Title: Thermal conductivity of limestone from Gaziantep (Turkey) Hanifi C- anakcia,, Ramazan

Demirbog˘ab , M. Burhan Karakocb , Okan S-irina

 TC of the samples was measured for saturated, partially saturated and dried conditions. Water
absorption, dry unit weight and apparent porosity of the samples were also measured to
correlate with TC.
 Measurements showed that TC was increased with increasing the water content of samples. The
TC of the samples decreased while the porosity increased. Relationships between TC and both
dry unit weight and porosity were driven.
 There was a very good exponential relationship between TC and saturation degrees of sample,
porosity and density. Moisture content increased TC up to 113%.
 Previous studies reported that the type of rock, porosity and moisture content (MC) have the
maximum influence on TC of rock.
 The TC of rock depends not only on its composition but also on its degree of crystallization.
Rocks with crystalline structure show higher heat conduction than amorphous and vitreous
rocks of the same composition.
 Quartzite, sandstone and other quartzose rock have the highest TC; granite, gneiss, limestone
and dolomite have intermediate, while basalt and dolerite demonstrate lowest conductivities
 In this study, four different groups of limestone representing Gaziantep and Fırat formation
were studied to determine their TC in different MC. The effect of the porosity, MC, water
absorption and density on the TC was also investigated.
Materials and methods:
 A scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX)
was used to determine element content in limestone samples.
 Four different groups of limestone were prepared. For each test and each group three samples
of 110 160 40 mm prisms were used. TC measurements were made in three different MC. These
are oven dried (OD), partially saturated (PS) and fully saturated (FS).
 (1) OD samples were dried in an oven at 110710 1C and weighed at 24 h intervals until the loss
in weight did not exceed 0.5% in a 24 h (ASTM C 332) for TC as dried condition.
 (2) Samples were FS by immersing in water at room temperature for a period of 2474 h (ASTM C
127-93).
 (3) For PS condition, samples were left in water until its water absorption value reaches
approximately 50%.
 A quick TC meter (QTM 500) based on ASTM C 1113-90 hot wire method was used to measure
the TC [15]. QTM 500 device (See Fig. 4) is a production of Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing
Co. Ltd., Japan. Measurement range is 0.0116–6 W/mK. Measurement precision is 75% of
reading value per reference plate. Reproducibility is 73% of reading value per reference plate.
Sample size required is two pieces of 100 80 40 mm or more. The standard measuring time is
100–120 s.

 The probe consists of single heater wire and thermocouple. When constant electric power
(energy) is given to the heater, the temperature of the wire will rise in exponential progression.
Temperature rising curve is plotted in linear line in Fig. 5 with time axis scaled in logarithm. The
angle of this line increases if the sample has less TC, and decreases if it has higher TC. Therefore,
TC of a sample can be determined from the angle of the rising temperature graphic line.

 As it can be seen from Fig. 6(a) that TC increased with increase of ODD for limestone. Same
trend was also observed for PSD and FSD conditions. TC of OD samples were changed between
0.9264 and 2.5158 W/mK. Densities of the OD samples were between 1699 and 2321 kg/m3 .
 For the ODD, the following mathematical model for TC (λ in W/mK) and ODD (d in kg/m3 ) of
limestone was found: λ= 0.4682 e 0.0007d (ODD) λ= 0.499 e 0.0007d (PSD) λ= 0.5079 e 0.0007d (FSD).
 MC(moisture content) increase from 0% to 50%, TC increases by 16%, 12%, 71% and 94% for
LS1, LS2, LS3 and LS4, respectively. MC has great influence on the TC of samples that has high
porosity.
 Thermal conductivity of limestone samples was increased with increasing of density for OD, PS
and FS conditions. TC values were between 0.9264 and 2.5158 W/mK for OD, 1.790 and 2.821
W/mK for PS and 1.973 and 2.968 W/mK for FS densities.
 (2) There was a good exponential relationship between densities and TC.
 (3) There was a negative correlation between TC and apparent porosity with correlation
coefficient of 0.91 for OD and PS, and 0.96 for FS conditions.
  (4) TC increased when the water content of samples increased. The TC was higher when the
moisture content of samples were between 0% and 50% than those of the samples having
moisture content between 50% and 100%.
 (5) There was an exponential relationship between the water absorption and TC for all
conditions.

