Delhi School of Economics MA Economics Past Year Papers: Econschool

Delhi School of Economics MA Economics past year
papers
Econschool
Contents
1 DSE 2006 2
2 DSE 2007 15
3 DSE 2008 30
4 DSE 2009 46
5 DSE 2010 60
6 DSE 2011 74
7 DSE 2012 88
8 DSE 2013 103
9 DSE 2014 117
10 DSE 2015 134
11 DSE 2016 149
12 DSE 2017 159
13 DSE 2018 170
14 DSE 2019 183
15 DSE 2020 194
1
Amit Goyal www.econschool.in [email protected]
1 DSE 2006
1. Suppose A and B have to divide a box of chocolates and both of them prefer to have
more chocolates to fewer chocolates. An allocation that gives all the chocolates to A is
A. Pareto inefficient
B. Pareto efficient
C. Pareto unfair
D. Pareto fair
2. Among the effects of urban rent control are

A. a disincentive to build for rental purposes
B. an implicit redistribution of wealth from those who do not have rent-controlled
housing to those who do have rent-controlled housing
C. a low degree of mobility in housing market
D. all of the above
3. Processed and piped water is

A. a public good
B. a private good
C. a private bad
D. a public bad
4. A situation in which all electricity generators in a state can sell their output only to the
State Electricity Board is described as
A. a monopoly
B. a monopsony
C. an oligopolistic market
D. a monopolistically competitive market
5. Consider a firm that produces single good using labor and capital. Let C, Q, L, K, w, r
and p denote cost of production, output, labor input, capital input, the wage rate, the
price of capital and the price of output respectively. An example of the cost function for
the firm is
A. C = wL + rK
B. C = min{wL, rK}
C. C = pQ/[wL + rK]
√
D. C = Q wr
6. If the IS curve is downward sloping and the LM curve is vertical, a unit increase in
government expenditure results in
DSE 2006 Index Page 2

A. crowding in and higher increase in equilibrium income

B. no crowding out and equivalent increase in the equilibrium income
C. partial crowding out and lower increase in equilibrium income
D. complete crowding out and no increase in equilibrium income
7. Monetary policy is completely ineffective in raising output if

A. the IS curve is horizontal and the LM curve is upward sloping
B. the IS curve is vertical and the LM curve is upward sloping
C. the IS curve is downward sloping and the LM curve is upward sloping
D. the IS curve is downward sloping and the LM curve is vertical
8. The price and quantity combinations of two services (trim and perm) sold at the “Be
Handsome” beauty parlour are as follows (Pt and Qt denote the price and quantity
respectively of a given service at time t):
Service P0 P1 Q0 Q1
Trim 50 60 10 15
Perm 150 170 8 12
The Laspeyres price index for time t = 1 is

A. 117.2
B. 115.3
C. 121.8
D. 119.6
9. Suppose we flip a fair coin three times. The probability of getting two heads is
A. 2/8
B. 1/3
C. 2/3
D. 3/8
10. Which one of the following is true?

A. A consumer never buys an inferior good.
B. A consumer’s budget share for an inferior good is necessarily less than half.
C. A consumer’s budget share for an inferior good is constant.
D. A consumer’s budget share for an inferior good decreases with an increase in
money income.
11. Consider a consumer with the utility function u(x, y) = x1/2 + y. Which one of the
following is true?

A. Income elasticity of both goods x and y is 1.

B. Income elasticity of good x is 0.
C. Income elasticity of good y is 0.
D. Income elasticity of good x is 1 and of good y is 0.
12. Consider the experiment of tossing two unbiased coins in succession. What is the prob-
ability of obtaining two heads, given that at least one of the coins comes up heads?
A. 1/2
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 2/3
13. Suppose all input prices as well as output price double. The level of output produced
by a profit-maximizing firm which uses a decreasing returns to scale technology will
A. be double of its original level
B. increase, but not necessarily double
C. remain constant
D. change, but we cannot say in which direction
14. Consider an n × n matrix A with real entries. A is non-singular if and only if

A. the determinant of A is not equal to 0
B. the columns vectors of A are linearly independent
C. the row vectors of A are linearly independent
D. any of the above three conditions is satisfied
15. Consider a function f : R → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers. If f is

increasing, i.e., x ≥ y implies f (x) ≥ f (y), then
A. f is concave
B. f is convex
C. f is quasi-convex
D. f is continuous
16. Consider a singular n × n matrix A with real entries. Interchanging the positions of a
pair of adjacent columns of A
A. does not change the value of the determinant of A
B. changes the sign of the determinant
C. increases the value of the determinant
D. decreases the value of the determinant

17. There are three women on the platform of a train station. The train that they are
waiting for has 5 coaches and each of them is equally likely to enter any coach. What is
the probability that they will all enter the same coach?
A. 12/25
B. 3/5
C. 3/125
D. 9/25
E. 1/25
18. Suppose a neighborhood has 90 Hindus and 10 Muslims. What is the probability that
two randomly selected persons from that neighborhood will have the same religion?
A. 0.5
B. 0.81
C. 0.9
D. 0.82
19. Exchange rate overshooting occurs

A. under fixed exchange rates when the central bank mistakenly buys or sells too
much foreign exchange
B. under fixed exchange rates as a necessary part of the adjustment process for
any monetary shock
C. under flexible exchange rates when the exchange rate rises (depreciates) above
and then falls down to equilibrium after a monetary expansion
D. under flexible exchange rates, so that large financial shocks in the domestic
economy have very little impact on exchange rates
20. In an open economy with a system of fixed exchange rates

A. monetary policy is an effective tool for stabilizing the economy
B. fiscal policy is a by-product of exchange rate policy
C. fiscal policy is an effective tool for stabilizing the economy
D. both (a) and (b) above
Answer 21, 22 and 23 for the following situation. Consider a competitive exchange
economy with two agents (1 and 2) and two goods (X and Y ). Agent 1’s endowment of
(X, Y ) is (0, 5) and Agent 2’s endowment of (X, Y ) is (10, 0). An allocation for Agent
i is denoted (xi , yi ), where xi is his allocation of X and yi is his allocation of Y . Agent
i’s objective is to choose (xi , yi ) to maximise his utility min{xi , yi }
21. The allocation with (x1 , y1 ) = (3, 3) and (x2 , y2 ) = (7, 2) is

A. a competitive equilibrium allocation and is Pareto efficient

B. not a competitive equilibrium allocation but is Pareto efficient

C. neither a competitive equilibrium allocation nor is Pareto efficient
D. a competitive equilibrium allocation but is not Pareto efficient
22. The allocation with (x1 , y1 ) = (10, 5) and (x2 , y2 ) = (0, 0) is

A. a competitive equilibrium allocation and is Pareto efficient
B. not a competitive equilibrium allocation but is Pareto efficient
C. neither a competitive equilibrium allocation nor is Pareto efficient
D. a competitive equilibrium allocation but is not Pareto efficient
23. Assuming the sum of prices is 1, the competitive equilibrium prices (p1 , p2 ) are
A. (1, 0)
B. (0, 1)
C. (1/2, 1/2)
D. (1/3, 2/3)
24. Consider an economy which is demand constrained. The components of aggregate de-
mand are: (i) Household Consumption; (ii) Government Investment Expenditure; and
(iii) Private Investment. The government finances its expenditure by imposing a lump-
sum tax on the households and always maintains a balanced budget. Households con-
sume 1/2 of their disposable income. Private investment and government investment
are complementary and the two are related in the following way: a unit investment by
the government induces private investors to invest 2 units. Starting from an equilibrium
situation, the government raises its investment expenditure by 10 units, what will be the
corresponding increase in the equilibrium level of income for this economy?
A. 20 units
B. 10 units
C. 50 units
D. income remains the same
25. Consider an economy where 1/2 of the total income (output) is distributed to the workers
and the other half is distributed to the capitalists. The capitalists save upto 50% of their
income and consume the rest; the workers save 25% of their income and consume the
rest. The aggregate demand consists of total consumption demand and total investment
demand. Investment demand is autonomously given at 100 units. Output is demand
determined. How does the equilibrium income value change if 3/4 of the total income is
distributed to the workers and 1/4 to the capitalists?
A. equilibrium output increases by 160/3 units
B. equilibrium output increases by 100/3 units
C. equilibrium output increases by 800/3 units

D. equilibrium output does not change
26. The aggregate production function in an economy at any time period t is given by
Yt = min{Kt /2, Lt /4}, where Kt and Lt are respectively the aggregate stock of capital
and the available stock of labour at time t. In each period, 20% of the total output
is saved and invested, which augments the next period’s capital stock. Capital does
not depreciate. Available labour stock grows by 4 units in every period. The economy
currently has 200 units of capital and 420 units of labour. What is the current level of
employment and what will be the level of employment tomorrow?
A. Current Employment: 420; Employment tomorrow: 424
B. Current Employment: 400; Employment tomorrow: 424
C. Current Employment: 400; Employment tomorrow: 400
D. Current Employment: 420; Employment tomorrow: 420
27. Members of the Gymkhana Club are charged quarterly fees on the basis of their average
weight, rounded to the nearest kg. Of the 560 members, 120 weighed between 60 and
69 kg, 140 weighed between 70 and 79 kg, 170 weighed between 80 and 89 kg, and the
remaining weighed between 90 and 99 kg. If members are charged Rs. 50 per kilo of
their weight, on average how much must each member pay?
A. Rs. 3800
B. Rs. 3900
C. Rs. 4000
D. Rs. 4100
28. ICICI Bank collects data on 10000 respondents. Out of the 6800 men, 4200 have credit
cards, and out of the 3200 women, 2500 have credit cards. Out of the men with credit
cards, 1200 have unpaid balances, whereas out of the women with credit cards, 1400
have unpaid balances. What is the probability that an individual selected at random is
a man without an unpaid balance?
A. 0.68
B. 0.56
C. 0.12
D. 0.84
29. A monopolist has two plants. In plant 1, the total cost function is c1 (q1 ) = 2q1 and in
plant 2, the total cost function is c2 (q2 ) = q22 /2, where q represents the quantity of good
produced. The demand faced by the monopolist is p = 10 − q, where q = q1 + q2 . How
does the monopolist allocate its total production to serve the market?
A. q1 = 6 and q2 = 2
B. q1 = 2 and q2 = 2
C. q1 = 4 and q2 = 4

D. q1 = 4 and q2 = 10/3
30. There are two individuals A and B. The utility function of both individuals are identical
and given by u(x, y) = max{x, y}. Each of them has 1 unit of good x and 1 unit of good
y. Which of the following is a Pareto optimal allocation?
A. A has x = 1, y = 1 and B has x = 1, y = 1
B. A has x = 2, y = 0 and B has x = 0, y = 2
C. A has x = 0, y = 0 and B has x = 2, y = 2
D. A has x = 3/2, y = 1/2 and B has x = 1/2, y = 3/2
Answer 31, 32 and 33 for the following information. Three players A, B and C take turns
playing a game as follows. A and B play in the first round. The winner plays C in the
second round, while the loser sits out. The winner of the second round plays the person
who was sitting out. The game continues in this fashion, with the winner of the current
round playing the next round with the person who sits out in the current round. The
game ends when a player wins twice in succession; this player is declared the winner of
the contest. For any of the rounds, assume that the two players playing the round each
have a probability 1/2 of winning the round, regardless of how the past rounds were won
or lost.
31. The probability that A becomes the winner of the contest is

A. 5/14
B. 1/2
C. 3/7
D. 7/16
32. The probability that C becomes the winner of the contest is

A. 1/7
B. 1/5
C. 1/8
D. 2/7
33. The probability that the game continues indefinitely, with no one winning twice in suc-
cession, is
A. 1/1023
B. 0
C. 1/223
D. 1/216
34. Consider collecting a random sample that has two observations, from a population that
is normally distributed with mean µ and variance 16. The variance associated with the
distribution of twice the difference between these two observations equals

A. 64
B. 128
√
C. 32/ 2
√
D. 64/ 2
35. In an open economy with a system of flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility,
an expansionary monetary policy
A. causes the domestic currency to appreciate
B. has a greater impact on income than in a closed economy
C. increases capital inflows into the country
D. induces a balance of payments deficit
36. Which of the following would make the LM curve flatter in the (Y, r) space?
A. an increase in income sensitivity of money demand
B. an increase in interest sensitivity of planned investment
C. an increase in the marginal propensity to consume
D. an increase in the interest sensitivity of money demand
37. Consider the graph of the function f (x) = (x2 + 2x − 1)/x defined over all positive real
values of x. This graph has the following asymptotes
A. The line defined by 2x + 2 and the vertical axis
B. One asymptote: the line defined by y = x + 2
C. The line defined by y = x + 2 and the vertical axis
D. The line defined by y = 2x + 1 and the vertical axis
38. Which of the following statements is correct? In a closed economy, fiscal policy is more
effective
A. the smaller the induced change in interest rates and smaller the responsiveness
of investment to these changes
B. the larger the induced change in interest rates and smaller the responsiveness
C. the smaller the induced change in interest rates and larger the responsiveness
D. the larger the induced change in interest rates and larger the responsiveness
39. Along the long run supply curve of a perfectly competitive industry, all of the following
may change, except
A. the prices of inputs used

B. the amounts of inputs used

C. the number of firms in the industry
D. the level of profits
Answer 40 and 41 for the following situation. Consider a market served by a pair of
firms, 1 and 2. The inverse market demand is given by p = 1 − (x1 + x2 ), where xi is
the output of Firm i. Let Firm 1’s cost function be C1 (x1 ) = x1 /2 and Firm 2’s cost
function be C2 (x2 ) = x2 /3
40. If Firms 1 and 2 are Cournot duopolists, then Cournot equilibrium outputs are
A. (x1 , x2 ) = (4/18, 4/18)
B. (x1 , x2 ) = (2/18, 5/18)
C. (x1 , x2 ) = (5/18, 3/18)
D. (x1 , x2 ) = (0, 1/3)
41. Now suppose the situation changes so that Firm 1 chooses x1 first and Firm 2 chooses
x2 after observing Firm 1’s choice. Relative to Cournot situation, in this new situation,
A. x1 and x2 decrease
B. x1 decreases and x2 increases
C. x1 increases and x2 decreases
D. x1 and x2 increase
42. Suppose Asha’s preferences between two commodities x1 and x2 can be represented by
u(x1 , x2 ) = min{x1 − 5, x2 + 3}. Given an income of Rs. 73, and facing prices of Rs. 3
for x1 and Rs. 4 for x2 , Asha’s optimal consumption bundle of (x1 , x2 ) will be
A. (12.5, 4.5)
B. (10.42, 10.42)
C. (15, 7)
D. (3, 16)
43. Consider the following macroeconomic model:
C = 2000 + 0.4YD
I = 500 − 10r + 0.4Y
G = 400
T = 1000
(M/P )D = 0.2Y − 50r
(M/P )S = 1000
where YD is disposable income. The equation of the IS curve for this model is
A. Y = 9500 − 50r

B. Y = 12500 − 50r
C. Y = 14500 − 100r
D. Y = 14500 − 60r
44. A negative supply shock (e.g., oil price increase) shifts the Phillips curve and
the natural rate of unemployment. If the government wants to keep the economy at the
original rate of unemployment, it must have inflation.
A. lowers, ever increasing
B. raises, ever decreasing
C. raises, ever increasing
D. does not change, ever increasing
45. An increase in foreign income the equilibrium output of a small open

economy with uncovered interest parity and flexible exchange rates.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. leaves unchanged
D. first increases then decreases
46. Amit has a box containing 6 red balls and 3 yellow balls. Amita has a box containing
4 red balls and 5 yellow balls. Amit randomly draws one ball from his box and puts it
into Amita’s box. Now Amita randomly draws one ball out of her box. What is the
probability that balls drawn by Amit and Amita were of different colours?
A. 1/3
B. 2/15
C. 4/15
D. 7/15
47. Two patients share a hospital room for two days. Suppose that, on any given day, a
person independently picks up an airborne infection with probability 1/4. An individual
who is infected on the first day will certainly pass it to the other patient on the second
day. Once contracted, the infection stays for at least two days. What is the probability
that both patients have contracted the infection by the end of the second day?
A. 125/256
B. 121/256
C. 135/256
D. 131/256

48. A blood test detects a given disease with probability 8/10 given that the tested person
actually has the disease. With probability 2/10, the test incorrectly shows the presence
of the disease in a disease-free person. Suppose 1/10 of the population has the disease.
What is the probability that the person tested actually has the disease if the test indicates
the presence of the disease?
A. 1
B. 9/13
C. 4/13
D. 7/13
49. Your teacher knows 6 jokes and in each class tells 2 jokes; each joke has an equal chance
of being selected. What is the probability that, in a given lecture, at least 1 joke is told
which was not told in the previous class?
A. 28/30
B. 14/30
C. 16/30
D. 12/30
50. Suppose there are only two goods (X and Y ), two countries (A and B), and labour is
the only factor of production. The amount of labour required to produce a unit of the
i-th good in the j-th country is a constant lij . Suppose lXA /lY A < lXB /lY B . If these two
countries trade with each other, which of the following outcomes would definitely not
occur in equilibrium?
A. A produces only X and B produces only Y
B. A produces both goods and B produces only Y
C. A produces only X and B produces both goods
D. Both countries produce both goods
51. Suppose that in a particular country, the (inverse) demand curve for a certain good is
given by P = a−Q, where P is price, Q is quantity demanded and a is a positive constant.
The market supply curve of a competitive domestic industry is given by P = bQ, where
b is a positive constant. The country can import any amount of the same good at
an exogenously given world price of P ∗ . If, in order to raise revenue, the government
imposes a tariff of t per unit on imports, it will result in a deadweight welfare loss of
A. t(a − P ∗ )
B. a − b(P ∗ + t)
C. t
D. t2
E. t2 (1 + b)/2b

52. Consider a function f : R → R, where R, where R denotes the set of real numbers.
If f is strictly increasing (i.e., x > y implies f (x) > f (y)) and differentiable, then the
derivative of f
A. may be less than 0 at some x ∈ R
B. may be infinite at some x ∈ R
C. is greater than or equal to 0 at every x ∈ R
D. is greater than 0 at every x ∈ R
53. Consider the following claim: ”There is some general election and some party such that
all the candidates of that party in that election are honest.” If this claim is false, then
which of the following statements must be true?
A. In every election, there exists a party such that all its candidates are dishonest.
B. There is some general election and some party such that all the candidates of
that party in that election are honest.
C. In every election, all candidates of all parties are dishonest.
D. In every election, every party has at least one dishonest candidate.
Answer 54, 55, 56 and 57 using the following information. Consider a society consists of
individuals who may belong to various sets called Family and/or Gangs. The collections
of Families and Gangs satisfy the following rules:
• The entire society is a Family.

• The empty subset of a Society is also a family.
• Given a collection of Families, the set of individuals who belong to every Family in
that collection is also a Family.
• Given any two Families, the set of individuals who belong to either of the two
Families is also a Family.
• A set of individuals is called a Gang if and only if the set of individuals not in it
constitute a Family.
54. The intersection of two Gangs is necessarily

A. a Family
B. a Gang
C. not a Family
D. not a Gang
55. The union of a collection of Gangs is necessarily

A. not a Family
B. not a Gang
C. a Family

D. a Gang
56. Which of the following statements is necessarily true?

A. A set of individuals cannot be a Gang and a Family.
B. There are at least two sets of individuals that are both a Family and a Gang.
C. The union of a Family and a Gang is a Gang.
D. The intersection of a Family and a Gang is a Family.
57. Suppose we are given a Family and a Gang. Then, the set of individuals who belong to
the given Family but not to the given Gang necessarily constitute
A. a Family
B. a Gang
C. neither a Family, nor a Gang
D. a Family and a Gang
58. You have 10 pockets. What is the smallest number of one rupee coins you need to have
a different number of coins in each pocket?
A. 45
B. 35
C. 60
D. 50
59. There are 3 red and 5 black balls in an urn. You draw two balls in succession without
replacing the first ball. What is the probability that the second ball you draw is red?
A. 2/7
B. 3/8
C. 5/7
D. 1/4
60. Given that R denotes the set of real numbers, which of the following mappings is a
one-to-one (i.e., injective) function?
A. f (x) = tan x, where x ∈ R and x ≥ 0
B. f (x) = |x|, where x ∈ R
C. f (x) = 1/x, where x ∈ R and x ≥ 0
D. f (x) = |x|, where x ∈ R and x ≥ 0

2 DSE 2007
1. Consider a consumer having a utility function U = 2x + y where x and y are two
commodities. Suppose that the price of x and y are both Rs. 5 each and the consumer’s
income is Rs. 100. In equilibrium, the consumer will consume the bundle
A. (10, 10)
B. (0, 20)
C. (20, 0)
D. None of the above
2. With quantity of x on the horizontal axis, the Engel curve for commodity x corresponding
to the utility function U = y + f (x) will be
A. a ray through the origin
B. a vertical line
C. a horizontal line
D. a curve with an inflexion point
3. Suppose a producer has a fixed coefficient technology Q = min{2K, 3L}, where Q is

output and K and L are the inputs. At equilibrium
A. K = L
B. K = (3/2)L
C. K = (2/3)L
D. K and L are indeterminate
4. A monopolist will never produce a quantity where the price elasticity of demand is
inelastic because:
A. P > MC in such a case
B. MR > MC in such a case
C. MR < 0 in such a case
D. P < ATC in such a case
5. In the figure below when the budget lie (drawn in blue) was originally 5F + 10C = 200,
Anita purchased 30 units of F and 5 units of C. At two later dates, lines (1) and (2) were
the budget lines. Anita had the same preferences in all three instances. As a rational
consumer, which market baskets might she have purchased at the later dates?

Clothing(C)
(2) Original Budget Line
20
B
(1)
C
5 A
D
F ood(F )
O 30 40
A. A, B
B. A, D
C. B, C
D. C, D
6. NAIRU implies
A. the unemployment rate is zero
B. inflation is contant
C. the rate of growth of real GDP is constant
D. none of the above
7. In an open economy with perfect capital mobility and fixed exchange rates, an open
market operation will
A. increase output and reduce interest rate
B. increase the money supply
C. lower the trade deficit
D. change the composition of the monetary base
8. If a person is a borrower, a rise in the interest rate will

A. always reduce borrowing
B. always increase borrowing
C. could increase borrowing depending on the relative strengths of income and
substitution effects
9. The J-curve suggests that the effect of an appreciation of the exchange rate on the trade
balance is to:

A. improve it in the short run

B. worsen it in the short run
C. leave it unchanged
D. improve it in the long run
10. Under classical supply conditions, a fiscal expansion

A. only raises the price level and the interest rate
B. expands supply at constant prices
C. expands supply at rising prices
D. leaves both supply and price level unchanged
11. Consider the following functions f : R → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers.
Which of the following functions is quasi-convex?
A. f (x) = x2
B. f (x) = cos x
C. f (x) = e−x
D. f (x) = x−1 if x 6= 0; f (x) = 0 if x = 0
12. Consider an n × n matrix A with real entries. If matrix B is derived by adding the first
column of A to the last column of A, then
A. det A < det B
B. det A > det B
C. det A = det B
D. the sign of det A is the opposite of the sign of det B
13. Consider a strictly decreasing (i.e., x > y implies f (x) < f (y)) and differentiable function
f : R → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers. Denote the derivative of f at x ∈ R
by Df (x). Which of the following may be true about f ?
A. Df (x) > 0 for some x ∈ R
B. Df (x) = 0 for some x ∈ R
C. Df (x) = 0 for every x ∈ (a, b) where a < b
D. Df (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ R
14. If the statement “There exists a legislature and a party such that every legislator in that
party pays taxes” is false, then which of the following statements must be true?
A. In every legislature and every party, all legislators do not pay taxes
B. There exists a legislature such that every legislator in every party does not pay
taxes

C. In every legislature, there exists a party and a legislator in that party who
does not pay taxes
D. In every legislature and every party, there exists a legislator who does not pay
taxes
15. If f : Rn → R is twice differentiable, concave and homogeneous of degree 1, then the

Hessian matrix of f is
A. negative definite
B. positive definite
C. singular
D. non-singular
16. Consider an experiment in which five fibres having different lengths are subjecting to a
testing process to learn which fibre will break first. The lengths of the five fibres are 1
inch, 2 inches, 3 inches, 4 inches and 5 inches. Suppose the probability that any fibre
will be the first to break is proportional to the length of that fibre. The probability that
the length of the fibre that breaks first is not more than 3 inches is
A. 3/5
B. 2/5
C. 1/3
D. 2/3
17. Which of the following statements is WRONG: A probability density function f (x)
A. can be used to model a continuous variable
B. integrates to 1 over the range of x
C. increases steadily from 0 to 1
D. must be greater than or equal to 0 over the range of x
18. A primary school has 6 classes, numbered from 1 to 6. Class 1 has twice as many students
as each of the other classes. What is the probability that a randomly selected student
is from an odd-numbered class?
A. 10/21
B. 3/7
C. 8/21
D. 4/7
19. A traffic light on the way to the University is red 40% of the time. What’s the probability
of getting a red light (i) 2 days in a row; (ii) any 2 out of the 3 days.
A. (i) 0.16; (ii) 0.20
B. (i) 0.16; (ii) 0.29

C. (i) 0.24; (ii) 0.29

20. Let Y denote the number of heads obtained when 3 coins are tossed. The variance of
Y 2 is
A. 6.5
B. 7.0
C. 7.5
D. 8.0
21. A firm has the production function Q = 12L − L2 , where L is labour input and Q is
output. If the firm is a monopolist with a demand curve P (Q) = 100 − Q, what is the
MRPL (Marginal Revenue Product of Labour) curve?
A. 1200 − 288L + 72L2 − 4L3
B. 1200 − 288L − 72L2 + 4L3
C. 1200 − 488L + 72L2 − 4L3
D. 1200 − 488L − 72L2 + 4L3
22. Sudhir lives in Gujarat. His total wealth next year, including his house, will be Rs.
5,00,000. There is a 10% chance that a big earthquake will occur next year and com-
pletely destroy his house, valued at Rs. 2,00,000.
(i) What is Sudhir’s expected wealth next year if he chooses not to buy house
insurance?
(ii) Suppose Sudhir’s utility function is given by U (W ) = W 0.5 , where W repre-
sents total wealth in thousands of rupees. Is Sudhir risk-averse, risk-loving, or
risk-neutral?
A. (i) Rs. 4,50,000 and (ii) risk-averse
B. (i) Rs. 4,50,000 and (ii) risk-neutral
C. (i) Rs. 4,80,000 and (ii) risk-loving
D. (i) Rs. 4,80,000 and (ii) risk-averse
23. Consider an airport that produces noise (N ) that declines as the distance (d) in kilome-
tres, from the airport increases: N (d) = 1/(d2 ). Praful works at the airport. Praful’s
damage from noise is Rupee 1 per unit of noise and is associated with where Praful lives.
His costs of commuting are Rupee 1 per kilometre (each way). The closest he can live
to the airport is d = 0.1 km.
(i) What is the distance Praful will live from the airport in the absence of com-
pensation for the noise?
(ii) Suppose Praful is compensated for his damage, wherever he may live. How
much will he be compensated?

A. (i) 1 km and (ii) Rs. 100

B. (i) 0.1 km and (ii) Rs. 100
C. (i) 1 km and (ii) Rs. 1
D. (i) 0.1 km and (ii) Rs. 100
24. Suppose the car market is perfectly competitive and each firm has the same cost struc-
ture. There are 1000 firms in the industry. The market demand and cost schedules are
given below.
Market Demand
Price (lacs per car) 3.65 5.20 6.80 8.40 10.00 11.60 13.20
Quantity (thousands per year) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200
Costs per firm (Rs. lacs)
Output 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
MC 6.40 7.00 7.65 8.40 10.00 12.40 12.70
AVC 7.80 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.50 8.00 9.00
ATC 12.80 11.00 10.43 10.06 10.00 10.22 11.00
In the long run

A. Some firms will exit the industry, but others will remain
B. Some firms will enter the industry
C. The number of firms will remain the same
D. The industry will close down
25. Abhik’s and Brinda’s demand curves for apples are given by
p = 20 − q (Abhik)
p = 5 − (q/2) (Brinda)
where p, q ≥ 0 for each.

Suppose these are the only two consumers in the market, and the market supply function
is given by: p = 2 + Q. Then the equilibrium quantity in the market is:
A. 12 apples
B. 9 apples
C. 6 apples
D. 3 apples
26. A farmer’s demand for wheat is given by the function:
q = 25 + m/(20p)
where m is his money income and p is the price of the wheat. Let the farmer’s money
income be Rs. 1000. Suppose that initially, the farmer purchases wheat in the market

for Rs. 10 per kg. Now, consider a situation where the farmer obtains a BPL card which
allows him to purchase unto 35 kg of wheat for Rs. 5 per kg. What will be the increase
in his demand for wheat attributable to the Slutsky substitution effect?
A. 3.5 kg
B. 4.0 kg
C. 4.5 kg
D. 5.0 kg
Answer 27, 28, 29 and 30 using the following information. An economy has two agents
(1 and 2) and 3 units of each of two goods, X and Y . An allocation in this economy is
defined as a tuple ((x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) of non-negative real numbers, where (x1 , y1 )
and (x2 , y2 ) are the amounts of goods X and Y consumed by Agents 1 and 2 respectively,
and (x0 , y0 ) are the amounts of the two goods left over after the consumption of the two
agents (i.e., x0 = 3 − x1 − x2 , y0 = 3 − y1 − y2 ). The agents’ ability to consume is limited,
so that for each Agent i = 1, 2, (xi , yi ) must satisfy x2i + yi2 ≤ 12. Agent 1 is higher
on the social ladder and gets to choose his consumption bundle (x1 , y1 ) first. Agent 2
chooses her consumption bundle from what remains of the two goods after Agent 1 has
chosen. An equilibrium for this economy is an allocation such that
(1) (x1 , y1 ) maximises Agent 1’s utility subject to the constraints:
x1 ≤ 3, y1 ≤ 3, x21 + y12 ≤ 12, and
(2) (x2 , y2 ) maximises Agent 2’s utility subject to the constraints:
x2 ≤ 3 − x1 , y2 ≤ 3 − y1 , x22 + y22 ≤ 12, and
It is given that Agent 1’s utility function u1 (x1 , y1 ) = x21 y1 and Agent 2’s utility function
u2 (x2 , y2 ) = ax2 + y2 , where ‘a’ is a given positive number.
27. Which one of the allocations ((x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) specified below is an equilibrium
for this economy?
√ √
A. ((0, 0), (3, 3), (0, 3 − 3))
√ √ √ √
B. ((0, 0), ( 6, 6), (3 − 6, 3 − 6))
√ √
C. ((0, 0), (2.5, 5.75), (0.5, 3 − 5.75))
√ √
D. ((0, 0), ( 8, 2), (3 − 8, 1))
28. Let a = 1, for Agent 2’s utility function. Then, the equilibrium allocation in the above
question is
A. Pareto efficient, because the slopes of the Agents’ indifference curves are tan-
gent at that allocation
B. Not Pareto efficient, because the slopes of the Agents’ indifference curves are
not tangent at that allocation
C. Pareto efficient, because there is a bound on Agent 1’s ability to consume
D. Not Pareto efficient, as Agent 2 can be made better off without making Agent
1 worse off

29. Suppose there was no bound on the ability of any agent to consume, and you could
choose the value of the parameter ‘a’ in Agent 2’s utility function. For what value of ‘a’
would the equilibrium in Q 27 be efficient?
A. 1
√
B. 2
√
C. 8
D. 2
30. Now suppose that Agent 2 is higher on the social ladder than Agent 1, so Agent 2 gets to
choose her consumption bundle before Agent 1 does. All other features of the economy
are unchanged. If a = 2, which one of the allocations((x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) below is
an equilibrium for this modified economy?
√ √
A. ((0, 0), (3, 3), (0, 3 − 3))
p p p p
B. ((0, 0), (3 − 48/5, 3 − 12/5), ( 48/5, 12/5))
√ √
C. ((0, 0), (0, 3 − 3), (3, 3))
√ √
D. ((0, 0), (2, 3 − 8), (1, 8))
The following information applies to the questions 31, 32, 33 and 34. Consider an
economy where the nominal wage rate (W ) is set by the workers and it depends on
the expected price level (P e ) and the rate of unemployment (u) in the following way:
W = P e (1 − αu), where α is a parameter; 0 < α < 1. The actual price level (P ) on the
other hand is set by the producers who charge a mark up over the nominal wage rate so
that: P = (1 + λ)W , where λ > 0 is another parameter.
31. If the workers are always able to correctly guess the price level then the rate of unem-
ployment will always be maintained at a level which is given by:
1
A. 1+λ
α
B. 1+λ
1
C. (1+λ)α
1+α
D. 1+λ
λ
E. α(1+λ)
32. There will always be full employment of the aggregate stock of labour force if and only
if the expected and the actual price level are related in the following way:
P
A. e = 1
P
P
B. e = 1 + λ
P
P 1+λ
C. e =
P 1−α
P
D. e = (1 + λ)(1 − α)
P

33. An increase in output ceteris paribus leads to

A. an increase in the actual price level
B. a decrease in the actual price level
C. the actual price level will remain unchanged
D. given information is not sufficient to conclude anything about the change in
the actual price level
34. An increase in the aggregate stock of labour force ceteris paribus leads to
A. an increase in the actual price level
B. a decrease in the actual price level
C. the actual price level will remain unchanged
D. given information is not sufficient to conclude anything about the change in
the actual price level
The following information applies to the questions 35 and 36. Consider the following
macroeconomic model. The goods market is characterised by the following set of equa-
tions:
C = α0 + α1 Y
I = β0 + β1 Y − β2 i
G = G (exogenously given)
where α0 , α0 , α1 , α2 , β0 , β1 , β2 are all positive constants and α1 + β1 < 1.

The money market equilibrium condition is given by:
M
= γ1 Y − γ2 i; γ1 , γ2 positive constants.
P
Answer the following two questions on the basis of this model:
35. If interest rate (i) increases by one unit , to maintain equilibrium in the goods market,
income level (Y ) has to decrease by
β2
A. units
1 − (α1 + β1 )
1
B. units
1 − (α1 + β1 )
1
C. units
1 − (α1 + β1 ) + γγ12 β2
1
D. γ1 units
1 − (α1 + β1 ) + γ2
α2
36. A unit increase in government expenditure (G) will increase the equilibrium income level
(Y ) by

β2
A. units
1 − (α1 + β1 )
1
B. units
1 − (α1 + β1 )
1
C. units
1 − (α1 + β1 ) + γγ12 β2
1
D. γ1 units
1 − (α1 + β1 ) + α
γ2 2
The following information applies to the next two questions. Savitri has got a job in a
houschold for 2 months with wages w1 and w2 respectively. She plans for her consumption
in the two months (denoted by, c1 and c2 respectively) so as to maxinize her utility given
1
by log c1 + 1+δ log c2 , where δ > 0 is the discount rate. She is also allowed to borrow
from her employer in the first month which she has to repay, with interest at the rate
r, from her second month’s earnings. Alternatively she can save some of her wages in
the first month and keep it in the bank to earn an interest at the same rate r. In this
framework answer the following two questions:
37. Savitri will optimally decide to borrow from her employer in the first month if and only
if the following condition is satisfied:
A. w2 > (1 + r)w1
B. (1 + δ) > (1 + r)
C. (1 + δ)w2 > (1 + r)w1
D. (1 + δ) < (1 + r)
38. Assuming that the above condition is satisfied, when the discount rate (δ) goes up, her
borrowing
A. goes up
B. goes down
C. does not change
D. cannot say on the basis of the given information
39. Consider two open economies with fixed exchange rates, when the exchange rate is unity.
The economies are characterised by the following set of equations, where i = 1, 2:
Ci = c01 + c1i (Yi − Ti )

Ii = Ii
Gi = Gi
Ti = t i Yi
Mi = m0i + m1i Yi
If c01 = c02 = 200; c11 = c12 = 0.5; I1 = I2 = 250; G1 = 114; G2 = 120; t1 = t2 = 0.4;
m01 = m02 = 40; m11 = 0.05; m12 = 0.3 then which of the following is true ?

A. Country 1 has a higher equilibrium level of output than country 2 and it runs
a trade deficit vis-à-vis Country 2
B. Country 1 has a lower equilibrium level of output than country 2 and it runs
a trade deficit vis-à-vis Country 2
C. Country 1 has a higher equilibrium level of output than country 2 and it runs
a trade surplus vis-à-vis Country 2
D. Country 1 has a lower equilibrium level of output than country 2 and it runs
a trade surplus vis-à-vis Country 2
40. In the Mundell-Fleming model of a small open economy with flexible exchange rates and
perfect capital mobility, suppose the economy is initially in equilibrium. If lump sum
taxes are increased, what happens to the equilibrium levels of the country’s (i) GDP;
(ii) interest rate and (iii) exchange rate?
A. (i) falls, (ii) falls, (iii) appreciates
B. (i) and (ii) remain unchanged; (iii) depreciates
C. (i) falls, (ii) and (iii) remain unchanged
D. All three remain unchanged
41. f : Rn → R is convex if and only if

A. {(x, r)Rn × R|f (x) ≤ r} is convex
B. {(x, r)Rn × R|f (x) ≥ r} is convex
C. {x ∈ Rn |f (x) ≤ r} is convex for every r ∈ R
D. {x ∈ Rn |f (x) ≥ r} is convex for every r ∈ R
R x2
42. If f : R+ → R is defined by f (x) = x et dt, then the derivative of f at x > 0 is
2
A. 2xex − ex
2
B. 2xex + ex
2
C. (2x − 1)ex
D. (2x − 1)ex
43. The sequence (xn ), where xn = (−1)n (1 + n−1 ) and n = 1, 2, ...

A. converges to 1
B. converges to −1
C. converges to 1 and −1
D. converges to neither 1 nor −1
44. The set ∩∞ −1 −1

n=1 (−1 − n , 1 + n ) is identical to
A. (−1, 1]
B. [−1, 1)

C. (−1, 1)
D. [−1, 1]
45. The set ∪∞ −1 −1

n=1 [−1 + n , 1 − n ] is identical to
A. (−1, 1]
B. [−1, 1)
C. (−1, 1)
D. [−1, 1]
46. For x, y ∈ Rn , let d(x, y) = max{|xi − yi ||i = 1, ..., n}. Which of the following relations
holds for all x, y, z ∈ Rn ?
A. d(x, z) = d(x, y) + d(y, z)
B. d(x, z) > d(x, y) + d(y, z)
C. d(x, z) ≥ d(x, y) + d(y, z)
D. d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z)
47. Given sets X, Y , let X ×Y = {(x, y)|x ∈ X and y ∈ Y }, and let X −Y = {x ∈ X|x ∈
/ Y }.
Which of the following formulae is generally correct for sets A, B and C?
A. (A − B) × C = (B × C) − (A × C)
B. (A − B) × C = (A × C) − (B × C)
C. (A − B) × C = (A × C) − B
D. (A − B) × C = A − (B × C)
48. Suppose f : R2 → R is defined by z = xy. At (0, 0) this function

A. Attains a maximum
B. Attains a minimum
C. Attains saddle point
D. Is undefined
49. What is the maximum value of the function in the previous question, subject to the
constraints x > 0, y > 0, and 2x + y = 6?
A. 2.5
B. 4
C. 4.5
D. 9
50. ”Beautiful cities repel people. Look at India’s most beautiful cities - they are among
the least populated cities of the country”. Which of the following statements illustrates
a method of reasoning most similar to the one in the argument above?

