Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

Arthropods Summary
28–1 Introduction to the 28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Arthropods Arthropods are classified based on
Phylum Arthropoda includes animals such the number and structure of their
as crabs, spiders, and insects. Arthropods body seg-
have a segmented body, a tough exoskele- ments and appendages—particularly their
ton, and jointed appendages. An exoskele- mouthparts.
ton is an external body covering. An Crustaceans—subphylum Crustacea—
arthropod exoskeleton is made from include crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes,
protein and a carbohydrate called chitin. and barnacles. Crustaceans typically have
All arthro- pods have jointed appendages. two pairs of antennae, two or three body sec-
Appendages are structures such as legs and tions, and chewing mouthparts called
antennae that extend from the body wall. mandibles. Crustaceans with three body sec-
The evolution of arthropods—by tions have a head, a thorax, and an
natural selection and other processes—has abdomen. The thorax lies just behind the
led to fewer body segments and highly head and houses most of the internal organs.
special- ized appendages for feeding, In crus- taceans with two sections, the head
movement, and other functions. Most living and tho- rax are fused, forming a
arthropods have only two or three cephalothorax.
segments. Living arthropods have Chelicerates—subphylum Chelicerata—
specialized appendages such as antennae, include horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and
walking legs, wings, and mouthparts. scorpions. Chelicerates have mouthparts
Arthropods include herbivores, carni- called chelicerae and two body sections.
vores, and omnivores. Most terrestrial Nearly all chelicerates have four pairs of
arthropods breathe through a network of walking legs. Chelicerates are divided into
branching tracheal tubes that extend two main classes—Merostomata and Arach-
throughout the body. Air enters and leaves nida. Class Merostomata includes horse-
the tracheal tubes through small openings shoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs are the oldest
called spiracles. Other terrestrial arthro- living arthropods. Class Arachnida includes
pods, such as spiders, respire using book spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions. Spiders
lungs. Most aquatic arthropods have gills. are the largest group of arachnids. Spiders
Arthropods have an open circulatory sys- spin strong webs by forcing liquid silk
tem. Most terrestrial arthropods dispose of through spinnerets, organs that contain silk
nitrogen-containing wastes using saclike glands.
organs called Malpighian tubules. Terres- Uniramians—subphylum Uniramia—
trial arthropods have internal fertilization. include centipedes, millipedes, and insects.
Aquatic arthropods have internal or exter- Uniramians have jaws, one pair of anten-
nal fertilization. nae, and unbranched appendages. Cen-
When arthropods outgrow their tipedes have a few to more than 100 pairs of
exoskeltons, they undergo periods of molt- legs. Most body segments have one pair of
ing. During molting, an arthropod sheds its legs each. Centipedes are carnivores. Milli-
entire exoskeleton and manufactures a pedes have two, not one, pairs of legs per
larger one to take its place. segment. Millipedes feed on dead or decay-
ing plant material.

28–3 Insects of legs are attached to the thorax. A typical insect has a
pair of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and two
Insects have a body divided into three parts
pairs of wings. Compound eyes are made of many
—head, thorax, and abdomen. Three pairs
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107
 Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

lenses, and they detect minute changes in

color and movement.
Insects have three pairs of appendages
used as mouthparts, including a pair of
mandibles. Insect mouthparts are a variety
of shapes.
The growth and development of insects
usually involve metamorphosis, which is a
process of changing shape and form. In
incomplete metamorphosis, the immature
forms of insects look very much like adults.
The immature forms are called nymphs.
Nymphs gradually acquire adult structures,
such as wings, and functional sex organs.
Insects such as bees, moths, and beetles
undergo complete metamorphosis. These
insects hatch into larvae that look and act
nothing like adults. A larva changes into a
pupa, the stage in which an insect changes
from larva to adult.
Insects are known for their destructive
effects. Termites destroy wood, and
mosquitoes bite humans. Yet, insects are
also beneficial to humans. For example,
insects pollinate many crops.
Insects communicate using sound,
chemical, and other types of signals.
Pheromones are specific chemical messen-
gers that affect behavior or development in
other individuals of the same species.
Ants, bees, termites, and some of their
relatives form complex associations called
societies. A society is a group of animals of
the same species that work together for the
benefit of the whole group.

