JINNAH EXECUTIVE SERVICES

ACADEMY

M A H E A T I C S
T M

January – March 2020

Written By:
ABID ALI BABAR

1
 What should we know about?

 Percentage

 Profit and Loss

 Discount

 Tax Calculations

 Ratio and Proportion

 Simple Arithmetic and Algebraic Expressions

 Decimals

 Fractions

 Square, Square Root, Cube, Cube Root

 Sets

 Sequences

 Speed, Time, Distance

 Probability

 Linear and Simultaneous Equations

 Geometry

 Average

 LCM, HCF

 Conversions

 Interest Calculations

2
 Division of Task

Lecture No. 1:

Pre-Test, Introduction

Lecture No. 2:

Percentage, Profit & Loss, Discount and Tax

Lecture No. 3:

Ratio and Proportion

Lecture No. 4:

Sets, Sequences

Lecture No. 5:

Algebraic Expressions, Linear and Simultaneous Equations

Lecture No. 6:

Assessment of Learning (Mid-Test)

Lecture No. 7:

Geometry (Shapes, Angles, Formulas and Word Problems)

Lecture No. 8:

Basic Arithmetic (Fractions, Decimals, Exponents, Square Root etc.)

Lecture No. 9:

Speed, Time, Distance, LCM & HCF

Lecture No. 10:

Probability, Interest Calculations, Average, Conversion

Lecture No. 11:

Post-Test (All Topics)

Lecture No. 12:

Summary & Practice

Note: Some other lectures can also be arranged for the fulfillment of any deficiency (if

needed).

3
 Learning Activities Include:

 Practice in class

 Class tests (Oral and written)

 Home Assignments

 Preparation of Charts

 Competition among students (only for learning purpose)

4
LECTURE NO. 1

Paste Pre Test here

5
Paste your test here

6
 LECTURE NO. 2

PERCENTAGE

 Percentage (‘cent’ means 100) is a number (with symbol ‘ %’) that represents a fraction

of 100 e.g. 20% means 20 equal parts of anything out of all 100 equal parts of that

particular thing.

 If a student gets 10 marks. It means 10% if total marks are 100; 5% if total marks are 200

or it can be 20% if total marks are 50. Why? Because, 200/100 = 2 and 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2

(total 5 parts) = 10. As 5 equal parts of 200 makes 10, so 10 is 5% of 200.

 % = 1/100

 10% = 10/100 (fraction) = 0.10 (decimal)

 100% = 1

 In order to convert any number into percentage; multiply that number by 100% and

then simplify e.g. ¾ = ¾ x 100% = 75% and 0.215 = 0-215 x 100% = 21.5%

 In order to find 10% of any number, just cancel the last zero of that number or place a

decimal before the last non-zero digit e.g. 10% of 900 is 90 and 10% of 945 is 94.5

 In order to calculate a required % of a number, just multiply that number by the

required % e.g. 5% of 900 can be calculated as 900 x 5% = 900 x 5/100 = 45

POFIT AND LOSS

 CP stands for Cost Price, where cost includes the entire expenditures one has to bear in

order to make the product available for use or sale.

 SP stands for Sale Price which represents the actual amount received from the buyer for

the product.

 Profit is generated when SP is greater than CP i.e. PROFIT = SP – CP

 Loss is incurred when CP is greater than SP i.e. LOSS = CP – SP

 % of Profit = Profit/CP x 100%

 % of Loss = Loss/CP x 100%

7
 DISCOUNT

 MP stands for Marked Price; the price offered by the seller.

 Discount is the reduction allowed by the seller in the Marked Price.

 Difference between MP and SP: SP = MP – Discount

 Discount = MP - SP

 Sale Price is the actual amount paid by the buyer.

 % of Discount = Disc./MP x 100%

TAX

 Amount; the citizen have to pay to the govt.

 Types: Income Tax, Property Tax, Sales Tax etc.

 Sales Tax on goods is 17% (2019).

 Inclusive: Amount of Tax is included

 Exclusive: Amount of Tax is not included

ZAKAT & USHR

 Rate of Zakat is 2.5% or 1/40

 Rate of Ushr is 10% or 1/10 on agricultural products irrigated by natural resources

 Rate of Ushr is 5% or 1/20 on agricultural products irrigated by artificial resources

RG FORMULA

 ‘R’ stands for Required and ‘G’ stands for Given.

 In this method, the given amount is multiplied by a ratio to find the required amount.

The numerator of the ratio is the percentage of Required amount and the denominator

of the ratio is the percentage of the Given amount.

8
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)
Q. 1) In an examination, Ali got 30 out of 40 marks while Ahmed obtained 5/7 of the total
marks. Who performed well?