A. Children who are spanked tend to be more naughty than other children. Hence
if a child is not spanked, that child is less likely to be naughty.
B. Pesticides are known to cause asthma among some people. However, most
asthmatic people tend to live in regions where pesticides are not commonly
used.
C. This software program helps increase the work efficiency of its users. As a
result these users have more free time for other activities.
D. During warm weather, my crops suffer from pests more than during cooler
weather. Therefore, a warm environment must help pests to multiply.
51. The average travel time to a distant city is w hours by train or z hours by bus. A man
cannot decide weather to take the train or the bus, so he tosses a coin. What is his
expected travel time?
A. 2(w + z)
B. 2(w + z)/w − z
C. (w + z + 2)/2
52. A class has 6 students, randomly divided into two teams, A and B, for a race. What is
the probability that the three runners in team A will come in first, second and third?
A. 3!/6!
B. 1/6!
C. (3!)2 /6!
D. 3/6!
53. Suppose that each person out of a group of 4 friends is randomly assigned to one of
6 classes. What is the probability that no class has more than one person from this
group?
A. 6!/4!
B. 5/18
C. 4/6
D. 6/4!
54. A continuous random variable has the probability density function f (x) = 1/3, for x
between −1 and +2, and 0 elsewhere. Its mean, variance and median are:
A. (1, 43 , 12 )
B. ( 12 , 34 , 21 )
C. ( 12 , 1, 1)
D. ( 12 , 1, 12 )

55. The joint probability distribution of A and W for a given population is as follows, where
A is the individual’s age in years and W is the weight she can lift.
A
15 years 25 years 40 years 60 years 80 years
10 kilos 0.03 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.01
W 20 kilos 0.02 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.00
30 kilos 0.01 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.00
The expectation of the Marginal distribution of A is:

A. 36.7 years
B. 37.6 years
C. 35.6 years
D. 38.6 years
56. In a survey of 400 likely voters, 215 responded that they would vote for the ruling party
and 185 responded that they would vote for the opposition party. Let p denote the
fraction of all likely voters who preferred the ruling party at the time of the survey, and
let p̂ be the fraction of survey respondents who preferred the ruling party. The standard
error of p̂ is:
A. 0.025
B. 0.035
C. 0.045
D. 0.055
57. Let X and Y be two random variables with E[X] = 3, E[Y ] = 0, V[X] = 4, V[Y ] = 25
and E[XY ] = 5. Find (i) C(X, Y ); (ii) the Pearsonian coefficient of correlation between
X and Y (ρXY ); (iii) V[X + Y ]
A. 0.5, 5, 39
B. 5, 0.5, 34
C. 5, 5, 39
D. 5, 0.5, 39
58. If Y is a binomial random variable with parameters n = 4 and p = 0.78, calculate

Pr(Y ≥ 3) to 2 decimal places.
A. 0.15
B. 0.21
C. 0.64
D. 0.79

For questions 59 and 60, please note that the two-tailed 5% critical value for a stan-
dardised normal distribution is ±1.96 and the corresponding value for a one-tailed test
is ±1.645. At the 1% level of significance, the critical value for a two-tailed test is ±2.58
and the corresponding value for a one-tailed test is ±2.33.
59. An examination was given to two classes consisting of 40 and 50 students respectively.
In the first class the mean grade was 74 with a standard deviation of 8, while in the
second class the mean grade was 78 with a standard deviation of 7. On the basis of
a two-tailed test, is there a significant difference between the performance of the two
classes at a level of significance of 5% and 1%?
A. There is no significant difference between the performance of the two classes
at the 5% and 1% levels of significance
B. There is a significant difference between the performance of the classes at the
5% level but no significant difference at the 1% level of significance
C. There is a significant difference between the performance of the classes at the
1% level but no significant difference at the 5% level of significance
D. There is a significant difference in performance at both the 5% and 1% levels
60. A sample poll of 300 voters from District A and 200 voters from District B showed that
56% and 48% respectively were in favour of a given candidate. At a level of significance
of 5%, test the hypothesis that (a) there is a difference between the districts, (b) the
candidate is preferred in District A.
A. There is no significant difference between the districts and the candidate is not
preferred in District A
B. There is no significant difference between the districts and the candidate is
C. There is a significant difference between the districts and the candidate is not
D. There is a significant difference between the districts and the candidate is

3 DSE 2008
1. In the context of ideal price index numbers, consider the following statements:
S1: The index number should be invariant to the choice of base, i.e. Prs × Psr = 1.
S2: An index that satisfies the circularity condition Prs × Pst = Prt , r 6= t, need
not satisfy S1.
S3: If all prices change in the same proportion λ, then the index should equal λ.
S4: If we change the units of measurement of the prices, but not those of the
quantity weights, that should not affect the index.
Given these statements, which of the following is true?
A. S1 and S2
B. S2 and S4
C. S1, S2 and S3
D. S1 and S3
2. Suppose that the probability that any particle emitted by a radioactive material will
penetrate a given shield is .01. If ten particles are emitted, what is the probability that
exactly one of the particles will penetrate the shield?
A. (.01)(0.99)9
B. (0.1)(0.99)9
C. 0.1
D. 1/9
3. Consider a symmetric 90% confidence interval for the population mean of a normal
distribution with unknown variance, constructed using a random sample of 400 observa-
tions. Which of the following changes, ceteris paribus, would shorten the length of the
confidence interval by the greatest amount?
A. The confidence level is changed to 99%.
B. The sample mean is half its original value.
C. The sample size is four times its original value.
D. The sample standard deviation is one third its original value.
4. Let A and B be any two events, each of which has a positive probability of occurring.
Consider the following statements:
I. If A and B are independent, they must be mutually exclusive.

II. If A and B are mutually exclusive, they must be independent.
III. If A and B are independent, they cannot be mutually exclusive.

IV. If A and B are mutually exclusive, they cannot be independent.
Which of the above statements are true?

A. I and IV.
B. II and III.
C. III and IV.
D. None of the statements are true.
5. Consider a random variable X which can take on only nonzero integer values from −20
to +20, and whose probability distribution is symmetric around 0. Suppose the f (x),
called the probability mass function of X, gives the probability that X = x, ∀ x =
−20, . . . , −1, 1, . . . , 20. Now consider the random variable Y = X 2 . Which of the fol-
lowing would be an appropriate definition for g(y), the probability mass function for
Y?
√
A. g(y) = f ( y) ∀ y = 1, 4, . . . , 400 and g(y) = 0 otherwise.
√
B. g(y) = [f ( y)]2 ∀ y = 1, 4, . . . , 400 and g(y) = 0 otherwise.
√
C. g(y) = 2f ( y) ∀ y = 1, 4, . . . , 400 and g(y) = 0 otherwise.
p √
D. g(y) = f ( y) ∀ y = 1, 4, . . . , 400 and g(y) = 0 otherwise.
6. A consumer has a utility function U (x, y) = 10(x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 ) + 20. Which one of the
following statements must be true?
A. The goods are imperfect substitutes.
B. The goods are perfect substitutes.
C. The goods are perfect complements.
D. None of the above.
7. Suppose a consumer has a utility function U (x, y) = min{x + y, 2y}. He maximises his
utility subject to his budget constraint and consumes(x∗ , y ∗ ) = (3, 3). Which one of the
following statements must be true?
A. price of good x is necessarily equal to price of good y.
B. price of good x is double the price of good y.
C. price of good x is less than or equal to price of good y.
D. none of the above.
8. Suppose a monopolist sells his product in two separate markets. After the product is
sold in one market, there is no possibility of it being resold in the other market. Which
one of the following statements must be true?
A. Prices in both markets must be equal when the marginal cost of output is
constant.
B. Prices must be higher in the market with higher price elasticity of demand.

C. Prices must be higher in the market with lower price elasticity of demand.
9. Consider a firm producing a single good with the cost function

5, if x = 0
C(x) =
10 + 10x, if x > 0
This firm’s sunk cost and fixed cost are respectively
A. 10 and 10
B. 10 and 0
C. 0 and 10
D. 5 and 10
10. The elasticity of substitution of the production function f (x, y) = cxa y b is

A. c/ab
B. ab/c
C. a + b
D. 1
11. In the standard IS-LM framework if you introduce endogenous money supply such that
money supply depends positively on the nominal rate of interest, the corresponding LM
curve
A. becomes steeper
B. becomes flatter
C. becomes horizontal
D. remains unchanged
12. Consider a simple Keynesian model where equilibrium output is determined by aggregate
demand. Investment is autonomous and a constant proportion of the income is saved.
In this framework an increase in the savings propensity has the following effect:
A. it leads to higher level of output in the new equilibrium
B. it leads to lower level of output in the new equilibrium
C. the level of output in the new equilibrium remains unchanged
D. the level of output in the new equilibrium may increase or decrease depending
on the degree of increase in the savings propensity
13. In the Solow model of growth, an increase in the savings propensity has the following
impact:
A. it leads to a higher steady state rate of growth
B. it leads to a lower steady state rate of growth

C. the steady state rate of growth remains unchanged

D. the steady state rate of growth may increase or decrease depending on the
degree of increase in the savings propensity
14. If covered interest parity prevails between two countries,

A. nominal interest rates of the two countries must be equal.
B. expected currency depreciation must equal the interest rate differential.
C. expected currency depreciation must equal the interest rate differential plus
the risk premium.
D. interest rate differential must equal the risk premium.
15. Which of the following constitute the ”impossible trinity” which cannot be simultane-
ously ensured in an open economy?
1. Fixed exchange rate

2. Balance in the balance of payments
3. Free international capital mobility
4. Independent monetary policy
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4
16. Consider the following two functions mapping points on the plane back to-points on the
plane.
(i) f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + 1, x2 + 1) and

(ii) g(x1 , x2 ) = (x2 , x1 ).
Which of the above functions is a linear function?

A. Both functions are linear.
B. Neither function is linear.
C. f is a linear function, g is not linear.
D. g is a linear function, f is not linear.
17. Consider the equation xy + y z + z x = k, defined for all positive values of x and y, and
where k is a given positive constant. The partial derivative ∂z/∂x then equals
A. −(xz x−1 + y z ln y)/(yxy−1 + z x ln z)
B. −(yxy−1 + z x ln z)/(xz x−1 + y z ln y)
C. −(zy z−1 + xy ln x)/(xz x−1 + y z ln y)

D. −(zy z−1 + z x ln z)/(xz x−1 + z x ln z)
18. The derivative of the function defined by f (x) = sin2 x + cos2 x is

A. an increasing function of x
B. an oscillating function of x
C. a constant
D. a decreasing function of x
19. Consider an n × n real matrix A with n > 4. Interchanging the positions of two columns
A. will change the sign of det A
B. will not change the sign of det A
C. may or may not change the sign of det A, depending on the value of n
D. may or may not change the sign of det A, depending on the positions of the
two columns
20. Suppose we have a chair with n legs and it stands with all its legs touching the floor,
regardless of the floor quality, i.e., evenness, smoothness, etc. Then, n is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
21. The frequency distribution of variable X (monthly family expenditure in Rs. ‘000) for
100 household is as follows:
X 10 - 15 5 - 9.9999 2 - 4.9999 Below 2

No. of households 10 15 45 30
The median monthly expenditure is in the range:

A. Rs. 2000 to 3000
B. Rs. 3000 to 4000
C. Rs. 4000 to 5000
D. Rs. 5000 to 6000
22. The frequency distribution of variable Y, the number of heads when two damaged coins
are tossed, is:
Y 0 1 2
F(y) 0.3 0.45 0.25

To two decimal places, the mean and variance of Y (in that order) are:
A. 0.95 and 0.50
B. 0.50 and 0.95
C. 0.95 and 0.55
D. 0.95 and 0.45
P P P
23. For variables X and Y we have the data: XY = 350, X = 50, Y = 60, X = 5,
2 2
σX = 4, and σY = 9. Which of the following holds?
A. A one unit change in X is associated with a 1.25 unit change in Y , and a one
unit change in Y is associated with a 0.6 unit change in X.
B. A one unit change in X is associated with a 0.6 unit change in Y , and a one
unit change in Y is associated with a 1.25 unit change in X.
C. The covariance between X and Y exceeds Y .
D. The regression of Y on X passes through the origin.
24. The life of a cycle tyre is normally distributed with mean 350 days and variance 64. It
is true that:
A. The probability that the life of the tyre will be less than 336.84 days is greater
than 5%
B. The probability that the life of the tyre will be greater than 363.16 days is
greater than 5%
C. The probability that the life of the tyre will be between 336.84 and 363.16 days
is 90%
D. The probability that the life of the tyre will be less than 334.32 is greater than
3%
25. In a random sample of 400 mangoes selected from a large consignment, 30 were found
rotten. The null hypothesis is that the proportion π of rotten mangoes in the consign-
ment is 10%. It is ture that:
A. Given HA : π 6= 0.1, we can’t reject the null at the 1% level of significance,
and the probability of error type I of this test is 0.005
B. Given HA : π < 0.1, we reject the null at the 5% level of significance, and the
probability of error type I of this test is 0.05
C. Given HA : π 6= 0.1, we reject the null at the 10% level of significance, and the
probability of error type I of this test is 0.1
D. If HA : π > 0.1, the power of the associated test is higher than if HA : π < 0.1
26. In a sample of 1000 mangoes, the mean weight of a mango is 210 g, and the standard
deviation 9.5 g. In another sample of 1200 mangoes, the mean is 180 g and the standard
deviation 11.5 g. Assume that the respective populations from which these samples are
drawn have the same variances. Given the null hypothesis H0 : µ1 − µ2 = 0, where µ1
and µ2 are the population means, it is true that:

A. If HA : µ1 − µ2 6= 0, we reject the null hypothesis at the 15%, 13%, 12% and

8% levels of significance.
B. If HA : µ1 − µ2 6= 0, we do not reject the null hypothesis at the 1% level of
significance.
C. The appropriate estimator for testing weather the samples are from essentially
the same population is µ1 − µ2 .
D. If HA : µ1 − µ2 6= 0, and we conduct a test at the 7% level of significance, the
probability of error type I of this test is 0.035.
27. Data on India’s exports of Jute and Tea for the years 2000-2003 are as follows:
2000 2001 2002 2003

Jute
Quantity(‘000 t) 871 706 724 627
Price(Rs ‘00000/1000 t) 202 320 311 302
Tea
Quantity(‘000 t) 199 179 214 288
Price(Rs ‘00000/1000 t) 577 767 884 799
Which of the following are true?

A. The chain-base price indices with 2000 as base year are P 01 = 146.3, P 02 =
152.2, and P 03 = 144.9
B. The chain-base price indices with 2000 as base year are P 01 = 148.3, P 02 =
152.2, and P 03 = 146.9
C. The chain-base price indices with 2000 as base year are P 01 = 148.3, P 02 =
154.2, and P 03 = 144.9
D. The chain-base price indices with 2000 as base year are P 01 = 148.3, P 02 =
156.2, and P 03 = 146.9
28. Suppose that 80% of all statisticians are shy, whereas only 15% of all economists are shy.
Suppose also that 90% of the people at a large gathering are economists and the other
10% are statisticians. If you meet a shy person at random at the gathering, what is the
probability that the person is a statistician?
A. 8/9
B. 0.8
C. .08
D. 80/215
29. Each cell of the following table provides the probability of the joint occurrence of the
corresponding pair of values of the random variables X and Y .

X ↓ 1 2 3 4
Y →
1 .1 0 .1 0
2 .3 0 .1 .2
3 0 .1 0 .1
Consider the following statements about X and Y :

I. Pr(Y = 2) > Pr(X = 1)
II. Pr(Y = 1|X = 2) = Pr(Y = 1|X = 1)
III. The events X = 3 and Y = 3 are mutually exclusive.
IV. X and Y are independent.
Which of the above statements are true?
A. only I and II.
B. only II and III.
C. only III and IV.
D. only II, III and IV.
30. A survey of asset ownership in poor households in rural UP and Bihar found that 40% of
the households own a radio, 15% own a television and 60% own a bicycle. It also found
that 5% of the households own both a radio and a television, 26% own both a radio and
a bicycle, 5% own both a television and a bicycle, and 1% own all three. If a randomly
selected poor household in these areas is found to own exactly one of these three assets,
what is the probability that it is a bicycle?
A. 20/23
B. 17/23
C. 15/23
D. 12/23
31. Consider an exchange economy with two persons and two goods. Person 1’s utility
2 2
function is u1 (x, y) = x + y and person 2’s utility function is u2 (x, y) = ex +y +2xy .
Person 1’s endowment is (1, 0) and person 2’s endowment is (0, 1). Denote person 1’s
allocation by (x1 , y1 ) and person 2’s allocation by (x2 , y2 ). The set of efficient allocations
((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) is such that
A. (x2 , y2 ) = (1 − x1 , 1 − y1 ) for all x1 , x2 ∈ [0, 1]
B. (x2 , y2 ) = (1 − x1 , 1 − y1 ) for all x1 , x2 ∈ (0, 1)
C. (x1 , y1 ) = (1/2, 1/2) = (x2 , y2 )
D. (x1 , y1 ) = (ea , eb ) and (x2 , y2 ) = (1 − ea , 1 − eb ) for all a, b ∈ (−∞, 0)
32. Consider an exchange economy with persons 1 and 2 and goods x and y. Person 1’s
utility function is u1 (x, y) = x2 y 2 and person 2’s utility function is u2 (x, y) = ex+y .
The total endowment of the economy is (2, 1). The allocation (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1) and
(x2 , y2 ) = (1, 0) is

A. Pareto inefficient
B. Pareto efficient or inefficient depending on the endowments of the two persons
C. Pareto efficient or inefficient depending on the state of the world
D. Pareto efficient
33. Consider the situation of the preceding question. If person 1’s endowment is (1, 1) and
2’s endowment is (1, 0), then the following allocation is a competitive equilibrium:
A. (x1 , y1 ) = (3/2, 1/2) and (x2 , y2 ) = (1/2, 1/2)
B. (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1) and (x2 , y2 ) = (1, 0)
C. (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 0) and (x2 , y2 ) = (0, 1)
D. (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 1) and (x2 , y2 ) = (0, 0)
34. Consider the situation of the preceding question. Which of the following is an equilibrium
price vector?
A. (p1 , p2 ) = (1, 0)
B. (p1 , p2 ) = (0, 1)
C. (p1 , p2 ) = (1, 1)
35. Consider an exchange economy with the same two agents and utility functions as the
last three questions, but now the endowments of the two persons are (0, 1) and (2, 0).
Which of the following pre-trade lump-sum transfers of wealth will lead to allocations
(x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1) and (x2 , y2 ) = (1, 0) and prices (p1 , p2 ) = (1, 1) being a competitive
equilibrium?
A. subsidies of 1 to both persons
B. taxes of 1 to both persons
C. a subsidy of 1 to person 1 and a tax of 1 on person 2
D. a subsidy of 1 to person 2 and a tax of 1 on person 1
36. There are 3 items of choice, x, y, z, and Ms. A has 4 possible choice situations: in 3
of them, she is asked to choose one or more items from the 3 possible pairs of items
{x, y}, {y, z} and {x, z}. She chooses the items x, y and z respectively in these 3 situa-
tions. In the 4th situation she must choose one or more items from the set {x, y, z}; we
are not told directly what her choice is. Which of the following is correct?
A. Ms A’s choice violate the weak axiom of revealed preference.
B. Ms A’s choices are consistent with the weak axiom of revealed preference.
C. We can’t say (a) or (b) because we don’t know her choice from the set {x, y, z}
D. We can’t say (a) or (b), even though we can deduce her choice from the set
{x, y, z}

Questions 37-39 use the following information: A chemical factory produces a chemical
K and an effluent E which it dumps in a river. A downstream fishery produces fish
F and its costs are affected by the level of effluent in the river. The two firms are
competitive and face unit prices PK = 10 and PF = 20 for the chemical and the fish
respectively. The cost function of the chemical factory is C(K, E) = K 2 [(5 − E)2 + 1].
The cost function of the fishery is C(F,
e E) = F 2 E 2 .
37. If the chemical factory chooses levels of chemical and effluent to maximize profits, and
the fishery chooses the level of fish to maximize profits, the chosen level of the chemical,
effluent and fish (i.e. K, E, F ) are respectively
A. 5, 0, 5/8
B. 3, 0, 2/5
C. 5, 5, 2/5
D. 5, 5, 5/8
38. Suppose the socially optimal levels of the chemical, effluent and fish, denoted by K, E, F
respectively, are the levels that maximise the joint profit of an integrated firm consisting
of the chemical factory and the fishery. Then E is equal to
A. 5K 2 /(K 2 − F 2 )
B. 5F 2 /(K 2 + F 2 )
C. 5F 2 /(K 2 − F 2 )
D. 5K 2 /(K 2 + F 2 )
39. Suppose a government knows the firms’ production functions and their output prices,
and can costlessly monitor the amount of effluent released by the chemical factory. If it
sets a tax t per unit of effluent produced by the chemical factory, the level of this tax
that will result in the socially optimal effluent level E is equal to
A. t = 10(K)(F )2 /(K 2 + F 2 )
B. t = 10(K)2 (F )2 /(K 2 − F 2 )
C. t = 10(K)2 (F )2 /(K 2 + F 2 )
D. t = 5(K)(F )2 /(K 2 + F 2 )
40. Consider a firm with one output and two possible choices of capital stock, say 1 and 2.
The associated cost functions are C(x, 1) = 2 + 2x and C(x, 2) = 4 + x. Before choosing
its capital stock, the firm’s cost function is
(
2 + 2x, if x ∈ [0, 2]
A. C ∗ (x) =
4 + x, if x > 2
B. C ∗ (x) = 2 + 2x
C. C ∗ (x) = 4 + x
(
4 + x, if x ∈ [0, 2]
D. C ∗ (x) =
2 + 2x, if x > 2

Questions 41-46 are related and share a common information set. The complete set of
information is revealed gradually as you move from one question to the next.
Consider a macro-economy where the aggregate output in the short run is given by:
Y = ALα (K)1−α , where
L is the total employment of labour;
K is the total capital stock (which is fixed in the short run);
and A > 0 and 0 < α < 1 are parameters of the system.
Let P and W denote the aggregate price level and the money wage rate respectively.
Assume that the producers in the economy maximise profit in a perfectly competitive
set up.
41. The corresponding demand for labour schedule as a function of the real wage rate is
given by
" # α1
Y
A. Ld = 1−α
A K
α−11
d
1 W
B. L = K (Aα) 1−α
P
" # α1 1
1 W 1−α
C. Ld = 1−α
Aα K P
42. If there is a one-shot increase in the stock of capital (K), the demand for labour schedule,
as derived above,
A. shifts up
B. shifts down
C. does not shift
D. the information available so far is not adequate to answer this question
Suppose the above economy is characterised by a single household which takes the ag-
gregate price level and the money wage rate as given and decides on its consumption and
labour supply by maximising its utility subject to its budget constraint. The household
has a total endowment of L units of labour time, of which it supplies LS units to the
market at the money wage rate W , and enjoys the rest as leisure. Its utility depends on
its consumption and leisure in the following way: U = (C)β + (L − LS )β ; 0 < β < 1.
The only source of income of the household is the wage income and it spends its entire
wage earning in buying consumption goods at the price P .
43. The corresponding supply of labour schedule as a function of the real wage rate is given
by:
 β 
W 1−β
L P
A. Ls =  β

W 1−β
1+ P

 
L
B. Ls =  β

W
1−β
1+ P
W β
" #
C. Ls = P
β
L + WP
Maximize U = (C)β + (L − LS )β such that wLs = P C
Find first derivative conditions wrt (C, Ls )
44. If there is an exogenous increase in the total endowment of labour time (L), the supply
for labour schedule, as derived above,
A. shifts up
B. shifts down
C. does not shift
D. the information available so far is not adequate to answer this question
45. Let α = 12 ; K = 10; L = 10; A = 4. Given these parameter values, the unique non-
negative equilibrium value of real wage rate that clears the labour market is given by:
1/2
W 1
A. = √
P 2 2
" √ #1/2
W 1+ 2
B. =
P 2
W √
C. = [2 − 2 2]1/2
P
W √
D. = [2 + 2 2]1/2
P
46. Given the labour demand and the labour supply schedule as derived above, the aggregate
supply curve (output supplied as a function of the aggregate price level) is
A. upward sloping
B. downward sloping
C. vertical
D. horizontal
Questions 47 to 50 are related and share a common information set. The complete set
of information is given below. Attempt all of them together.
Consider a closed economy where the general price level is exogenously fixed at P . The
goods market clearing condition is given by: Y = C + I + G, where the consumption
demand (C) is a function of the disposable income (Y − T ) such that C = c.(Y −

T ), 0 < c < 1 ; the investment demand (I) is a function of the real interest r such
that I = I − d.r, d > 0 ; total tax revenue in the economy (T ) is a function of the
aggregate real income such that T = τ.Y, 0 < τ < 1 ; and the government expenditure
(G) is autonomous such that G = G. The money market clearing condition is given by:
M
= L, where supply of money (M ) is exogenous such that M = M ; and the demand
P
for real balance (L) is a function of the real income (Y ) and the nominal interest rate
(i) such that L = a.Y − b.i, a, b > 0. Finally, the nominal interest rate is the sum of the
real rate of interest and the expected rate of inflation (π e ) such that i = r + π e .
Assume that the economy starts from an equilibrium situation where both the goods
market and the money market clear.
47. In ceteris paribus, a unit increase in government expenditure has the following impact
on the equilibrium income level:
1
A. it increases by units
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
1
B. it decreases by units
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
b
C. it increases by units
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
b
D. it decreases by units
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
48. In ceteris paribus, a unit increase in the expected rate of inflation has the following
impact on the equilibrium value of the real interest rate:
[1 − c(1 − τ )]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
a
a[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
b[1 − c(1 − τ )]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
b[1 − c(1 − τ )]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
49. In ceteris paribus, a unit increase in the general price level has the following impact on
the equilibrium value of the real interest rate:
[M /(P )2 ]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
[M /(P )2 ]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
[1 − c(1 − τ )] [M /(P )2 ]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad

[1 − c(1 − τ )] [M /(P )2 ]
b[1 − c(1 − τ )] + ad
50. Suppose we now allow the general price level to be flexible. Given the above char-
acteristics of the macro-economy, the corresponding aggregate demand curve (output
demanded as a function of the general price level) is
A. upward sloping
B. downward sloping
C. vertical
D. horizontal
51. Fix an m × n matrix A and an m-vector b. A condition that ensures the existence of a
solution (an n-vector x) of the equation Ax = b is
A. det A 6= 0
B. m = n
C. the columns of A are linearly independent
D. the rows of A are linearly independent
52. The real-valued function f (x) = x4 is

A. strictly convex
B. strictly concave
C. neither strictly concave nor strictly convex
D. convex but not strictly convex
53. Consider the equation Ax = 0, where A is an n × n matrix such that aij 6= 0 for every
i ∈ {1, . . . , n} and aij = 0 whenever i > j. This equation has
A. n distinct solutions
B. an n − 1 dimensional vector space of solutions
C. exactly one solution
D. an n dimensional vector space of solutions
54. There is a pile of 17 matchsticks on a table. Players 1 and 2 take turns in removing
matchsticks from the pile, starting with Player 1. On each turn, a player has to remove
a number of sticks that equals the square of a positive integer, such that the number of
matchsticks that remain on the table equals some non-negative integer. The player who
cannot do so, when it is his/her turns, loses. Which of the following statement is true?
A. If Player 2 plays appropriately, he can win regardless of how 1 actually plays.
B. If Player 1 plays appropriately, she can win regardless of how 2 actually plays.
C. Both players have a chance to win, if they play correctly.
D. The outcome of the game cannot be predicted on the basis of the data given.

55. If A is a set of real numbers, let gA be the function such that gA (x) = 1 if x ∈ A, and
gA (x) = 0 if x ∈/ A. With this notation, consider the infinite sequence of functions fn ,
where fn (x) = ng[0,1/n] (x) (i.e., n multiplied by g[0,1/n] (x) ) for all real numbers x and for
each n = 1, 2, 3 . . . Then
A. For every x, the sequence of numbers (fn (x))∞
n=1 has a limit in the space of
real numbers.
B. limn→∞ fn (x) does not exist, for any x.
C. When limn→∞ fn (x) exists, the actual limit depends on the x in question.
D. limn→∞ fn (x) exists for all but a finite set of real numbers x.
56. Continuing with the sequence of functions above, we consider the sequence of real num-
∞
R
bers ( fn )n=1 (that is, the sequence of their integrals). This sequence of integrals is
A. an increasing sequence
B. a decreasing sequence
C. a constant sequence
D. an oscillating sequence
57. For each positive integer a = 1, 2, 3, . . . , let Sa be the set of points lying on the curve
y = 1/xa , for all positive real numbers x. Then the intersection of these sets over all a,
(that is, ∩∞
a=1 Sa ) is
A. a set with infinitely many points

B. a set having a single point
C. a set having exactly 2 points
D. a set having more than 2, but a finite number of points
58. Which of the following two numbers is larger eπ or π e ?

A. eπ
B. π e
C. they are equal
D. it depends on the value of e
(
sin(1/x), if x > 0
59. The function f (x) =
a, if x = 0
A. is continuous or discontinuous at x = 0, depending on the value of a
B. is continuous at x = 0
C. is discontinuous at x = 0
D. is upper hemicontinuous at x = 0
60. Suppose v1 , v2 and v3 are three vectors in 3-dimensional space, and are linearly depen-
dent. Then the vectors v1 + v2 , v2 + v3 , and v1 + v3

A. are linearly independent

B. may be linearly dependent
C. are linearly dependent
D. are linearly independent, except when one of the vectors is zero

4 DSE 2009
1. There are 4 married couples in a club. A 3-member committee must be formed among
them, such that no married couple is part of the committee. The number of ways in
which this committee can be formed is
A. 16
B. 44
C. 32
D. 56
2. For any sets E & F , E − F = {x ∈ E|x ∈ / F }, ∪ and ∩ refer to the Union and
intersections of the sets. Consider the following statements for the sets A, B and C
i. A − (B ∪ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C)
ii. A − (B ∪ C) = (A − B) ∩ (A − C)
iii. A − (B ∪ C) = (A − B) ∩ C
A. i. is true
B. ii. is true
C. iii. is true
D. none of them is necessarily true
Z ∞
2 /2
3. e−x dx is approximately
1.96
A. 0.025
√
B. 2π
√
C. 0.025/ π
√
D. 0.025 2π
4. Consider maximising f (x, y) = x2 − y 2 subject to the constraint x + y = 1, where x and

y are real numbers. This problem has
A. no solution
B. a unique solution
C. 2 solutions
D. an infinity of solutions
5. Suppose P (x) and Q(x) are real polynomials of degree m and k respectively, where
both m and k are less than or equal to the positive integer n. Suppose the equation
P (x) = Q(x) has at least (n + 1) distinct solutions. Which of the following choices best
describes what this situation implies?
A. m = k = n

B. m = k < n
C. P (x) and Q(x) are identical
D. P (x) and Q(x) are linear
6. There are three alternative definitions of a consistent estimator
I. An estimator is consistent if its probability limit equals its true parameter value as
sample size approaches infinity.
II. An estimator is consistent if its mean squared error goes to zero as sample size
approaches infinity.
III. An estimator is consistent if it is unbiased, and its variance goes to zero as sample
size approaches infinity.
A. Only I is correct
B. Only II is correct
C. Only III is correct
D. All three are correct
P P P
7. Given the data XY = 350, X = 50, Y = 60, N = 10, V (X) = 4, V (Y ) = 9,
where V (.) refers to the population variance. The correlation coefficient between X and
Y , regression (slope) coefficient of Y on X, and the regression (slope) coefficient of X
on Y are, respectively:
A. 35/36, 35/16, 35/81
B. 5/6, 5/4, 5/9
C. 5/6, 35/16, 35/81
p
D. 35/36, 35/16, 35/81
8. In a surprise check in a local bus, 20 passengers were caught without tickets. The sum
of squares and the population standard deviation of the amount in their pockets were
Rs. 2000 and Rs. 6, respectively. If the total fine equals the total amount discovered on
them, and a uniform fine is imposed, then the fine imposed on an individual is:
A. Rs. 8
B. Rs. 6
C. Rs. 10
D. Rs. 12
9. In a linear regression of Y on X, changing the units of measurement of the Y variable

will affect all of the following except:
A. the estimated intercept parameter
B. the estimated slope parameter
C. the Total Sum of Squares for the regression

D. R squared for the regression
10. A fair dice has numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on its side. It is tossed once. I win Rs. 1 if
an odd number shows up; otherwise I lose Rs. 1. Let X be the number that shows up
and Y the money I win. [Note: Y < 0 if I lose money.]
Which of the following is incorrect?
A. Prob (X > Y ) = 1
B. Prob (X = 3|Y = 1) = 3
C. E(Y ) = 0
D. Prob (Y = 1|X = 5) = 1
11. Your budget is such that if you spend your entire income on two goods, x and y, you
can afford either 4 units of x and 6 units of y or 12 units of x and 2 units of y. If you
spent all your income on x, how many units of x could you buy?
A. 7
B. 16
C. 15
D. 18
12. The demand function for lemonade is Qd = 100 − p, and the supply function is Qs =
10 + 2p, where p is the price in rupees. The government levies a sales tax on lemonade
after which the volume of sales drops to 60. then the per unit tax on lemonade is
A. Rs. 20
B. Rs. 15
C. Rs. 10
D. Rs. 5
13. There are only two price taking firms in a market. Their cost functions are C1 = x21 and
C2 = 2x22 , where xi is the output of the ith firm. Market supply is sum of the two firms
output. Then the market supply function is
3p
A. x =
4
4p
B. x =
3
p
C. x =
2
D. x = 2p
14. A monopoly faces the demand curve P = 8 − Q. The monopoly has a constant unit cost
equal to 5 for Q ≤ 2 and a constant unit cost equal to 3 for Q > 2. Its profit maximising
output equals:
A. 3/2

B. 2
C. 5/2
D. Both 3/2 and 5/2
15. A firm has the production function y = min{L + 2K, 2L + K}, where y is quantity of
output, and L & K are the quantities of labour and capital inputs respectively. If the
input price of L is Rupee 1 and the input price of K is Rupees 2, then to produce y = 12
costs the firm at least
A. 10 Rupees
B. 12 Rupees
C. 14 Rupees
D. 16 Rupees
16. The opportunity cost of holding money (that yields zero nominal return) vis-à-vis some
interest bearing bond is:
A. the real interest rate
B. the nominal interest rate
C. the real interest rate when measured in real terms and the nominal interest
rate when measured in nominal terms
17. In the IS-LM framework, an increase in the expected rate of inflation results in
A. an increase in the equilibrium value of income and an increase in the equilib-
rium value of real interest rate
B. a decrease in the equilibrium value of income and a decrease in the equilibrium
value of real interest rate
C. an increases in the equilibrium value of income and a decrease in the equilib-
rium value of real interest rate
D. a decrease in the equilibrium value of income and an increase in the equilibrium
value of real interest rate
18. When the nominal wage rate is rigid, the aggregate supply schedule (in the output-price
space) is:
A. horizontal
B. vertical
C. downward sloping
D. upward sloping
19. In IS-LM framework with an external sector i.e., the IS equation now includes a net
export term, an appreciation of the (real) exchange rate

A. would necessarily result in a decrease in the equilibrium value of income

B. would result in a decrease in the equilibrium value of income only if the LM
curve is vertical
C. would result in a decrease in the equilibrium value of income only if the
Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied
D. would result in a decrease in the equilibrium value of income only if the gov-
ernment maintains a balanced budget
20. According to the Baumol-Tobin Model, if income rises by ten percent, the transactions
demand for money should rise by
A. Five percent
B. Ten Percent
C. Between five and ten percent
21. Consider the following statements:

(i) 544 > 453 (ii) 2100 + 3100 < 4100
A. Both (i) and (ii) are false.
B. (i) is true, (ii) is false.
C. Both (i) and (ii) are true.
D. (i) is false, (ii) is true.
22. The WOW Language has only 2 letters in its alphabet, O and W; the language obeys
the following rules: (i) deleting successive letters WO from any word which has more
than 2 letters, gives another word with the same meaning. (ii) inserting OW or WWOO
in any place in a word yields another word with the same meaning. O, OWOOW, WOO
and OWW are 4 words in this language. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. the words WOO and OWW necessarily have the same meaning.
B. WOO and OWW may not have same meaning.
C. O and OWOOW must have the same meaning.
D. (b) and (c) are true.
23. Consider the system of equations in the unknowns x and y:
ax + y = a2
x + ay = 1
Sets of all values of a for which this system has (i) no solution, (ii) multiple solutions,
and (iii) a unique solution are respectively
A. (i) a < 1 (ii) a > 1 (iii) a = 1
B. (i) a = −1 (ii) a = 1 (iii) a > 1

C. (i) a = −1 (ii) a = 1 (iii) all other values of a

D. (i) a = −1 (ii) a = 1 (iii) −1 < a < +1
24. Consider the system of equations:
x−y+z =1
3x + z = 3
5x − 2y + 3z = 5
This system has
A. the unique solution (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 0)

z 2z
B. the solution set (1 − , , z)| z ∈ R
3 3

z 2z
C. the solution set (1 − , , z)| z ≥ R
3 3
D. multiple solutions, but not described by (b) or (c).
(
x2 sin(1/x), x 6= 0
25. Consider the function f (x) =
0, x=0
Then the following is true about the derivative of f :
A. f 0 (0) = −1 and f 0 (x) is continuous at x = 0
B. f 0 (0) = −1 and f 0 (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
C. f 0 (0) = 0 and f 0 (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
D. f 0 (x) is not defined at x = 0
26. For all set S, let S 2 denote the cartesian product S × S. A binary relation
R on S is a subset of S 2 .
R is transitive if (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R implies (x, z) ∈ R.
R is negatively transitive if (x, y) ∈
/ R and (y, z) ∈
/ R implies (x, z) ∈
/ R.
−1
Inverse of R is defined as follows, R = {(y, x) | (x, y) ∈ R}
Statement A: R can not be transitive and negatively transitive at the same time.
Statement B: If R is transitive then R−1 must be transitive.
Statement C: If R is transitive then R−1 must be negatively transitive.
How many of the above statements are true?
A. None
B. One
C. Two
D. Three
27. A function f (x1 , x2 , T ) = (y1 , y2 ) is defined as follows, where x1 , x2 and T are non
negative real numbers and x1 + x2 ≥ T .
y1 = min(α, x1 ), y2 = min(α, x2 ) such that y1 + y2 = T . Find f (5, 2, 6).

A. (3, 3)
B. (5, 1)
C. (0, 6)
D. (4, 2)
28. A function f is defined as follows. Here a, b and c are constants.

x2 if x ≤ c
f (x) =
ax + b if x > c
Find values of a and b such that f 0(c) exists.