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Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms

Section 28–1 Introduction to the Arthropods

(pages 715–719)
Key Concepts
• What are the main features of arthropods?
• What are the important trends in arthropod evolution?
• What happens when an arthropod outgrows its exoskeleton?

What Is an Arthropod? (page 715)

1. What is the basic body plan of all arthropods?
All arthropods have are a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton and joined appendages.

2. A tough body wall that protects and supports the body of arthropods is called a(an)
Exoskeleton .
3. What is chitin?
Chitin is a complex structural polysaccharide, polymer of N-asetylglucosamine, found in
the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod exoskeletons.
a. The exoskeletons of many land-dwelling species have a waxy covering.
b. All arthropod exoskeletons are the same shape.
c. Lobster exoskeletons cannot be crushed by hand.
d. An exoskeleton is an external covering.
5. What are appendages?
Appendages are structures such as legs and antennae that extend from the body wall.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? The appendages of arthropods are jointed.
True.

Evolution of Arthropods (page 716)

7. Where did the first arthropods appear more than 600 million years ago?

In the sea.
 Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

8. What are two ways in which arthropods have evolved since they first appeared?
a. Fewer body segments.
b. More specialized appendages.
 Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod

evolution.
a. Most primitive arthropods had only one or two body segments.
b. Arthropod appendages evolved into different forms.
c. The early body plan was modified gradually.
d. Appendages of living arthropods include wings, flippers, and mouthparts.

Form and Function in Arthropods (pages 716–719)

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Arthropods include herbivores,
carnivores, and omnivores. True.

Match the arthropod structure with its description.

Structure Description
B 11. Tracheal tubes a. Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood
E 12. Spiracles and add them to feces
D 13. Book lungs b. Network of branching tubes through which
arthropods breathe
C 14. Book gills
c. Organs through which horseshoe crabs respire
A 15. Malpighian tubules
d. Layers of respiratory tissue stacked like the pages
of a book through which spiders respire
e. Small openings on the side of the body through
which air enters and leaves tracheal tubes
Respiratory
Structures
Arthropod

15. Complete the concept map about arthropod respiration.

include
 Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

Tracheal tubes Book lungs Book gills

Featherlike gills

used by used by used by used by

arthropods
Most terrestrial

Spiders and others

Horseshoe crabs

Lobsters and
Crabs
 Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020

16. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the response to
the environment by arthropods.
a. Most arthropods have sophisticated sense organs.
b. All arthropods have a brain.
c. Ganglia along a ventral nerve cord coordinate the movements
of individual legs.
d. Very few arthropods have a well-developed nervous system.
17. How do aquatic arthropods carry out excretion? They do diffusion to dispose of
cellular wastes from their body into the surrounding waters.

18. How do arthropods move? Most arthropods move using well-developed groups of
muscles (that are coordinated by the nervous system) and generate force by
contracting and then pulling on the exoskeleton.

19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod reproduction.
a. Aquatic arthropods have only internal fertilization.
b. In some species, males have an organ that places sperm inside
females.
c. Terrestrial arthropods may have internal or external fertilization.
d. In some aquatic species, males shed sperm around eggs
released into the environment.

Growth and Development in Arthropods (page 719)

20. When do arthropods undergo periods of molting?
When they outgrow their current exoskeleton.

21. What occurs in arthropods during molting?

During molting, arthropods skin is a glands digest the inner part of the exoskeleton and
other glands secret a new, larger exoskeleton. Arhropods sheds their entire exoskeleton
and manufactures a larger one to take its place.
Rahmawati Aisyah 2009242 Biology Education B 2020