because their control depends on either the peak value or the
zero crossing of the supplied voltage, which are all influenced by
the harmonic distortion, voltage dips and voltage swells.

Yarmouk University 8 E. A. Feilat

 Faults at either the transmission or distribution level may cause
transient voltage sag or swell in the entire system or a large
part of it.
 Voltage sag and swell can cause sensitive equipment to fail, or
shutdown, as well as create a large current unbalance that
could blow fuses or trip breakers. Voltage dips are considered
one of the most severe disturbances to the industrial
equipment.
 These effects can be very expensive for the customer,
ranging from minor quality variations to production
downtime and equipment damage.
 Causes of Power Quality Problems

 Some typical disturbances to power systems, which may

cause power quality problems, are listed below:
 Lightning and natural phenomena.
 Energization of capacitor banks and transformers.
 Switching or start-up of large loads e.g. motors.
 Operation of non-linear and unbalanced loads
 Failure of equipment, e.g. transformers and cables.

Yarmouk University 11 E. A. Feilat

 General Classes Power Quality Problems
 Transients Impulsive Transient
• Impulsive
• Oscillatory
Impulsive

 Short Duration Voltage Variations

• Voltage sag (dip)
Dips
• Voltage Swells
• Interr
uptio
 Long Duration Voltage Variations ns
•
• Overvoltage
• Under voltage

 Sustained Interruptions
Swell
• Momentary

Yarmouk University 12 E. A. Feilat

 Power Quality Problems
 Waveform Distortion Harmonics
• Harmonics
• Interharmonics
• Notching

Flicker
 Voltage Fluctuation (Flicker)

U1 Unbalance
 Voltage Imbalance

U2
U3

 Power Frequency Variations

Frequency Variation
Yarmouk University 13 E. A. Feilat
 Power Quality Problems Definition & Impacts
 Power quality is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to
electricity consumers at all levels of usage.
Problem Effects
Voltage sags Variable speed drive & computer trip-out
Tripping, components failures, flashover of instrument
Transients
insulation, hardware re booting, software glitches, etc.
Excessive losses and heating in motors, capacitors and
Harmonics
transformers connected to the system.
Flicker Visual irritation, light flicker.
Voltage Swell Overstress insulation
Under voltage Excessive motor current
Over voltage Overstress insulation
Unbalance Motor heating
Interruption Complete shut down

Yarmouk University 14 E. A. Feilat

 Power Electronics in Power Systems
 The use of power electronics has grown significantly in the last decades,
both on consumer side and grid side.
 On transmission level, there are two main groups of power
electronic controllers,
 High voltage direct current (HVDC) links and,
 Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS).
 FACTS is used to improve the transmission of conventional AC systems.
 Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC),
 Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR),
 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM),
 Unified power flow controller (UPFC).

Yarmouk University 15 E. A. Feilat

 While power electronic controllers on transmission level are used
to control the power flow and to increase the stability, Devices
on distribution level, often called custom power devices (CPD),
are mostly used for improving the power quality.
 Custom power pertains to the use of power electronics
controllers in a distribution system. CPD are capable of
mitigating multiple PQ problems associated with utility
distribution and end-user appliances.
 CPD is considered to be the most efficient method that electric
utilities will offer to their customers.
 Classification of CPDs
Types of CPDs

Compensating
Network
Type
Reconfiguration
Type

DSTATCOM UPQC
DVR

SSCB SSTS
based on VSC SSCL

Yarmouk University 17 E. A. Feilat

Yarmouk University 18 E. A. Feilat
 Types of Custom Power devices
 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
 Distribution STATic synchronous
COMpensators (DSTATCOM),
 Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC)
 Static Var Compensator (SVC),
 Active Power Filters (APF),
 Solid-State Transfer Switches (SSTS),
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS),
 Static Electronic Tap Changers (SETC),
 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS),
 Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES).

Yarmouk University 19 E. A. Feilat

 Applications in Power/Utility Industry
STATCOM:
Static Synchronous
Compensator

DVR:
Dynamic Voltage
Restorer

Active Filters

SSTS:
Solid-State Transfer
Switch

SSCB:
Solid-State Circuit
Breaker

BESS:
Battery Energy
Storage System

Yarmouk University 20 E. A. Feilat

 Applications of Each Custom Power Devices
Custom Power Devices Applications

• Voltage sag and swell protection

• Voltage balancing
Static Series Compensator • Voltage regulation
(DVR) • Flicker attenuation

• Power factor improvement

Static Shunt Compensator • Current Harmonic compensation
(D -STATCOM) • Load current balancing
• Flicker effect compensation

Yarmouk University 21 E. A. Feilat

 Applications of Custom Power Devices
Custom Power Devices Applications
• Voltage sag and swell correction
• Voltage balancing
• Voltage regulation
• Flicker attenuation
Unified Power Quality • VAR compensation
Compensator (UPQC) • Harmonic suppression
• Current balancing
• Active and reactive power control

Solid-State Transfer • Voltage sag, swell and interruption protection

Switch (SSTS)
Solid state circuit breaker (SSCB) • Fault current protection and limitation

Yarmouk University 20
E. A. Feilat
 1-Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
 A Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a recently proposed series
connected solid state device that injects voltage into the system in
order to regulate the load side voltage.
 It is normally installed in a distribution system between the supply and
the critical load feeder.

 The DVR is widely considered as

an effective custom power device in
mitigating voltage sags.
 The DVR can also do harmonics,
reduction of transients in voltage, fault
current limitations, and Power Factor
correction.