A. a = 2c b = −c2
B. a = c b = −2c2
3 1
C. a = , b = −
2c c
D. a = 1 b = ln c
29. f (c) = max (x + 2y). Find f 0 (c).

2x+y=c,x≥0,y≥0
A. c
B. 0
C. 2
D. c/2
30. There are 3 persons, A, B and C. One of them is a Truth-teller (always tells the truth),
another is a Liar (always lies) and the third is a normal person (sometimes lies, other
times speaks the truth). They all know of each others and their own type.
A said: “I am a normal person.”
B said: “A and C sometimes tell the truth.”
C said: “ B is a normal person.”
A. These statements are insufficient to determine who is a Liar.
B. A is a normal person, B is a Truth-teller, C is a Liar.
C. Who is normal, or Liar or Truth-teller cannot be ascertained from the state-
ments.
D. A is a Liar, B is a normal person, C is a Truth-teller.
31. The nine digits 1, 2, . . . , 9 are arranged in random order to form a nine digit number,
which uses each digit exactly once. Find the probability that 1, 2 and 3 appear as
neighbours in the increasing order.
A. 1/12
B. 1/72
C. 1/84

D. (2/3)9
32. In a survey of 102 Timarpur residents in 2009, the average income was found to be Rs.
4635 per month. Previous studies show the population variance of income in this locality
to be Rs. 12342 per month. It is asserted that the average monthly income is Rs. 4650
in this locality. Which conclusion below can be asserted from this information?
A. The assertion is rejected at the 10% level.
B. The assertion is rejected at the 5% level.
C. The assertion is not rejected at the 10% level.
33. Let X denote the absolute value of the difference between the numbers obtained when
two dice are tossed. The expectation of X is:
32
A. 1
36
33
B. 1
36
17
C. 1
18
16
D. 1
18
34. Let Y denote the number of heads obtained when 3 coins are tossed. The variance of
Y2 is:
A. 9.5
B. 8.5
C. 6.5
D. 7.5
35. A company has 100 employees, 40 men and 60 women. There are 6 male executives.
How many female executives should there be for gender and rank to be independent?
A. 9
B. 6
C. 10
D. 8
36. Consider two events A and B with Pr(A) = 0.4 and Pr(B) = 0.7. The maximum and
minimum values of Pr(A∩B) respectively are:
A. (0.4; 0.1)
B. (0.7; 0.4)
C. (0.7; 0.1)

D. (0.4; 0)
37. Jai and Vijay are taking a exam in statistics. The exam has only three grades A, B and
C. The probability that Jai gets a B is 0.3, the probability that Vijay gets a B is 0.4,
the probability that neither gets an A, but at least one gets a B is 0.1. What is the
probability that neither gets a C but at least one gets a B?
A. 0.1
B. 0.6
C. 0.8
D. Insufficient data to answer the question
38. You’ve been told that a family has two children and one of these is a daughter . What
is the probability that the other child is also a daughter?
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 1/4
D. 3/4
Questions 39 and 40. Suppose least squares is used to fit a line relating y and x, namely
yi = β1 + β2 xi + εi . Assume that in our data not all the x’s are identical, so that at least
some of the x’s are different from their sample mean x . Now consider the following
possible assumptions about our data.
(1) E(εi ) = 0
(2) Cov(xi , εi ) = 0
(3) Homoskedasticity: Var(εi ) = σ 2 , a constant
(4) No autocorrelation: Cov(εi , εj ) = 0 for i 6= j
Indicate the one best answer to each question below.
39. When are the least-squares estimators unbiased?

A. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1) and (2).
B. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1), (2), (3), and (4).
C. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1), (2), and (3).
D. Only if our data satisfy (1), (2), and (4).
40. When are the least-squares estimators “best” (lowest variance) of any unbiased estima-
tors
A. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1) and (2).
B. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1), (2), (3), and (4).
C. Only if our data satisfy assumptions (1), (2), and (4).

D. Cannot be determined, without additional assumptions.
41. A consumer spends an income of Rs. 100 on two goods, dosas and pizzas. Let x denote
the number of dosas and y the number of pizzas consumed (fractions allowed). The
2 2
consumer?s utility function is U = ex +y . If the price of a dosa is Rs. 5, and the price
of a pizza is Rs. 10, then the number of pizzas this consumer will buy is
A. 0
B. 10
C. 5
D. 8
42. Romeo and Juliet have 96 chocolates to divide between them. Romeo has the utility
function U = R8 J 4 and Juliet has the utility function U = R4 J 8 where R is Romeo’s
chocolate consumption and J is Juliet’s chocolate consumption. Which of the following
is true
A. Romeo would want to give Juliet some chocolates if he had more than 62.
B. Juliet would want to give Romeo some chocolates if she had more than 60.
C. Romeo and Juliet would never disagree about how to divide the chocolates.
D. Juliet would want to give Romeo some chocolates if she had more than 64
chocolates.
43. A consumer spends an income of Rs. 100 on only two goods, A and B. Assume non
satiation, i.e., more of any good is preferred to less. Suppose the price of B is fixed at
Rs. 20. When the price of A is Rs. 10, the consumer buys 3 units of B. When the price
of A is Rs. 20, she buys 5 units of A. From this we can conclude
I. A is an inferior good
II. A is a Giffen good
III. B is a complement of A
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. I, II and III
Questions 44 and 45. ‘Suraksha’ is the sole producer and supplier of security systems
in India and the sole employer of locksmiths in the labour market. The demand for
security systems is D(p) = 100 − p, where p is the price. The production of security
systems only requires locksmiths and the production function is given by f (L) = 4L,
where L is the number
h w of locksmiths
i employed. The supply curve for locksmiths is given
by L(w) = max 0, − 20 , where w is the wage rate.
2
44. How many locksmiths will ‘Suraksha’ employ?

A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
45. If the government sets the minimum wage is 70 , how many locksmiths will Suraksha
employ?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
Questions 46 and 47. Suppose that a typical graduate student at the Delhi School of
Economics lives in a two good world, books (x) and movies (y), with utility function
u(x, y) = x1/5 y 4/5 . Prices of books and movies are 50 and 10 respectively. Suppose the
University is considering the following schemes.
Scheme 1: 750 is paid as fellowship and additional 250 as book grant. Naturally, book
grant can only be spent on books. Scheme 2: 1000 as scholarship and gets one movie
free on each book they purchase.
Believing that books and movies are perfectly divisible, compute the optimal consump-
tion bundle under each scheme.
46. Optimal consumption bundle under scheme 1 is

A. (4 books, 80 movies)
B. (5 books, 75 movies)
C. (6.5 books, 57.5 movies)
D. (10 books, 50 movies)
47. Optimal consumption bundle under scheme 2 is

A. (4 books, 80 movies)
B. (4 books, 84 movies)
C. (5 books, 75 movies)
D. (5 books, 80 movies)
48. Let X stand for the consumption set and let R, I, P respectively stand for the weak
preference relation, indifference relation and strict preference relation of a consumer.
The weak preference relation R is said to satisfy Quasitransitivity if and only if for all
x, y, z belonging to X, xPy and yPz → xPz. Which of the following preference relations
over X = {x,y,z} satisfy Quasitransitivity?
A. xPy & yPz & zPx

B. xPy & yPz & zIx

C. xPy & yIz & zIx
D. yPx & yIz & xPz
49. Consider an exchange economy with two consumers (A & B) and two goods (x & y).
Assume that total amount of x available is 4 and total amount of y available is 2 which is
to be optimally distributed between A & B. A’s utility function is UA = x2A +4xA yA +4yA2
and B’s utility function is UB = xB + yB . The contract curve for this exchange economy
will be:
A. the entire boundary of the edgeworth box
B. allocations satisfying (xA = 0, 0 ≤ yA ≤ 2) and (0 ≤ xB ≤ 4, yB = 0)
C. allocations satisfying (0 ≤ xA ≤ 4, yA = 0) and (xB = 0, 0 ≤ yB ≤ 2)
D. all points inside the edgeworth box.
50. Consider the exchange economy in the above question. Suppose A is endowed with 3
units of good 1 and 1 unit of good 2, and B is endowed with 1 unit of each good. A com-
petitive equilibrium is described by the following prices (of goods X and Y respectively)
and allocation of goods.
A. Prices = (1,2) and (xA , yA ) = (2.5, 2) , (xB , yB ) = (1.5, 0)
B. Prices = (2,1) and (xA , yA ) = (2.5, 1.5) , (xB , yB ) = (1.5, 0.5)
C. Prices = (1,1) and (xA , yA ) = (2, 2) , (xB , yB ) = (2, 0)
D. None of the four option is correct
Questions 51 to 54. The following set of questions use a common set of information given
below. Read the information carefully and then answer the questions sequentially. Con-
sider an economy which is described by the following two relationship between aggregate
income (Y ), aggregate price level (P ), domestic interest rate (r), and the real exchange
rate (e):
(i) Goods market equilibrium condition: Y = C(Y ) + I(r) + G + N X(Y, e)
M
(ii) Money market equilibrium condition: = L(Y, r)
P
where
C = C + σ(Y − T ) ; 0 < σ < 1

T = τY ; 0 < τ < 1
G = G
I = I − δr ; δ > 0
NX = X − µY − γe ; 0 < µ < 1 ; γ > 0
L(Y, r) = L + αY − βr ; α, β > 0
r = r
M = M
P = P

Suppose now you draw the IS and the LM relationship in the (Y, e) plane with Y in the
horizontal axis and e in the vertical axis.
51. In this case

A. the IS curve is upward sloping and the LM curve is downward sloping
B. the IS curve is downward sloping and the LM curve is vertical
C. the IS curve is vertical and the LM curve is upward sloping
D. the IS curve is downward sloping and the LM curve is upward sloping
52. An increase in r shifts

A. the IS curve to the left and the LM curve to the right
B. the IS curve to the right and the LM curve to the left
C. both the IS and the LM curves to the left
D. both the IS and the LM curves to the right
53. An increase in P results in

A. an increase in the equilibrium value of Y and a decrease in the equilibrium
value of e
B. a decrease in the equilibrium value of Y and an increase in the equilibrium
value of e
C. a decrease in the equilibrium value of Y and a decrease in the equilibrium
value of e
54. If the government arbitrarily fixes the real exchange rate at some e
A. the two markets can be simultaneously in equilibrium only under special para-
metric restrictions
B. the two markets can be simultaneously in equilibrium if the government follows
an accommodating interest rate policy
C. the two markets can be simultaneously in equilibrium if the government follows
an accommodating money supply rule
D. all of the above
55. A fall in the interest rate

A. will reduce savings unambiguously
B. will have an ambiguous effect on savings because of an ambiguous substitution
effect
C. will reduce savings unambiguously only for a borrower
D. will reduce savings unambiguously only for a lender

56. An increase in the rate of depreciation, according to the neoclassical theory of investment,
will
A. lower investment by raising the user cost of capital
B. raise investment by lowering the user cost
C. raise investment because now more capital is depreciating
57. An increase in the saving rate in the Solow model

A. increases the growth rate of the economy permanently
B. increases the growth rate of the economy in the transition to the steady state
but not in the steady state
C. reduces the growth rate because aggregate demand falls
58. The “golden rule of accumulation” is the

A. savings ratio that generates the highest growth rate of the economy
B. the savings ratio that generates the highest capital-labour ratio
C. the savings ratio where consumption (per capita) is maximized both in the
transition to the steady state and in the steady state
D. the savings ratio where consumption (per capita) is maximized in the steady
state
59. At the “golden rule of accumulation”

A. all wages invested , all profits consumed
B. all wages as well as profits invested
C. all wages consumed, all profits invested
D. all wages as well as profits consumed
60. Consider the following three definitions for a country’s current account surplus. Which
of them is correct?
(i) equal to its trade balance plus net income from abroad
(ii) equal to its trade balance plus foreign direct investment
(iii) equal to the change in its claims against the rest of the world
A. (i) and (ii)
B. (ii)and (iii)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. None

5 DSE 2010
1. A number, say X1 , is chosen at random from the set {1, 2}. Then a number, say X2 , is
chosen at random from the set {1, X1 }. The probability that X1 = 2 given that X2 = 1
is
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/3
D. 1/4
2. Suppose a random variable X takes values -2, 0, 1 and 4 with probabilities 0.4, 0.1, 0.3
and 0.2 respectively.
A. The unique median of the distribution is 1
B. The unique median of the distribution is 0
C. The unique median of the distribution lies between 0 and 1
D. The distribution has multiple medians
3. Two persons A and B, shoot at a target. Suppose the probability that A will hit the
target is 1/3 and the probability that B will hit the target on any shot is 1/4. Suppose
A shoots first and takes turns shooting. What is the probability that the target is hit
for the first time by A0 s third shot?
A. 1/24
B. 1/12
C. 1/6
D. 1/3
4. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly until a head is obtained for the first time. Let X denote
the number of tosses that are required. The value of the distribution function of X at 3
is
A. 3/4
B. 1/2
C. 7/8
D. 7/16
5. Using a random sample, an ordinary least squares regression of Y on X yields the 95%
confidence interval 0.43 < β < 0.59 for the slope parameter β. Which of the following
statements is false?
A. This interval contains the parameter β with probability 0.95
B. The point estimate of β obtained from our regression always lies within this
interval

C. The 90% confidence interval for β is a subset of the interval obtained above
D. If such intervals are constructed from repeated samples drawn from the pop-
ulation in question, then on average 95 out of 100 of these intervals are likely
to contain the true parameter value
6. Consider a binary relation defined on the set A = {x, y, z}. Define relations and ∼
on A by: for a, b ∈ A,
a b if and only if a b and not b a

a ∼ b if and only if a b and b a
Suppose x y, y ∼ z and x ∼ z. Then

A. is transitive
B. ∼ is transitive
C. both and ∼ are transitive
D. we cannot conclude anything about the transitivity of and ∼
1
7. The utility function u(x, y) = (x + y) 2 , for (x, y) = (0, 0), exihibits
A. diminishing marginal rate of substitution and diminishing marginal utilities
B. increasing marginal rate of substitution and diminishing marginal utilities
C. constant marginal rate of substitution and diminishing marginal utilities
D. increasing marginal rate of substitution and constant marginal utilities
8. Suppose there are just two goods, say x1 and x2 . Consider a consumer who chooses
x2 = 0 for all income levels w > 0 and all prices p1 > 0 and p2 > 0. These choices are
consistent with the consumer
A. having utility function u(x1 , x2 ) = x1 + 2x2
B. having utility function u(x1 , x2 ) = 2x1 + x2
C. lexicographically preferring x2 to x1
D. lexicographically preferring x1 to x2
9. Consider a Cournot duopoly with firms 1 and 2 that produces a homogeneous good. The
inverse demand curve for this good is given by P (x) = 5 − x, where x is the total output
of the two firms. Firm 1 has a constant average cost 5/2 and firm 2 has a constant
average cost 3/2. In equilibirum,
A. only firm 1 produces a positive output
B. only firm 2 produces a positive output
C. both firms produces positive outputs with firm 1 producing more than firm 2
D. both firms produces positive outputs with firm 2 producing more than firm 1

10. If all input prices double, then what happens to the minimum cost of producing a given
output?
A. It doubles
B. It more than doubles
C. It less than doubles
D. It depends on the production function
11. In models where expectations adjust slowly, a progressive income tax schedule is
A. a means to maximize tax revenue
B. a means to ensure tax compliance
C. always an automatic stabilizer in the long run
D. often an automatic stabilizer in the short run
12. Open market operations decrease the supply of base money by

A. selling government bonds
B. selling gold
C. reducing foreign currency holdings
D. all of the above
13. If an economy is experiencing hyperinflation, then

A. government seigniorage goes up
B. government seigniorage goes down
C. government seigniorage remains unchanged
D. the impact on government seigniorage is ambiguous
14. When the nominal interest rate changes but the real rate of interest remains unchanged
A. it affects both the investment function as well the money demand function
B. it affects the investment function but does not affect the money demand func-
tion
C. it affects the money demand function but does not affect the investment func-
tion
D. neither the investment function not the money demand function gets affected
15. Ceteris paribus, higher velocity of money circulation leads to

A. an increase in both the real and the nominal demand for money
B. an increase in the real demand for money and a decrease in the nominal demand
for money
C. a decrease in the real demand for money and an increase in the nominal demand
for money

D. a decrease in both the real and the nominal demand for money
16. Consider a 3 × 3 nonsingular matrix A with real entries. If the matrix B is derived from
A by interchanging the first and last columns of A, then the determinant of B, denoted
det B, is equal to
A. det A
B. − det A
C. 0
D. 1/det A
17. The sequence (−1)n (1 + 1/n), for positive integers n,

A. has limit point 1
B. has limit point -1
C. has limit points 1 and -1
D. has no limit points
18. Consider the following two games in strategic form.

Player Y
Hawk
Enter (−1, 1)
Player X
Not enter (0, 6)
Player Y
Hawk Dove
Enter (−1, 1) (3, 3)
Player X
Not enter (0, 6) (0, 7)
In every payoff “x, y”, x is the payoff of the row-player and y is the payoff of column-
player. Analyze these games. These games illustrates that, in a strategic situation
A. an expanded set of strategic options can be disadvantageous
B. a contracted set of strategic options can be advantageous
C. one should view the situation from one’s own, as well as from one’s opponent’s,
perspective
D. all of the above are true
19. Ice-cream vendors A and B know that they have to locate simultaneously on a beach.
The beach is identified with the interval [0, 1] and at every point in [0, 1] there is a
person who wants exactly one ice-cream cone. Each person will buy the ice-cream from
the nearest vendor; if there are equidistant vendors, then the buyer randomizes among
them with equal probabilities. Each vendor wants to maximize his own expected market
share. The vendors will locate at
A. 0 and 1
B. 1/4 and 3/4

C. 1/2 and 1/2

D. 1/3 and 2/3
20. Suppose there is only one future period and the (presently unknown) state of the world
in that period can be either s1 or s2 . The future return on a share of a given company is 5
in state s1 and −1 in state s2 . The future return on a government bond is 1 independent
of the state. Suppose a third asset is offered on the market whose return is 3 in state s1
and 0 in state s2 . The current prices of the stock and the bond are 3 and 1 respectively.
If the price of the new asset rules out the possibility of arbitrage profit (which arises
when portfolio of assets that are identical in terms of returns have different prices), what
is the price of the new asset?
A. It depends on the probabilities of the future states
B. Strictly between 2 and 3
C. Strictly between 1 and 2
D. 2
The following notational conventions apply wherever the following symbols
are used. R denotes the set of real numbers. Given a function f, Df (x) and D2 f (x)
denote the first and second derivatives of f (if they exist), respectively, evaluated at x.
21. Suppose X1 and X2 are real valued random variables with f as their common probability
density function. Suppose (x1 , x2 ) is a sample generated by these random variables. The
expectation of observations in the sample that fall within a specified interval [a, b] is
R 2
b
A. a
f (x)dx
Rb
B. a x2 f (x)dx
Rb
C. 2 a f (x)dx
Rb
D. a xf (x)dx
22. Suppose X1 ....Xn are observed completion times of an experiment with values in [0, 1].
Each of these variables is uniformly distributed on [0, 1]. If Y is the maximum observed
completion time, then mean of Y is
n
2
A. n+1
n
B. 2(n+1)
n
C. n+1
2n
D. n+1
23. Suppose the random variable X takes values in the set {−1, 0, 1} and the probability of
each value is equal. Let Y = X 2 .Which of the following statements is true?
A. X and Y are correlated but independent
B. X and Y are uncorrelated but dependent

C. X and Y are dependent and have same mean

D. X and Y are correlated and have different means
24. Suppose player 1 has five coins and player 2 has four coins. Both players toss all their
coins and observe the number that comes up heads. Assuming all the coins are fair,
what is the probability that player 1 obtains more heads than player 2?
1
A. 2
4
B. 9
5
C. 9
4
D. 5
25. Suppose 10 athletes are running in a race and exactly 2 of them are taking banned drugs.
An investigator randomly selects 2 athletes for drug testing. What is the opportunity
that neither of the cheaters will be caught?
16
A. 25
4
B. 5
3
C. 5
28
D. 45
26. Suppose θ is a random variable with uniform distribution on the interval [−π/2, π/2].
The value of the distribution function of the random variable X = sin θ at x ∈ [−1, 1]
is
A. sin−1 (x)
B. sin−1 (x) + π
2
sin−1 (x) 1
C. π
+ 2
sin−1 (x) π
D. π
+ 2
27. Let X be a normally distributed random variable with mean 0 and variance σ 2 .Then,
the mean of X 2 is
A. 0
B. σ
C. 2σ
D. σ 2
The next three questions are based on the following data:
The number of loaves of bread sold by a bakery in a day is a random variable X.The
distribution of X has a probability density function f given by

kx,
 if x ∈ [0, 5)
f (x) = k(10 − x), if x ∈ [5, 10)

0, if x ∈ [10, ∞)


28. As f is a probability density function, the value of k must be

A. 0
−2
B. 25
1
C. 25
2
D. 75
29. Let A be the event that X ≥ 5 and let B be the event that X ∈ [3, 8]. The probability
of A conditional on B is
16
A. 37
21
B. 37
25
C. 37
D. 1
30. Events A and B are

A. not independent
B. independent
C. conditionally independent
D. unconditionally independent
The next four questions are based on the following data:
Consider an exchange economy with agents 1 and 2 and goods x and y. Agent 1’s
endowment is (0, 1) ( i.e. no good x and 1 unit of good y) and agent 2’s endowment is
(2, 0) (i.e. 2 units of good x and no good y).The agents can consume only nonnegative
amounts of x and y.
31. Suppose agent 1 lexicographically prefers x to y, i.e., between any two bundles of goods,
she strictly prefers the bundle containing more of x, and if the bundles contain equal
amounts of x, then she strictly prefers the bundle with more of y. Suppose agent 2
treats x and y as perfect substitutes, i.e., between any two bundles (x, y) and (x0 , y 0 ) she
strictly prefers (x, y) if and only if x + y > x0 + y 0 .
The competitive equilibrium allocation for this economy is
A. 1 gets (0, 1) and 2 gets (2, 0)
B. 1 gets (2, 0) and 2 gets (0, 1)
C. 1 gets ( 23 , 0) and 2 gets ( 21 , 1)
D. 1 gets (1, 0) and 2 gets (1, 1)
32. Suppose agents 1 and 2 have the preferences described above. The set of all possible
competitive equilibrium prices consists of all px > 0 and py > 0 such that
A. px /py = 1
B. px /py ≥ 1

C. px /py ≤ 1
D. px /py > 1
33. Now Suppose agents 1 lexicographically prefers y to x and agent 2 treats x and y as
perfect substitutes.The set of all possible competitive equilibrium prices consists of all
px > 0 and py > 0 such that
A. px /py = 1
B. px /py ≥ 1
C. px /py ≤ 1
D. px /py > 1
34. Now Suppose agents 2 lexicographically prefers x to y and agent 1 treats x and y as
perfect complements. The set of competitive equilibrium allocations
A. includes the allocation (1, 0) for agent 1 and (1, 1) for agent 2
B. includes the allocation (0, 1) for agent 1 and (2, 0) for agent 2
C. is empty
D. includes all allocations (x, 1) for agent 1 and (2 − x, 0) for agent 2, where
x ∈ [0, 2]
35. Consider a person who chooses among lotteries. Each lottery is of the form (p1 , p2 , p3 ),
where p1 is the probability of getting Rs.5, p2 is the probability of getting Rs.1 and p3 is
the probability of getting Rs.0. This person prefers lottery (0, 1, 0) to (0.1, 0.89, 0.01). If
this person maximizes expected utility and is faced with the lotteries (0, 0.11, 0.89) and
(0.1, 0, 0.9), which lottery should he prefer?
A. the lottery (0, 0.11, 0.89)
B. the lottery (0.1, 0, 0.9)
C. he should be indifferent between these lotteries
D. there is insufficient data to decide
36. Consider an economy with two agents, A and B, and two goods x1 and x2 . Both agents
treat x1 and x2 as perfect complements. Suppose the total endowment of x1 is 4 and
total endowment of x2 is 2. Which of the following allocations is not Pareto optimal?
(Note that a bundle (a, b) represents a units of x1 and b units of x2 .)
A. A gets (1, 1) and B gets (1, 1)
B. A gets (2, 1) and B gets ( 23 , 1)
C. A gets ( 12 , 32 ) and B gets (3, 12 )
D. A gets (3, 2) and B gets (0, 0)
37. A consumer has the utility function u(x, y) = xy. Suppose the consumer demands bundle
(x∗ , y ∗ ). Now suppose the seller of good x offers a “buy one, get one free” scheme: for
each unit of good x purchased, the consumer gets another unit of x for free. Given this

scheme, suppose the consumer buys bundle (xd , yd ) and gets an additional xd for free.
Which of the following statements must be true?
A. xd > x∗ and yd > y ∗
B. xd > x∗ and yd = y ∗
C. xd > x∗ and yd < y ∗
D. xd = x∗ and yd = y ∗
38. Consider a Bertrand duopoly with firms 1 and 2 that produce a homogenous good and
sets prices p1 and p2 respectively. Suppose p1 and p2 have to be positive integers. If
p1 < p2 (resp. p1 > p2 ), then firm 1(resp. firm 2) sells 5 − p1 (resp. 5 − p2 ) and the other
firm sells nothing. If p1 = p2 , then each firm sells (5 − p1 )/2. Firm 1 has a constant
average cost 5/2 and firm 2 has a constant average cost 3/2. In equilibrium
A. p1 = 2 = p2
B. p1 = 3 = p2
C. p1 = 3 and p2 = 2
D. p1 = 3 and p2 is 2 or 3
39. Consider a Stackelberg duopoly with firm 1 as the leader and firm 2 as the follower. If
(q1 , q2 ) is the Stackelberg equilibrium, then
A. firm 1’s optimal isoprofit curve and firm 2’s reaction curve intersect at (q1 , q2 )
and are tangential at (q1 , q2 )
B. firm 2’s optimal isoprofit curve and firm 1’s reaction curve intersect at (q1 , q2 )
and are tangential at (q1 , q2 )
C. isoprofit curves of the two firms intersect at (q1 , q2 ) and are tangential at (q1 , q2 )
D. reaction curves of the two firms intersect at (q1 , q2 )
40. Firm 1 is the potential entrant into a market in which firm 2 is the incumbent monopolist.
Firm 1 moves first and chooses to “enter” or “not enter”. If it does “not enter”, then
firm 1 gets profit 0 and firm 2 gets the monopoly profit 10. If firm 1 “enters”, then firm
2 chooses to “fight” or “not fight”. If firm 2 fights, then firm 1’s profit is -2 and firm 2’s
profit is 6. If firm 2 does “not fight”, then firm 1’s profit is 2 and firm 2’s profit is 8.
Firm 2’s strategy of “fight” is best response as
A. a commitment
B. a non-credible threat
C. a punitive action
D. acquiescence
41. Consider a closed economy. If the nominal wage is flexible and nominal money supply
is increased, then which of the following will be true in equilibrium?
A. Real wage decreases and real money supply decreases

B. Real wage decreases and real money supply increases

C. Real wage is unchanged and real money supply is unchanged
D. Real wage decreases and real money supply is unchanged
42. Suppose an economy is at less than full employment and it consists of an aggregate
“worker” and aggregate “capitalist”, with the former having a higher marginal propensity
to consume from his disposable income. Suppose both agents pay income tax according
to the same linear schedule. If the government’s budget is in balance and a lump sum
income transfer is made from the capitalist to the workers, then the government’s
A. budget will go into deficit
B. budget will go into surplus
C. income and expenditure will be unchanged
D. income and expenditure will change but the budget will stay in balance
The next four questions are based on the following information.
Consider an economy with an aggregate production function Y = αK + βL, where α
and β are positive constants, K is capital, L is labor and Y is output. K is fixed in the
short run. Perfectly competitive producers take the nominal wage rate W and the price
level P as given, and employ labor so as to maximize profit. This generates the labor
demand schedule. The labor supply schedule is LS = −γ + δW/P , where γ and δ are
positive constants. Producers and workers have perfect information about P and W
43. The labour market will clear if and only if

A. β > γ/δ
B. β < γ/δ
C. β > δ/γ
D. β < δ/γ
44. Assume that required parametric condition of the previous question holds and the nom-
inal wage is fixed. The short run aggregate supply curve schedule for this economy, with
P along the vertical axis and Y along horizontal axis, will look as follows:
A. for high values of P it will be horizontal; for some mid-range values of P it
will be downward sloping; for low values of P it will be horizontal again
B. for high values of P it will be horizontal; for some mid-range values of P it
will be upward sloping; for low values of P it will be horizontal again
C. for high values of P it will be vertical; for some mid-range values of P it will
be downward sloping; for low values of P it will be vertical again
D. for high values of P it will be vertical; for some mid-range values of P it will
be upward sloping; for low values of P it will be vertical again
45. If there is a one shot increase in the fixed stock of the capital stock, then the short run
aggregate supply schedule will

A. shift up
B. shift down
C. shift to the left
D. shift to the right
46. If there is a one shot increase in the fixed nominal wage rate, then the short run aggregate
supply schedule will
A. shift up
B. shift down
The next four questions are based on the following information: Consider a
closed economy with a simple Keynesian model of goods market, where prices are fixed
and output in equilibrium is determined by aggregate demand. Investment is fixed at
I ∗ . There is no government sector. Suppose there are two groups of households, called
A and B, and the total income Y is distributed among these two groups in such a way
that group A gets Y A = λY , and group B gets Y B = (1 − λ)Y , where λ ∈ (0, 1) is a
constant. The consumption function of group A is C A = c + cA Y A and the consumption
function of group B is C B = c + cB Y B , where 0 < cA < cB < 1, i.e., the two groups have
different consumption propensities.
47. The value of the investment multiplier in this economy is given by

1
A. 1−λcA −λcB
1
B. 1−(1−λ)cA −(1−λ)cB
1
C. 1−cB +λ(cB −cA )
1
D. 1−cA +(1−λ)(cB −cA )
48. If there is a one shot increase in the parameter λ,

A. equilibrium output unambiguously increases
B. equilibrium output unambiguously decreases
C. equilibrium output remains unchanged
D. equilibrium output increases or decreases depending on whether λ ≥ 1/2
49. If there is a one shot increase in the parameter cA ,


50. If there is a one shot increase in the parameter cB ,

51. Suppose the function f : R → R is given by f (x) = x3 − 3x + b. Find the number of

points in the closed interval [−1, 1] at which f (x) = 0.
A. None
B. At most one
C. One
D. At least one
52. Suppose a function f : R → R is differentiable at x. Consider the statements:
f (x) − f (x − h)
(i) Df (x) = limh→0
h
f (x + 2h) − f (x + h)
(ii) Df (x) = limh→0
2h
In general,
A. (i) is true and (ii) is false
B. (i) is false and (ii) is true
C. Both are true
D. Both are false
53. Consider the statements: for x, y ∈ R. Consider the statements:
(i) |x| − |y| ≤ |x − y|

(ii) ||x| − |y|| = |x − y|
In general,
C. Both are true
D. Both are false

54. Suppose the function f : R2 → R is increasing in both arguments, i.e, f (x, y) is increas-
ing in x and increasing in y. For x, y ∈ R, let
(
x, if x ≤ y
x∧y =
y, if x > y
Define g : R2 → R by
(
f (x, y) − 12 f (x ∧ y, x ∧ y), if x ≥ y
g(x, y) = 1
2
f (x ∧ y, x ∧ y), if x < y
Which of the following statements is correct?

A. g is increasing in x and decreasing in y
B. g is increasing in both x and y
C. g is increasing in x but may or may not be increasing in y
D. g may or may not be increasing in x
The next three questions are based on the following definitions.
Consider the set A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}. Given (a, b) ∈ R2 such that
(a, b) 6= (0, 0) and c > 1, let
X = {(x, y) + (a, b) | (x, y) ∈ A}
Y = (2−1/2 (x + y), 2−1/2 (x − y)) (x, y) ∈ A

Z = {c(x, y) | (x, y) ∈ A}
55. Which set is not a disc ( i.e., the region inside a circle)?
A. X
B. Y
C. Z
D. None
56. Which set has a larger area than A?

A. X
B. Y
C. Z
D. None
57. Which set does not contain all the points that belong to A?
A. X
B. Y

C. Z
D. None
58. Consider a twice differentiable function f : R → R and a, b ∈ R such that a < b, f (a) =
0 = f (b) and D2 f (x) + Df (x) − 1 = 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]. Then,
A. f has a maximum but not a minimum over the open interval (a, b)
B. f has a minimum but not a maximum over (a, b)
C. f has neither a maximum not a minimum over (a, b)
D. f has a maximum and a minimum over (a, b)
59. Consider f as described in the previous question. Then,

A. f (x) ≤ 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
B. f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
C. f (x) = 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
D. f must take positive and negative values on the interval [a, b]
60. Suppose f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous nondecreasing function with f (0) = 0 and
f (1) = 1. Define g : [0, 1] → [0, 1] by g(y) = min{x ∈ [0, 1] | f (x) ≥ y}. Then,
A. g is non-decreasing
B. If g is continuous, then f is strictly increasing
C. Neither (a) not (b) is true
D. Both (a) and (b) are true

6 DSE 2011
1. For the real-valued function f (x) = x4 − 4x3 + 6x2 − 4x + 1, (defined for all real numbers
x), the point x = 1 is
A. a local minimum
B. a local maximum
C. a point of inflection
2. Consider the function f mapping points of the plane into the plane, defined by f (x, y) =
(x − y, x + y). The range of this function is
A. the 45 degree line
B. a ray through the origin but not the 45 degree line
C. the entire plane
D. the first and third quadrants
3. Suppose {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } is a set of linearly dependent vectors , none of them

Pn being the
zero vector. Suppose c1 , c2 , · · · , cn are scalars, not all zero, such that i=1 ci vi = 0.
Then the minimum number of non-zero scalars is
A. 1
B. 2
C. n−1
D. cannot be determined
4. Suppose the non-zero n × 1 column vector x solves the system of equations Ax = b,

where A is an m × n matrix whose columns are the vectors a1 , a2 , · · · , an and b is an
m × 1 column vector. Then the set of vectors {a1 , a2 , · · · , an , b} is
A. linearly independent
B. linearly dependent
C. linearly dependent only if a1 , a2 , · · · , an are linearly dependent
D. linearly dependent only if m = n
5. For a system of linear equations Ax = b with m equations and n variables, where m > n
and b is a given vector, the following is true.
A. It can never have a unique solution
B. It always has at least one solution
C. It has at least a one-dimensional solution space
D. If Rank(A) = n and a solution exists, it must be unique

6. Suppose we are interested in estimating the mean height of M.A. students in Delhi
University. An avergae height estimated from a random sample of size 30 is better than
estimated from a random sample of size 20 because:
A. The sample of size 20 is likely to be more biased because it is less representative
B. The sample of size 30 is likely to yield more precise estimates of average height
than the sample of size 20
C. The Central Limit Theorem prescribes a minimum sample size of 30
D. Both (a) and (b)
7. A doctor testing a diagnostic tool for a rare disease wants to minimize the chance that
the test will find a patient to be healthy when she is in fact sick (the null hypothesis
being that the patient is healthy). The doctor should minimize the probability of:
A. Type I error, which would denote a false positive
B. Type II error, which would denote a false positive
C. Type I error, which would denote a false negative
D. Type II error, which would denote a false negative
8. Suppose you have the following estimated regression equation: ln Y = 1.2 + 0.5X. Which
of the following is a good interpretation of the estimated relationship between X and Y?
A. A unit change in X is associated with a 50 percent change in Y
B. A unit change in X is associated with a 0.5 percent change in Y
C. A one percent change in X is associated with a 50 unit change in Y
D. A one percent change in X is associated with a 0.5 unit change in Y
9. Let A1 , A2 , A3 be independent events with probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 respectively. The prob-

ability that none of these events occurs equals
A. 1 − (p1 + p2 + p3 )
B. 1 − (p1 + p2 + p3 ) + p1 p2 + p1 p3 + p2 p3
C. (1 − p1 )(1 − p2 )(1 − p3 )
D. (1 − p2 )(1 + p1 p3 )
10. The market for good X has the demand function D(p) = 100 − 15p where p is the price
of good X. There are ten price taking firms , each having a cost function c(q) = q 2 ,
where q is the firm’s own output. There is no new entry.
A. Rs. 20
B. Rs. 15
C. Rs. 10
D. Rs. 5

11. The market for good X has the demand function D(p) = 100 − p and the supply function
S(p) = 20 + 3p where p is the price of good X. If the government imposes a sales tax of
Rs. 10 per unit of the good on sellers, the equilibrium market price will increase by
A. Rs. 10
B. Rs. 7.5
C. Rs. 5
D. Rs. 0
12. A monopolist, who can produce output at a cost of Rs. 20 per unit faces an inverse
demand curve given by p = 60 − 2q. The profit maximizing price for the monopolist is
A. Rs. 40
B. Rs. 20
C. Rs. 30
D. Rs. 60
13. Consider a duopoly market in which both firms choose quantities. Suppose we have the
reaction curve of each firm, i.e , the curve that yields the firm’s optimal quantity choice
in response to a quantity choice in response to a quantity chosen by the other firm. If
one firm is the Stackelberg leader and the other is the Stackelberg follower, then which
of the following conditions characterizes the quantity chosen by the leader?
A. The quantity at which the leader’s isoprofit curve is tangential to the follower’s
reaction curve
B. The quantity at which the follower’s isoprofit curve is tangential to the leader’s
reaction curve
C. The quantity where the leader’s isoprofit curve attains a maximum
D. The quantity where the two reaction curves intersect
14. A society has 3 individuals and 3 alternatives A, B and C. Individuals 1 and 2 strictly
prefer A to B and B to C. Individual 3 strictly prefers C to B and B to A. A Rawlsian
social planner would therefore choose
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. A or C
15. A natural monopoly is said to occur when

A. the long run average cost curve is U-shaped
B. the long run average cost curve is decreasing
C. the long run average cost curve is flat
D. the long run average cost curve is increasing

16. If everybody in the economy decides to consume a higher proportion of their income,
the corresponding IS curve
A. will be flatter
B. will be steeper
C. will remain unchanged
D. will become horizontal
17. An increase in the expected rate of inflation will

A. shift the LM curve up
B. shift the LM curve down
C. leave the LM curve unchanged
D. have an ambiguous effect on the LM curve
18. A devaluation of domestic currency will improve the country’s trade balance only if the
following is true for price elasticities of demand:
A. the sum of price elasticities of exports and imports equals 1
B. the sum of price elasticities of exports and imports is less than 1
C. the sum of price elasticities of exports and imports is greater than 1
D. the price elasticity of exports exactly matches the price elasticity of imports
19. Under nominal wage rigidity, the short run aggregate supply schedule will be
A. vertical
B. horizontal
C. upward sloping
D. downward sloping
20. Okun’s Law refers to

A. a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment
B. a negative relationship between unemployment and real GDP
C. a negative relationship between interest rate and money demand
D. a negative relationship between inflation and growth
The following notational conventions apply wherever the following symbols
are used. R denotes the set of real numbers. R++ denotes the set of positive real
numbers. Q denotes the set of rational numbers.
Rx
21. Suppose the function f : R++ → R is given by f (x) = 1 t−1 dt. Consider the following
statements: for x, y ∈ R++ ,
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
f (xy) = f (x) + f (y)

In general,
C. Both are true
D. Both are false
22. Suppose a real valued function f is defined for all real numbers excepting 0, and satisfies
the following conditions: f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y in the domain. Consider the
statements:
f (1) = f (−1) = 0
f (x) = f (−x) for every x

C. Both are true
D. Both are false
23. The closest point on the parabola y = 14 x2 from a given point (0, b) on the vertical axis,
with b > 0, is the origin if and only if
A. b < 3
B. b > 3
C. b < 2
D. b > 2
24. Let f be a real valued Rdifferentiable function defined for all x ≥ a. Consider the function
x
F defined by F (x) = a f (t)dt. If f is increasing on any interval, then on that interval
F is
A. convex
B. concave
C. increasing
D. decreasing
25. Consider the function f : R → R defined by

2
x , if x ∈ Q
f (x) =
0, otherwise
where Q is the set of rational numbers. Then, f is

A. discontinuous at every x 6= 0
B. is continuous at all points in Q

C. continuous at multiple points

D. is discontinuous on a countable set of points
26. Suppose A and B are square matrices that satisfy
AB + BA = 0
where 0 is a square matrix of zeros. Then it must be that

A. A2 B 3 = B 3 A2
B. A2 B 3 = B 2 A3
C. A2 B 3 = BA4
D. None of the above is necessarily true
Consider a Society consisting of individuals. These individuals may belong to various
sets called Clubs and Tribes. The collections of Clubs and Tribes satisfy the following
rules:
• The entire Society is a Tribe

• The empty subset of Society is also a Tribe
• Given any collection of Tribes, the set of individuals who belong to each Tribe in
that collection is also a Tribe
• Given any two Tribes, the set of individuals who belong to at least one of these
Tribes is also a Tribe
• A set of individuals is called a Club if and only if the set of individuals not in it
constitute a Tribe
27. The intersection of two Clubs is necessarily

A. a Club
B. a Tribe
C. not a Club
D. not a Tribe
28. The union of a collection of Clubs is necessarily

A. not a Club
B. not a Tribe
C. a Club
D. a Tribe
29. Which of the following statements is necessarily true?

A. A set of individuals cannot be a Tribe and a Club
B. There are at least two sets of individuals that are both a Club and a Tribe

C. The union of a Club and a Tribe is a Tribe

D. The intersection of a Club and a Tribe is a Club
30. Suppose we are given a Club and a Tribe. Then, the set of individuals who belong to
the given Tribe but not to the given Club necessarily constitute
A. a Club
B. a Tribe
C. neither a Club, not a Tribe
D. a Club and a Tribe
The next two questions are based on the following information. Suppose X
and Y are two random variables. X can take values -1 and 1. Y can take integer values
between 1 and 6. The following is the joint probability distribution of X and Y .
Y =1 Y =2 Y =3 Y =4 Y =5 Y =6
X = −1 0.1 a 0.3 0 0 0
X=1 0 0 b 0.1 0.1 0.1
It is known that the expectations of the two random variables are E(X) = −0.2 and
E(Y ) = 3.2. Then
31. The value ‘a’ in the table equals

A. 0
B. 0.1
C. 0.2
D. 0.3
32. The value ‘b’ in the table equals

A. 0
B. 0.1
C. 0.2
D. 0.3
The next two questions are based on the following data. Suppose X and Y
are independent random variables that follow the uniform distribution on the [0,1] . Let
Z = min{X, Y }.
33. Pr(Z < −.5) (the probability that Z is less than 0.5) equals
A. 0.25
B. 0.5
C. 0.625
D. 0.75

34. Pr(Z < 0.5|X = 0.75) is

A. 0.25
B. 0.5
C. 0.625
D. undefined
35. Two players, A and B, will play a best of seven table tennis match ( i.e. , the first to
win 4 games will win the match, and the match will have at most 7 games).The two
players are equally likely to win any of the games in the match. The probability that
match will end in 6 games is
A. less than the probability that it will end in 7 games
B. equal to the probability that it will end in 6 games
C. greater than the probability that it will end in 7 games
D. None of (a), (b) or (c) is true
36. In order to join the ‘Gamers Club’, Mr. A must choose a box from the two identical
boxes in a room, and draw one ball from the chosen box. All he knows is that both boxes
are nonempty, and have a mix of red and green balls. If the ball that he draws from his
chosen box is green, he is admitted to the club. You are given 2 identical boxes, 50 red
balls and 50 green balls, and asked to allocate these balls to the two boxes in order to
maximize Mr. A’s probability of being admitted to the club, given that he will choose
a box randomly. If you allocate these balls correctly, the probability that Mr. A gets
admitted to the club equals
A. 1
B. 0.747
C. 0.547
D. 0.257
37. Consider the following equation to be estimated using ordinary least squares:
Y = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 X2 + a3 (X2 − X1 ) + a4 X1 X2 + u
Which of the following statements is true?