Title 2 : Thermal properties of sedimentary rocks in the Tarim Basin, northwestern China Xianglan Li,
Shaowen Liu, and Changge Feng

 Thermal properties of rocks are essential parameters for investigating the geothermal regime of
sedimentary basins, and they are also important factors in assessments of hydrocarbon and
geothermal energy resources.
 we collected 101 samples of sedimentary rocks and measured their thermal properties. Our
results show that the ranges (and means) of thermal conductivity, radiogenic heat production,
and specific heat capacity are 1.08– 5.35 W/mK (2.52 – 0.99 W/mK), 0.03–3.24 mW/m3 (1.24 –
0.87 mW/m3 ), and 0.75–1.10 kJ/(kg$°C) (0.87 – 0.07 kJ/(kg$°C)), respectively. Volumetric heat
capacity and thermal diffusivity at the temperature of 40°C range from 1.61 to 2.79 MJ/(m3 $K)
(2.26 – 0.25 MJ/[m3 $K]) and 0.44–2.95 · 10-6 m2 /s ((1.12 – 0.53) · 10-6 m2 /s), respectively.
 Thermal conductivity increases with increased burial depth, density, and stratigraphic age,
suggesting the dominant influence is porosity variation on thermal conductivity.
 Thermal properties are used to determine regional heat flow, the lithospheric thermal structure,
and the tectono-thermal history of sedimentary basins, and to calculate the temperature at
depth (Cermak and Rybach, 1982; Clauser, 2006).
 The majority of samples, 86 of 101 in total, were collected from 16 boreholes distributed across
the Tarim Basin, generally with depths from 3000 to 6000 m (9800–19,700 ft); the remaining 15
samples are from outcrops along the northwestern margin of the basin (Figure 1). Among the
sample set, 38 samples are sandstone, 31 are mudstone, 15 limestone, 8 dolomite, 7 evaporite
(rock salt), and 2 conglomerate. In terms of the lithotypes, the sandstone samples include fine-
grained sandstone, siltstone, and gravelly sandstone but principally fine-grained sandstone and
siltstone (Figure 3A).
 The optical scanning method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of all the samples
(Popov et al., 1999); This apparatus is manufactured by the German company with a
measurement range of 0.2–25.0 W/mK and an accuracy of –3%.
 This method is quick, nondestructive, and can take continuous measurements. Therefore, it has
been widely adopted for thermal conductivity studies in recent years. The measurements were
performed in the core repository at room temperature conditions and one atmospheric
pressure.
 In general, the thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks in the Tarim Basin ranges from 1.08 to
5.35 W/mK, with a mean of 2.52 – 0.99 W/mK (Figure 4).
 mineral composition and chemical cementation are variable across different sedimentary rocks,
even for the same lithotype; accordingly, the thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks is highly
variable.
  Thermal properties are highly variable between different lithotypes and even within the same
lithology. Siliciclastic rocks have a low thermal conductivity but high radiogenic heat production
and specific heat capacity, whereas carbonates have a high thermal conductivity, but low
radiogenic heat production and specific heat capacity.
 The thermal conductivity of siliciclastic rocks increases with depth and stratigraphic age in the
Tarim Basin, indicating the dominant effect on thermal conductivity is the variability in porosity.
The thermal property anomalies of rock salt distort the geothermal pattern in the Tarim Basin
and should be considered when undertaking basin modeling.
 Radiogenic heat production with depth does not exhibit a simple trend. The specific heat
capacity increases with increasing temperature, and this temperature dependence is well
approximated by a secondorder polynomial fitting. The average heat production of the
sediments is 1.24 mW/m3 , which is substantially higher than the global average for Phanerozoic
basins

Mineralogy, porosity and fluid control on thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks Frkdkric Brigaud
and Guy Vasseur