Q. 2) 200 students applied for an exam. Out of them 180 appeared and 70% of them passed.
How many failed?

Q. 3) A trader bought 3 dozen cups at Rs. 35 each. He wishes to earn a profit of 50% by selling
them all. But he breaks 6 cups in storage. At what price must he sell the remaining cups
to earn the same profit?

Q. 4) Mr. A purchased a camera for Rs. 2800. The original price of camera was Rs. 4000. What
percentage of discount did he received?

Q. 5) An article sold for Rs. 9100 (inclusive of 30% tax). What was the original price of article
excluding tax?

9
Q.6) Ali’s income is 25% more than of Ahmad. What percent is Ahmed’s income less
than Ali’s income?

Q.7) A sales man is paid Rs.60 per hour along with a 5% commission on sales. One day
he worked from 8am to 10pm and sells articles of Rs.20000. What amount did he
earn?

Q.8) By selling a car for Rs. 540000, Ahmad suffered a loss of 20%. How much should
he sell it for to achieve a profit of 7.5%?

Q.9) At a sale, Haseeb bought a bottle of juice for Rs. 70 after getting a discount of
10% on it. How much was the bottle of juice marked at?

Q.10) Ali marks his goods 20% above his cost price and then offers his customers a
discount of 10%. Calculate his gain percentage.

10
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option should be
correct.

(i) Express 0.08 as a percentage:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) Express 45/2% as a fraction:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) In an exam, 45% students failed and 550 students were successful. The total number of
students who appeared in the exam was:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) A dealer sold a painting for Rs. 800. He made a profit of 25% on the price he paid for it.
Calculate the price he paid for the painting.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) A number whose 7 percent is 42 is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) Iqbal paid a property tax of Rs. 2080 at the rate of 0.8%. Find the worth of the property.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) The price of a bicycle is Rs. 6480 inclusive 8% GST. What is the original price of the
bicycle?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) If 16% profit on a mobile set is Rs. 832. Find the cost price of the mobile.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) 80% of 40.5 is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) Calculate Zakat on 10 tola gold, if the rate of gold is Rs. 60000 per tola.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

11
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed. Avoid
copying from any source.

12
 LECTURE NO. 3

Ratio & Proportion

 Ratio means relation between two quantities.

 It is a comparison of like quantities in like units. Its symbol is “:”.

 a : b = a/b =a ÷ b & b : a = b/a = b ÷ a

 In a : b, ‘a’ is called antecedent and ‘b’ is called consequent.

 a:b≠b:a

 The equality of two ratios is known as Proportion. Its symbol is “::” or “=”

 In the proportion a : b :: c : d; the 1st and 4th term i.e. ‘a’ and ‘d’ are called extremes,

while the 2nd and 3rd terms are called means. Here the product of means is equal to the

product of extremes i.e. ad = bc

 There are two types of proportion: Direct and Inverse

 In Direct Proportion, if one quantity (variable) increases; it results in the increase of

second quantity (variable) e.g. with the increase in the quantity of goods purchased,

there will be an increase in the total cost. Examples of Direct Proportion are: products

and total cost, rent and days, fare and distance, time and work, petrol and distance,

length of sides and perimeter of square etc.

 In Inverse Proportion, if one quantity (variable) increases; it results in the decrease of

second quantity (variable) e.g. with the increase in the speed, there will be a decrease in

the time required to complete the journey. Examples of Inverse Proportion are: time

and speed, man and days (to complete a job), men and food, cost price and profit etc.

13
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)
Q. 1) The value of ‘x’ in x : 3 :: 60 : 15

Q. 2) Find the ratio of Rs 8 each to Rs 72 per dozen.

Q. 3) Simplest form of 5/6 : 7/10

Q. 4) Three members of a firm divide the profit of Rs 67,200 among themselves in the ratio
2:3:7. What is the biggest share of the profit?

Q. 5) If P : Q = ¾ : 2 and P : R = 1/3 : 1/2

Q. 6) A factory makes 560 fans in 7 days with the help of 20 machines. How many fans can be
made in 12 days with the help of 18 machines.

14
Q. 7) 120 men are used to build a huge building in 30 days. How long will it take 80 men to do
the same job?

Q. 8) Eight mechanical experts can assemble 4 computers in 5 hours. How many mechanical
experts are needed to assemble 21 computers in 10 hours?

Q. 9) Ali can paint a shed in 5 hours working alone whereas Asim can paint the same shed in 6
hours. They started to paint together but Asim had to leave after 2 hours. How long did
it take Ali to complete the task alone?