A. The parameters a0 , a1 , a2 , a4 can be estimated, but not a3
B. The parameters a0 and a4 can be estimated, but not a1 , a2 , a3
C. The parameters a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 can be estimated, but not a4
D. All parameters can be estimated
38. A researcher wants to test whether there are gender differences in the rates of immu-
nization for boys and girls, after controlling for parental income, mother’s education and
access to health care facilities. The easiest way to test this would be to:

A. Include one dummy variable in the multiple regression

B. Include two dummy variables in the multiple regression
C. Include interaction dummies in the multiple regression
D. Run two separate regressions-one for boys and one for girls
39. Instead of estimating a production function y = a0 + a1 K + a2 L + u, where y is output,

K is capital input and L is labour input, a researcher estimates y = a0 + a1 K + u. It
is known that in the true model, a2 > 0 and K and L are complements. Which of the
following is true?
A. The estimated a1 will be upwardly biased
B. The estimated a1 will have a downward bias
C. The estimated a1 will be biased, but the direction of bias cannot be determined
D. The estimated a1 will be unbiased, but a0 will be biased
40. A student has the opportunity to take a test at most thrice. The student knows that
each time he takes the test, his score is an independent random draw from the uniform
distribution on the interval [0,100]. After learning his score on a test, the student can
either stop and accept it as his official score, or he can discard the result and retake the
test. If the student rejects his score twice and takes the test a third time, that score
will be his official score. If his objective is to maximize his expected official score, the
student will decide to be retested after the very first test if and only if his score is less
than
A. 50
B. 62.5
C. 75
D. 87.5
41. A consumer has utility function u(x1 , x2 ) = min{2x1 + x2 , x1 + 2x2 }. Her income is
y = 100, the prices are p1 = 20 and p2 = 30. The amount of x1 in the utility maximizing
bundle is
A. 7
B. 5
C. 2
D. 0
42. Consider the same utility function and income as above, but suppose the prices are
p1 = 10 and p2 = 30. Then the amount of x1 in the utility maximizing bundle is
A. 10
B. 5
C. 2.5

D. 0
43. A consumer spends Rs. 100 on only two goods, A and B. Assume non satiation, i.e. ,
more of any good is preferred to less. Suppose the price of B is fixed at Rs. 20. When
the price of A is Rs. 10 , the consumer buys 3 units of B. When the price of A is Rs.
20, she buys 5 units of A. From this we can conclude that for the relevant price range
A. A is an inferior good
B. B is a complement of A
C. A is a Giffen good
D. All of the above
44. Consider a firm using two inputs to produce its output. It is known that greater use of
both inputs increases output. Moreover, for any combination of positive input prices,
the firm employs and input combination of the form (x, αx) where α > 0 is a constant.
Which of the following functions represents this firm’s technology?
A. f (x, y) = min{xα , y}
B. f (x, y) = min{αx, y}
C. f (x, y) = min{x, αy}
D. f (x, y) = min{x, y α }
45. Consider an exchange economy with two agents, 1 and 2, and two goods, X and Y .
There are 6 units of X and 4 units of Y available. An allocation is denoted by (x1 , y1 ),
(x2 , y2 ), where (x1 , y1 ) is agent 1’s consumption bundle, (x2 , y2 ) is agent 2’s consumption
bundle, x1 + x2 = 6 and y1 + y2 = 4. Agent 1 has the utility function u1 = min{x1 , y1 }
and agent 2 has the utility function u2 (x2 , y2 ) = min{x2 , y2 }. Which of the following
allocations is not Pareto efficient?
A. (2,2), (4,2)
B. (3,2), (3,2)
C. (3,1), (3,3)
D. (1,2), (5,2)
46. Consider an exchange economy with two goods and two agents have the same preferences
as in the previous question. Agent 1’s endowment is (0, α) and agent 2’s endowment is
(β, 0). What is generally true?
A. Any allocation in which each agent gets equal amounts of the two goods is an
equilibrium allocation
B. If β < α, then the price of X is 0
C. If β > α, then the price of X is 0
D. Any allocation in which agent 2 gets none of good Y is an equilibrium allocation

47. Consider an exchange economy with two goods and two agents. Agent 2’s utility is
as above. The equilibrium allocation is (x1 , y1 ) = (6, 1) and (x2 , y2 ) = (4, 4). The
equilibrium prices are (1, 1). What could be the endowment?
A. Agent 1’s endowment is (2,5) and agent 2’s endowment is (8,0)
B. Agent 1’s endowment is (7,0) and agent 2’s endowment is (3,5)
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. Neither (a) nor (b)
48. A firm has an order to supply 20 units of output. It can divide its production across
different plants, 1 and 2, with cost function c1 (q1 ) = q12 and c2 (q2 ) = 3q22 respectively.
The total order must be produced, i.e., q1 + q2 = 20. To meet the total production target
at minimum cost, the amount of output the firm should produce in its first plant is
A. 20 units
B. 15 units
C. 10 units
D. 5 units
49. Consider an exchange economy with two agents and aggregate endowment (10,10). The
agents’ utility functions are u1 (x1 , y1 ) = x1 + 2y1 and u2 (x2 , y2 ) = 2x2 + y2 . Examples
of efficient allocations are
A. (x1 , y1 ) = (5, 10) and (x2 , y2 ) = (5, 0)
B. (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 10) and (x2 , y2 ) = (10, 0)
C. (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 5) and (x2 , y2 ) = (10, 5)
D. All of the above
50. Consider the following two games in strategic form.
Hawk Hawk Dove

Enter −1 1 Enter −1, 1 3, 3
N ot enter 0 6 N ot enter 0, 6 0, 7
Compute the Nash equilibria of the two games. What general lesson can be drawn from
these equilibria ?
A. Eliminating a strategic option may be beneficial
B. Having extra strategic option is not beneficial
C. Having extra strategic option is beneficial
D. Eliminating a strategic option is beneficial

51. Suppose the following equation holds for an economy, at every time t: Pt = (1 + a) WYt Nt
t
.
That is the price of output is a fixed markup over unit labour cost. Let π be the inflation
rate, w be the wage inflation rate, and λ be the rate of growth in labour productivity.
(Labour productivity = Yt /Nt ). Which of the following is true?
A. w = π − λ
B. π = w + λ
C. π = w − λ
D. w = λ − π
The next three questions have to do with the following fixed price model of
an economy.
C = C0 + c1 (Y − T ), 0 < c1 < 1
I = i0 + i1 r, i1 < 0
Y =C +I +G
M d = m0 + m1 Y + m2 r, m2 < 0 < m1
M d = M,
where C, I, G, Y, M d , M are respectively aggregate consumption, investment, government
expenditure, output, money demand and money stock.
52. In this economy, an increase in G

A. necessarily reduces I
B. may increase I
C. reduces I only if m1 is large
D. increases I only if m1 is small
53. The more negative is m2 , ceteris paribus,

A. the greater the effect of an increase in G on r
B. the smaller the effect of an increase in G on r
C. The magnitude of the effect of G on r does not depend on the magnitude of
m2
D. r decreases as G increases, but the magnitude of this is indereminate
54. If c1 is very close to 1, then an increase in M has

A. a very large positive impact on r
B. a very small positive effect on r
C. a very small negative effect on r
D. a very large negative impact on r
The next six questions are based on the following information.Consider an
economy in which aggregate output is produced by using 2 factors, capital K and labour L.
Aggregate production technology is given by the production function: Yt = A(Kt )α (Lt )1−α ,
where A > 0 and 0 < α < 1. At each instant t, both factors are fully employed.

A constant proportion s of total output is saved and invested in every period, which
augments the capital stock in the next period. There is no depreciation of capital. Labour
force grows at a constant rate n. Let A = 20, α = 12 , s = 14 , n = 10
1
. Then
55. The steady state level of output per worker is

A. 50
B. 1000
C. 2500
D. 5000
56. The rate of growth of aggregate output in the steady state is

A. 0
1
B. 4
1
C. 2
1
D. 10
57. The golden rule of capital per worker is

A. 25
B. 2500
C. 5000
D. 10000
58. The golden rule level of consumption per worker is

A. 500
B. 1000
C. 250
D. 25
59. An increase in the value of the parameter A from its current value
A. will increase the steady state level of output per worker and increase the growth
of aggregate output in the steady state
B. will decrease the steady state level of output per worker and increase the
growth of aggregate output in the steady state
C. will increase the steady state level of output per worker and leave unchanged
the growth of aggregate output in the steady state
D. will decrease the steady state level of output per worker and leave unchanged
60. An increase in the value of the parameter n from its current value

A. will increase the steady state level of output per worker and increase the growth
of aggregate output in the steady state
B. will decrease the steady state level of output per worker and increase the
growth of aggregate output in the steady state
C. will increase the steady state level of output per worker and leave unchanged
D. will decrease the steady state level of output per worker and leave unchanged

7 DSE 2012
1. A rural landowner can deposit his savings in a commercial bank and receive an annual
interest rate of 8%. Alternatively he can lend to villagers who need credit. If all loans
are of the same size and only sixty per cent of them are repaid, the interest rate that
would make his earnings the same as from depositing his savings in a bank is
A. 8%
B. 48%
C. 80%
D. 120%
2. Consider a two-person two-good exchange economy, where agents are denoted by A, B

and goods are denoted by X, Y . A Pareto optimal allocation of this economy may not
remain Pareto optimal if
A. Everything else remaining the same, Agent A transfers a part of her endowment
to Agent B
B. Everything else remaining the same, Agent A gets additional endowment
C. Everything else remaining the same, Agent A’s utility function is monotonically
transformed
D. All of the above
3. Given the same production function and market demand, a monopolist earns at least as
much profit as a competitive firm in the short run, because
A. Monopolist is free to charge the competitive market price
B. Short run profit of a competitive firm is zero
C. Marginal cost of a monopolist is smaller than that of a competitive firm
D. Average cost of a monopolist is smaller than that of a competitive firm
4. Mr. B thinks cheese is addictive - the more you eat, the more you want. Suppose x
denotes the quantity of cheese. Mr. B’s utility function can be represented by
A. u(x, y) = x2 + y
B. u(x, y) = lnx + lny
C. u(x, y) = x + y
D. u(x, y) = min{x, y}
5. Sania and Saina are bargaining over how to split 10 Rupees. Both claimants simul-
taneously name shares they would like to have, s1 and s2 , where 0 ≤ s1 , s2 ≤ 10. If
s1 + s2 ≤ 10 then the claimants receive the shares they named; otherwise both receive
zero. Find all pure strategy Nash Equilibria of this game
A. s1 = 5, s2 = 5

B. {(s1 , s2 )|s1 + s2 = 10}

C. {(s1 , s2 )|s1 + s2 ≤ 10}
D. There is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium
6. “Developing new antibiotics is expensive. It is also known that the more frequently
bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more quickly the bacteria will develop resistance
to the antibiotics. Yet, usually, each parent will press a doctor for an antibiotic if there
is any chance it will heal a child quicker than that without drugs.”
The above statement can be best understood as a problem of
A. Public good: Bacteria are public bad
B. Adverse selection: Doctors have information that is not available to parents
C. Risk aversion: Parents are risk averse
D. Short-run utility maximization: Most parents are myopic; they fail to see the
long run effect
7. If the correlation between variables X and Y is 0, then

A. The regressions of Y on X and X on Y intersect at right angles, and pass
through (X, Y )
B. The regressions of Y on X and X on Y do not intersect at right angles but do
pass through (X, Y )
C. The regressions of Y on X and X on Y intersect at right angles, but do not
pass through (X, Y )
D. The regressions of Y on X and X on Y do not intersect at right angles, and
do not pass through (X, Y )
8. One reason why the sample median is used as an estimator of the population mean is
that
A. The average of all sample medians equals the population mean
B. The sample median equals the population mean
C. The sample median is unaffected by extreme values
D. The sample median occurs more often than the mode or the mean
9. Suppose X is a random variable, which follows U nif orm[−1, 1]. Find the covariance
between X and X 2
A. 1
B. 1/4
C. 1/8
D. 0
10. Which of the following statements is not an indicator that multicollinearity among two
or more variables is present in a multiple regression model estimated using OLS:

A. Small changes to the data can cause large changes to estimated coefficients
B. Coefficients are estimated with bias
C. The estimated coefficients have large standard errors even though the R2 is
high
D. A test of joint significance of two or more coefficients is significant even though
individually they are not significant
11. Given the linear regression Y = α + βX; a very high correlation between variables X
and Y necessarily implies that
A. The slope coefficient β is statistically significant
B. The observations (x, y) lie along a straight line
C. Small changes in X cause large changes in Y
D. The regression line is steep
12. What would happen (other things being equal) to a confidence interval if you calculated
a 99% confidence interval rather than a 95% confidence interval?
A. It will be narrower
B. It will not change
C. The sample size will increase
D. It will become wider
13. An n − gon is a regular polygon with n equal sides. Find the number of diagonals (edges
of an n − gon are not considered as diagonals) of a 10-gon.
A. 20 diagonals
B. 25 diagonals
C. 35 diagonals
D. 45 diagonals
R1
14. 0
xn sin(x) dx
A. Does not exist
B. Is necessarily greater than 1
1
C. Is greater than n+1
1
D. Is less than n+1
p √
15. limn→∞ ( (n − 1) − n)
A. Equals 1
B. Equals 0
C. Does not exist

D. Depends on n
16. The equation x7 = x + 1

A. Has no real solution
B. Has no positive real solution
C. Has a real solution in the interval (0,2)
D. Has a real solution but not within (0,2)
17. The cumulative distribution function F (x) of a random variable has a slope of 1 for
x in the interval [0, 1] and takes a constant value thereafter. Which of the following
statements most accurately defines the probability density function of X?
A. It is zero in the interval [0, 1] and 1 for all higher values of x
B. It is 1 in the interval [0, 1] and zero for all higher values of x
C. It is increasing in the interval [0, 1] and constant and positive for all higher
values of x
D. It is increasing in the interval [0, 1] and zero for all higher values of x
18. A and B are two non empty sets.
A − B = {x ∈ A|x ∈
/ B} and A + B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)

Statement 1: A + B = B implies A ⊂ B
Statement 2: A + B = ϕ implies A = B
Statement 3: A + B = A ∪ B implies A ∩ B = ϕ
How many of the above statements are correct?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
19. The short-run aggregate supply curve is upward sloping because

A. A lower price level creates a wealth effect
B. Lower taxes motivate people to work more
C. Money wages do not immediately change when the price level changes
D. Most business firms operate with long-term contracts for output but not labour
20. The investment demand curve shifts rightward if

A. The expected profit rate increases
B. The real interest rate falls

C. Savers increase their thriftiness

D. The economy moves into a recession
√
21. A firm producing hockey sticks in Punjab has a production function given by Q = 2 KL
where K stands for capital, L stands for labour and Q stands for output. The rental
rate of capital is Rs 1 and the wage rate is Rs 4. What will be the firm’s cost function?
A. 2Q
B. Q
C. Q2
D. 2Q2
22. Antony and Cleopatra run a food stall together. Their joint profit is 10 Rupees per
month, from which, Antony gets IA Rupees √ and Cleopatra gets IC Rupees. Utility
functions of Antony and Cleopatra are UA = Ia IC and UC = IC , respectively. Consider
the following divisions,
Division 1: IA = 7, IC = 3 Division 2: IA = 3, IC = 7
A. Both the divisions are Pareto optimal

B. None of the divisions is Pareto optimal
C. Only Division 1 is Pareto optimal
D. Only Division 2 is Pareto optimal
23. Consider a homogenous goods market with the demand function Q = 30 − P , where Q
and P denote quantity and price respectively. There are two firms playing a price game
in the following manner: firm 1 quotes a price and then firm 2 chooses a price. When
they charge the same price they share the market equally and otherwise the market
demand goes to the firm charging lower price. Firm 1 has a capacity constraint at the
output level 5 units such that upto five units the marginal cost of production is Rs 3 per
unit of output, however beyond 5 units it cannot produce any output. Firm 2 does not
have any capacity constraint, it can produce any amount with the marginal cost Rs 6.
What would be the equilibrium price in the market?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 6 - , where is very small positive number
D. 3 + , where is very small positive number
24. Consider the following two-player game. The players simultaneously draw one sample
each from a continuous random variable X, which follows U nif orm[0, 100]. After ob-
serving the value of her own sample, which is private information (that is, opponent
does not observe it), players simultaneously and independently choose one of the follow-
ing: SW AP , RET AIN . If both the players choose SW AP then they exchange their

initially drawn numbers. Otherwise, if at least one person chooses RET AIN , both of
them retain their numbers. A player earns as many Rupees as the number she is holding
at the end of the game.
Find the probability that the players will exchange their initially drawn numbers
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/3
D. 0
25. The productivity of a labourer depends on his daily wage. In some range of wage, the
more he is paid, the better his health and the more work he is able to do in a given
day. Suppose that the relationship between productivity and daily wage is as follows.
No work is done for wage below Rs. 20 per day. Each rupee earned above 20 increases
productivity by 5 units until the daily wage is Rs. 140 per day. Beyond this level of
wage, productivity is constant. If a farmer needs to hire labour for a total of 6000 units
of work per day, how many labourers is he likely to hire?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 10
26. Consider a society in which half the population earns 100 rupees per day and the other
half earns 200 rupees per day. The Gini coefficient of inequality for this society is given
by
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 1/6
D. 1/8
27. A and B live in an exchange economy. There are two goods X and Y . Utility functions
of A and B are U A (x, y) = x + y and U B (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , respectively. A0 s endowment
is 2 units of X and 1 unit of Y , while B 0 s endowment is 1 unit of X and 2 units of Y .
Consider the following allocations
Allocation 1: A gets 1.5 units of X and zero unit of Y , B gets 1.5 units of X and 3 units
of Y
Allocation 2: A gets 1.5 units of X and 1.5 unit of Y , B gets 1.5 units of X and 1.5
units of Y
A. Both the allocations are Pareto optimal
B. None of the allocations is Pareto optimal
C. Only allocation 1 is Pareto optimal
D. Only allocation 2 is Pareto optimal

28. Fill in the blanks: Given a downward sloping linear demand curve and constant marginal
cost curves, if a per unit tax is imposed on a monopoly, a monopoly will . . . . . . the
quantity of its good and its revenue after tax will . . . . . .
A. Increase ; Decrease
B. Increase ; Increase
C. Decrease ; Increase
D. Decrease ; Decrease
29. The demand curve for electricity is D(p) = 120 − p. The marginal cost of electricity
production is M C1 (q) = 20 + q. The marginal cost of pollution due to electricity produc-
tion is M C2 (q) = 3q. Find the competitive equilibrium output and the social optimum
output.
A. 50;20
B. 50;30
C. 60;20
D. 60;30
30. Suppose that there are two agents in an economy with income x1 and x2 . If the richer
person transfers a portion of her income to the poorer person without changing the in-
come ranking (that is the rich remains richer even after the transfer) then it is called a
progressive transfer. Welfare of this economy is measured by a function W (x1 , x2 ). W
is a ‘good’ measure of social welfare if the social welfare increases due to a progressive
transfer. Consider the following candidates for W ;
W1 (x1 , x2 ) = x1 + x2 ; W2 (x1 , x2 ) = x1 x2
A. Only W1 is a ‘good’ measure

B. Only W2 is a ‘good’ measure
C. Both W1 and W2 are ‘good’ measures
D. NeitherW1 nor W2 is a ‘good’ measures
31. Consider the following model, estimated using OLS
Yi = βXi + i ; i = 1, 2, . . . , n
where there is no intercept, and V ar(i ) = σ 2 . Which of the following statements is not
true?
A. The R2 from this regression can be large even if X and Y have low correlation.
B. The least squares residuals need not sum to zero.
(Yi −Ŷ )2
P
C. The mean square error is given by (n−1)

P P P
n XY− X Y
D. The least squares estimator of the slope coefficient is given by: P i i2 P i 2 i
n Xi −( Xi )
32. An analyst trying to estimate the demand for rice has estimated the following two models
Model 1: D = 50 + 0.3Y + 0.1P + 12N ; R2 = 0.7
where D is the demand for rice per household, Y is income per household, P is the price
of rice and N is household size. The standard errors associated with the coefficient Y is
0.1, that associated with P is 0.05, and of N is 3.
Model 2: D/N = 50 + 0.2Y /N − 0.5P ; R2 = 0.9
where the standard errors of the estimated slope coefficients are 0.1 and 0.2 respectively.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Model 2 is preferred to Model 1 because it has a higher R2 .
B. Model 1 is preferred to Model 2 because the coefficients are all signifcant.
C. The two models are not comparable in terms of fit
33. Consider the regression Yi∗ = βˆ1∗ + βˆ2∗ Xi∗ + u∗i , and Yi = βˆ1 + βˆ2 Xi + ui , where Yi∗ = w1 Yi
and Xi∗ = w2 Xi ; w1 , w2 are constants. Is it true that
∗
A. βˆ1 = w2 βˆ1
∗
B. βˆ2 = w2 ˆ
β
w1 2
∗
C. V ar(βˆ2 ) = (w ) V ar(βˆ2 )
1 2
w2
2
D. rxy 6= rx2∗ y∗ , where r denotes correlation coefficient
P P P
34. For variables X and Y we have the data XY = 350, X = 50, Y = 60, X =
2
5, σX = 4, σY2 = 9, where X denotes the mean of X and σX 2
denotes the variance of X.
Which of the following holds
A. A one unit change in X causes a 1.25 unit change in Y , and a one unit change
in Y causes a 0.6 unit change in X
B. A one unit change in X causes a 0.6 unit change in Y , and a one unit change
in Y causes a 1.25 unit change in X
C. A 10% change in X causes a 15% change in Y
D. The regression of Y on X passes through the origin
35. X is a normally distributed random variable with unknown mean µ and standard devi-
ation equal to 2. The value of the sample mean from a random sample of size 25 is 10.
Which of the following values lie within the 95% confidence interval for µ?
A. 9.3
B. 9.8
C. 10.6
D. All of the above

36. An econometrician uses data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the
National Sample Survey Organization for the years 1991 and 2001 and plots the cumu-
lative distribution function for real consumer expenditure per capita for these years. He
finds that cumulative distribution function for 2001 is everywhere to the right of that
for 1991. Consider the following,
Conclusion 1: The Gini coefficient for 2001 is higher than for 1991
Conclusion 2: Consumption expenditure of every individual has increased in 2001 com-
pared to 1991
Conclusion 3: Real consumption expenditure per capita has increased in 2001 compared
to 1991
Which of the above conclusions are correct
A. Only (iii) is correct
B. (i) and (ii) are correct
C. (ii) and (iii) are correct
D. None of the conclusions is correct
37. Let X1 , X2 , · · · , Xn be random samples from a normal distribution with parameters µ

and σ 2 . Then the random variable
n
(n − 1)S 2 1 X
= 2 (Xi − X)2
σ2 σ i=1
has a chi-squared ( χ̃2 ) distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom. Here X denotes the
mean of X1 , X2 , · · · , Xn . Suppose area under a chi-squared curve with n − 1 degrees of
freedom to the right of χ̃2v,n−1 is v . A 100(1 − α)% confidence interval for the variance
σ 2 is
(n − 1)S 2 (n − 1)S 2

A. , 2
χ̃2α ,n−1 χ̃1− α ,n−1
2 2
(n − 1)S (n − 1)S 2
2

B. ,
χ̃21− α ,n−1 χ̃2α ,n−1
2 2
2 2

nS nS
C. ,
χ̃2α ,n−1 χ̃21− α ,n−1
2 2
nS 2 nS 2

D. ,
χ̃21− α ,n−1 χ̃2α ,n−1
2 2
38. Suppose you have 500 observations and you regress wage (measured in rupees per hour)
on experience in the labour market, exper (measures in years), and on experience in the
labour market squared, (exper2 ). Your estimated OLS equation is
ˆ = 3.73 + 0.298 exper − 0.0061 exper2

wage
(0.35) (0.041) (0.0009)

where the standard errors are in brackets. The estimated equation implies
A. The returns to experience is strictly increasing
B. The returns to experience is strictly diminishing
C. The returns to experience is constant
D. Experience has no statistically significant effect on wage
39. Suppose you have a sample of size one from one of the following densities
H0 : f (x) = 2x 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
H1 : f (x) = 2 − 2x 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Let α and β denote type I error and type II error, respectively. Find the test procedure
of the form “Reject H0 if x < k” with α = 0.09. Find β for this test.
A. k = 0.5, β = 0.25
B. k = 0.5, β = 0.36
C. k = 0.3, β = 0.16
D. k = 0.3, β = 0.49
40. An urn contains equal number of green and red balls. Suppose you are playing the
following game. You draw one ball at random from the urn and note its colour. The ball
is then placed back in the urn, and the selection process is repeated. Each time a green
ball is picked you get 1 Rupee. The first time you pick a red ball, you pay 1 Rupee and
the game ends. Your expected income from this game is
A. ∞
B. Positive but finite
C. Zero
D. Negative
41. Two women and four men are to be seated randomly around a circular table. Find the
probability that the women arenot seated next to each other.
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 2/5
D. 3/5
42. A fair coin is tossed until a head comes up for the first time. The probability of this
happening on an odd-numbered toss is
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 2/3

D. 3/4
43. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and B be two non-empty events
of the experiment. If A consists of 4 outcomes, then the number of outcomes B must
have so that A and B are independent, is
A. 4
B. 3 or 9
C. 6
D. 5 or 10
44. Consider the system of equations
αx + βy = 0
µx + vy = 0
α, β, µ and v are i.i.d random variable. Each of them takes value 1 and 0 with equal
probability.
Statement A: The probability that the system of equations has a unique solution is 3/8
Statement B: The probability that the system of equations has at least one solution is
1.
A. Both the statements are correct
B. Both the statements are false
C. Statement A is correct but B is false
D. Statement B is correct but A is false
45. f (x, y) = x + y + xy where x, y ∈ R++ . For c ∈ R++ , let us define
L = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |f (x, y) ≤ c}
U = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |f (x, y) ≥ c}
I = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |f (x, y) = c}
Which of the above sets are convex?

A. L
B. U
C. I
D. All of them
46. What is the total number of local maxima and local minima of the following function

(2 + x)3 , if −3 < x ≤ −1
f (x) =
x2/3 , if −1 < x < 2

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
47. Suppose that f (x) is twice differentiable and strictly concave in x. Define,
f (c+t)−f (c+x)
g(x) = limt→x t−x
where c is a constant. Then g(x) is

A. Decreasing function
B. Increasing function
C. Decreasing function when c > 0 and increasing function when c < 0
D. Increasing function when c > 0 and decreasing function when c < 0
48. A rectangle has its lower left hand corner at the origin and its upper right hand corner
on the graph of f (x) = x2 + (1/x2 ). For which x is the area of the rectangle minimized?
A. x = 0
B. x = ∞
C. x = (1/3)1/4
D. x = 21/3
49. The real valued function f (x) = x + |x| + (x − 1) + |x − 1|, where |x|, |x − 1| stand for
absolute values
A. Is differentiable everywhere except at x = 0
B. Is not continuous at 0
C. Is not differentiable at 1
D. Is not continuous at 1
Let x = (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) and y = (y1 , y2 , · · · , yn ) be two vectors in Rn . Define, x ⊗ y =

50. P
n
i=1 xi |yi |, where |yi | stands for absolute value. How many of the following statements
are correct
Statement 1: x ⊗ y = y ⊗ x
Statement 2: x ⊗ x = 0 implies x = (0, 0, · · · , 0)
Statement 3: x ⊗ (c, y) = c(x ⊗ y) , where c ∈ R++ and c.y = (cy1 , cy2 , · · · , cyn )
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

The following set of information is relevant for the next six questions. Read
the information carefully before answering the questions below.
Consider an economy where the nominal wage rate is set by a process of wage bargaining
between the workers and the producers before actual production takes place. Thus at
any period t , the nominal wage rate (Wt ) is a function of the expected price level (Pte ),
the rate of unemployment (ut ) and the average productivity of the workers (At ). The
exact functional relationship is given below:
Wt = Pte F (ut , At ) ; Fu < 0; FA > 0
Once the nominal wage is determined, the producers set the actual price level (Pt ) as a
constant mark up (µ) over the nominal wage rate: Pt = (1 + µ)Wt . Definee the actual
P −P
rate of inflation as πt = PtP−P t−1
t−1
and the expected rate of inflation as πte = tPt−1t−1
51. Given the above wage and price setting equations, derive the relationship between ex-
pected rate of inflation and actual rate of inflation. Which of the following equations
represents this relationship?
A. πt = (1 + πt )[F (ut , At ) − µ] − 1
B. πt = (1 + πt )(1 + µ)F (ut , At ) − 1
C. πt = πte (1 + µ)F (ut , At )
52. Suppose the average productivity of workers remains constant at a level A. Given the
relationship in previous question, which of the following equations defines the ‘natural
rate of unemployment’ ?
A. F (ut , A) = µ
1
B. F (ut , A) = 1+µ
µ
C. F (ut , A) = 1+µ
53. A one-shot increase in the average productivity of worker, ceteris paribus, leads to
A. An increase in the natural rate of unemployment
B. A decrease in the natural rate of unemployment
C. No change in the natural rate of unemployment
D. Some change in the natural rate of unemployment but the direction is ambigu-
ous
54. A one-shot increase in the producer’s mark up, ceteris paribus, leads to
A. An increase in the natural rate of unemployment
B. A decrease in the natural rate of unemployment
C. No change in the natural rate of unemployment

D. Some change in the natural rate of unemployment but the direction is ambigu-
ous
55. Go back to the relationship between πt and πte above (first question of this list). Suppose
expectations are static, i.e., πte = πt−1 . Also let F (ut , At ) = Autt − 1 and At = A (a con-
stant). The corresponding value of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment
is given by
µ
A. ut = ( 1+µ )A
µ
B. ut = ( 2+µ )A
C. ut = ( 1+µ
2+µ
)A
56. Now suppose the workers productivity increases at a constant rate γ, that is , AtA−A t−1
t−1
=
γ. To maintain a non-accelerating inflation rate, rate of unemployment has to increase
at the rate
A. γ
B. µ
C. µ + γ
µ
D. ( 1+µ )γ
The following set of information is relevant for the next four questions. Read
the information carefully before answering the questions below
Consider a small open economy with fixed nominal exchange rate (E), fixed domestic
price level (P ) and fixed foreign price level (P ∗ ). Let be the corresponding real exchange
rate. The goods market equilibrium condition is given by the following IS equation:
IM
Y =C +I +G+X −

where
C = c0 + c1 Y represents domestic consumption
I = d1 Y − d2 r represents domestic investment
G represents government expenditure
X = x1 Y ∗ − x2 represents export
Y ∗ represents income of the foreign country
IM = m1 Y + m2 represents import
57. Suppose the rate of interest (r) as exogenously given. Then a unit increase in the foreign
price level, ceteris paribus, increases domestic output by
m1
Y − x2

1
A. m1
1 − c1 − d 1 + P ∗
m1
Y − x2

B.
(1 − c1 − d1 ) + m1 )

x2 − m1 Y

1
C. m1 ) ∗
1 − c1 − d 1 +
P
58. Write the goods market clearing level of output as a function of the real exchange rate
() and other parameters. If you plot this relationship between Y and in the Y, plane
(with epsilon on the vertical axis), you will get
A. A positively sloped schedule if the Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied
B. A negatively sloped schedule if the Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied
C. A positively sloped schedule irrespective of the Marshall-Lerner condition
D. A negatively sloped schedule irrespective of the Marshall-Lerner condition
59. Let us now bring in an asset market and a foreign exchange market into the picture.
Let the asset market equilibrium condition be represented by the following LM equa-
tion: M = l1 Y − l2 r. Also, let the foreign exchange market equilibrium condition be
represented by the following interest rate parity condition r = r∗ + 1 (e − ), r∗ and e
being the foreign interest rate and the expected future exchange rate respectively. For
any given value of r∗ and e , derive the level of output which will clear both the asset
market and the foreign exchange market as a function of the real exchange rate () and
other parameters. If you plot this relationship between Y and in the Y, plane (with
on the vertical axis), you will get
A. A positively sloped schedule if the Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied
B. A negatively sloped schedule if the Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied
C. A positively sloped schedule irrespective of the Marshall-Lerner condition
D. A negatively sloped schedule irrespective of the Marshall-Lerner condition
60. Let the equilibrium output and the equilibrium exchange rate be simultaneously de-
termined by the intersection of the above two schedules (derived in the previous two
questions). Suppose Marshall-Lerner condition is satisfied. Then
A. An increase in G leads to an increase in the equilibrium value of , while an
increase in M leads to a decrease in
B. An increase in G leads to an decrease in the equilibrium value of , while an
increase in M leads to an increase in
C. Increase in either G or M leads to an increase in the equilibrium value of
D. Increase in either G or M leads to a decrease in the equilibrium value of

8 DSE 2013
1. Starting from a stationary position, Sonia ran 100 meters in 20 seconds. Assuming that
her distance from the starting point is a continuous and differentiable function f (t) of
time, she would definitely have run at a speed of y meters per second at some point of
time, where y equals
A. 4
B. 20
C. 6
D. None of the above necessarily holds
2. Suppose f : R → R (i.e. it is a real-valued function defined on the set of real numbers).