Yarmouk University 21 E. A. Feilat

 Configuration of the DVR
 The DVR considered consists of:
 Injection / Booster transformer
 Harmonic filter
 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
 Energy Storage
 Control system
 There are numerous reasons why the DVR is
preferred over the others.
 The DVR preferred over the SVC, because the
SVC has no ability to control active power
flow,
 The DVR has a higher energy capacity,
 The DVR is smaller in size and costs
less compared to the DSTATCOM
 The DVR costs less compared to the UPS.
Yarmouk University 22 E. A. Feilat
 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
 A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device, which can
generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required magnitude, frequency
and phase angle.
 The converter is normally based on an energy storage device, which
will supply the converter with a DC voltage.
 The solid-state electronics in the converter
is then switched to get the desired output
voltage.
 The controller generates the required
switching pattern.
 The VSC is used to temporarily replace the
supply voltage or to generate the part of the
supply voltage which is missing.

Yarmouk University 23 E. A. Feilat

 Types of Switching Devices
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET),
• The MOSFET requires a high on-resistance and has fast switching times,
• It is capable of working beyond the 20 kHz frequency,
• Limited voltage, few hundred volts.
 Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTO),
• GTO can be turned off by a negative pulse of current to its gate.
• GTO is best suited for high voltage applications.
 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT),
• IGBT combines the fast switching times of the MOSFET with the
high voltage capabilities of the GTO,
• IGBT is a medium speed controllable switch capable of supporting
the medium power range.
 Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT).
• The IGCT has very large power ratings.

Yarmouk University 25 E. A. Feilat

 2-Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM )
 A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), consists of:
 a two- level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) (PWM inverter),
 a dc energy storage device,
 a coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution
network through a coupling transformer.

 The VSC converts the dc voltage across the

storage device into a set of three-phase ac output
voltages. These voltages are in phase and
coupled with the ac system through the reactance
of the coupling transformer.
 Suitable adjustment of the phase and magnitude
of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows  Such configuration
effective control of active and reactive power allows the device
exchanges between the D-STATCOM and the to absorb or
ac system. generate
controllable active
and reactive power.
Yarmouk University 26 E. A. Feilat
 2-Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM )

Yarmouk University 27 E. A. Feilat

 (DSTATCOM)
 The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides a
multifunctional topology which can be used for up to three quite
distinct purposes:
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power.
2. Correction of power factor, and
3. Elimination of current harmonics.

Yarmouk University 28 E. A. Feilat

 (DSTATCOM): Operation Principle
 Reactive power control is fast and continuous from inductive to
capacitive through the adjustment of the inverter AC voltage output.

Yarmouk University 29 E. A. Feilat

 E-STATCOM
 The energy storage static synchronous compensator
(E-STATCOM) has the same structure as the D-STATCOM.
 It can be used for the same applications but also exchange
active power with the grid , thanks to the energy storage.

Yarmouk University 30 E. A. Feilat

 3-Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC)

 Unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) allow the mitigation of

voltage and current disturbances that could affect sensitive electrical
loads while compensating the load reactive power.
 UPQC consist of combined series and shunt active power filters
connected back-to-back on the dc side (share a common dc
capacitors) for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current
disturbances and reactive power.

 UPQC is a combination of
DSTATCOM and DVR.

Yarmouk University 31 E. A. Feilat

 Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC)

 The series component of the UPQC is responsible for mitigation of

the supply side disturbances:
 Voltage sag/swell
Insert
 Voltage flicker voltage
 Voltage unbalance
 Source injected harmonics

 The shunt component of the UPQC is responsible for mitigating PQ

problems caused by the customer:
 Poor power factor
Inject
 Load harmonic
current
currents
 Load unbalance.
Yarmouk University 32 E. A. Feilat
 Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC)

Yarmouk University 33 E. A. Feilat

 4-Solid-State Transfer Switch (SSTS)
 The (SSTS) is used to protect sensitive load voltage sag or swell.
 It is composed of two parallel connected Thyristor or GTO blocks. Each
block consists of three GTO or thyristor corresponding to the three phase
of the system.
 Primary source feeds the load through switch 1. When fault occurs primary
source affected, and then load is fed from alternating source through switch
2.
 The transfer switching time of SSTS varies from 0.25 to 0.5 cycle of
the fundamental frequency.
 The main advantage of SSTS is that it conducts the load current continuously

Yarmouk University 34 E. A. Feilat

 5-UPS
 For very sensitive low power equipment such as computers and
servers, up to 4000 kVA, static uninterruptible power supplies
(UPSs) can be used.
 There are different structures of UPSs, however, common to all
structures are that active power can be supplied from an energy
storage.
 Hence, complete mitigation of voltage dips and other power quality
problems can be obtained.
 Depending on the size of the storage, even interruptions can be
mitigated.

Yarmouk University 35 E. A. Feilat

 Future Scope

 Teaching
 More Emphasis should be given to Power Electronics and Power
Quality courses for both undergraduate and postgraduate
degree plans

 Research
 Other types of controllers like fuzzy controller and adaptive PI
fuzzy controller can be employed in CPD compensation
scheme.
 Investigation of the effectiveness of multilevel CPD can be
carried out.
 The effectiveness of CPD can be established for active
renewable energy power sources like PV and Wind turbine.

Yarmouk University 36 E. A. Feilat

 Thank You !

 Questions?
 Discussion

Yarmouk University 37 E. A. Feilat