If f is differentiable, f (3) = 2, and 3 ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ 4, for all x, then it must be that f (5)
lies in the following interval.
A. [8, 10]
B. [0, 8)
C. (10, ∞)
D. [3, 4]
3. The function defined by f (x) = x(x − 10)(x − 20)(x − 30) has critical points (i.e., points
where f 0 (x) = 0)
A. at some x < 0 and some x > 30.
B. at an x < 0, and at some x between 0 and 30.
C. between 0 and 10, 10 and 20, 20 and 30.
D. None of the above captures all the critical points.
4. The area of the region bounded above by f (x) = x2 + 1 and below by g(x) = x − 6 on
the interval [−1, 3] is
A. 50/3
B. 22
C. 31
D. 100/3
1/3
x2 − 5x − 2

5. lim equals
x→3 x−2
A. −2
B. −4/3
C. (−4/3)1/3
D. (2/3)1/3

√
6. Consider an individual A with utility function u(x) = 10 x, where x denotes the amount
of money available to her. Suppose, she has Rs 100. However, she has option of buying
a lottery that will cost her Rs 51. If purchased, the lottery pays Rs 351 with probability
p, and pays 0 (nothing) with remaining probability. Assume that A is expected utility
maximizer. Which of the following statements is correct? A will
A. not prefer to buy the lottery at all as long as p < 1
B. certainly prefer to buy the lottery as long as p > 0
C. prefer to buy the lottery if and only if p > 51/351
D. prefer to buy the lottery if and only if p > 51/221
7. Find the equilibrium prices, when good 1 and good 2 are produced by two different
monopolists
a+c
A. p1 = p2 =
2−b
a+c
B. p1 = p2 =
1−b
a+c a+c
C. p1 = , p2 =
2−b 1−b
a+c a+c
D. p1 = , p2 =
1−b 2−b
8. Find the equilibrium prices, when both the goods are produced by single monopolist.
a + c − bc
A. p1 = p2 =
2−b
a + c − bc
B. p1 = p2 =
1−b
a + c − bc
C. p1 = p2 =
2(1 − b)
a + c − bc
D. p1 = p2 =
2
Answer 9 and 10 using the following information: H stands for the Headcount Ratio of
Poverty (total number of poor divided by total population); C for Mean Consumption per-
capita; E for Elasticity of H with respect to C; NSS for National Sample Survey; and NAS
for National Accounts Statistics.
Table 1: (Source: Datt and Ravallion; EPW 2010)

Rate of Change of H (% per annum) Rate of Population Growth (% per annum)
Pre-1991 -1.1 2.2
Post-1991 -2.4 1.7
Table 2: (Source: Datt and Ravallion; EPW 2010)
E when C is based on NSS data E when C is based on NAS data
Pre-1991 -1.6 -1.0
Post-1991 -2.1 -0.7

9. From the data in Table 1, we can conclude that the total number of poor people was
A. Rising before 1991 but falling after 1991
B. Falling before 1991 but rising after 1991
C. Falling both before and after 1991, but at different rates
D. Rising both before and after 1991, but at different rates
10. From the data in Table 2, we can conclude that both before and after 1991, mean
consumption per-capita according to NAS was:
A. Lower than mean consumption per-capita according to NSS
B. Growing faster than mean consumption per-capita according to NSS
C. Growing slower than mean consumption per-capita according to NSS
11. If two balanced die are rolled, the sum of dots obtained is even with probability
A. 1/2
B. 1/4
C. 3/8
D. 1/3
12. A population is growing at the instantaneous growth rate of 1.5 per cent. The time
taken (in years) for it to double is approximately
log 2
A.
0.15
log 2
B.
15
log 2
C.
0.015
log 2
D.
1.5
13. A linear regression model y = α + βx + is estimated using OLS. It turns out that the
estimated β̂ equals zero. This implies that:
A. R2 is zero
B. R2 is one
C. 0 < R2 < 1
D. In this case R2 is undefined
14. An analyst has data on wages for 100 individuals. The arithmetic mean of the log of
wages is the same as:
A. Log of the geometric mean of wages

B. Log of the arithmetic mean of wages

C. Exponential of the arithmetic mean of wages
D. Exponential of the log of arithmetic mean of wages
15. A certain club consists of 5 men and 5 women. A 5 member committee consisting of 2
men and 3 women has to be constituted. How many ways are there of constituting this
committee?
A. 20
B. 100
C. 150
16. Exchange rate overshooting occurs:

A. under fixed exchange rates when the central bank mistakenly buys or sells too
much foreign exchange
B. under fixed exchange rates as a necessary part of the adjustment process for
any monetary shock
C. under flexible exchange rates when the exchange rate rises (depreciates) above
and then falls down to equilibrium after a monetary expansion
D. decreases the value of the determinant
17. In an open economy with a system of flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility,
an expansionary monetary policy:
A. causes the domestic currency to appreciate
B. has a greater impact on income than in a closed economy
C. increases capital inflows into the country
D. induces a balance of payments deficit
18. The short-run aggregate supply curve is upward sloping because

A. lower price level creates a wealth effect
B. lower taxes motivate people to work more
C. money wages do not immediately change when the price level changes
D. most business firms operate with long-term contracts for output but not labour
19. The term ‘seignorage’ is associated with

A. inflation generated by printing new money
B. real revenue created by printing new money
C. public indebtedness created by printing new money

20. If money demand is stable, an open market purchase of government securities by the
central bank will:
A. increase both the level of income and the interest rate
B. decrease both the level of income and the interest rate
C. increase the level of income and lower the interest rate
D. decrease the level of income and raise the interest rate
21. The function defined by f (x) = x5 + 7x3 + 13x − 18

A. may have 5 real roots
B. has no real roots
C. has 3 real roots
D. has exactly 1 real root
22. The function f (x) = 14 x4 − 12 x3 − 3x2 + 6 is

A. concave on (−∞, 2) and convex on (2, ∞).
B. concave on (−1, 2), convex on (−∞, −1) and (2, ∞).
C. convex on (−1, 2), concave on (−∞, −1) and (2, ∞).
D. convex on (−∞, 2) and concave on (2, ∞).
23. Consider the function f (x) = 92 x(2/3) − 53 x(5/3) for all x in the closed interval [−1, 5]. f (5)
is approximately equal to 4.386. f (x) attains a maximum on interval [−1, 5] at
A. x = −1
B. x = 2
C. x = 3
D. x = 4
24. Consider the function f defined by f (x) = x6 + 5x4 + 2, for all x ≥ 0. The derivative of
its inverse function evaluated at f (x) = 8, that is, f (−1 )0 (8) equals
A. 1/7
B. 1/15
C. 1/26
D. 1/20
25. Consider the following functions. f : R2 → R3 defined by f (x, y) = (x + 2y, x − y, −2x +

3y). And g : R2 → R2 defined by g(x, y) = (x + 1, y + 2). Then
A. Both f and g are linear transformations
B. f is a linear transformation, but g is not a linear transformation
C. f is not a linear transformation, but g is a linear transformation

D. Neither f nor g is a linear transformation
26. A six meter long string is cut in two pieces. The first piece, with length equal to some
x, is used to make a circle, the second, with length (6 − x), to make a square. What
value of x will minimize the sum of the areas of the circle and the square? (x is allowed
to be 0 or 6 as well).
A. x = 24π/(1 + 4π)
B. x = 6π/(4 + π)
C. x = 6
D. x = 1/2π
27. The repeated nonterminating decimal 0.272727 . . .

A. cannot be represented as a fraction.
B. equals 27/99
C. lies strictly between 27/99 and 27/100.
D. is an irrational number.
Suppose three players, 1, 2 and 3, use the following procedure to allocate 9 indivisible
coins. Player 1 proposes an allocation (x1 , x2 , x3 ) where xi is the number of coins given
to player i. Players 2 and 3 vote on the proposal, saying either Y (Yes) or N (No). If
there are two Y votes, then the proposed allocation is implemented. If there are two N
votes, the proposal is rejected. If there is one Y vote and one N vote, then player 1 gets
to vote Y or N. Now, the proposal is accepted if there are two Y votes and rejected if
there are two N votes.
If 1’s proposal is rejected, then 2 makes a proposal. Now, only 3 votes Y or N. If 3 votes
Y, then 2’s proposal is accepted. If 3 votes N, then the proposal is rejected and the
allocation (3, 3, 3) is implemented.
Assume that, if the expected allocation to be received by a particular player by voting
Y or N is identical, then the player votes N.
28. If 1’s proposal is rejected and 2 gets to make a proposal, her proposal will be
A. (0, 5, 4)
B. (0, 4, 5)
C. (0, 6, 3)
D. (0, 3, 6)
29. 1’s proposal will be

A. (5, 0, 4)
B. (4, 0, 5)
C. (3, 6, 0)
D. (6, 3, 0)

30. Consider the following change of the above situation. If 2 makes a proposal and 3 votes
Y, then 2’s proposal is implemented. However, if 3 votes N, then 1 gets to choose between
2’s proposal and the allocation (3, 3, 3). If 1’s proposal is rejected and 2 gets to make a
proposal, her proposal will be
A. (4, 5, 0)
B. (0, 5, 4)
C. either (a) or (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
31. Utility of a consumer is given by u(x1 , x2 ) = min{x1 , x2 }. His income is M , and price
of good 2 is 1. There are two available price schemes for good 1: (i) per unit price 2
and (ii) a reduced per unit price 2 − θ along with a fixed fee T . A consumer would be
indifferent between the above schemes if
A. θ = 2T /M
B. θ = 3T /M
C. θ = T /M
D. θ = (T + 1)/M
Suppose, an individual lives for two periods. In each period she consumes only one good,
which is rice. In period 2, she can costlessly produce 1 unit of rice, but in period 1 she
produces nothing. However, in period 1 she can borrow rice at an interest rate r > 0.
That is, if she borrows z units of rice in period 1, then in Period 2, she must return
z(1 + r) units of rice. Let x1 and x2 denote her consumption of rice in period 1 and
period 2, respectively; x1 , x2 ≥ 0. Her utility function is given by U (x1 , x2 ) = x1 + βx2 ,
where β is the discount factor, 0 < β < 1. Note that there are only two sources through
which rice can be available; own production and borrowing.
1
32. Find the interest rate r, at which the individual would borrow 2
unit of rice in period
1.
A. 2
1
B. 2
C. β − 1
1
D. β
−1
33. Now suppose that there are N agents in the above two period economy. The agents are
identical (in terms of production and utility function) except that they have different
discount factors. Suppose that β follows uniform distribution in the interval 12 , 1 .

Assuming r ≤ 1, the demand function for rice in period 1 will be

A. N (1−r)
(1+r)
(1−r)
B. N (1+r)2
r
C. N 1+r

D. N 2r
Answer 34, 35 based on the following situation:

Consider a two-person two-good exchange economy: persons/agents are A and B, and goods
are 1 and 2. The agents have the following utility functions:
uA (x1 , x2 ) = αx1 + x2 uB (y1 , y2 ) = y1 y2
where x1 and x2 denote the allocation to A of good 1 and good 2, respectively. Similarly, y1
and y2 denote the allocation to B of good 1 and good 2, respectively. There are 5 units of
each good; i.e., x1 + y1 = 5 and x2 + y2 = 5.
Now, consider the following allocation: Agent A gets 4 units of good 1 only, but agent B
gets 1 unit of good 1 and 5 units of good 2.
34. Suppose an agent i is said to envy agent j, if i strictly prefers j’s allocation over her own
allocation. And, an allocation is called ‘No-envy allocation’ if none of the agents envies
the other. In that case,
A. the above allocation is always ‘No-envy allocation’
B. the above allocation is never ‘No-envy allocation’
5
C. the above allocation is ‘No-envy allocation’ if α ≥ 3
3
D. the above allocation is ‘No-envy allocation’ if α ≤ 5
35. The above allocation is

A. always Pareto optimal
B. never Pareto optimal
C. Pareto optimal if α ≤ 5
D. Pareto optimal if α ≥ 5
Answer 36, 37 based on the following situation: There are two goods: a basic good, say a
car, and a complementary good, say car audio. Suppose that the basic good is produced by
a monopolist at no cost and the complementary good is produced by a competitive industry
at cost c per unit. Let p be the price of the basic good. Each consumer has three choices:
(i) consume nothing, which gives 0 utility

(ii) consume one unit of the basic good, which gives v − p utility
(iii) consume one unit of the basic good and one unit of the complementary good (called
bundle), which gives w − p − c utility.
Assume w > v > 0.

Next, suppose there are two types of consumers of cars:
Middle Class]: They have valuations v1 and w1 for the basic good and the bundle, respec-
tively. [Rich]: They have valuations v2 and w2 for the basic good and the bundle, respectively.
Suppose, v2 > v1 and w2 − v2 > c > w1 − v1 .

36. Find the socially efficient consumption.

A. Rich choose (ii) and Middle class choose (i)
B. Rich choose (iii) and Middle class choose (i)
C. Rich choose (iii) and Middle class choose (ii)
D. Both Rich and Middle class choose (ii)
37. Suppose that the monopolist can distinguish between two types of consumers. What
prices would she charge?
A. v2 from Rich, and v1 from Middle Class
B. w2 − c from Rich, and w1 − c from Middle Class
C. w1 − c from Rich as well as Middle Class
D. w2 − c from Rich, and v1 from Middle Class
38. Suppose that a city can be described by an interval [0, 1]. Only two citizens, A and B,
live in this city at different locations; A at 0.2 and B at 0.7. Government has decided to
set up a nuclear power plant in this city but is yet to choose its location. Each citizen
wants the plant as far as possible from her home and hence both of them have the same
utility function, u(d) = d, where d denotes the distance between the plant and home.
Find the set of Pareto optimal locations for the plant.
A. All locations in the interval [0, 1] are Pareto optimal
B. All locations in the interval [0.2, 0.7] are Pareto optimal
C. 0.5 is the only Pareto optimal location
D. 0 and 1 are the only Pareto optimal locations
Answer 39, 40 based on the following situation: Consider an exchange economy with agents
1 and 2 and goods x and y. Agent 1 lexicographically prefers the good x: when offered two
non-identical bundles of x and y, she strictly prefers the bundle with more of good x, but if
the bundles have the same amount of good x, then she strictly prefers the bundle with more
of good y. However, Agent 2 lexicographically prefers good y.
39. Suppose 1’s endowment is (10, 0) and 2’s endowment is (0, 10). The vector (px , py ) is a
competitive equilibrium vector of prices if and only if
A. px = 1 = py
B. px > 0 and py > 0
C. px > py > 0
D. py > px > 0
40. Suppose we make only one change in the above situation: Person 1 lexicographically
prefers y and 2 lexicographically prefers x. The vector (px , py ) is a competitive equilib-
rium vector of prices if and only if
A. px = 1 = py

B. px > 0 and py > 0

C. px > py > 0
D. py = px > 0
41. Consider two disjoint events A and B in a sample space S. Which of the following is
correct?
A. A and B are always independent
B. A and B cannot be independent
C. A and B are independent if exactly one of them has positive probability
D. A and B are independent if both of them have positive probability
42. A bowl contains 5 chips, 3 marked $1 and 2 marked $4. A player draws 2 chips at
random and is paid the sum of the values of the chips. The player’s expected gain (in
$) is
A. less than 2
B. 3
C. above 3 and less than 4
D. above 4 and less than 5
43. Consider the following two income distributions in a 10 person society. A : (1000,
1000, 1000, 1000, 1000, 1000, 1000, 2000, 2000, 2000) and B : (1000, 1000, 1000, 1000,
1000, 2000, 2000, 2000, 2000, 2000). Which of the following statements most accurately
describes the relationship between the two distributions?
A. The Lorenz curve for distribution A lies to the right of that for distribution B
B. The Lorenz curve for distribution B lies to the right of that for distribution A
C. The Lorenz curves for the two distributions cross each other
D. The Lorenz curves for the two distributions are identical for the bottom half
of the population
44. A certain club consists of 5 men and 5 women. A 5-member committee consisting of 2
men and 3 women has to be constituted. Also, suppose that Mrs. F refuses to work with
Mr. M. How many ways are there of constituting a 5-member committee that ensures
that both of them do not work together?
A. 50
B. 76
C. 108

45. Suppose, you are an editor of a magazine. Everyday you get two letters from your
correspondents. Each letter is as likely to be from a male as from a female correspondent.
The letters are delivered by a postman, who brings one letter at a time. Moreover, he has
a ‘ladies first’ policy; he delivers letter from a female first, if there is such a letter. Suppose
you have already received the first letter for today and it is from a female correspondent.
What is the probability that the second letter will also be from a female?
A. 1/2
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 2/3
46. On an average, a waiter gets no tip from two of his customers on Saturdays. What is
the probability that on next Saturday, he will get no tip from three of his customers?
9
A. e−3
2
B. 2e−3
4
C. e−2
3
D. 3e−2
47. A linear regression model y = α + βx + is estimated using OLS. It turns out that the
estimated R2 equals zero. This implies that:
A. All x’s are necessarily zero
B. β̂ = 1 and y = α̂ + x
C. β̂ = 0 or all x’s are constant
D. There are no implications for β̂
48. Using ordinary least squares, a market analyst estimates the following demand function
log X = α + β log P +
where X is the output and P is the price. In another formulation, she estimates the
above function after dividing all prices by 1000. Comparing the two sets of estimates
she would find that
A. α̂ and β̂ will be the same in both formulations
B. α̂ and β̂ will differ across both formulations
C. α̂ will change but β̂ will not
D. β̂ will change but α̂ will not
49. A linear regression model is estimated using ordinary least squares y = α + βx + . But
the variance of the error term is not constant, and in fact varies directly with another
variable z, which is not included in the model. Which of the following statements is
true?

A. The OLS estimated coefficients will be biased because of the correlation be-
tween x and the error term
B. The OLS estimated coefficients will be unbiased but their estimated standard
errors will be biased
C. The OLS estimated coefficients will be unbiased and so will their estimated
standard errors because the error variance is not related to x, but to z which
is not included in the model
D. Both the OLS estimated coefficients and their estimated standard errors will
be biased
50. Suppose the distribution function F (x) of a random variable X is rising in the interval
[a, b) and horizontal in the interval [b, c]. Which of the following statements CAN be
correct?
A. F (x) is the distribution function of a continuous random variable X.
B. c is not the largest value that X can take.
C. The probability that X = b is strictly positive.
D. Any of the above
Consider an open economy simple Keynesian model with autonomous investment (I).
People save a constant proportion (s) of their disposable income and consume the rest.
Government taxes the total income at a constant rate (τ ) and spends an exogenous
amount (G) on various administrative activities. The level of export (X) is autonomous
at the fixed real exchange rate (normalized to unity). Import (M ) on the other hand is
a linear function of total income with a constant import propensity m. Let
1 2 1
I = 3200; G = 4000; X = 800; s = ; τ = ; and m =
2 5 10
51. The equilibrium level of income is given by:
A. 8,000
B. 16,000
C. 10,000
52. At this equilibrium level of income
A. there is trade surplus
B. there is a trade deficit
C. trade is balanced
D. one cannot comment on the trade account without further information
53. Now suppose the government decides to maintain a balanced trade by appropriately
adjusting the tax rate τ (thereby affecting domestic absorption) - without changing the
exchange rate or the amount of government expenditure. Values of other parameters
remain the same. The government

A. can attain this by decreasing the tax rate to 1/5

B. can attain this by increasing the tax rate to 4/5
C. can attain this by simply keeping that tax rate unchanged at 2/5
D. can never attain this objective by adjusting only the tax rate
54. Suppose in an economy banks maintain a cash reserve ratio of 20%. People hold 25% of
their money in currency form and the rest in the form of demand deposits. If government
increases the high-powered money by 2000 units, the corresponding increase in the money
supply would be
A. 5000 units
B. 2000 units
C. 7200 units
55. Consider the standard IS-LM framework with exogenous money supply. Now suppose
the government introduces an endogenous money supply rule such that the money supply
becomes an increasing function of the interest rate. As compared to the standard IS-LM
case, now
A. the IS curve will be flatter and fiscal policy would be more effective
B. the IS curve will be steeper and fiscal policy would be less effective
C. the LM curve will be flatter and fiscal policy would be more effective
D. the LM curve will be steeper and fiscal policy would be less effective
Answer 56,57,58,59 and 60 based on the following information: Consider an economy where
aggregate output is produced by using two factors: capital (K) and labour (L). Aggregate
production technology is given by the following production function:
Yt = αKt + βLt , where α, β > 0
At every point of time both factors are fully employed; each worker is paid a wage rate β
and each unit of capital is paid a rental price α. A constant proportion s of total output is
saved and invested in every period - which augments the capital stock in the next period (no
depreciation of capital). Labour force grows at a constant rate n.
56. This production function violates

A. the neoclassical property of constant returns to scale
B. the neoclassical property of diminishing returns to each factor
C. the neoclassical property of factor returns being equal to the respective marginal
products
D. the neoclassical property of substitutability between capital and labour

57. Let kt = Kt /Lt . The corresponding per capita output, yt , is given by which of the
following equations?
A. yt = α + βkt
B. yt = β(kt )α
C. yt = αkt + β
D. yt = α(kt )β
58. The dynamic equation for capital accumulation per worker is given by
dk
A. dt
= sβktα − nkt
dk
B. dt
= sαkt + sβ − nkt
dk
C. dt
= sαkt − nkt
D. dk
dt
= sαktβ − nkt
59. Let α = 21 ; β = 12; s = 41 ; n = 12 . The corresponding steady state value of capital per
worker is given by
A. 8
B. 36
1
C. (4) 11
D. There does not exist any well-defined steady state value
60. Consider the same set of parameter values as above. An increase in the savings ratio
A. unambiguously increases the steady state value of capital per worker
B. unambiguously decreases the steady state value of capital per worker
C. leaves the steady state value of capital per worker unchanged
D. has an ambiguous effect; a steady state may not exist if the savings ratio
increases sufficiently

9 DSE 2014
1. Suppose that we classify all households into one of two states, rich and poor. The
probability of a particular generation being in either of these states depends only on the
state in which their parents were. If a parent is poor today, their child is likely to be
poor with probability 0.7. If a parent is rich today, their child is likely to be poor with
probability 0.6. What is the probability that the great grandson of a poor man will be
poor?
A. 0.72
B. 0.67
C. 0.62
D. 0.78
2. Consider the experiment of tossing two fair coins. Let the event A be a head on the first
coin, the event C be a head on the second coin, the event D be that both coins match
and the event G be two heads. Which of the following is false?
A. C and D are statistically independent
B. A and G are statistically independent
C. A and D are statistically independent
D. A and C are statistically independent
3. Let Y denote the number of heads obtained when 3 fair coins are tossed. Then the
expectation of Z = 4 + 5Y 2 is
A. 17
B. 18
C. 19
4. Let Y denote the number of heads obtained when 3 fair coins are tossed. Then the
variance of Z = 4 + 5Y 2 is
A. 185.5
B. 178.5
C. 187.5
5. Let events E, F and G be pairwise independent with Pr(G) > 0 and Pr(E ∩ F ∩ G) = 0.
Let X c denote the complement of event X. Then Pr(E c ∩ F c |G) =
A. Pr(E c ) + Pr(F c )
B. Pr(E c ) − Pr(F c )
C. Pr(E c ) − Pr(F )


n+1
1
6. Let an = 1 + , n = 1, 2, . . . Then the sequence (an )∞
n=1
n
A. is an increasing sequence
B. first increases, then decreases
C. is a decreasing sequence
D. first decreases, then increases
7. Let M , A, B, C be respectively the four matrices below:

4 7 1 1 1 2 1 1
, , ,
7 9 1 1 3 4 4 5
Then M = xA + yB + zY ,
A. but x, y, z are not unique.
B. z = −1
C. z = −1 and z = −2 both can hold
D. x, y, z are unique but z = 2
8. Let f be a continuous function from [a, b] to [a, b], and is differentiable on (a, b). We will
say that point y ∈ [a, b] is a fixed point of f if y = f (y). If the derivative f 0 (x) 6= 1 for
any x ∈ (a, b), then f has
A. multiple, and an odd number of, fixed points
B. no fixed points in [a, b]
C. multiple, but an even number of, fixed points
D. exactly one fixed point in [a, b]
9. Which of the following statements is true for all real numbers a, b with a < b?
A. sin b − sin a ≤ b − a
B. sin b − sin a ≥ b − a
C. | sin b − sin a| ≥ b − a
D. | sin b − sin a| ≤ |b − a|
10. Let O(0, 0), P (3, 4) and Q(6, 0) be the vertices of a triangle OP Q. If a point S in the
interior of the OP Q is such that triangles OP S, P QS and OQS have equal area, then
the coordinates of S are:
A. (4/3, 3)
B. (3, 2/3)
C. (3, 4/3)
D. (4/3, 2/3)

11. 5 men and 5 women are seated randomly in a single row of chairs. The expected number
of women sitting next to at least one man equals
A. 11/3
B. 13/3
C. 35/9
D. 37/9
12. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix such that M 2 = M . Which of the following is necessarily true?
A. M is invertible
B. det(M ) = 0
C. det(M 5 ) = det(M )
13. Suppose a straight line in R3 passes through the point (−1, 3, 3) in the direction of the
vector (1, 2, 3). The line will intersect with the xy-plane at point
A. (2, −1, 0)
B. (1, 3, 0)
C. (3, 1, 0)
14. X is a random variable. Which of the following statements is always true?

A. The expectation of X exists.
B. The distribution function of X is strictly increasing
C. X has a median
15. Consider two disjoint events A and B in a sample space S. Which of the following is
correct?
A. A and B are always independent
B. A and B cannot be independent
C. A and B are independent if both of them have positive probability
The following information is the starting point for Q16 − 20. Consider an exchange economy
with two agents, 1 and 2, and two goods, X and Y . Agent 1’s endowment is (0,10) and
agent 2 ’s endowment is (11,0) . Agent 1 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to bundle (c, d) if,
either a > c, or a = c and b > d. Agent 2 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to bundle (c, d) if
min{a, b} > min{c, d}. For both agents, we say that bundle (a, b) is indifferent to bundle
(c, d) if, neither (a, b), nor (c, d), is strictly preferred to the other.
16. This exchange economy has

A. one competitive equilibrium allocation

B. two competitive equilibrium allocations
C. an infinite number of competitive equilibrium allocations
D. no competitive equilibrium allocations
17. Which of the following changes makes (px , py ) = (1, 0) a competitive equilibrium price
vector?
A. agent 2’s endowment changes to (9, 0)
B. agent 2’s endowment changes to (10, 0)
C. agent 1’s endowment changes to (0, 12)
18. Suppose only agent 2’s preferences are changed. The changed preferences of agent 2’s
become identical to those of agent 1. Then,
A. there is no equilibrium price ratio
B. both of the following are true
C. px /py = 0 is an equilibrium price ratio
D. py /px = 0 is an equilibrium price ratio
19. Suppose only agent 2’s preferences are changed. The changed preferences is such that
agent 2 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to bundle (c, d) if, either b > d, or b = d and a > c.
Then,
D. px /py > 0 is an equilibrium price ratio
E. px /py = 10/11 is an equilibrium price ratio
20. Suppose only agent 1’s preferences are changed. The changed preferences of agent 1’s
become identical to those of agent 2. Then,
D. py /px = 0 is an equilibrium price ratio
21. 5 men and 5 women are seated randomly in a single circle of chairs. The expected
number of women sitting next to at least 1 man equals
A. 23/6
B. 25/6

C. 4
D. 17/4
22. Ms. A selects a number X randomly from the uniform distribution on [0, 1]. Then Mr. B
repeatedly, and independently, draws numbers Y1 , Y2 , . . . from the uniform distribution
on [0, 1], until he gets a number larger than X/2, then stops. The expected number of
draws that Mr. B makes equals
A. 2 ln 2
B. ln 2
C. 2/e
D. 6/e
23. Ms. A selects a number X randomly from the uniform distribution on [0, 1]. Then Mr. B
repeatedly, and independently, draws numbers Y1 , Y2 , . . . from the uniform distribution
on [0, 1], until he gets a number larger than X/2, then stops. The expected sum of the
number Mr. B draws, given X = x, equals
A. ln 2
B. 1/(1 − 21 )
C. 1/(2 − x)
D. 3/(1 − 21 )
24. There are two fair coins (i.e. Heads and Tails are equally likely for tosses of both). Coin
1 is tossed 3 times. Let X be the number of Heads that occur. After this, Coin 2 is
tossed X times. Let Y be the number of Heads we get with Coin 2. The probability
Pr(X ≥ 2|Y = 1) equals
A. 1/2
B. 4/7
C. 2/3
D. 11/18
E. 10/18
25. Two independent random variables X and Y have the same probability density functions:
(
c(1 + x) x ∈ [0, 1]
f (x) =
0 otherwise
Then the variance of their sum, V(X + Y ) equals

A. 2/9
B. 13/81
C. 4/45

D. 5/18
26. Suppose two restaurants are going to be located at a street that is ten kilometres long.
The location of each restaurant will be chosen randomly. What is the probability that
they will be located less than five kilometres apart?
A. 1/4
B. 1/2
C. 3/4
D. 1/3
27. Consider the linear regression model: yi = β1 D1i +β2 D2i +i , where D1i = 1 if 1 ≤ i ≤ N
and D1i = 0 if N + 1 ≤ i ≤ n for some 1 < N < n and D2i = 1 − D1i . Can this model
be estimated using least squares?
A. No, because D1 and D2 are perfectly collinear
B. Yes, and it is equivalent to running two separate regressions of y on D1 and y
on D2, respectively
C. No, because there is no variability in D1 and D2
D. Yes, provided an intercept term is included.
28. Consider the least squares regression of y on a single variable x. Which of the following
statements is true about such a regression?
A. The coefficient of determination R2 is always equal to the squared correlation
coefficient between y and x
B. The coefficient of determination R2 is equal to the squared correlation coeffi-
cient between y and x only if there is no intercept in the equation
C. The coefficient of determination R2 is equal to the squared correlation coeffi-
cient between y and x only if there is an intercept in the equation
D. There is no relationship between the coefficient of determination R2 and the
squared correlation coefficient between y and x
29. An analyst runs two least squares regressions: first, of y on a single variable x, and
second of x on y. In both cases, she decides to include an intercept term. Which of the
following is true of what she finds?
A. The slope coefficient of the first regression will be the inverse of the slope
coefficient of the second regression; this will also be true of the associated
t-ratios
B. The slope coefficients will be different, the associated t-ratios will also be
different, but the R2 from the two regressions will be the same
C. The slope coefficients will be different, but the associated t-ratios and the R2
from the two regressions will be the same

D. The slope coefficient will be the inverse of each other, the associated t-ratios
will also be the inverse of each other, but the R2 from the two regressions will
be the same
30. Consider the two regression models
(i) y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + u
(ii) y = γ0 + γ1 Z1 + γ2 Z2 + v
where variables Z1 and Z2 are distinct from X1 and X2 . Assume u ∼ N (0, σu2 ) and
v ∼ N (0, σv2 ) and the models are estimated using ordinary least squares. If the true
model is (i) then which of the following is true?
A. E[β̂1 ] = E[γ̂1 ] = β1 and E[σ̂v2 ] = σu2
B. E[σ̂v2 ] ≥ σu2
C. E[σ̂v2 ] ≤ σu2
D. None of the above as the two models cannot be compared

The following information is the starting point for Q 31 - 35. Please read it carefully before
you proceed to answer.
Consider an economy consisting of N identical firms producing a single final commodity
to be used for consumption as well as investment purposes. Each firm is endowed with a
Cobb-Douglas production technology, such that
α i 1−α
Yti = Kti Lt ; 0<α<1
where Kti and Lit denote the amounts of capital and labor employed by the i-th firm at time
period t. The final commodity is the numeraire; wage rate for labour (wt ) and the rental
rate for capital (rt ) are measured in terms of the final commodity. The firms are perfectly
competitive and employ labor and capital so as to maximise their profits - taking the factor
prices as given. The aggregate output produced is thus given by:
N
X α 1−α
Yt = Kti Lit = (Kt )α (Lt )1−α ,
i=1
PN i
PN i
where Kt = i=1 Kt and Lt = i=1 Lt are the total capital and labor employed in the
aggregate economy in period t.
Labor and Capital on the other hand are provided by the households. There are H identical
households, each endowed with kth units of capital and 1 unit of labor at the beginning of
period t. Capital stock of the households gets augmented over time due to the savings and
investment made by the households. In particular, each household saves and invests exactly
half of its total income yth - (which includes its labour as well as capital income) in every
dk h 1
period and consumes the rest, such that t = yth (There is no depreciation of capital).
dt 2
The entire capital endowment at the beginning of every period is supplied inelastically to the
market at the given rental rate (rt ). Labor supply however is endogenous and responds to
the market wage rate. Out of the total endowment of 1 unit of labour, a household optimally
supplies lth units so as to maximise its utility:
δ
Uth = wt lth − lth ; δ>1
where the first term captures the (indirect) utility derived from labour earnings while the
second term captures the dis-utility of labour.
31. The labor demand schedule for the aggregate economy is given by the following function:
1/α
1
A. Lt = Kt
wt
1/α
1−α
B. Lt = N Kt
wt
1/α
1−α
C. Lt = Kt
wt

32. The aggregate labour supply schedule by the households is given by the following func-
tion:  h i
wt 1/(δ−1)
H for wt < w̄ ≡ (δ)1/(δ−1)

S
A. Lt = δ
H for wt ≥ w̄
 h i
wt 1/(δ−1)
H for wt < ŵ ≡ δ

B. LSt = δ
H for wt ≥ ŵ
 1/(δ−1)
 Hwt

for wt < ŵ ≡ δ
C. LSt = δ
for wt ≥ ŵ

1
33. The market clearing wage rate in the short run (period t) is given by:

" # α(δ−1)
1/α α+δ−1
−


 K t (1 α) H

 for Kt < ≡ K̂
H δ

∗
A. wt = "
1/α α
#

 K t (1 − α)

 for Kt ≥ K̂
H



" # α(δ−1) 1/α
1/α α+δ−1
−


 K t (1 α) δ

 for Kt < H ≡ K̄
H 1−α

∗
B. wt = "
1/α α
#

 K t (1 − α)

 for Kt ≥ K̄
H



" # α(δ−1) 1/α
1/α 1/(δ−1) α+δ−1
Kt (1 − α) (δ)


 δ

 for Kt < H ≡ K̄
H 1−α

∗
C. wt = " #α

 Kt (1 − α)1/α

 for Kt ≥ K̄
H


34. Equilibrium output in the short run (period t):

1/α
δ
A. is a strictly convex function of Kt for Kt < H ≡ K̄; and is a
1−α
strictly concave function of Kt for Kt ≥ K̄
B. is a strictly concave function of Kt for all values of Kt
C. is a strictly convex function of Kt for all values of Kt
D. is a linear function of Kt for all values of Kt
35. Over time the aggregate output in this economy

A. initially increases until Kt < K̄, and then reaches a constant value within finite
time when Kt ≥ K̄
B. initially decreases until Kt < K̄, and then reaches a constant value within
finite time when Kt ≥ K̄
C. keep increasing at a decreasing rate and approaches a constant value only in
the very long run (when t → ∞)
D. increases at a constant rate until Kt < K̄; increases at a decreasing rate when
Kt ≥ K̄ and approaches a constant value only in the very long run (when
t → ∞)

The following information is the starting point for Q 36 - 40. Please read it carefully before
you proceed to answer.
Consider an economy consisting of N identical firms producing a single final commodity
to be used for consumption as well as investment purposes. Each firm is endowed with a
Cobb-Douglas production technology, such that
α i 1−α
Yti = Kti Lt ; 0<α<1
where Kti and Lit denote the amounts of capital and labor employed by the i-th firm at time
period t. The final commodity is the numeraire; wage rate for labour (wt ) and the rental
rate for capital (rt ) are measured in terms of the final commodity. The firms are perfectly
competitive and employ labor and capital so as to maximise their profits - taking the factor
prices as given. The aggregate output produced is thus given by:
N
X α 1−α
Yt = Kti Lit = (Kt )α (Lt )1−α ,
i=1
PN i
PN i
where Kt = i=1 Kt and Lt = i=1 Lt are the total capital and labor employed in the
aggregate economy in period t.
Labor and Capital on the other hand are provided by the households. There are H identical
households, each endowed with kth units of capital and 1 unit of labor at the beginning of
period t. Capital stock of the households gets augmented over time due to the savings and
investment made by the households. In particular, each household saves and invests exactly
half of its total income yth - (which includes its labour as well as capital income) in every
dk h 1
period and consumes the rest, such that t = yth (There is no depreciation of capital).
dt 2
The entire capital endowment at the beginning of every period is supplied inelastically to the
market at the given rental rate (rt ). Labor supply however is endogenous and responds to
the market wage rate. Out of the total endowment of 1 unit of labour, a household optimally
supplies lth units so as to maximise its utility:
(
h wt lth − D (D > 0) for lth > 0
Ut =
0 for lth = 0
For the case lth > 0, the first term captures the (indirect) utility derived from labour earnings
while the constant term D captures the dis-utility of labour - which is independent of quantity
of labour supplied.
36. The new aggregate labour supply schedule by the households is given by the following
function:

D
0 for wt < w ≡

S
A. Lt = H
H for w ≥ w
t
B. LSt = H for all values of wt

(
0 for wt < w̃ ≡ D
C. LSt =
H for wt ≥ w̃
37. The new market clearing wage rate in the short run (period t) is given by:
 1/α
D
≡ K̃

D for Kt < H


∗
1−α
A. wt = " #α
Kt (1 − α)1/α
for Kt ≥ K̃



 H
B. wt∗ = D for all values of Kt

" # α(δ−1)
1/α α+δ−1
 Kt (1 − α)

 H

 for Kt < ≡ K̂
H D

∗
C. wt = "
1/α α
#
K t (1 − α)



 for Kt ≥ K̂
H


38. An increase in the number of firms (N )

A. leaves the wage rate unchanged in the short run (until Kt < K̃) and increases
it thereafter
B. increases the wage rate in the short run (until Kt < K̂) and leaves it unchanged
thereafter
C. leaves the wage rate unchanged irrespective of Kt
39. The new equilibrium output in the short run (period t)

1/α
D
A. is a linear function of Kt for Kt < H ≡ K̃, and is strictly concave
1−α
function of Kt for Kt ≥ K̃
B. is a strictly concave function of Kt for all values of Kt
C. is a strictly convex function of Kt for all values of Kt
D. is a linear function of Kt for all values of Kt
40. Over time the aggregate output in this economy

A. initially increases until Kt < K̃, and then reaches a constant value within finite
time when Kt ≥ K̃
B. initially decreases until Kt < K̃, and then reaches a constant value within
finite time when Kt ≥ K̃

C. increases at a constant rate until Kt < K̃; increases at a decreasing rate when
Kt ≥ K̃ and approaches a constant value only in the very long run (when
t → ∞)
√
41. limn→∞ n n =
A. 0
B. 0.5
C. 1
D. 2

2 1
42. lim x cos =
x→0 x
A. −1
B. 0
C. 1
D. The limit does not exist
43. Suppose A1 , A2 , . . . is a countably infinite family of subsets of a vector space. Suppose

all of these sets are linearly independent, and that A1 ⊆ A2 ⊆ · · · Then ∪∞ i=1 Ai is
A. a linearly independent set of vectors

B. a linearly dependent set of vectors
C. linearly independent provided the vectors are orthogonal
D. not necessarily either dependent or independent
44. If u and v are distinct vectors and k and t are distinct scalars, then the vectors u+k(u−v)
and u + t(u − v)
A. are linearly independent
B. may be identical
C. are linearly dependent
D. are distinct
45. Let d((x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )) = max{|x1 − y1 |, |x2 − y2 |} be the distance between two points
(x1 , x2 ) and (y1 , y2 ) on the plane. Then the locus of points at distance 1 from the origin
is
A. a square with side length = 1
√
B. a square with side length = 2
C. a square with side length = 2
D. a circle with radius = 1

46. The set of all pairs of positive integers a, b with a < b such that ab = ba
A. is an empty set
B. consists of a single pair
C. consists of multiple, but finite number of pairs
D. is countably infinite
47. Suppose c is a given positive real number. The equation ln x = cx2 must have a solution
if
A. c < 1/(2e)
B. c < 1/e
C. c > 1/(2e)
D. c > (1/e)
48. Sania’s boat is at point A on the sea. The closest point on land, point B, is 2 km away.
Point C on land is 6 km from point B, such that triangle (ABC) is right-angled at point
B. Sania wishes to reach point C, by rowing to some point P on the line BC, ¯ and jog
the remaining distance to C. If she rows 2 km per hour and jogs 5 km per hour, at what
distance from point B should she choose her landing point P , in order to minimise her
time to reach point C?
√
A. 21/ 4
√
B. 4/ 21
√
C. 4/ 12
√
D. 21/ 21
49. Suppose Aj , j = 1, 2, . . . are non-empty sets of real numbers. Define the sets Cn = ∩∞ ∞
k=n ∪j=k Aj , n =
1, 2, . . .. Which of the choices below must then hold for a given n? (where the symbol
⊂ stands for ‘strict subset’).
A. Cn ⊂ Cn+1
B. Cn+1 ⊂ Cn
C. Cn = Cn+1
D. None of the above need hold
50. Suppose x and y are given integers. Consider the following statements:
A. ] If 2x + 3y is divisible by 17, then 9x + 5y is divisible by 17.
B. ] If 9x + 5y is divisible by 17, then 2x + 3y is divisible by 17.
Which of the following is true?
A. A is true and B is false
B. B is true and A is false
C. Both A and B are true

D. Neither A nor B is true

The following information is the starting point for Q 51 - 52. Consider an exchange economy
with two goods. Suppose agent i and j have the same preferences. Moreover, suppose their
preferences have the following property: if (a, b) and (c, d) are distinct bundles that are
indifferent to each other, then the bundle ((a + c)/2, (b + d)/2) is strictly preferred to (a, b)
and (c, d).
51. In a Pareto efficient allocation, i and j

A. will get the same bundle
B. may get different bundles
C. will get the same bundle, provided their endowments are identical
D. will get the same bundle, provided their endowments are identical and the
preferences are monotonically increasing
52. In a competitive equilibrium allocation, i and j

A. will get the same bundle
B. may get different bundles
C. will get the same bundle, if their endowments are identical
D. will get the same bundle, only if their endowments are identical and the pref-
erences are monotonically increasing
The following information is the starting point for Q 53 - 55. Two firms produce the same
commodity. Let x1 and x2 be the quantity choices of firms 1 and 2 respectively. The total
quantity is X = x1 + x2 . The inverse demand function is P = a − bX, where P is the market
price, and a and b are the intercept and the slope parameters respectively. Firms 1 and 2
have constant average costs equal to c1 and c2 respectively. Suppose b > 0, 0 < c1 < c2 < a
and a + c1 > 2c2 .
53. In a Cournot equilibrium,

A. firm 1 has the larger market share and the larger profit
B. firm 2 has the larger market share and the larger profit
C. firm 1 has the larger market share and the smaller profit
D. firm 2 has the larger market share and the smaller profit
54. If a increases, then

A. the market share of firm 1 increases and price increases
B. the market share of firm 1 decreases and price increases
C. the market share of firm 1 increases and price decreases
D. the market share of firm 1 decreases and price decreases
55. If b decreases, then

A. the price and market share of firm 1 increase

B. the price and market share of firm 1 decrease
C. the market shares are unchanged and price increases
D. neither price, nor market shares, change
56. Suppose that an economy has endowment of K units of capital and L units of labour.
Two final goods X1 and X2 can be produced by the following technologies,
√ √
X1 = kl, X2 = l
where k is quantity of capital and l is quantity of labour. Find the production possibility
frontier.
A. X12 + KX22 = KL
B. X12 + X22 = KL
√ √
C. X1 + KX2 = KL
D. X1 + X22 = KL
57. A two-person two commodity economy has social endowment of x = 1 unit of food and
y = 1 unit of wine. Agents preferences are increasing in own consumption but decreasing
in wine consumption of the other person. Preferences of agents A and B are as follows,
uA (xA , yA , yB ) = xA [1 + max(yA − yB , 0)], uB (xB , yB , yA ) = xB [1 + max(yB − yA , 0)],
where A consumes xA and yA units of x and y respectively, similarly B’s consumption

is xB and yB . Which of the following is a Pareto optimum allocation.
A. xA = 41 , xB = 34 , yA = yB = 1
2
B. xA = xB = 12 , yA = 14 , yB = 3
4
C. xA = 14 , xB = 34 , yA = 1, yB = 0
D. xA = 41 , xB = 34 , yA = 0, yB = 1
58. A two-person two-goods pure exchange economy. The initial endowment vectors are
e1 = (1, 0) and e2 = (0, 1). The two individuals have identical preferences represented
by the utility functions:
(
1 when x + y < 1
u1 (x, y) = u2 (x, y) =
x + y, when x + y ≥ 1
where x is the quantity of the first good and y is the quantity of the second good. For
this economy the set of Pareto optimum allocations
A. consists of the entire Edgeworth box
B. is just the equal division of goods
C. is a null set

D. is {((0, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 0))}
59. A monopolist seller produces a good with constant marginal cost c ≥ 0. The monopolist
sells the entire
√output to a consumer whose utility from consuming x units of the product
is given by θ x − t, where t is the payment made by the consumer to the monopolist.
Suppose, consumer’s outside option is 0, i.e., if she does not buy the good from the
monopolist, she gets 0 utility. Then, the monopolist’s profit is
A. θ/(4c)
B. θ2 /(4c)
C. cθ2
D. cθ/2
60. Consider an economy consisting of n ≥ 2 individuals with preference relations defined

over the set of alternatives X. Let S = {a, b, c, d, e} and T = {a, b, c, d} be two subsets
of X. Now consider the following statements:
• A. If a is Pareto optimal (PO) with respect to set S, then a is PO with respect to

set T .
• B. If a is PO with respect to set T , then a is PO with respect to set S.
• C. If a is PO with respect to set S and b is not PO with respect to set T , then a
is Pareto superior to b.
• D. If a is the only PO alternative in set S and b is not PO with respect to set S,
then a is Pareto superior to b.
How many of the above statements are necessarily correct?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

10 DSE 2015
1. There are two individuals, 1 and 2. Suppose, they are offered a lottery that gives Rs
160 or Rs 80 each with probability equal to 1/2. The alternative to the lottery is a
fixed amount of money given to the individual. Assume that individuals are expected
utility maximizers. Suppose, individual 1 will prefer to get Rs 110 with certainty over
the lottery. However, Individual 2 is happy receiving a sure sum of Rs 90 rather than
facing the lottery. Which of the following statements is correct? Given these statements,
which of the following is true?
A. both individuals are risk averse
B. 2 is risk averse but 1 loves risk
C. 1 is risk averse but 2 loves risk
2. Consider an exchange economy with agents 1 and 2 and goods x and y. The agents’
preferences over x and y are given. If it rains, 1’s endowment is (10, 0) and 2’s endowment
is (0, 10). If it shines, 1’s endowment is (0, 10) and 2’s endowment is (10, 0)
A. the set of Pareto efficient allocations is independent of whether it rains or
shines
B. the set of Pareto efficient allocations will depend on the weather
C. the set of Pareto efficient allocations may depend on the weather
D. whether the set of Pareto efficient allocations varies with the weather depends
on the preference of the agents
3. Deadweight loss is a measure of

A. change in consumer welfare
B. change in producer welfare
C. change in social welfare
D. change in social inequality
4. To regulate a natural monopolist with cost function C(q) = a + bq, the government has
to subsidize the monopolist under
A. average cost pricing
B. marginal cost pricing
C. non-linear pricing
D. all of the above
5. Suppose an economic agent lexicographically prefers x to y, then her indifference curves

are
A. straight lines are parallel to the x axis

B. straight lines are parallel to the y axis

C. convex sets
D. L shaped curves
The following
Two questions are based on the function f : R2 → R given by
0 for (x, y) = (0, 0)
f (x, y) = xy for (x, y) ∈ R2
2
x +y 2 for (x, y) 6
= (0, 0)
6. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. f is continuous and has partial derivatives at all points
B. f is discontinuous but has partial derivatives at all points
C. f is continuous but does not have partial derivatives at all points
D. f is discontinuous and does not have partial derivatives at all points
7. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. f is continuous and differentiable
B. f is discontinuous and differentiable
C. f is continuous but not differentiable
D. f is discontinuous and non-differentiable
8. Consider the following system of equations:
x + 2y + 2z − s + 2t = 0
x + 2y + 3z + s + t = 0
3x + 6y + 8z + s + 4t = 0
The dimension of the solution space of this system of equations is

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Pn
9. The vectors
Pn v0 , v1 , ..., vn in Rm are said to be affinely independent if with scalars c0 , c1 , ..., cn , i=0 ci vi
and i=0 ci = 0 implies ci = 0 for i = 0, 1, ..., n. For such an affinely independent set of
vectors, which of the following is an implication:
(I) v0 , v1 , ..., vn are linearly independent.

(II) (v1 − v0 ), (v2 − v0 ), ..., (vn − v0 ) are linearly independent.
(III) n ≤ m.
A. Only I and II are true
B. Only I and III are true

C. Only II is true
D. Only II and III are true
10. R2 → R2 be a linear mapping (i.e., for every pair of vectors (x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 ) and scalars
c1 , c2 , F (c1 (x1 , x2 ) + c2 (y1 , y2 )) = c1 F (x1 , x2 ) + c2 F (y1 , y2 ). Suppose F (1, 2) = (2, 3) and
F (0, 1) = (1, 4). Then in general, F (x1 , x2 ) equals
A. (x2 , 4x2 )
B. (x2 , x1 + x2 )
C. (1 + x1 , 4x2 )
D. (x2 , −5x1 + 4x2 )
11. A correlation coefficient of 0.2 between Savings and Investment implies that:
A. A unit change in Income leads to a less than 20 percent increase in Savings
B. A unit change in Income leads to a 20 percent increase in Savings
C. A unit change in Income may cause Savings to increase by less than or more
than 20
D. If we plot Savings against Income, the points would lie more or less on a
straight line
12. In a simple regression model estimated using OLS, the covariance between the estimated
errors and the regressors is zero by construction. This statement is:
A. True only if the regression model contains an intercept term
B. True only if the regression model does not contain an intercept term
C. True irrespective of whether the regression model contains an intercept term
D. False
13. Consider the uniform distribution over the interval [a, b].
A. The mean of this distribution depends on the length of the interval, but the
variance does not
B. The mean of this distribution does not depend on the length of the interval,
but the variance does
C. Neither the mean, nor the variance, of this distribution depends on the length
of the interval
D. The mean and the variance of this distribution depend on the length of the
interval
The next Two questions are based on the following information. Let F : R → R
be a (cumulative) distribution function. Define b : [0, 1] → R by
(
0 if c = 0
b(c) =
inf F −1 ([c, 1]), if c ∈ (0, 1]

14. If F has a jump at x, say c = F (x) > a ≥ F (x−), then

A. b has a jump at c
B. b has a jump at a
C. b is strictly increasing over (a, c)
D. b is constant over (a, c)
15. If F is constant over (x, y) with F (z) < F (x) for every z < x, then
A. b has a jump at y
B. b has a jump at x
C. b is continuous at F (x)
D. b is decreasing over [0, F (x)]
The following set of information is relevant for the next Four questions.
Consider a closed economy where at any period t the actual output (Yt ) is demand-
determined. Aggregate demand on the other hand has two components: consumption
demand (Ct ) and investment demand (It ). Both consumption and investment demands
depend on agents’ expectation about period t output (Yte ) in the following way:
Ct = αYte ; 0 < α < 1 ,

It = γ(Yte )2 ; γ > 0
16. Suppose agents have static expectations. Static expectation implies that
A. in every period agents expect the previous period’s actual value to prevail
B. in every period agents adjust their expected value by a constant positive frac-
tion of the expectational error made in the previous period
C. in every period agents use all the information available in that period so that
the expected value can differ from the actual value if and only if there is a
stochastic element present
17. Under static expectations, starting from any given initial level of actual output Y0 6=
1−α
, in the long run the actual output in this economy
γ
A. will always go to zero
B. will always go to infinity
1−α
C. will always go to a finite positive value given by
γ
1−α
D. will go to zero or infinity depending on whether Y0 > or <
γ
18. Suppose now agents have rational expectations. Rational expectation implies that

A. in every period agents expect the previous period’s actual value to prevail
B. in every period agents adjust their expected value by a constant positive frac-
tion of the expectational error made in the previous period
C. in every period agents use all the information available in that period so that
the expected value can differ from the actual value if and only if there is a
stochastic element present
19. Under rational expectations, in the long run the actual output in this economy
A. will always go to zero
B. will always go to infinity
1−α
C. will always go to a finite positive value given by
γ
D. will go to zero or infinity depending on agent’s expectations
20. Suppose we conduct n independent Bernoulli trials, each with probability of success p. If
k is such that the probability of k successes is equal to the probability of k + 1 successes,
then
A. (n + 1)p = n(1 + p)
B. np = (n − 1)(1 + p)
C. np is a positive integer
D. (n + 1)p is a positive integer
The next Two questions are based on the following. Consider a pure exchange economy
with three persons: 1 , 2, 3 and two goods x and y.
The utilities are given by u1 (.) = xy, u2 (.) = x3 y and u3 (.) = xy 2 , respectively.
21. If the endowments are (2,0), (0,12) and (12,0), respectively, then
A. an equilibrium price ratio does not exist
B. px /py = 1 is an equilibrium price ratio
C. px /py > 1 is an equilibrium price ratio
D. px /py < 1 is an equilibrium price ratio
22. If the endowments are (0,2), (12,0) and (0,12), respectively, then
A. an equilibrium price ratio does not exist
B. equilibrium price ratio is the same as in the above question
C. px /py < 1 is an equilibrium price ratio
D. px /py > 1 is an equilibrium price ratio

The next Two questions are based on the following information. A city has a single
electricity supplier. Electricity production cost is Rs. c per unit. There are two types of
customers. Utility function for type i is given by ui (q, t) = θi ln(1 + q) − t , where q is
electricity consumption and t is electricity tariff. High type customers are more energy
efficient, that is, θH > θL ; moreover θL > c.
23. Suppose the supplier can observe type of the consumer, i.e., whether θ = θH or θ = θL .
If the supplier decides to sell package (qH , tH ) to those for whom θ = θH and (qL , tL ) to
those for whom θ = θL , then profit maximizing tariffs will be
θH θL
A. tH = c ln( ) and tL = c ln( )
c c
θH
B. tH = θH ln( ) and tL = 0
c
θH θL
C. tH = θH ln( ) and tL = θL ln( )
c c
θH + θL
D. tH = tL = c ln( )
c
24. Now, assume that the supplier cannot observe type of the consumer. Suppose, he puts
on offer both of the packages that he would offer in the above question. If consumers
are free to choose any of the offered packages, then
A. Both types will earn zero utility
B. Only low type can earn positive utility
C. Only high type can earn positive utility
D. Both types can earn positive utility
25. Suppose buyers of ice-cream are uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1]. Ice-cream
sellers 1 and 2 simultaneously locate on the interval, each locating so to maximize her
market share given the location of the rival. Each seller’s market share corresponds
to the proportion of buyers who are located closer to her location than to the rival’s
location
A. Both will locate at 1/2
B. One will locate at 1/4 and the other at 3/4
C. One will locate at 0 and the other at 1
D. One will locate at 1/3 and the other at 2/3
26. In the context of previous question, suppose it is understood by all players that seller 3
will locate on [0, 1] after observing the simultaneous location choices of sellers 1 and 2.
Seller 3 aims to maximize market share given the locations of 1 and 2. The locations of
sellers 1 and 2 are as follows:
A. Both will locate at 1/2
B. One will locate at 1/4 and the other at 3/4

C. One will locate at 0 and the other at 1

D. One will locate at 1/3 and the other at 2/3
27. Consider a government and two citizens. The government has to decide whether to
create a public good, say a park, at cost Rs 100. The value of the park is Rs 30 to the
citizen 1 and Rs 60 to citizen 2; each valuation is private information for the relevant
citizen and not known to the government. The government asks the citizens to report
their valuations, say r1 and r2 . It cannot verify the truthfulness of the reports. It decides
to build the park if r1 + r2 ≥ 100, in which case, citizen 1 will pay the tax 100 - r2 and
citizen 2 will pay the tax 100 - r1 . If the park is not built, then no taxes are imposed.
The reported valuations will be
A. r1 < 30 and r2 > 60
B. r1 > 30 and r2 < 60
C. r1 = 60 and r2 = 30
D. r1 = 30 and r2 = 60
28. In the context of the previous question, suppose the only change is that citizen 1’s
valuation rises to 50 and the same procedure is followed, then
A. The park will be built and result in a government budget surplus of Rs 10
B. The park will be built and result in a government budget deficit of Rs 10
C. The park will be built and result in a government balanced budget
D. The park will not be built
29. Consider the following two games in which player 1 chooses a row and player 2 chooses
a column.
Hawk Hawk Dove

Enter −1, 1 Enter −1, 1 3, 3
N ot enter 0, 6 N ot enter 0, 6 0, 7
Analysis of these games shows

A. Having an extra option cannot hurt
B. Having an extra option cannot hurt as long as it dominates other options
C. Having an extra option can hurt if the other player is irrational
D. Having an extra option can hurt if the other player is rational
30. Consider an exchange economy with agents 1 and 2 and goods x and y. Agent 1 lexico-
graphically prefers x to y. Agent 2’s utility function is min{x, y}. Agent 1’s endowment
is (0, 10) and agent 2’s endowment is (10, 0). The competitive equilibrium price ratio,
px /py , for this economy
A. can be any positive number

B. is greater than 1
C. is less than 1
D. does not exist
31. Consider a strictly increasing , differentiable function u : R2 → R and the equations:
D1 u(x1 , x2 ) p1
= and
D2 u(x1 , x2 ) p2
p1 x1 + p2 x2 = w,
where p1 , p2 , w are strictly positive. What additional assumptions will guarantee the
existence of continuously differentiable functions x1 (p1 , p2 , w) and x2 (p1 , p2 , w) that will
solve these equations for all strictly positive p1 , p2 , w?
A. u is injective
B. u is bijective
C. u is twice continuously differentiable
D. u is twice continuously differentiable and
" #
D11 u(x1 , x2 )p2 − D12 u(x1 , x2 )p1 D12 u(x1 , x2 )p2 − D2 2u(x1 , x2 )p1
is nonsin-
p1 p2
gular
32. As n ↑ ∞ , the sequence (−1)n (1 + n−1 )

A. converges to 1
B. converges to -1
C. converges to both -1 and 1
D. does not converge
33. The set (0, 1) can be expressed as

A. the union of a finite family of closed intervals
B. the intersection of a finite family of closed intervals
C. the union of an infinite family of closed intervals
D. the intersection of an infinite family of closed intervals
34. The set [0, 1] can be expressed as

A. the union of a finite family of open intervals
B. the intersection of a finite family of open intervals
C. the union of an infinite family of open intervals
D. the intersection of an infinite family of open intervals

The following information is used in the next Two questions. Consider a linear trans-
formation
P : Rn → Rn . Let R(P) = {P x | x ∈ Rn } and N (P) = {x ∈ Rn | P x = 0}.
P is said to be a projector if
(a) every x ∈ Rn can be uniquely written as x = y +z for some y ∈ R(P) and z ∈ N (P),
and
(b) P (y + z) = y for all y ∈ R(P) and z ∈ N (P)
35. If P is a projector, then

A. P 2 = I, where I is the identity mapping
B. P = P −1
C. P 2 = P
D. Both (a) and (b)
36. If P is a projector and Q : Rm → Rn is a linear transformation such that R(P) = R(Q),

then
A. QP = P
B. P Q = Q
C. QP = I
D. P Q = I
37. Suppose that a and b are two consecutive roots of a polynomial function f , with a < b.
Suppose a and b are non-repeated roots. Consequently, f (x) = (x − a)(x − b)g(x) for
some polynomial function g. Consider the statements:
(I) g(a) and g(b) have opposite signs

(II) f 0 (x) = 0 for some x ∈ (a, b)
Of these statements,
A. Both I and II are true
B. Only I is true
C. Only II is true
D. Both I and II are false
38. Suppose f : [0, 1] → R is a twice differentiable function that satisfies D2 f (x)+Df (x) = 1
for every x ∈ (0, 1) and f (0) = 0 = f (1). Then,
A. f does not attain positive values over (0,1)
B. f does not attain negative values over (0,1)
C. f attains positive and negative values over (0,1)
D. f is constant over (0,1)
Pn
39. Suppose x1 , ... , xn are positive and λ1 , ... , λn are non-negative with i=1 λi = 1. Then

Pn
A. i=1 λi xi ≥ xλ1 1 ... xλnn
Pn
B. λi xi < xλ1 1 ... xλnn
i=1
Pn q
C. i=1 λi xi ≤ xλ1 1 ... xλnn
40. Let N = {1, 2, 3, ...}. Suppose there is a bijection, i.e., a one-to-one correspondence (an
“into” and “onto” mapping), between N and a set X. Suppose there is also a bijection
between N and a set Y . Then,
A. there is a bijection between N and X ∪ Y
B. there is a bijection between N and X ∩ Y
C. there is no bijection between N and X ∩ Y
D. there is no bijection between N and X ∪ Y
The next Three questions pertain to the following: A simple linear regression of
wages on gender, run on a sample of 200 individuals, 150 of whom are men, yields the
following
Wi = 300 − 50Di + ui
(20) (10)
where Wi is the wage in Rs per day of the ith individual, Di = 1 if individual i is male,
and 0 otherwise, ui is a classical error term , and the figures in parentheses are standard
errors.
41. What is the average wage in the sample?

A. Rs. 250 per day
B. Rs. 275 per day
C. Rs. 262.50 per day
D. Rs. 267.50 per day
42. The most precise estimate of the difference in wages between men and women would
have been obtained if, among these 200 individuals,
A. There were an equal number (100) of men and women in the sample
B. The ratio of the number of men and women in the sample was the same as the
ratio of their average wages
C. There were at least 30 men and 30 women; this is sufficient for estimation:
precision does not depend on the distribution of the sample across men and
women
43. The explained (regression) sum of squares in this case is:

A. 93750
B. 1406.25
C. 15000
D. This cannot be calculated from the information given
44. A researcher estimate the following two models using OLS

Model A: yi = β0 + β1 Si + β2 Ai + i
Model B: yi = β0 + β1 Si + i
where yi refers to the marks (out of 100) that a student i gets on an exam, Si refers to
the number of hours spent studying for the exam by the student, and Ai is an index of
innate ability (varying continuously from a low ability score of 1 to a high ability score
of 10). i the usual classical error term.
The estimated β1 coefficient is 7.1 for Model A, but 2.1 for Model B; both are statistically
significant. The estimated β2 coefficient is 1.9 and is also significantly different from zero.
This suggests that:
A. Students with lower ability also spend fewer hours studying
B. Students with lower ability spend more time studying
C. There is no way that students of even high ability can get more than 40 marks
45. An analyst estimates the model Y = β1 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + β3 X3 + u using OLS.

But the true β3 = 0. In this case, by including X3
A. there is no harm done as all the estimates would be unbiased and efficient
B. there is a problem because all the estimates would be biased and inconsistent
C. the estimates would be unbiased but would have larger standard errors
D. the estimates may be biased but they would still be efficient
46. Let β̂ be the OLS estimator of the slope coefficient in a regression of Y on X1 . Let β̃ be
the OLS estimator of the coefficient on X1 on a regression of Y on X1 and X2 . Which
of the following is true
A. Var(β̂) < Var(β̃)
B. Var(β̂) > Var(β̃)
C. Var(β̂) < or > Var(β̃)
D. Var(β̂) = Var(β̃)
47. You estimate the multiple regression Y = a + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + u with a large sample. Let
t1 be the test statistic for testing the null hypothesis b1 = 0 and t2 be the test statistic
for testing the null hypothesis b2 = 0. Suppose you test the joint null hypothesis that
b1 = b2 = 0 using the principle ‘reject the null if either t1 or t2 exceeds 1.96 in absolute
value’, taking t1 and t2 to be independently distributed.
A. The probability of error Type 1 is 5 percent in this case

B. The probability of error Type 1 is less than 5 percent in this case

C. The probability of error Type 1 is more than 5 percent in this case
D. The probability of error Type 1 is either 5 percent or less than 5 percent in
this case
48. Four taste testers are asked to independently rank three different brands of chocolate
(A, B, C). The chocolate each tester likes best is given the rank 1, the next 2 and then 3.
After this, the assigned ranks for each of the chocolates are summed across the testers.
Assume that the testers cannot really discriminate between the chocolates, so that each
is assigning her ranks at random. The probability that chocolate A receives a total score
of 4 is given by:
A. 1/4
B. 1/3
C. 1/27
D. 1/81
49. Suppose 0.1 percent of all people in a town have tuberculosis (TB). A TB test is available
but it is not completely accurate. If a person has TB, the test will indicate it with
probability 0.999. If the person does not have TB, the test will erroneously indicate that
s/he does with probability 0.002. For a randomly selected individual, the test shows
that s/he has TB. What is the probability that this person actually has TB?
0.002
A. 0.999
1
B. 1000
1
C. 3
2
D. 3
2
50. There exists a random variable X with mean µX and variance σX for which
P [µX − 2σX ≤ X ≤ µX + 2σX ] = 0.6. This statement is:
2
A. True for any distribution for appropriate choices of µX and σX .
B. True only for the uniform distribution defined over an appropriate interval
2
C. True only for the normal distribution for appropriate choices of µX and σX
D. False
51. Consider a sample size of 2 drawn without replacement from an urn containing three
balls numbered 1, 2, and 3. Let X be the smaller of the two numbers drawn and Y the
larger. The covariance between X and Y is given by
1
A.
9
3
B.
11
11
C.
3

3
D.
4
52. Consider the square with vertices (0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0) and (2, 2). Five points are
independently and randomly chosen from the square. If a point (x, y) satisfies x+2y ≤ 2
, then a pair of dice are rolled. Otherwise, a single die is rolled. Let N be the total
number of dice rolled. For 5 ≤ n ≤ 10, the probability that N = n is
5

A. n−5 (1/2)n−5 (1/2)5−(n−5)
10

B. n−10 (1/4)n−10 (3/4)n
5

C. n−5 (1/4)n−5 (3/4)10−n
10

D. n−10 (1/2)n−10 (1/2)n
53. Suppose S is a set with n > 1 elements and A1 , ..., Am are subsets of S with the following
property: if x, y ∈ S and x 6= y, then there exists i ∈ {1, ..., m} such that, either x ∈ Ai
and y ∈
/ Ai , or y ∈ Ai and x ∈/ Ai . Then the following necessarily holds.
A. n = 2m
B. n ≤ 2m
C. n > 2m
The following set of information is relevant for the next Six questions. Con-
sider the following version of the Solow growth model where the aggregate output at
time t depends on the aggregate capital stock (Kt ) and aggregate labour force (Lt ) in
the following way:
Yt = (Kt )α (Lt )1−α ; 0 < α < 1.
At every point of time there is full employment of both the factors and each factor is
paid its marginal product. Total output is distributed equally to all the households in
the form of wage earnings and interest earnings. Households’ propensity to save from
the two types of earnings differ. In particular, they save sw proportion of their wage
earnings and sr proportion of their interest earnings in every period. All savings are
dK
invested which augments the capital stock over time . There is no depreciation of
dt
capital. The aggregate labour force grows at a constant rate n
54. Let sw = 0 and sr = 1. An increase in the parameter value α

A. unambiguously increases the long run steady state value of the capital-labour
ratio
B. unambiguously decreases the long run steady state value of the capital-labour
ratio
C. increases the long run steady state value of the capital-labour ratio if α > n
D. leaves the long run steady state value of the capital-labour ratio unchanged

55. Now suppose sr = 0 and 0 < sw < 1. An increase in the parameter value n
ratio
ratio
56. Now let both sw and sr be positive fractions such that sw < sr . In the long run, the
capital-labour ratio in this economy
A. approaches zero
B. approaches infinity
1
C. approaches a constant value given by [ (1−α)snw +αsr ] 1−α
1
D. approaches a constant value given by [ αsw +(1−α)s
n
r
]α
57. Suppose now the government imposes a proportional tax on wage earnings at the rate τ
and redistributes the tax revenue in the form of transfers to the capital-owners. People
still save sw proportion of their net (post-tax) wage earnings and sr proportion of their
net (post-transfer) interest earnings. In the new equilibrium, an increase in the tax rate
τ
ratio
ratio
58. Let us now go back to case where both sw and sr are positive fractions such that sw < sr
but without the tax-transfer scheme. However, now let the growth rate of labour force be
endogenous such that it depends on the economy’s capital-labour ratio in the following
way:
(
1 dL Akt for kt < k;
=
L dt 0 for kt >> k,
1
where k > [ (1−α)sAw +αsr ] 2−α is a given constant. In the long run, the capital- labour ratio
in this economy
A. approaches zero
B. approaches infinity

1
C. approaches a constant value given by [ αsw +(1−α)s
A
r
]α
1
D. approaches a constant value given by [ (1−α)sAw +αsr ] 1−α depending on the initial
k0 > or < k
59. In the above question, an increase in the parameter value A

ratio
ratio
C. decreases the long run steady state value of the capital-labour ratio only when
the initial k0 < k
2
60. A profit maximizing firm owns two production plants with cost functions c1 (q) = q2 and
c2 (q) = q 2 , respectively. The firm is free is use either just one or both of the plants to
achieve any given level of output. For this firm, the marginal cost curve
A. lies above the 45 degree line through the origin, for all positive output levels
B. lies below the 45 degree line through the origin, for all positive output levels
C. is the 45 degree line through the origin

11 DSE 2016
1. If the following equation is estimated using OLS, and a 95% confidence interval for β1
is constructed, then which of the following is true?
A. The OLS estimate of β1 lies in the given interval with 95% probability
B. The true value of β1 lies in the given interval with 95% probability
C. In repeated sampling 95% of the times the confidence interval will contain the
true value of β1
D. Both (B) and (C)
2. What term would best describe the shape of the given boxplot?
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
A. Right-skewed
B. Left-skewed
C. Uniform
D. Normal
3. The vitamin content of a particular brand of vitamin supplement pills is normally dis-
tributed with mean 490 mg and standard deviation 12 mg. What is the probability
(approximately) that a randomly selected pill contains at least 500 mg of Vitamin C?
A. 0.8
B. 0.2
C. 0.025
D. 0.55
4. A sample of 100 cows is drawn to estimate the mean weight of a large herd of cattle. If
the standard deviation of the sample is 100 kg, what is the approximate maximum error
in a 95% confidence interval estimate?
A. 10

B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
5. Recent studies suggest that the migration to Indian cities from rural regions(MIG) can be
explained be Quality of life(QL), state income as a ratio of Aggregate Indian income(Y)
and the ratio of state employment to overall employment in India(E). Using data for the
29 Indian states, the following model is estimated:
MˆIG = −4.2 + 1.2 QL − (0.6)Y − 0.8 E The figures in the parentheses are standard
(0.9) (0.8) 0.05 (0.02)
errors. The t-statistic for the null hypothesis that the quality of life(QL) index does not
impact migration is
A. 0.8
B. 0.9
C. 1.5
D. Insufficient information to calculate
6. Consider the following estimated regression relating expenditures on Food(Yi ) to Income
(Xi ) Ŷi = 145 + 0.3Xi − 0.1(Xi − Xi∗ )Di
where i denotes the individual; Xi∗ = 500, this threshold distinguishes low-income from
high-income individuals, and Di takes value 1 if Xi ≥ X ∗ and 0 otherwise. All the
estimated coefficients are significant at 5% level. Which of the following statements is
false?
A. The marginal propensity to consume for people with low income is 0.3, and
is lower for those with higher incomes; this makes sense as it is in accordance
with Engel’s Law
B. This is a differential slope, common intercept dummy variable formulation with
an additional restriction that leads to kinked Engel curve
C. This is a standard differential slope common-intercept dummy variable formu-
lation
D. Using this formulation yields predicted expenditure on food for people at in-
come level 490 that is not very different from those people at income level 510
(estimate lie within 5 percent of each other)
7. The parameters of the following multiple regression model has been estimated using
OLS. Y = β1 + β2 X2 + β3 X3 + Denote the estimated residuals from this regression as
e. Which of the following statements is false?
A. The R-squared from the regression of e on a constant, X2 and X3 is zero
B. The R-squared from the regression of Y on a constant and Ŷ is the same as in
the original regression (Ŷ stands for estimated value of Y )
C. The slope coefficient from the regression of Y on a constant and Ŷ is 1 and
the intercept is 0

D. The R-squared from the regression of Y on a constant and e is same as in the

original regression
8. In the multiple regression model with 4 explanatory variables, with standard assump-
tions, estimated using ordinary least squares, all the coefficients turn out to be insignifi-
cant although the overall R-squared is high and associated F-statistic is significant. Also,
pair-wise correlations amongst the four explanatory variables are all low, and range be-
tween 0.1 and 0.2, but are not statistically different from 0. Which of the following
statements is false?
A. Even though the pair-wise correlations between the explanatory variables are
low, since they are (individually) statistically different from zero, OLS coeffi-
cients are likely biased
B. This is likely a case of multicollinearity even though the pairwise correlations
are low
C. If the analyst is only interested in making forecasts then the insignificance
of coefficients is per se not a problem since the F-statistic is significant and
R-squared is high
D. Dropping a variable may improve significance of remaining coefficients but
they may be biased
9. Instead of estimating a true cost function, which is described as a quadratic, where

costs are regressed on an intercept, output and a quadratic term in output, a researcher
estimates a linear function by regressing costs on an intercept and output. The estimates
from linear cost function are likely to
A. have autocorrelated residuals
B. be a biased estimate of marginal cost, even though there is no exact linear
relationship between the linear and quadratic terms in output
C. both (A) and (B)
D. neither (A) nor (B)
10. Using data on class size (CS) and average test percentage(TP) from 101 classes, the
following OLS regression is estimated: TˆP = 96.4 − 1.12CS R-squared is 0.1 and
SER(Standard error of regression) is 5. What is the sample variance of test percentages
across the 101 classes?
A. 27.5
B. 22.5
C. 5.0
D. 2.5
11. In the OLS regression Yi = β1 + β2 Xi + ui , suppose the coefficient of determination

is estimated to be 0.6. We now transform the variables such that Yi∗ = 0.5Y and
Xi∗ = 0.75Xi and re-run the regression. The coefficient of determination is now:

A. 0.6
B. 0.4
C. 0.9
D. 0.3
12. The OLS regression of infant birth weight(BWT) on the mother’s age(AGE) and years
of mother’s education(EDU) is: BW ˆ T = 2600 + 2.3 AGE + 26EDU Where the standard
(97) (3.5) 8
errors are reported below the estimated coefficients. Sample size is 1000 and R-squared
si 0.015. Sample information is provided in the table below:
BWT AGE EDU

Mean 3000 25 10
Standard deviation 500 5 2
A one standard deviation change in AGE is associated with an x standard deviation

change in birth weight, where x is
A. 0.046
B. 0.007
C. 0.023
D. 0.035
13. If f : R → R is a continuous function (R is the set of real numbers) and E is an open

subset of R, then the set {x ∈ R|f (x) ∈ E} is necessarily
A. open
B. closed
C. neither open, nor closed
D. open and closed
14. If X is a n × n non singular matrix, such that XX T = X T X (X T denotes the transpose

of X). Let Y = X −1 X T where X −1 denotes the inverse of X. Then Y Y T is equal to
A. I + Y (I is the identity matrix)
B. I
C. Y −1
D. Y T
15. Suppose that g(x) is a twice differential function and g(1) = 1; g(2) = 4; g(3) = 9. Which
of the following is necessarily true? First and second derivatives of g are represented as
g 0 and g 00 respectively
A. g 00 (x) = 3 for some x ∈ [1, 2]
B. g 00 (x) = 5 for some x ∈ [2, 3]

C. g 00 (x) = 2 for some x ∈ [1, 3]

D. g 00 (x) = 2 for some x ∈ [1.5, 2.5]
16. Consider f : R → R defined by f (x) = 11

P
i=1 |x − ai | for all x ∈ R, where a1 < . . . , a11 .
This function has a minimum when x equals :
A. a2
B. a6
C. a7
D. a11
17. Consider the set {x, y ∈ R+ × R|y ≤ ln(x) − ex }. This set is

A. a linear subspace of R2
B. Convex
C. convex and linear subspace of R2
D. neither convex nor linear subspace of R2
18. A school with n students has m clubs to which they can belong, and students are allowed
to be members of multiple clubs. It is known that (I) Each club has an odd number of
members (II) Every pair of clubs has an even number of common members (including
0) Then it must be that:
A. m ≥ n
B. m ≤ n
C. m and n can each be larger than the other, but m 6= n
D. m = n
19. Let n > 1, and let S be the set of all n × n matrices whose entries are all chosen from
the set 0, 1. Then the sum of the determinants of all these matrices
A. is equal to 0
n
B. is positive but less than n 2
C. can be positive or negative, but is bounded by nn
D. is either -1 or 1
20. g : R → [0, 1] is a non-decreasing and right continuous step function such that g(x) = 0
for all x ≤ 0 and g(x) = 1 for all x ≥ 1. Let us define g −1 as follows, g −1 (y) = inf{x ≥
0|g(x) ≥ y}. Which of the following is true about g −1 :
A. is a continuous function
B. is right-continuous but not left continuous
C. is left-continuous but not right continuous
D. neither left-continuous nor right-continuous

The next two questions pertain to the following: Consider an exchange economy with two
agents, 1 and 2, and two goods, X and Y. There are 6 units of X and 4 units of Y available.
Agent 1 has the utility function u1 = min{x1 , y1 } and agent 2 has the utility function
u2 = x2 + y2 .
21. Which of the following allocations is not Pareto efficient?

A. (2, 0), (4, 4)
B. (4, 4), (2, 0)
C. (2, 2), (4, 2)
D. (0, 0), (6, 4)
22. The set of equilibrium prices for this exchange economy is given by?
A. {px > 0, py > 0, ppxy ≤ 1}
B. {px > 0, py > 0, ppxy = 1}
C. {px > 0, py > 0, ppxy ≥ 1}
D. Insufficient information to conclude
23. The market for widgets has a demand function Q = 100 − 10p, where Q is the quantity
demanded and P is the price in rupees. There are 10 price taking firms in the market,
2
each having a cost function c(q) = q2 , where q is the firm’s own output. There is no
new entry. Suppose the government imposes an excise tax of Rs. 2 per unit of widgets,
to be paid by sellers, the equilibrium market price is
A. 7
B. 6
C. 5
D. 2
24. A consumer has utility function u(x1 , x2 ) = min{3x1 + x2 , x1 + 2x2 }. Prices of the two
goods are p1 and p2 respectively. The consumer will buy positive quantities of both the
goods if and only if the price ratio pp21 is
A. greater than 3
B. between 1/2 and 3
C. between 2 and 3
D. less than
˙
25. Utility function of a consumer over three goods X, Y, Z is U = y min{x, z}. Prices of all
the three goods are the same in the market. Three discount deals are available, which
are as follows: Deal I: Get a unit of Z free with a unit of X Deal II: Get a unit of Z free
with a unit of Y Deal III: Get 12 unit of X and 12 unit of Z free with a unit of Y Which
of the deals should the consumer choose?
A. Deal I

B. Deal II
C. Deal III
D. All the deals are equally good
26. Two widget producers, A and B, operate in perfectly competitive input and output
markets. Firm A uses capital (k) and labour (l) to produce widget; its production
1
function is f (k , l ) = (k1 l1 ) 3 . Firm B uses only labour; its production function is
√ 1 1 1
f2 (l2 ) = 1+kl21 . Efficiency of input allocation can be improved by:
A. imposing a tax on capital use
B. merging firms A and B
C. providing a subsidy on labour use to firm A
D. all of the above
The next two questions pertain to the following: A student has the opportunity to take a
test at most thrice. The student knows that each time she takes the test, her score is an
independent random draw from the uniform distribution [0, 100]. Each time the student
takes the test and learns her score, she can either stop and accept it as her official score, or
she can discard the result and retake the test. However, after the third attempt, the student
has no more opportunities to retake the test. In that case,her score on the last(i.e., third)
try will be her official score. The student’s objective is to maximize her expected official
score
27. If the student follows an optimal plan, her final expected score before taking any of the
tests is approximately:
A. 30
B. 50
C. 70
D. 90
28. Now consider the case when the university allows the student to take the final test only
when her score is below 40 in the second test. The student retains the choice to stop or
retake after the first attempt. The student will decide to be retested after the first test
if and only if her score is less than:
A. 37.5
B. 50
C. 62
D. 67.5
The next two questions pertain to the following: Consider a homogeneous goods market
with two firms. Let x1 and x2 be the quantity choices of Firms 1 and 2 respectively. The
total quantity is X = x1 + x2 . The inverse demand function is P = a − bX, where P is the
market price and A and B are the intercept and slope parameters respectively. Both firms
have the same marginal costs denoted by c. Suppose b > 0, and 0 < 3c < a.

29. Suppose firm 1 has an objective of maximizing revenue and firm 2 has an objective of
maximizing profit. Both firms choose quantities simultaneously. Then:
A. Firm 1 has larger market share and larger profits
B. Firm 2 has smaller market share but larger profits
C. Firm 1 has smaller market share but larger profits
D. Firm 2 has larger market share and larger profits
30. Suppose both firms become revenue maximizers. Then:

A. Both will produce more than Cournot output
B. Both will produce less than Cournot output
C. Both will produce the perfectly competitive output
D. Both will produce more than the perfectly competitive output.
The next two questions pertain to the following: Four cities A,B,C,D are located as vertices
of a square ABCD, and are connected by roads that form the four sides of the square. Mr.
Rand Walker travels thus: if he is at city i (i ∈ {A, B, C, D}) in period t, then he randomly,
with probability 12 each, moves to one of the two vertices/cities that are adjacent to i in
period t + 1.
31. If Mr. Walker is at city A at time t = 0 then the respective probabilities with which he
is at cities A, B, C, D in period t = 10 are:
A. 1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4
B. 0, 1/2, 0, 1/2
C. 1/2, 0, 0, 1/2
D. 1/2, 0, 1/2, 0
32. If Mr. Walker is at city A at time t = 0, then what is the probability that he never visits
city A again till(including) period t = 10?
A. (1/2)5
B. (1/2)10
C. (3/4)5
D. (3/4)10
33. Consider a railway signalling system: a signal is received by the station A from the
traffic control office and then transmit it to station B. Suppose that at the origin (traffic
control office) signal can be yellow or red with probability 45 and 15 respectively. The
probability of each station receiving the signal correctly from its predecessor is 43 . If the
signal received at station B is yellow, then the probability that the signal was yellow is
A. 22/23
B. 11/20

C. 20/23
D. 9/20
34. Suppose X has a normal distribution with mean 0 and variance σ 2 . Let Y be an
independent random variable taking values −1 and 1 with equal probability. Define
Z = XY + X Y
. Which of the following is true?
A. V ar(Z) > σ 2
B. V ar(Z) < σ 2
C. V ar(Z) = σ 2
D. V ar(Z) can be greater than or smaller than σ 2
35. According to Ricardian equivalence proposition, a reduction in the current (lump sum)
taxation of household income
A. would reduce current consumption, but leave future consumption unaffected
B. would reduce future consumption, but leave current consumption unaffected
C. would reduce both current and future consumption
D. would leave both current and future consumption unaffected
36. Tobin’s q theory suggests that firms will find it profitable to invest when the value of
Tobin’s q is:
A. greater than zero
B. less than zero
C. greater than unity
D. less than unity
The next 4 questions pertain to the following: Consider an agrarian economy with two
single membered households. The households are engaged in own cultivation using their
family land, labour and capital. Each household is endowed with 1 acre of land and 1 unit
of labour. However the two households differ in terms of their initial capital endowment
(K0R and K0P ), where R denotes the relatively richer household and P denotes the relatively
poorer household. Assume 2 < K0R < 4 and 0 < K0P < 1. The household have access to
two technologies which are specified by the following production functions: Technology A:
1 1 1
Yt = (Nt Lt ) 2 (Kt )2 Technology B: Yt = (Nt Lt ) 2 (Kt ) 2 where Nt represents land(in acres),
Lt represents labour, and Kt represents capital respectively. The households choose the
technology which gives them higher output (given their land, labour and capital stock) in
any period t. In every period they consume half of their total income and save the rest,
which adds to the next period’s capital stock. Land and labour stock remain constant over
time. Existing capital stock depreciates fully upon production.
37. Given their initial factor endowments, the technology choices of the rich and the poor
households respectively are:
A. A,B

B. B,A
C. A,A
D. B,B
38. In the short run, the average capital stock in the economy (K̄) evolves according to the
following dynamic path
h 1
i
A. ddtK̄ = 14 (KtR ) 2 + (KtP )2 − 2(KtR + KtP )
B. ddtK̄ = 14 (KtR )2 + (KtP )2 − 2(KtR + KtP )

h i
dK̄ 1 R 12 P 12 R P
C. dt = 4 (Kt ) + (Kt ) − 2(Kt + Kt )
h i
dK̄ 1 R 2 P 12 R P
D. dt = 4 (Kt ) + (Kt ) − 2(Kt + Kt )
39. In the long run:

A. income of both households grow perpetually
B. income of household R grows perpetually but that of household P approaches
a constant
C. income of household P grows perpetually but that of household R approaches
a constant
D. income of household R grows perpetually but that of household P falls per-
petually
40. If, at the end of the initial time period, the households were given a choice to spend
their savings in buying more land instead of investing in capital stock
A. both households would have bought more land
B. both households would have still invested in capital
C. Household R would have still invested in capital but household P would have
bought more land
D. Household P would have still invested in capital but household R would have
bought more land

12 DSE 2017
1. Person A lexicographically prefers good x to good y, i.e., when comparing two bundles
of x and y, she strictly prefers the bundle that has more of good x; if the bundles have
equal amounts of good x, then she strictly prefers the bundle that has more of good y.
A’s indifference curves in the (x, y)-space are
A. vertical lines
B. horizontal lines
C. diagonal lines
2. Consider person A as described above. Consider the bundle (2, 1) and a sequence of
bundles (sn ) such that each bundle sn is strictly preferred to (2, 1). If this sequence of
bundles converges to a bundle s, then
A. s is strictly preferred to (2, 1)
B. s is indifferent to (2, 1)
C. (2, 1) is strictly preferred to s
D. any of the above
3. Consider an economy with two agents, A and B, and two goods, x and y. Both agents
treat the two goods as perfect complements. Suppose the total endowment of this
economy is (4, 2). Which of the following allocations is not Pareto optimal?
A. A gets (1, 1) and B gets (1, 1).
B. A gets (2, 1) and B gets (3/2, 1).
C. A gets (1/2, 3/2) and B gets (3, 1/2).
D. A gets (3, 2) and B gets (0, 0).
The next four questions are based on the following information.
Consider an exchange economy with agents A and B and goods x and y. A’s endowment
is (0, 1) (i.e., no good x and 1 unit of y) and B’s endowment is (2, 0) (i.e., 2 units of
good x and no good y. The agents can consume only nonnegative amounts of x and y.
4. Suppose A lexicographically prefers x to y and B considers x and y to be perfect sub-
stitutes, i.e., between bundles (x, y) and (x0 , y 0 ), she strictly prefers (x, y) if and only if
x + y > x0 + y 0 . The competitive equilibrium allocation for this economy is
A. A gets (0, 1) and B gets (2, 0).
B. A gets (2, 0) and B gets (0, 1).
C. A gets (3/2, 0) and B gets (1/2, 1).
D. A gets (1, 0) and B gets (1, 1).
5. Refer to the previous question. The set of all possible competitive equilibrium prices
consists of all px > 0 and py > 0 such that

A. px /py = 1
B. px /py ≥ 1
C. px /py ≤ 1
D. px /py > 0
6. Now suppose A lexicographically prefers y to x and B considers x and y to be perfect

substitutes. The set of all possible competitive equilibrium prices consists of all px > 0
and py > 0 such that
A. px /py = 1
B. px /py ≥ 1
C. px /py ≤ 1
D. px /py > 0
7. Now suppose A lexicographically prefers y to x and B considers x and y to be perfect

complements. The set of competitive equilibrium allocations
A. includes the allocation (1, 0) for A and (1, 1) for B
B. includes the allocation (1, 0) for A and (1, 1) for B
C. is empty
D. includes all allocations (x, 1) for A and (2 − x, 0) for B, where x ∈ [0, 2]
The next two questions are based on the following information.
Suppose A is selling the Taj Mahal by the following auction procedure. There are two
bidders, 1 and 2. Each bidder has a valuation vi of the Taj and submits a bid bi in a
sealed envelope. The Taj is given to the bidder who submits the highest bid; if both
bidders submit the same bid, then each gets the Taj with equal probability.
If bidder i wins, then she pays the price min(b1 , b2 ) and gets payoff vi − min(b1 , b2 ). If
bidder i loses, then she pays nothing and her payoff is 0.
Bidder i’s valuation vi is known only to bidder i and her bid bi may or may not match
vi .
8. In order to maximize her payoff, Bidder i must bid

A. bi = vi
B. bi < vi
C. bi ≤ vi
D. bi ≥ vi
9. If bi is the optimal bid for bidder i, then

A. it varies with bidder i’s belief about the other bidder’s valuation
B. it varies with bidder i’s belief about the other bidder’s bid
C. both (A) and (B)

10. The Nash equilibrium of the Cournot duopoly model is a pair of quantities (x1 , x2 ) such
that
A. the best response curves of firms’ 1 and 2 are tangential at (x1 , x2 )
B. isoprofit curves of firms’ 1 and 2 are tangential at (x1 , x2 )
C. an isoprofit curve of each firm is tangential to the best response curve of the
other firm at (x1 , x2 )
11. Consider the Stackelberg duopoly model with firm 1 choosing quantity x1 first. Firm 2
observes x1 and sets quantity x2 thereafter. The equilibrium outcome of this game is a
pair of quantities (x1 , x2 ) such that
A. isoprofit curves of firms’ 1 and 2 are tangential at (x1 , x2 )
B. an isoprofit curve of firm 1 is tangential to the best response curve of firm 2
at (x1 , x2 )
C. an isoprofit curve of firm 2 is tangential to the best response curve of firm 1
at (x1 , x2 )
12. Consider the following game:
L R
T (x, x) (b, y)
B (y, b) (a, a)
Which of the following statements is true when y > x > a > b?

A. The strategy profile (B, R) is the unique Nash equilibrium.
B. (B, R) is one of many Nash equilibria.
C. Both (B, R) and (B, R) are Nash equilibria.
13. Consider a consumer with utility function u(x, y, z) = y min{x, z}. The prices of all
three goods are the same. The consumer has Rs.100 to spend on these three goods. The
demands will be such that
A. y < x = z
B. y > x = z
C. x = y = z

14. A firm uses two inputs to produce its output. For all positive input prices, the firm
employs an input combination of the form (x, αx) where α > 0 is a constant. Which of
the following production functions could represent this firm’s technology?
A. f (x, y) = min{xα , y}
B. f (x, y) = min{αx, y}
C. f (x, y) = min{x, αy}
D. f (x, y) = min{x, y α }
15. Suppose there are two telecom firms, 1 and 2, who have paid fees k1 > 0 and k2 > 0 for
telecom spectrum. Let k1 > k2 . They produce an identical good (telecom service) at an
identical average cost of production c > 0. If they engage in Bertrand competition, then
the Nash equilibrium prices (p1 , p2 ) are such that
A. p1 > p2 > c
B. p1 = p2 > c
C. p1 = p2 = c
D. are indeterminate
16. Consider the following game with players 1 and 2; payoffs are denoted by (a, b) where
a is 1’s payoff and b is 2’s payoff. First, player 1 chooses either U or D. If she plays
D, then the game ends and the payoff are (1, 0). If she plays U , then player 2 chooses
either U or D. If he plays D, then the game ends and the payoffs are (0, 2). If he plays
U , then player 1 again chooses either U or D. The game ends in both cases. If player 1
chooses D, then the payoffs are (4, 0). If player 1 chooses U , then the payoffs are (3, 3).
A. This game has a unique Nash equilibrium
B. This game has a unique subgame perfect equilibrium
C. This game has no subgame perfect equilibrium
D. This game has multiple subgame perfect equilibria
17. The interval (0, 1) can be expressed as

A. the union of a countable collection of closed intervals
B. the intersection of a countable collection of closed intervals
C. both (A) and (B)
18. The interval [0, 1] can be expressed as

A. the union of a countable collection of open intervals
B. the intersection of a countable collection of open intervals
C. both (A) and (B)

19. A function f : Rn → R is a convex function if and only if

A. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≥ f (x)} is a convex set
B. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≤ f (x)} is a convex set
C. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≥ f (x)} is a concave set
D. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≤ f (x)} is a concave set
20. A function f : Rn → R is a quasi-convex function if and only if

A. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≥ f (x)} is a convex set
B. {x ∈ Rn | y ≥ f (x)} is a convex set for every y ∈ R
C. {(x, y) ∈ Rn × R | y ≤ f (x)} is a convex set
D. {x ∈ Rn | y ≤ f (x)} is a convex set for every y ∈ R
21. If
A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, xy ≥ 1},
B = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0, xy ≤ −1} and
C = {a + b | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
then
A. {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x = 0, y ≥ 0} is a subset of C
B. {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x = 0, y > 0} is a subset of C
C. {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ≥ 0, y = 0} is a subset of C
D. {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x > 0, y = 0} is a subset of C
5n
1
22. lim 1 + equals
n→∞ 2n
A. e2
B. e2.5
C. ∞
D. e1.5
23. Consider the function

(
ln x, if 0 < x < 1
f (x) = 2
ax + b, if 1 ≤ x < ∞
such that f (2) = 3. Function f is continuous if

A. a = 2 and b = −1
B. a = −1 and b = 2
C. a = −1 and b = 1

D. a = 1 and b = −1
24. If A and B are n × n matrices such that A + B = AB, then

A. AB = BA
B. AB 6= BA
C. B = A−1
D. B = AT , where AT is the transpose of A
25. If B is an n × n real matrix and B T is the transpose of B, then

A. B T B is negative definite
B. B T B is positive definite
C. B T B is negative semidefinite
D. B T B is positive semidefinite
26. Consider a twice differentiable function f : R → R and a, b ∈ R such that a < b,

f (a) = 0 = f (b) and D2 f (x) + Df (x) − 1 = 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]. Then,
A. f (x) ≤ 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
B. f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
C. f (x) = 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]
D. f must take positive and negative values on the interval [a, b]
27. Suppose
Rx f : R+ → R is decreasing and differentiable. If F : R+ → R satisfies F (x) =
0
f (t)dt, then F is
A. convex
B. concave
C. increasing
D. decreasing
28. If real numbers p and q satisfy 0 < q < p , then the following is true for the numbers
p, q, p + q and q − p:
A. their mean equals their median
B. their mean is greater than their median
C. their mean is less than their median
D. there is insufficient information to compare their mean and their median
29. If a binomial random variable X has expectation 7 and variance 2.1, then the probability
that X = 11 is
A. 462(0.7)5 (0.3)6
B. 0

C. 11(0.7)11
D. 462(0.7)6 (0.3)5
30. A machine starts operating at time 0 and fails at a random time T . The distribution of
T has density f (t) = (1/3)e−t/3 for t > 0. The machine will not be monitored until time
t = 2.
The expected time of discovery of the machine’s failure is
A. 2 + e−6 /3
B. 2 − 2e−2/3 + 5e−4/3
C. 2 + 3e−2/3
D. 3
31. An insuree has an insurance policy against a random loss X ∈ [0, 1]. If loss X occurs,
then the insurer pays X − C to the insuree, who bears the remaining loss C ∈ (0, 1).
The loss X is a continuous random variable with density function
(
2x, if 0 < x < 1
f (x) =
0, otherwise
If the probability of the insurance payment being less than 1/2 is equal to 0.64, then C
is
A. 0.1
B. 0.3
C. 0.4
D. 0.6
32. A tour operator has a bus that can accommodate 20 tourists. The operator knows that
tourists may not show up, so he sells 21 tickets. The probability that an individual
tourist will not show up is 0.02, independent of all other tourists. Each ticket costs 50,
and is non-refundable if a tourist fails to show up. If a tourist shows up and a seat is
not available, the tour operator has to pay 100 to that tourist. The expected revenue of
the tour operator is
A. 950
B. 967
C. 976
D. 985
33. An insurance policy-holder can submit up to 5 claims. The probability that the policy-
holder submits exactly n claims is pn , for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. It is known that
• The difference between pn and pn+1 is constant for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and

• 40% of the policyholders submit 0 or 1 claim.

What is the probability that a policyholder submits 4 or 5 claims?

A. 0.06
B. 0.19
C. 0.26
D. 0.34
34. Suppose n students are asked to solve a problem at time 0. The random time to
completion for student i is Ti ≥ 0. Each Ti is uniformly distributed on [0, 1]. If
Y = max{T1 , . . . , Tn }, then the mean of Y is
2
n
A.
n+1
n
B.
2(n + 1)
n
C.
(n + 1)
2n
D.
(n + 1)
35. A hospital determines that N , the number of patients in a week, is a random variable
with Pr[N = n] = 2−n−1 , where n ≥ 0. The hospital also determines that the number
of patients in a given week is independent of the number of patients in any other week.
The probability that there are exactly seven patients during a two-week period is
A. 1/2
B. 1/64
C. 1/128
D. 1/256
The next two questions are based on the following information.
X and Y are random variables and their joint probability distribution is as follows:
Y =1 Y =2 Y =3 Y =4 Y =5 Y =6
X = −1 0.1 α 0.3 0 0 0
X=1 0 0 β 0.1 0.1 0.1
It is known that the expectations of the two random variables are E(X) = −0.2 and
E(Y ) = 3.2. Then
36. The value of α is

A. 0
B. 0.1
C. 0.2
D. 0.3

37. The value of β is

A. 0
B. 0.1
C. 0.2
D. 0.3
38. There are 3 red and 5 black balls in an urn. You draw two balls in succession without
replacing the first ball. The probability that the second ball is red equals
A. 2/7
B. 3/8
C. 5/7
D. 1/4
39. Suppose X and Y are independent random variables with standard Normal distributions.
The probability of X > 1 is p. The probability of the event X 2 > 1 and Y 3 < 1 is
A. 2p(1 − p)
B. 4p
C. p(1 − p)
D. 2p2
40. Suppose 1/10 of the population has a disease. If a person has the disease, then a
test detects it with probability 8/10. If a person does not have the disease, then the
test incorrectly shows the presence of the disease with probability 2/10. What is the
probability that the person tested has the disease if the test indicates the presence of
the disease?
A. 1
B. 9/13
C. 4/13
D. 7/13
41. Two patients share a hospital room for two days. Suppose that, on any given day, a
person independently picks up an airborne infection with probability 1/4. An individual
who is infected on the first day will certainly pass it to the other patient on the second
day. Once contracted, the infection stays for at least two days. What is the probability
that fewer than two patients have the infection by the end of the second day?
A. 135/256
B. 121/256
C. 131/256
D. 125/256

Answer the next question using the following information.

Let w = W/P be the real wage rate, where W is the nominal wage rate and P is the
aggregate price level. The demand for labour is given by D(w) = 1 − w and the supply
of labour is described by the equation S(w) = w. If N is the employment level, then
f (N ) is the aggregate output.
42. If nominal wage is always such that the labour market clears, then the aggregate supply
curve is given by the equation
A. Y = P f (N )
B. Y = f (N )
C. Y = P f (1/2)
D. Y = f (1/2)
Answer the next five questions using the following information.
Consider the above-described labour market with the following change: the nominal
wage rate W minimizes |D(W/P ) − S(W/P )| subject to the constraint W ≥ W0 , where
W0 > 0 is an exogenously given minimum nominal wage.
43. Given the price level P , the nominal wage W is

A. max{W0 , P/2}
B. min{W0 , P/2}
C. 1/2
D. W0 /2
44. Given the price level P , the employment level is

A. min{1/2, 1 − W0 /P }
B. max{1/2, 1 − W0 /P }
C. 1 − W0 /2P
D. 1 − 1/2P
45. Given the price level P such that 1/2 ≤ 1 − W0 /P , the aggregate supply is
A. f (1/2)
B. f (1 − 1/2P )
C. f (1 − W0 /P )
D. f (1 − W0 /2P )
46. If the marginal productivity of capital is positive and the stock of capital increases, then
the aggregate supply schedule will
A. shift up
B. shift down

47. If the fixed nominal wage W0 increases, then the aggregate supply schedule will
A. shift up
B. shift down
48. Consider a closed economy. If the nominal wage is flexible and nominal money supply
is increased, then which of the following will be true in equilibrium?
A. Real wage decreases and real money supply decreases
B. Real wage decreases and real money supply increases
C. Real wage is unchanged and real money supply is unchanged
D. Real wage decreases and real money supply is unchanged
49. Which of the following would make the LM curve flatter in the (Y, r) space?
A. An increase in income sensitivity of money demand
B. An increase in interest sensitivity of planned investment
C. An increase in the marginal propensity to consume
D. An increase in the interest sensitivity of money demand
50. In an IS-LM model with fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility, an increase
in government spending will lead to
A. a deterioration in the trade balance
B. an improvement in the trade balance
C. no change in the trade balance
D. an increase in export without affecting imports

13 DSE 2018
1. Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R → R be a continuous and concave function.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. |f | must be concave
B. −f must be concave
C. f + f must be concave
D. f ◦ f must be concave
1
2. The maximum value of f (x, y) = (rxy) 2 , subject to |x| ≥ |y| and |x| + |y| ≤ 1 is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 0.5
D. 0.25
3. Consider an exchange economy with two agents, 1 and 2, and two goods, X and Y. Each
agent’s consumption set is R2+ . The endowments of agents 1 and 2 are (10, 1)
and (0, 9) respectively. (In any commodity bundle, the first entry is a quantity of X and
the second one is a quantity of Y.)
If a > c, or a = c and b > d, then Agent 1 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to (c, d).
If b > d, or b = d and a > c, then Agent 2 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to (c, d). Which
of the following allocations is a competitive equilibrium allocation?
A. 1 gets (10, 1) and 2 gets (0, 9)
B. 1 gets (10, 10) and 2 gets (0, 0)
C. 1 gets (5, 5) and 2 gets (5, 5)
E. Incorrect options provided for this question.
4. . Let R be the set of real numbers and let D be the set of functions d : R × R → R that
satisfy the following properties for all x, y, z ∈ R:
• d(x, y) ≥ 0
• d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y
• d(x, y) = d(y, x)
• d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z)
Which of the following is not a function in D?
A. d(x, y) = min{|x − y|, 1}
B.
0, if x = y
d(x, y) =
1, if x 6= y

C.
0, if |x − y| ≤ 1
d(x, y) =
1, if otherwise
D. d(x, y) = |x − y|
5. Let f : [0, 1] → R be twice differentiable. Suppose that the line segment joining the
points (0, f (0)) and (1, f (1)) intersects the graph of f at a point (a, f (a)), where 0 < a <
1. Then,
A. there exists z ∈ [0, 1] such that f 0 (z) = 0
B. there exists z ∈ [0, 1] such that f 00 (z) = |f (1) − f (0)|
C. there exists z ∈ [0, 1] such that f 00 (z) = f (1) − f (0)
D. there exists z ∈ [0, 1] such that f 00 (z) = 0
cosθ −sinθ

6. Consider the matrix A = sinθ cosθ where θ ∈ (0, 2π) . The inner product of vectors
v = (v1 , v2 ) and w = (w1 , w2 ) in R2 is defined by < v, w >= v1 w1 + v2 w2 . So, for the
vectors v and w in R2
A. < Av, Aw >>< v, w >
B. The comparison of < Av, Aw > and < v, w > depends on θ
C. < Av, Aw >=< v, w >
D. < Av, Aw ><< v, w >
7. The set [0, 1]

A. cannot be the intersection of a countable collection of sets of the form (a, b).
B. is the intersection of a countable collection of sets of the form (a, b).
C. is the union of a countable collection of sets of the form (a, b).
D. is the union of a countable collection of sets of the form [a, a]
8. A sequence of real numbers (xn ) converges to x. Consider the following claims:

(I) The sequence ( xxn+1
n
) converges to 1
(II) The sequence xn + xn+1 converges to 2x.
A. Only statement II is correct.
B. Ouly Statement I is correct.
C. None of the statements is correct.
D. Both the statements are correct.
Persons 1, 2 and 3 have to divide 12 indivisible chocolates among themselves. Each
person’s preference is strictly increasing in chocolates. The procedure for dividing the
chocolates is as follows:
Person 1 proposes a division. Each person votes either Y (Yes) or N (No). If at least two
persons vote Y, then the proposal is implemented. If not, then Person 1 is eliminated

from the voting and Person 2 makes a proposal. Now, only persons 2 and 3 can vote Y or
N. If at least one of them votes Y, then Person 2’s proposal is implemented, Otherwise,
Person 3 makes a proposal, which will be implemented.
9. What division of chocolates will occur from a subgame perfect.equilibrium of this game?
(Assume that a person votes N if voting Y and N are expected to result in the same
number of chocolates for that person.)
A. 1 gets 11, 2 gets 1. 3 gets 0
B. l gets 11, 2 gets 0, 3 gets 1
C. 1 gets 12, 2 gets 0, 3 gets 0
D. 1 gets 4, 2 gets 4, 3 gets 4
10. Suppose the above procedure for dividing the chocolates is changed as follows: if Person
1’s proposal is rejected and Person 2 makes a proposal, if both the remaining voters, 2
and 3, vote Y, then Person 2’s proposal is implemented. Otherwise, Person 3 makes a
proposal, which will be implemented.
What division of chocolates will occur from a subgame perfect equilibrium of this game?
(Assume that a person votes N if voting Y and N are expected to result in the same
number of chocolates for that person.)
A. 1 gets 11, 2 gets 1. 3 gets 0
B. l gets 11, 2 gets 0, 3 gets 1
C. 1 gets 12, 2 gets 0, 3 gets 0
D. 1 gets 4, 2 gets 4, 3 gets 4
11. The set {f1 , f2 , . . . , fn } where each fk is a real-valued

P function defined on R, is said to
be linearly independent if c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ∈ R and ck fk (x) = 0 for every x ∈ R implies
c1 = c2 = · · · = cn = 0
A. the set {f 1, . . . , fn } is linearly independent.
B. each pair of these functions is linearly independent, but larger n-tuples are not.
C. only the subset of odd-numbered functions and the subset of even-numbered
functions are linearly independent.
D. every “proper subset of this set of functions is linearly independent, but the
whole set is not.
12. Let f : [0, 1] → R be differentiable and suppose that |f (x)| < 1 for every x ∈ [0, 1].
Then. there
A. is at least one c ∈ [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.
B. are two numbers c1 and c2 such that f (ci ) = ci for i = 1, 2.
C. is exactly one c ∈ [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.
D. is at most one c ∈ [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.

13. Consider a closed macroeconomy whose demand side is represented by Y = C0 + c(Y −

τ Y ) − αr + G0 M0 = KP Y − βr
where C0 , G0 , M0 , K, c, τ, α, β are all positive constants and c, τ ∈ (0, 1).
The AD curve for this economy is given by
M0 +βr
A. Y = KP
C0 + α
β
M0 +G0
B. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+ α KP
β
C0 +M0 +G0
C. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+KP
C0 +M0 +G0
D. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+ KP
β

τ Y ) − αr + G0 and
M0 = KP Y − βr
Now suppose the government, instead of following a given money supphy rule, follows
an interest rate targeting policy such that the quantity of money demanded is always
supplied so as to keep the interest rate fixed at given level r0 . The AD curve for this
economy is
C0 −ar0 +G0
A. Y = 1−c(1−τ )
C0 +M0 +G0
B. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+KP
C0 +M0 +G0
C. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+ KP
β
C0 + α
β
M0 +G0
D. Y = 1−c(1−τ )+ α KP
β

τ Y ) − αr + G0 M0 = KP Y − βr
Suppose there an increase in the interest sensitivity of the IS curve (parameter α), which
is accompanied by an increase in the (interest sensitivity of the LM curve (parameter β)
by exactly the same proportion. As a result,
A. the AD curve will be steeper but there will be no shift of the entire curve
B. the entire AD curve will shift to the right and it will also be steeper
C. the entire AD curve will shift to the right with no change in its slope
D. there will be no change in the AD curve (neither any change in its slope, nor
a shift)
16. In a multiple regression model involving three right-hand-side variables with 105 obser-
vations estimated using OLS, the researcher needs to decide whether to include a fourth
right-had-side variable or not. The residual sum of squares is 250 when four variables are

included and is 300 when three variables are included. Some critical values of the F-table
(with α = 0.05) are: F (1, 100) = 3.89, F (2, 100) = 3.09, F (3, 100) = 2.70, F (4, 100) =
2.46 and F (5, 100) = 2.31.
This means when the fourth variable is included, the fit of the regression
A. there is insufficient information to make a determination about fit
B. worsens significantly
C. has no significant change
D. improves significantly
17. For a variable x the standard error of the sample mean is calculated as 20 when samples
of size 25 are taken and as 10 when samples of size 100 are taken. A quadrupling of
sample size has only halved the error. What must be the value of the standard error of
x?
A. 1000
B. 900
C. 100
D. 377.5
18. Suppose a consumer lives for two periods and chooses consumptions C1 and C2 to max-
σ−1
σ
imise utility U (CT ) = σ−1 Ct σ − 1
Future consumption is discounted by ρ. The intertemporal elasticity of substitution in
consumption between the two periods is
A. ρ
B. 1
σ−1
C. σ
σ
D. σ−1
19. Consider the game
L M R
 
U 2, 0 3, 3 0, 0
M  −1, 1 0, 0 1, 0 
D 4, −4 2, 2 1, 1
where the row player’s payoff is given first, followed by the column player’s payoff. Which
of the following statements is false?
A. There is a Nash equilibrium of this game in which the column player plays a
strictly dominated strategy.
B. Column player has a strictly dominated strategy.

C. Row player has a weakly dominated strategy.

D. There is a Nash equilibrium of this game in which both players play weakly
dominated strategies.
20. In a multiple regression model, the Durbir Watson test statistic is 1.3, while the critical
lower and upper values are 1.5 and 1.7 respectively. This implies that
A. There is positive autocorrelation,
B. There is no positive autocorrelation:
C. The test is inconclusive about autocorrelation.
D. There is heteroscedasticity but no autocorrelation.
21. Consider the model y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + estimated using OLS. Which of the

following will lead to a higher V ar(βˆ2 )?
• Smaller sample size

• Less variation in X2
• More variation in
• High correlation between X1 and X2
The correct answer is:

A. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
B. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
C. (ii) and (iii)
D. (iii) and (iv)
agent’s consumption set is R2 The endowments of agents 1 and 2 are (10, 1)
and (0, 9) respectively. (In any commodity bundle, the first entry is a quantity of X and
the second one is a quantity of Y.)
If a > c, or a = c and b > d, then Agent 1 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to (b, d). If b > d,
or b = d and a > c, then Agent 1 strictly prefers bundle (a, b) to (b, d).
Which of the following allocations is an efficient allocation?
A. 1 gets (5, 5) and 2 gets (5, 5)
B. 1 gets (10, 1) and 2 gets (0, 9)
C. 1 gets (10, 10) and 2 gets (0.0)
D. All of the above

23. Consider a country with two citizens, 1 and 2. The government is considering a scheme
that will cost 100. The government does not know the true benefits of the scheme to the
citizens, say B1 , and B2 , and must decide whether to implement the scheme on the basis
of their reported benefits. say R1 and R2 . It will implement the scheme if and only if
R1 + R2 ≥ 100. If it is implemented, the government will impose tax 100 − R2 on person
1 and tax 100 − R1 , on person 2. Each citizen’s reported benefit seeks to maximize the
difference between her true benefit (known only to her) and the tax that must be paid if
and only if the scheme is implemented. The optimal choices of R1 and R2 must be such
that
A. R1 < B1 and R2 < B2
B. Nothing systematic can be said about R1 and R2
C. R1 = B1 and R2 = B2
D. R1 > B1 and R2 > B2
1 1
Consider a Solovian economy with the aggregate production function Yt = Kt2 Nt2 . The
initial size of the population is 100 and the initial capital stock is given by 9 units. The
entire output produced in each period is distributed to the households as factor incomes
(since households are the owners of the capital stock and Jabour at any time t), who
consume half of their income and save the rest. All savings are automatically invested
which augment the capital stock available for production over time. Population does not
grow and there is 100% depreciation of capital stock within one period.
24. The corresponding steady state value of aggregate output is
A. 30
B. 50
C. 5
D. 10
25. The corresponding steady state value of aggregate consumption is
A. 50
B. 10
C. 30
D. 25
26. The steady state value of aggregate capital stock is
A. 9
B. 25
C. 2.5
D. 10
27. Suppose households were free to choose their savings rate. If they wanted to maximize
the steady state level of consumption, the savings rate would be

1
A. 2
1
B. 4
1
C. 5
1
D. 10
28. In the previous problem, where households choose their savings rate, at that savings
rate, the steady state value of the aggregate capital stock is
A. 25
B. 2.5
C. 10
D. 9
29. Suppose X1 , . . . , Xn are observed completion times of an experiment with values in [0, 1].
Each of these random variables is uniformly distributed on (0, 1). If Y is the maximum
observed completion time, then the mean of Y is
n
A. 2(n+1)
2n
B. n+1
n
C. ( (n+1) )2
n
D. n+1
30. If f : R2 → R is given by
xy
x2 +y 2
, for xy 6= 0
f (x) =
0, for xy = 0
then
A. f is differentiable at (0, 0) and both partial derivatives at (0, 0) are 0
B. f is non-differentiable at (0, 0) and both partial derivatives at (0, 0) are 0
C. f is differentiable at (0, 0) and neither partial derivatives at (0, 0) is 0
D. f is non-differentiable at (0, 0) and neither partial derivatives at (0, 0) exist
31. Suppose we have estimated y = 10 + 1.5x + 4D, where y is earnings, is experience and
D is 0 for females and 1 for males. If we had coded the dummy as −1 for females and 1
for males, the new estimated coefficients (in the same order) would have been:
A. 12, 1.5, −2
B. 12, 4.5, 2
C. 14, 1.5, −4
D. 10, 1.5.4

32. Which of the following is/are the consequence(s) of including an irrelevant variable in a
multiple linear regression model?
(i) The variances of the OLS coefficients may be larger
(ii) The OLS coefficients will be biased unless the irrelevant variable is orthogonal to the
other included variables
(iii) The variances of the OLS coefficients will be unaffected.
The correct answer is:
A. (i) only
B. (ii) and (iii) only
C. (iii) only
D. (i) and (ii)
33. Suppose Y is a random variable with uniform distribution of the interval [−π/2, π/2].
The value of the (cumulative) distribution function of thé random variable X = sinY
at x ∈ [− − 1, 1] is
sin−1 (x) 1
A. π
+ 2
−1 π
B. sin (x) + 2
C. sin−1 (x) + π
sin−1 (x) π
D. π
+ 2
34. A student is answering a multiple-choice examination. Suppose a question has m possible

answers. The student knows the correct answer with probability p. If the student knows
the correct answer, then she picks that answer; otherwise, she picks randomly from the
choices with probability 1/m each. Given that the student picked the correct answer,
the probability that she knew the correct answer is
p
A. 1+(1−p)m
p
B. 1+(m−1)p
mp
C. 1+(1−p)m
mp
D. 1+(m−1)p
35. Consider the game
L R

U x, x z, y
D y, z y, y
where the row player’s payoff is given first, followed by the column player’s payoff. This
game has only one Nash equilibrium when
A. x > y > z

B. x < y < z
C. x = y = z
D. y > z > x
36. Consider an economy where there is no capital. Production of the final good is carried out
in each period using a linear production function that uses only labour. The production
technology is specified as follows:
Yt = At (1 − λt )L0
where L0 is the constant labour force in the economy, 1 − λt , is the proportion of labour
force engaged in final goods production and At is the state of technology in period t.
The index of technology At changes over time depending on the proportion of the labour
force engaged in R&D, which is λt . The evolution of technology in the R&D sector is
determined by the equation
dA
dt
= λt L0 At where the initial A0 is a positive constant.
Now suppose that the relative price of the new technologies generated in the R&D sector
in terms of the final commodity is unity. Also suppose the labour across two sectors are
employed in such a way that the value of marginal product of labour across the two
sectors are identical. In this case, the equilibrium value of λt will be
A. λ0
1
B. 2
C. 1
D. 1 − λ0
37. Consider an economy where there is no capital. Production of the final good is carried out
in each period using a linear production function that uses only labour. The production
technology is specified as follows:
Yt = At (1 − λt )L0
where L0 is the constant labour force in the economy, 1 − λt , is the proportion of labour
force engaged in final goods production and At is the state of technology in period t.
The index of technology At changes over time depending on the proportion of the labour
force engaged in R&D, which is λt . The evolution of technology in the R&D sector is
determined by the equation
dA
dt
= λt L0 At where the initial A0 is a positive constant.
For any exogenously given value of λt = λ0 , the long run balanced growth rate in this
economy is
A. (1 − λ0 )L0
B. (1 − λ0 )
C. λ0
D. λ0 L0

38. Duopolist firms 1 and 2 sell a homogeneous good in a market with demand function
Q = 100 − 2P , where Q is the quantity demanded at price P . Firms 1 and 2 have
constant marginal costs of 0 and 30 respectively. The firms simultaneously announce
prices and consumers buy from the firm whose price is lower. If the firms choose the
same price, all the consumers buy from firm 1. Firm 1’s equilibrium price is
A. 30
B. 0
C. 25
D. 20
39. Voters arrive at a social ranking of alternatives by consulting a “holy book”: the social
ranking is the ranking found in this book. Which of Arrow’s axioms defining an attractive
preference aggregation method is violated by this method?
A. Independence of irrelevant alternatives
B. Non-dictatorship
C. Unrestricted domain
D. The Pareto principle
40. A consumer weakly prefers a basket (a1 , a2 , a3 ) to a basket (b1 , b2 , b3 ) if a1 ≥ b1 , a1 + a2 ≥

b1 + b2 , a1 + a2 + a3 ≥ b1 + b2 + b3
Which of the following statements about this preference is false?
A. It is transitive.
B. It is monotonic.
C. It is continuous.
D. It is complete,
41. Suppose the economy-wide union sets wage for employed workers by W = P e (Z − αu)
with unemployment rate u and labour force of the economy L. The producer levies price
over wage W with mark-up m as P = (1 + m)W . If each employed worker produces one
unit of output Y, then the aggregate supply function is
αY
A. P = −P e (1 + m)(Z − 1 + L
)
B. P = P e (1 + m)(Z − 1 + αY
L
)
C. P = −P e (1 + m)(Z − α + αY L
)
e αY
D. P = P (1 + m)(Z − α + L )
42. Consider the following regression model

yi = α0 + α1 x1i + α2 x2i + ui Suppose a researcher is interested in conducting White’s
heteroscedasticity test using the residuals from an estimation of the above equation.
What would be the most appropriate form for the auxiliary regression?
A. u2i = γ0 + γ1 x1i + γ2 x2i + γ3 x21i + γ4 x22i + γ5 x1i x2i + νi

B. u2i = γ0 + γ1 ui−1 + νi
C. u2i = γ0 + γ1 x1i + γ2 x2i + γ3 x21i + γ4 x22i + νi
D. ui = γ0 + γ1 ui−1 + νi
43. Suppose you have run the following regression:
y = α + βx + γUrban + θImmigration + δUrbanImmigration + where Urban is a dummy
indicating that the person lives in a city rather than a rural area, Immigrant is a dummy
indicating that the person is an immigrant rather than a native. The coefficient θ is
interpreted as the ceteris paribus difference in y between
A. A rural immigrant and a rural native
B. An immigrant and a native
C. An urban immigrant and an urban native
agent’s consumption set is R2+ . Given bundles (a, b), (c, d) ∈ R2 such that (a, b) ≥ (c, d)
and (a, b) 6= (c, d), agent 1 strictly prefers (a, b). (In any commodity bundle, the first
entry is a quantity of X and the second one is a quantity of Y.) Consider the following
claims: In a competitive equilibrium for this economy,
(I) both prices must be positive, and (II) the sum of the allocations to 1 and 2 must
equal the sum of their endowments. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. i and ii are true
B. i and ii are false
C. i is true and ii is false
D. i is false and ii is true
45. A monopolist faces a demand function D(p) = α − p and cost function C(q) = cq. She
2
can advertise her product to increase demand. Advertisement level θ costs θ2 and it
shifts the demand function by θ, i.e., the new demand function is D(p) = α + θ − p. The
monopolist’s profit is
(α−c)2
A. 4
(α−c)2
B. 2
(α−c−θ)2
C. 2
2
D. (α − θ)
46. Consider the following game. Player 1 moves first and chooses L or R. If she plays R, the
game ends and the payoffs are (10, 0). If she plays L, then player 2 moves and chooses
cither L or R. If he plays R, the game ends and the payoffs are (0, 20). If he plays L,
then player 1 moves and chooses either L or R. The game ends in both cases. If player
1 chooses L, then the payoffs are (30.30). If she chooses L, then the payoffs are (40, 0).
This game

A. bas three subgame perfect equilibria

B. has a unique Nash equilibrium
C. has a subgame perfect equilibrium in which 2 plays L
D. has a unique Nash equilibrium outcome
47. If the function f : R2 → R is concave, then

A. {(x, r) ∈ R2 × R|f (x) < r} is convex
B. {(x, r) ∈ R2 × R|f (x) = r} is convex
C. {(x, r) ∈ R2 × R|f (x) ≥ r} is convex
D. {(x, r) ∈ R2 × R|f (x) ≤ r} is convex
48. Let R be the set of real numbers. A subset of R, say E, is said to be open-if for every
x ∈ E, there exists r > 0, such that (x − r, x + r) is a subset of E. Then,
A. E1 ∩ · · · ∩ En is open, for every collection of open sets {E1 , . . . , En }
B. E1 ∪ · · · ∪ En is open, for every collection of open sets {E1 , . . . , En }
C. ϕ is open
D. all of the above are true
49. You have 100 observations on y with average value 15, and on x, with average value 8.
From an OLS regression, you have estimated the slope on x to be 2. Your estimate of
the mean of y conditioned on x is
A. 15
B. 16
C. 17
50. Suppose your data produces the regression result y = 10 + 3x. Scale y by multiplying
observations by 0.9 and do not scale x. The new intercept and slope estimates will be
A. 10 and 3
B. 9 and 3
C. 9 and 2.7
D. 10 and 2.7

14 DSE 2019
x2 +x+2
1. The range of the function f : R → R defined by f (x) = x2 +x+1
is
A. (1, ∞)
B. [1, 43 ]
C. [1, 73 ]
D. [ 13 , 83 ]
The next six questions pertain to the following

Data from a random sample of 107 home sales in 2003 yielded the regression
P̂ = 119.2 + 0.485∗ BD + 23.4 ∗ BA + 0.156∗ HS + 0.002 ∗ P S + 0.090∗ A − 35.6 ∗ P C
(23.9) (2.61) (10.76) (0.011) (0.00048) (0.311) (10.5)
2
R = 0.72; SER = 41.5, P is price or value (Rs. 1000) , BD is number of bedrooms, BA
is number of baths, HS is house size (sq. ft.), P S is plot size (sq. ft.), A is age (years),
P C is a dummy variable = 1 if the house is in poor condition and = 0 otherwise; and the
parentheses contain standard errors of the corresponding coefficients. SER is the standard
error of the regression.
2. If a homeowner adds a new bathroom to her house which increases the house size by 100
sq. ft., what is the expected increase in the value of the house?
A. Rs.37, 000
B. Rs.39, 450
C. Rs.37, 200
D. Rs.39, 000
3. If a homeowner converts a bedroom into a bathroom, what is the expected increase in

the value of house?
A. Rs.22, 800
B. Rs.22, 915
C. Rs.21, 800
D. Rs.23, 915
4. Are the coefficients of BA and PC individually statistically significant at the 5% level.

A. Coefficient of BA is significant, but that of PC is not
B. Coefficient of PC is significant, but that of BA is not
C. Both are significant
D. Neither is significant
5. What is the loss in value if a homeowner allows his house to get into poor condition?
A. Rs.34, 300

B. Rs.36, 000
C. Rs.35, 600
D. Rs.35, 100
6. If variable age were measured in decades, what would be its coefficient?

A. 0.090
B. 0.900
C. 0.009
D. 9.000
7. What is the adjusted coefficient of determination?

A. 0.7032
B. 0.7042
C. 0.7022
D. 0.7052
The next two questions pertain to the following
Consider utility functions

 2x, if y/x > 2
u1 (x, y) = max{x, y}, if y/x ∈ [1/2, 2]
2y, if y/x < 1/2

and 
 2x, if y/x > 2
u2 (x, y) = x + y, if y/x ∈ [1/2, 2]
2y, if y/x < 1/2

Let px > 0 and py > 0 be the prices of goods x and y respectively. Let w > 0 denote wealth
(or income).
8. For i = 1, 2, let hi (px , py , U ) denote the set of solutions of the problem: choose x > 0
and y > 0 to minimise px x + py y subject to ui (x, y) ≥ U . Let ei (px , py , U ) = px X + py Y,
where (X, Y ) ∈ hi (px , py , U )
A. h1 (px , py , U ) ⊂ h2 (px , py , U )
B. h1 (px , py , U ) ⊃ h2 (px , py , U )
C. h1 (px , py , U ) = h2 (px , pyr , U )
D. None of the above hold necessarily
9. Let mi (px , py , w) denote the set of Marshallian demands for utility ui and v1 (px , py , w) =
ui ◦ mi (px , py , w)
A. m1 (px , py , w) ⊂ m2 (px , py , w) and v1 (px , py , w) = v2 (px , py , w)

B. m1 (px , py , w) ⊃ m2 (px , py , w) and v1 (px , py , w) = v2 (px , py , w)

C. m1 (px , py , w) ⊂ m2 (px , py , w) and v1 (px , py , w) ≤ v2 (px , py , w)
D. m1 (px , py , w) ⊃ m2 (px , py , w) and v1 (px , py , w) ≥ v2 (px , py , w)
The next Three questions pertain to the following

Trader 1 is endowed with 100 identical Left shoes. Trader 2 is endowed with 99 identical
Right shoes. Each trader’s utility from her allocation of shoes is equal to the mumber of
complete pairs of shoes in the allocation. Traders 1 and 2 trade shoes in competitive markets
and arrive at a competitive equilibrium. Assume that shoes are infinitely divisible.
10. Given their endowments, an efficient allocation

A. must give trader 1 at least 50 left shoes
B. must give trader 1 at least 50 right shoes
C. must give trader 1 at least 99 left shoes
11. An equilibrium allocation of shoes gives trader 2:

A. at most 50 left shoes
B. at least 99 left shoes
C. at most 99 left shoes
D. at most 50 right shoes
12. The equilibrium price of left shoe divided by the equilibrium price of right shoe is
A. 1
B. slightly less than 1
C. slightly more than 1
D. 0
√
13. Assume that the aggregate production of an economy is Yi = Kt Lt , where Kt+1 =
(1 − δ)Kt + It , St = sYi and Lt = L (i.e., the notation and meanings correspond to the
sctting for the Solow Model with constant population). Then, the savings rate s that
maximizes the steady state rate of consumption equals
1
A. 2
δ
B. 1+δ
1
C. 1+δ
14. Consider a function f : R2 → R. Suppose, for every p ∈ R2 , there exists x(p) ∈ R2

such that f (x(p)) ≥ 1 and p · x(p) ≤ p.y for every y ∈ R2 such that f (y) ≥ 1. Define
g : R2 → R by g(p) = p.x(p). Then, g is

A. linear
B. convex
C. quasi-convex
D. concave
nP
n
15. Given nonempty-subsets of R2 , say Y1 , . . . , Yn , let Y ∗ = j=1 yj | y1 ∈ Y1 , . . . , yn ∈
2 2
Yn } . Given p ∈ R and a nonempty set Y ⊂ R let v(p, Y ) = sup{p · y | y ∈ Y } Then,
for every p
A. v(p, Y ∗ ) < nj=1 v(p, Yj ) or v(p, Y ∗ ) > nj=1 v(p, Yj )
P P
B. v(p, Y ∗ ) = nj=1 v(p, Yj )

P
C. v(p, Y ∗ ) ≤ nj=1 v(p, Yj )

P
D. v(p, Y ∗ ) ≥ nj=1 v(p, Yj )

P
u(c2 )
16. A consumer lives for two periods 1 and 2. The lifetime utility function is U = u (c1 )+ (1+p) .
The consumer earns w1 and w2 in the two periods, and her consumption c1 and c2 satjsfies
c2 w2 c1t −σ
a lifetime budget constraint c1 + 1+r = w1 + 1+r . Assume that u (ct ) = 1−σ , t = 1, 2.
Then, if r ≥ ρ, it follows that
A. c1 ≥ c2
B. c1 ≤ c2
C. c1 = c2
17. The price-setting relation determines the real wage paid by firms depending on the level
of technology (A) and mark-up m, and is represented by W P
A
= 1+m . Under the wage-
setting relation, the real wage is determined by the level of productivity (A) and the
unemployment u. This is represented by W P
= A(1 − u). The effect of an increase in the
level of technology on the unemployment is:
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Zero
D. ambiguous
18. If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined by

0, if x is rational
f (x) =
x, if x is irrational
and

0, if x is irrational
g(x) =
x, if x is rational
Then, h : R → R, defined by h(x) = f (x) − g(x) is

A. injective but not surjective

B. surjective but not injective
C. neither injective nor surjective
D. bijective
19. Let k · kn and k · km be norms on Rn and Rm respectively. Let L be the space of linear
transformations from Rn to Rm and let kLk∗ = sup {kL(x)km | x ∈ Rn } and kLk∗∗ =
sup {kL(x)km | x ∈ Rn and kxkn ≤ 1} Then,
A. k · k∗ defines a norm on L
B. k · k∗∗ defines a norm on L
C. k · k∗ and k · k∗∗ are norms on L
D. Neither k · k∗ nor k · k∗∗ is a norm on L
20. Suppose that the mark-up over cost is 20% for a representative firm in an economy with
labour being the single factor; and the wage-setting equation is: W = P (1 − u) (where,
u = the unemploynent rate, P = Price and W = wage rate). Then the natural rate of
unemployment is:
A. 20%
B. 17%
C. 13%
D. 10%
21. What is the money demand function when the utility of money for the representative
household is given by, U (Y, M/P ) = 0.5 ln Y +0.5 ln(M/P ) (i represents the oppottunity
cost of holding money)?
Y
A. M D /P = i
2Y
B. M D /P = i
Y
C. M D /P = 2i
22. Let  
1 0 0
A= 2 1 0 
3 2 1
and B1 , B2 , B3 be three 3 × 1 column vectors, such that,
     
1 2 2
AB1 =  0  , AB2 =  3  , AB3 =  3 
0 0 1
Let B be the 3 × 3 matrix whose 3 columns are B1 , B2 and B3 respectively. Then the
determinant det (B) equals

A. −3
B. 3
−3
C. 2
3
D. 2
23. A random number X, uniformly distributed on [0, 1], divides [0,1] into 2 segments of
lengths X and (1 − X). Let R be the ratio of the smaller to the larger segment (i.e.,
R = X/(1 − X), or R = (1 − X)/X, depending on whether, X ≤ 1/2 or X > 1/2 The
distribution of R, F (r), that is the probability that R ≤ r equals
r
A. r+1
2r
B. r+1
1
C. r+1
1−r
D. r+1
24. If the marginal propensity to save is 0.3 and the marginal propensity to import is 0.1
, and the government increases expenditures by Rs. 10 billion, ignoring foreign-income
repercussions, by how much will GDP rise?
A. Rs.20 billion
B. Rs.10 billion
C. Rs.25 billion
D. Rs.15 billion
25. The formula for the effective tariff rate is given by the following formula:
(n − ab)
e=
1−a
where e = the effective rate of protection, n = the nominal tariff rate on the final product,
a = the ratio of the value of the imported input to the yalue of the final product, and
b = the nominal tariff rate on the imported input.
Suppose that the tariff rate on the final product is 5 percent, If no imported inputs are
used in the domestic production of the final product, the effective tariff rate is
A. 3%
B. 5%
C. 8%
D. 12%
26. Suppose that in the Solow Model of an economy with some positive savings rate, popu-
lation growth rate, and rate of depreciation, k ∗ is the steady state capital-labour ratio.
Suppose k1 and k2 are capital-labour ratios such that k1 < k2 < k ∗ , and let g1 , g2 be the
growth rates of per capita output at k1 and k2 respectively. Then

A. g1 > g2
B. g1 = g2
C. g1 > g2
27. The maximum value attained by the function f (x) = x3 − x2 − x − 1 on the set S =
{x | x2 − x − 2 ≤ 0} occurs at x =
A. 1
1
B. 3
C. 2
5
D. 2
28. A random variable X has a standard normal distribution. What is the closest guess to
the probability that X lies in the interval [2, 3]?
A. 0.001
B. 0.025
C. 0.25
D. 0.05
2
x −x+1
29. limx→∞ x+1
− c1 x − c2 = −5. So, it must be that (c1 , c2 ) equals
A. (2, −3)
B. (2, 3)
C. (1, 2)
D. (1, 3)
30. The efficiency wage theory argues that firms choose to pay a wage than the classical
equilibrium wage, thus the real wage is than the wage at which the labor market
clears.
A. lower, lower
B. lower, higher
C. higher, lower
D. higher, higher
31. According to the theory of comparative advantage, countries gain from trade because
A. All firms can take advantage of cheap labour
B. Trade makes firms behave more competitively, reducing their market power
C. Output per worker in each firm increases
D. World output can rise when each country specializes in what it does relatively
best

32. In the 2 factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in
A. tastes
B. relative availabilities of factors of production
C. labour productivities
D. technologies
33. The line y = 2x + 5 is tangent to a circle with equation x2 + y 2 + 16x + 12y + c = 0, at

point P . So, P equals
A. (−9, −7)
B. (−10, −12)
C. (−6, −7)
D. (−11, −15)
34. The random variable X denotes the number of successes in a sequence of independent
trials, each with probability p of success. Let X̄ denote the mean number of successes.
We know that X̄
A. has a binomial distribution with mean p
B. has a normal distribution with mean p
C. approximates a normal distribution with mean p
35. A family has two children and it is known that at least one is a girl. What is the
probability that both are girls given that at least one is a girl?
1
A. 2
1
B. 3
3
C. 4
2
D. 3
36. It is known that there is a rational number between any two distinct irrational numbers.
Consider a continuous function f : R → R such that f (x) = sin x for every rational
number x. If x is an irrational number then,
A. f (x) = sin( x2 ) + cos( x2 )
sin x cos x
B. f (x) = 2
+ 2
C. f (x) = cos x
D. f (x) = sin x
37. In a simple open economy framework, an increase in government spending leads to

A. a rise in budget deficit and a fall in current account deficit
B. a fall in budget deficit and a rise in current account deficit

C. a fall in both budget deficit and current account deficit

D. a rise in both budget deficit and current account deficit
√ !
3 1
38. The matrix Q = P AP T where P T is the transpose of P , and P = 2
−1
√2
3
and
2 2
1 1
A= .
0 1
Then, P T Q12 P equals

1 12
A.
0 1

1 144
B.
0 1

1 0
C.
144 1
√
2+ 3 1√
D.
−1 2− 3
39. Nitin is a stamp collector and consumes only stamps and cheese sandwiches. His utility
function is u(s, c) = s + log c. If Nitin is at a point where he is consuming both goods,
then the total amount that he is spending on cheese sandwiches depends
A. only on price of sandwiches
B. only on price of stamps
C. only on his income
D. on all three of the above
40. Consider the following set of 2 equations: (2x)ln 2 = (3y)ln 3 and 3ln x = 2ln y Suppose a
pair (x, y) of numbers is a solution to this set of equations. Then x equals
1
A. 4
1
B. 2
1
C. 3
1
D. 6
41. Your budget is such that if you spend your entire income, you can afford either 4 units
of good x and 6 units of good y or 12 units of good x and 2 units of y. What is the ratio
of price of x to price of y?
1
A. 2
B. 2
1
C. 3
2
D. 3


1 1
42. Let A = Then, A4 − 4A3 + 2A2 + A equals
1 3
A. I
B. I + A
C. A
D. A−1
43. Consider a small open economy. If there is a positive productivity shock in the country,
how will the domestic capital market be affected?
A. There will be net capital inflow
B. There will be net capital outflow
C. Net capital inflow is zero
D. The investment demand will fall
44. You have a single draw from a Bernoulli distribution. The maximum likelihood estimate
of the probability of success p is
A. 0
B. 1
C. either 0 or 1
D. strictly between 0 and 1
45. The function f (x) is twice differentiable, and f (2) = 4, f (3) = 9, f (4) = 16. Then, it
must be that
A. f 00 (x) = 3 for some x ∈ (2, 3)
B. f 00 (x) = 2 for some x ∈ (2, 4)
C. f 00 (x) = 4 for some x ∈ (2, 3)
D. f 00 (x) = 3 for some x ∈ (2, 4)
46. Under a floating exchange rate regime, following an expansion in the money supply,
monetary authorities will:
A. buy domestic currency in the foreign exchange market
B. sell domestic currency in the foreign exchange market
C. do nothing in the foreign exchange market
D. buy foreign currency in the foreign exchange market
47. In a roll of two fair dice, X is the number on the first die and Y is the number on the
second die. Which of the following is true?
A. X − Y and X + Y are dependent random variables
B. X 2 and Y are independent random variable

C. X 2 and Y 2 are independent random variable

D. All of the above
48. A random variable has a uniform distribution on the interval [−1, 1]. The probability
density function of X conditional on X > 0.3 is given by:
7
A. 10
10
B. 7
C. 1
3
D. 10
49. The interval (0, ∞) can be expressed as

A. ∪∞
n=1 [an , bn ] where each an , bn is a rational number
B. ∪∞
n=1 (an , bn ) where an and bn is a real number
C. ∪∞
n=1 [an , bn ] where each an and bn is a real number
D. All of the above
50. What is the probability that at least one 6 appears when 6 fair dice are rolled?
A. ( 56 )6
1
B. 6
C. 1 − ( 56 )6
5
D. 6

15 DSE 2020
1. Consider independently and identically distributed random variables X1 , . . . , Xn with
values in [0, 2]. Each of these random variables is uniformly distributed on [0, 2]. If
Y = max{X1 , . . . , Xn }, then the mean of Y is
2
n
A. (n+1)
n
B. 2n+1
2n
C. n+1
n
D. n+1
2. A coin toss has possible outcomes H and T with probabilities 34 and 14 respectively. A
gambler observes a sequence of tosses of this coin until H occurs. Let the first H occur
on the nth toss. If n is odd, then the gambler’s prize is −(2n ), and if n is even, then the
gambler’s prize is 2n . What is the expected value of the gambler’s prize?
A. 1
B. -1
C. 3
D. -3
3. Suppose two fair dice are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability that the total
number of spots on the upper faces of the two dice is not divisible by 2, 3, or 5?
A. 1/3
B. 2/9
C. 4/9
D. 7/16
4. A student is answering a multiple-choice examination. Suppose a question has m possible

answers. The student knows the correct answer with probability p. If the student knows
the correct answer, then she picks that answer; otherwise, she picks randomly from the
choices with probability 1/m each. Given that the student picked the correct answer,
the probability that she knew the correct answer is
mp
A. 1+(m−1)p
mp
B. 1+(1−p)m
1−p
C. 1+(m−1)p
1−p
D. 1+(1−p)m
5. Suppose Y is a random variable with uniform distribution on [0, 2]. The value of the
cumulative distribution function of the random variable X = eY at x ∈ [1, e2 ] is
log(x)
A. 2

log(x)
B. 4
C. log(x)
D. log(x) − 1
6. Consider an economy where the final commodity is produced by a single firm using labour
only. The price-setting firm charges a 25% mark-up over its per unit nominal wage cost.
The workers demand a real wage rate W P
= (1 − u), where u is the unemployment rate,
P is the price, and W is the nominal wage rate. The natural rate of unemployment in
this economy is
A. 20%
B. 17%
C. 13%
D. 10%
1
7. The aggregate production function of an economy is Yt = (Kt Lt ) 2 . Capital grows
according to Kt+1 = (1 − δ)Kt + St , where St = sYt , Lt = L̄ , s is the saving rate, δ
is the depreciation rate and L̄ is the total population. Then, the steady-state level of
consumption per capita is
s
A. δ
s2
B. δ2
1
C. δ s
s(1−s)
D. δ
8. Consider a production technology Y = AL, where Y is output, A is productivity, and L is

labour input. A firm sets its price P at a constant mark-up µ over the effective wage cost
per unit of production W
A
. The expected real wage rate of workers is PWe = Aα (1 − u)1−α ,
where 0 < α < 1 and P e is the expected price. If the price expected by workers
matches the actual price level, then the effect of a rise in the level of productivity on
unemployment is
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Zero
D. Ambiguous
9. A household has an endowment of 1 unit of time .The household maximises its utility
u = ln(c) + b ln(1 − l), where c denotes consumption and l ∈ [0, 1] denotes time spent
working. It finances its consumption from labour income wl, where w is the market wage
rate per unit of labour time. If the market wage rate goes up, then equilibrium labour
supply of the household
A. increases
B. decreases

C. remains constant
D. changes in ambiguous manner
10. Consider the IS-LM model with a given price level P . Investment is a decreasing function
of the interest rate and savings is an increasing function of aggregate income. The
demand for real money balances M P
is an increasing function of aggregate income and a
decreasing function of the interest rate. The monetary authority chooses nominal money
supply M to ensure that the resulting money market equilibrium keeps the interest rate
fixed at some target level. In this setup, an increase in the target interest rate leads to
A. a rise in equilibrium output
B. a fall in equilibrium output
C. no effect on equilibrium output
D. an ambiguous effect on equilibrium output
11. Consider the Solow growth model with a given savings ratio, a constant population
growth rate, zero rate of capital depreciation, and no technical progress. Let k ∗ be the
steady state capital labour ratio in this economy. Suppose the economy is yet to reach
the steady state and has capital labour ratio k1 at time t1 and capital labour ratio k2
at time t2 such that t1 < t2 and k1 < k2 < k ∗ . Let the associated growth rates of per
capita income at time t1 and t2 be g1 and g2 respectively. Then, by the properties of the
Solow model,
A. g1 < g2
B. g1 > g2
C. g1 = g2
D. the relationship between g1 and g2 is ambiguous
12. A consumer lives for periods 1 and 2. Given consumptions c1 and c2 in these periods,
her utility is U = ln(c1 ) + (1 + ρ)−1 ln(c2 ). She earns incomes w1 and w2 in the two
periods and her lifetime budget constraint is c1 + (1 + r)−1 c2 = w1 + (1 + r)−1 w2 , where
r is the interest rate on savings. If r > ρ, then
A. c1 > c2
B. c1 < c2
C. c1 = c2
D. the relationship between c1 and c2 is ambiguous
cγ +cγ
13. A consumer lives for periods 1 and 2. Her lifetime utility function is U (c1 , c2 ) = 1 γ 2
where 0 < γ < 1 and ci is consumption in period i. The elasticity of substitution between
consumption in period 1 and consumption in period 2 is
A. 1 + γ
B. 1 − γ
1
C. 1+γ

1
D. 1−γ
14. A and B play a best-of-seven table-tennis match, i.e., the first to win four games will
win the match. The two players are equally likely to win any of the games in the match.
The probability that the match will end in 6 games is
A. less than the probability that it will end in 7 games
B. equal to the probability that it will end in 7 games
C. greater than the probability that it will end in 7 games
D. None of these
2
15. Let X and Y be jointly normally distributed, i.e. (X, Y ) ∼ N (µX , µY , σX , σY2 , ρ), If
2
σX = σY2 and 0 < ρ < 1, then
A. the OLS regression of Y on X will yield a slope that is less than unity, and
that of X on Y will yield a slope greater than unity
B. the OLS regression of Y on X will yield a slope that is less than unity, and
that of X on Y will yield a slope less than unity
C. the OLS regression of Y on X will yield a slope that is greater than unity, and
that of X on Y will yield a slope less than unity
D. it is not possible to draw conclusions from given information
16. Let ¬ denote the negation of a statement. Consider a set X and a binary relation
on X. Relation is said to be irreflexive if ¬(x x) for every x ∈ X. Relation
is said to be transitive if, for all x, y, z ∈ X, x y and y z implies x z. If
is asymmetric (i.e.,for all x, y ∈ X, x y implies ¬(y x)) and negatively transitive
(i.e.,for all x, y, z ∈ X, x y implies x z,or z y, or both), then is
A. irreflexive, but not transitive
B. transitive, but not irreflexive
C. irreflexive and transitive
D. neither transitive nor irreflexive
17. Let ¬ denote the negation of a statement. Consider a set X and a binary relation on
X. For all x, y ∈ X, we say x y if and only if ¬(y x). Relation is said to be total
if , for all x, y ∈ X, ¬(x y) implies y x. If is asymmetric (i.e.,for all x, y ∈ X,
x y implies ¬(y x)) and negatively transitive (i.e.,for all x, y, z ∈ X, x y implies
x z,or z y, or both), then is
A. is not total
B. is total
C. may not be total
D. is not total over a nonempty subset of X

18. Let ¬ denote the negation of a statement. Consider a set X and a binary relation
on X. For all x, y ∈ X, we say x y if and only if ¬(y x). Relation is said to be
transitive if ,for all x, y, z ∈ X, x y and y z implies x z. If is asymmetric(i.e.,for
all x, y ∈ X, x y implies ¬(y x)) and negatively transitive(i.e.,for all x, y, z ∈ X,
x y implies x z,or z y, or both), then is
A. is not transitive over a nonempty subset of X
B. is not transitive
C. may not be transitive
D. is transitive
X. For all x, y ∈ X, we say x ∼ y if and only if ¬(x y) and ¬(y x). Relation ∼
is said to be transitive if , for all x, y, z ∈ X, x ∼ y and y ∼ z implies x ∼ z. If is
asymmetric(i.e.,for all x, y ∈ X, x y implies ¬(y x)) and negatively transitive(i.e.,for
all x, y, z ∈ X, x y implies x z,or z y, or both), then ∼ is
A. is transitive
B. is not transitive
C. may not be transitive
D. is not transitive over a nonempty subset of X
X. For all x, y ∈ X, we say x ∼ y if and only if ¬(x y) and ¬(y x). Relation ∼ is
said to be symmetric if , for all x, y ∈ X ,x ∼ y implies y ∼ x. If is asymmetric (i.e.,for
all x, y ∈ X, x y implies ¬(y x)) and negatively transitive (i.e.,for all x, y, z ∈ X,
x y implies x z,or z y, or both), then ∼ is
A. is symmetric
B. is not symmetric
C. may not be symmetric
D. is not symmetric over a nonempty subset of X
21. Consider the following game for players 1 and 2. Player 1 moves first and chooses L or
R. If she chooses L, then the game ends and the payoffs are (1, 0), where the first entry
is 1’s payoff and the second entry is 2’s payoff. If she chooses R, then 2 chooses U or D.
If she chooses U, then the game ends and the payoffs are (0, 2). If she chooses D, then
1 chooses L or R. If she chooses L, then the game ends and the payoffs are (4, 0). If she
chooses R, then the game ends and the payoffs are (3, 3). This game has
A. one Nash equilibrium in pure strategies
B. two Nash equilibrium in pure strategies
C. three Nash equilibrium in pure strategies
D. no Nash equilibrium in pure strategies

22. Consider the following game for players 1 and 2. Player 1 moves first and chooses L or
R. If she chooses L, then the game ends and the payoffs are (1, 0), where the first entry
is 1’s payoff and the second entry is 2’s payoff. If she chooses R, then 2 chooses U or D.
If she chooses U, then the game ends and the payoffs are (0, 2). If she chooses D, then
1 chooses L or R. If she chooses L, then the game ends and the payoffs are (4, 0). If she
chooses R, then the game ends and the payoffs are (3, 3). This game has
A. one subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
B. two subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
C. three subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
D. no subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
23. In a non-cooperative game, if a profile of strategies

A. is a Nash equilibrium, then it is an equilibrium in dominant strategies
B. is a Nash equilibrium, then it is a subgame perfect equilibrium
C. is a Nash equilibrium, then it is a sequential equilibrium
D. is an equilibrium in dominant strategies, then it is a Nash equilibrium
24. If player 1 is the row player and player 2 is the column player in games
L R L M R

U a, b c, d U a, b α, β c, d
G= G’=
D e, f g, h D e, f γ, δ g, h
then
A. 2s payoff in a Nash equilibrium of G0 cannot be less than 2s payoff in a Nash
equilibrium of G
B. 2s payoff in a Nash equilibrium of G cannot be less than 2s payoff in a Nash
equilibrium of G0
C. 2s payoff in a Nash equilibrium of G must be equal to 2s payoff in a Nash
equilibrium of G
D. 2s payoff in a Nash equilibrium of G may be higher than 2s payoff in a Nash
equilibrium of G0
graphically prefers x to y, i.e., between two non-identical bundles of x and y, she strictly
prefers the bundle with more of x, but if the bundles have the same amount of x, then she
strictly prefers the bundle with more of y. Agent 2’s utility function is u2 (x, y) = x + y
Agent 1’s endowment is (ωx1 , ωy1 ) = (0, 10) and Agent 2’s endowment is (ωx2 , ωy2 ) = (10, 0)
The set of competitive equilibrium price ratios ppxy for this economy is
A. {1}
B. [0, 1]

C. (0, 1]
D. ϕ
graphically prefers y to x, i.e., between two non-identical bundles of x and y, she strictly
prefers the bundle with more of y, but if the bundles have the same amount of y, then she
strictly prefers the bundle with more of x. Agent 2’s utility function is u2 (x, y) = x + y
Agent 1’s endowment is (ωx1 , ωy1 ) = (0, 10) and Agent 2’s endowment is (ωx2 , ωy2 ) = (10, 0)
The set of competitive equilibrium price ratios ppxy for this economy is
A. {1}
B. [0, 1]
C. (0, 1]
D. ϕ
27. Consider an exchange economy with goods x and y, and agents 1 and 2, whose endow-
ments are (ωx1 , ωy1 ) = (0, 9) and (ωx2 , ωy2 ) = (10, 0) respectively. The utility functions of 1
and 2 are u1 (x, y) = min{x, y} and u2 (x, y) = min{x, y} respectively. The competitive
equilibrium price ratio ppxy for this economy is
9
A. 10
10
B. 9
C. 1
D. 0
ments are (ωx1 , ωy1 ) = (0, 9) and (ωx2 , ωy2 ) = (10, 0) respectively. The utility functions of 1
and 2 are u1 (x, y) = min{x, y} and u2 (x, y) = min{x, y} respectively. The competitive
equilibrium allocations are
A. 1 gets (10 − x, 9 − y) and 2 gets (x, y) where x ∈ [9, 10] and y = 9
B. 1 gets (x, y) and 2 gets (10 − x, 9 − y) where x ∈ [9, 10] and y = 9
C. 1 gets (x, y) and 2 gets (9 − x, 10 − y) where x ∈ [8, 9] and y = 10
D. 1 gets (x, y) and 2 gets (9 − x, 10 − y) where x = 9 and y ∈ [9, 10]
ments are (ωx1 , ωy1 ) = (0, 9) and (ωx2 , ωy2 ) = (10, 0) respectively. The utility functions of
1 and 2 are u1 (x, y) = min{x, y} and u2 (x, y) = min{x, y} respectively. The allocation
that gives (10, 9) to 1 and (0, 0) to 2 is
A. Pareto efficient but not a competitive equilibrium allocation
B. neither Pareto efficient nor a competitive equilibrium allocation
C. a competitive equilibrium allocation that is Pareto efficient
D. a competitive equilibrium allocation that is not Pareto efficient

30. Given a non-empty set C ⊂ Rn , for every p ∈ Rn+ , let c(p) ∈ C be such that p · c(p) ≤ p · c
for every c ∈ C. Then, the function e : Rn+ → R given by e(p) = p · c(p) is
A. linear
B. convex
C. concave
D. quasi-convex
31. Given a non-empty set C ⊂ Rn , for every p ∈ Rn+ , let c(p) ∈ C be such that p · c(p) ≤ p · c
for every c ∈ C. Then, the function e : Rn+ → R given by e(p) = p · c(p) is
A. homogeneous of degree 0
B. homogeneous of degree 1
C. homogeneous of degree ∞
D. non-homogeneous
32. Suppose u : R → R+ is strictly increasing and has the supremum (i.e., least upper
u(x)
bound) α ∈ R. Then the function x → α−u(x) is
A. not well defined for some x ∈ R
B. bounded above
C. unbounded above
D. not strictly increasing
33. The interval [0, ∞) can be expressed as
A. ∩∞
n=1 (an , ∞) where each an is a rational number
B. ∪∞
n=1 (an , bn ] where an and bn is a real number
C. ∩∞
n=1 [an , bn ] where each an and bn is an irrational number
D. All of these
34. If f : R2 → R is given by
xy
x2 +y 2
, for xy 6= 0
f (x, y) =
0, for xy = 0
then
A. f is differentiable at (0, 0) and both partial derivatives at (0, 0) are 0
B. f is non-differentiable at (0, 0) and both partial derivatives at (0, 0) are 0
C. f is differentiable at (0, 0) and neither partial derivatives at (0, 0) is 0
D. f is non-differentiable at (0, 0) and neither partial derivatives at (0, 0) exist
35. Suppose is f a twice-differentiable function that solves the differential equation D2 f −
Df − f − 1 = 0 over R and satisfies the condition f (0) = 0 = f (k) for some k > 0 .
Then,

A. f has positive and negative values over (0, k)

B. f has only positive values over (0, k)
C. f has only negative values over (0, k)
D. f = −1 on (0, k)
36. Let B be the collection of sets E ⊂ R satisfying: for every x ∈ E, there exist real
numbers a and b such that a < b and x ∈ (a, b) ⊂ E. Let C be the collection of sets
E ⊂ R satisfying: for every x ∈ E, there exist rational numbers a and b such that a < b
and x ∈ (a, b) ⊂ E, then
A. B ⊂ C and B 6= C
B. C ⊂ B and B 6= C
C. B = C
D. Neither B ⊂ C nor C ⊂ B
37. The set {(x, y) ∈ R2 |x > 0 and y ≤ ln(x) − ex } is

A. a linear subspace of R2
B. convex
C. non-convex
D. convex polytope
38. Suppose the distance between x, y ∈ R is |x − y| and f : R → R is a continuous function.

If E is an open subset of R, then {x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ E} is
A. an open subset of R
B. a closed subset of R
C. neither an open nor a closed subset of R
D. an open and closed subset of R
39. Which of the following two numbers is larger for k 6= 0: ekπ or π ke

A. ekπ
B. π ke
C. They are equal
D. It depends on the value of k
cosθ −sinθ

40. Consider the matrix A = sinθ cosθ where θ ∈ (0, 2π) . The inner product of vectors
v = (v1 , v2 ) and w = (w1 , w2 ) in R2 is defined by < v, w >= v1 w1 + v2 w2 . So, for the
vectors v and w in R2
A. < Av, Aw >=< v, w >
B. < Av, Aw >>< v, w >
C. < Av, Aw ><< v, w >

D. The comparison of < Av, Aw > and < v, w > depends on θ
41. Let bxc be the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x ∈ R. The function
f : R → R, defined by f (x) = x − bxc for x ∈ R is
A. left-discontinuous at an integer
B. right-discontinuous at an integer
C. left discontinuous and right-discontinuous at an integer
D. discontinuous everywhere
42. Let dxe be the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x ∈ R. The function
f : R → R, defined by f (x) = dxe − x for x ∈ R is
43. Let bxc be the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x ∈ R. Let dxe be the
smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x ∈ R. The function f : R → R, defined
by f (x) = dxe − bxc for x ∈ R is
44. If A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, xy ≥ 1}, B = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0, xy ≤ −1}

and C = {a + b : a ∈ A, b ∈ B} Then,
A. {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x = 0, y ≥ 0} ⊂ C
B. {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x = 0, y > 0} ⊂ C
C. {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥ 0, y = 0} ⊂ C
D. {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x > 0, y = 0} ⊂ C
45. Consider a 4 × 4 -matrix A. Obtain matrix B from matrix A by performing the following
operations in sequence: (1) Interchange the first and fourth columns, and then (2)
Interchange the second and fourth rows. Then,
A. detA = detB
B. detA 6= detB
C. detB ≤ 0
D. detB > 0
46. The maximum value of f (x, y) = xy subject to |x| ≥ |y| and |x| + |y| ≤ 1 is

1
A. 4
1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 2
47. Consider a decreasing differentiable function g : R+ → R+ and an increasing continuous

R g(x)
function f : R+ → R+ . If F : R+ → R+ satisfies F (x) = 0 f (t)dt for every x ∈ R+ ,
then F is
A. increasing over [0, a] and decreasing over [a, ∞) for some a > 0
B. decreasing over [0, a] and increasing over [a, ∞) for some a > 0
C. Increasing
D. Decreasing
48. If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined by

0, if x is rational
f (x) =
x, if x is irrational
and

0, if x is irrational
g(x) =
x, if x is rational
Then, h : R → R, defined by h(x) = f (x) − g(x) is

A. injective but not surjective
B. surjective but not injective
C. neither injective nor surjective
D. bijective
Pn
49. Given nonempty subsets of R2 , say Y1 , . . . , Yn , let Y ∗ = { i=1 yi |y1 ∈ Y1 , . . . , yn ∈ Yn }.
Fix p ∈ R2 . For a nonempty set X ⊂ R2 , let v(p, X) = sup{p · x|x ∈ X}.
Suppose there exists y ∗ ∈ Y ∗ such that pẏ ∗ = v(p, Y ∗ ) and for every i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n},
there exists yi ∈ Yi such that pyi = v(p, Yi ). Then,
A. v(p, Y ∗ ) < ni=1 v(p, Yi ) or v(p, Y ∗ ) > ni=1 v(p, Yi )
P P
B. v(p, Y ∗ ) = ni=1 v(p, Yi )

P
C. v(p, Y ∗ ) < ni=1 v(p, Yi )

P
D. v(p, Y ∗ ) > ni=1 v(p, Yi )

P

 
1 0 0 0
2 2 0 0
50. If A =  
3 2 −2 0 
4 3 2 −1
and AT is trannspose of A , then det(AT A) is
A. 16
B. -16
C. 4
D. -4

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Delhi School of Economics MA Economics past year

8 DSE 2013 103

9 DSE 2014 117

10 DSE 2015 134

11 DSE 2016 149

12 DSE 2017 159

13 DSE 2018 170

14 DSE 2019 183

15 DSE 2020 194

2. Among the effects of urban rent control are

3. Processed and piped water is

DSE 2006 Index Page 2

A. crowding in and higher increase in equilibrium income

7. Monetary policy is completely ineffective in raising output if

The Laspeyres price index for time t = 1 is

10. Which one of the following is true?

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A. Income elasticity of both goods x and y is 1.

14. Consider an n × n matrix A with real entries. A is non-singular if and only if

15. Consider a function f : R → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers. If f is

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19. Exchange rate overshooting occurs

20. In an open economy with a system of fixed exchange rates

21. The allocation with (x1 , y1 ) = (3, 3) and (x2 , y2 ) = (7, 2) is

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B. not a competitive equilibrium allocation but is Pareto efficient

22. The allocation with (x1 , y1 ) = (10, 5) and (x2 , y2 ) = (0, 0) is

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D. equilibrium output does not change

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31. The probability that A becomes the winner of the contest is

32. The probability that C becomes the winner of the contest is

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B. the amounts of inputs used

43. Consider the following macroeconomic model:

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45. An increase in foreign income the equilibrium output of a small open

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• The entire society is a Family.

54. The intersection of two Gangs is necessarily

55. The union of a collection of Gangs is necessarily

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56. Which of the following statements is necessarily true?

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3. Suppose a producer has a fixed coefficient technology Q = min{2K, 3L}, where Q is

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(2) Original Budget Line

8. If a person is a borrower, a rise in the interest rate will

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A. improve it in the short run

10. Under classical supply conditions, a fiscal expansion

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15. If f : Rn → R is twice differentiable, concave and homogeneous of degree 1, then the

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C. (i) 0.24; (ii) 0.29

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