Q. 10) In a school of 1200 students, the ratio of the number of teachers to the number of
students is 1 : 15. After some teachers join the school, the ratio becomes 3 : 40. Find the
number of teachers who join the school.

Q. 11) Tap A can fill a tank in 10 hours and tap B can fill the same tank in 8 hours. How long will
it take to fill the tank if both of them are opened together?

(a) 3.50 hrs (b) 4.44 hrs (c) 4.67 hrs (d) 5.50 hrs

15
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option should be
correct.

(i) Value of ‘x’ in x : 90 :: 45 : 3

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) 7 people need 90 days to repair a building. If the job should be completed in 15 days,
how many more people need to be employed?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) Two inlet pipes can fill a tank in 3 hours and 4 hours respectively. How long will it take to
fill the tank if both pipes are opened at the same time?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) A class has 12 boys and 18 girls. What is the ratio of boys to class? (PP)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 : 3 and that of the
second to third is 5 : 8, second number is: (PP)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) If 15 men can manufacture 27 baskets in 1 hour. How many baskets would 45 men can
manufacture in 40 minutes.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) An amount of money is divided into two parts in the ratio 1 : 4. Find the smaller part as
a percentage of the whole amount.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) Alia can complete an assignment in 5 days and Babar can complete the same
assignment in 20 days. The time taken by both Alia and Babar to complete the
assignment working together is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) Asghar can do a job in 60 days. And both Asghar and Babar do the same job in 20 days
working together. Babar can alone do the same job in:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) Potatoes cost Rs 75 per kg. Ali paid Rs 120 for a bag of potatoes. How many kg of
potatoes did he buy?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

16
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed. Avoid
copying from any source.

17
 LECTURE NO. 4

Sets & Sequences

SET

 A set is a collection of well defined and distinct objects.

 There are three ways to express a set: (1) Descriptive (2) Tabular (3) Set Builder

 Symbols used in set builder form:

 l such that

 ϵ belongs to

 ɇ does not belong to

 Λ and

 V or

 ≥ greater than or equal to

 ≤ less than or equal to

 Empty set is denoted by Ø

 If A and B are two sets, then set B is said to be a subset of A if every element of B is the

element of A. For example, A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2}

 Important Sets to remember:

 Set of Natural No. = N = {1, 2, 3, …}

 Set of Whole No. = W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

 Set of Integers = Z = {…,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}

 Set of Even No. = E = {0, ±2, ±4, ±6, …}

 Set of Odd No. = O = {±1, ±3, ±5, …}

 Set of Prime No. = P = {2, 3, 5, 7, …}

 Set of Rational No. = Q = {x l x = p/q where p,q ϵ Z Λ q ≠ 0}

 Set of Irrational No. = Q’

 Set of Real No. = Q U Q’

18
 Sequences

 A sequence is an arrangement of numbers written according to some specific rule.

 Every number in a sequence is called a term.

 The rule for the successive term can include addition, subtraction, multiplication,

division, taking square or cube, combination of any two operations or even the

combination of two sequences.

 We can discuss these rules with the help of some examples:

1) Addition

(i) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,…, here the next term will be 11 as 2 is being added for te next

term.

(ii) 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, …, here the next term will be 18 because 3+1=4, 4+2=6, 6+3=9,

9+4=13 and 13+5=18; each time next term is obtained by adding a number

which is 1 more than the previous increment.

2) Subtraction

(i) 1, -1, -3, -5, …, here the next term will be -7 as 2 is being subtracted.

(ii) 100, 98, 94, 86, …, here the next term will be 70 as 2n is being subtracted.

3) Multiplication

(i) -1, 4, -16, 64, …, here the next term will be -256 as -4 is being multiplied for

each next term.

(ii) 2, 4, 12, 48, …, here the next term will be 240 as 2x2=2, 4x3=12, 12x4=48 and

48x5=240.

4) Division

(i) 256, 128, 64, 16, …, here the next term will be 8 as each term is divided by 2

to get the next term.

(ii) 729, -243, 81, -27, …, here the next term will be 9 as next term is being

obtained by dividing with -3.

5) Taking Square or Cube

(i) 2, 4, 16, 64, …, here the next term will be 4096 which is square of 64.

19
 (ii) 1, 8, 27, 64, …, here the next term will be 125 which is the next perfect

square.

6) Combination of Operations

(i) 1, 4, 13, 40, …, here the next term will be 121 as each term is obtained by

multiplying by 3 and then adding 1, i.e. 1x3+1=4, 4x3+1=13, 13x3+1=40 and

40x3+1=121

(ii) 1, 2, 5, 26, …, here the next term will be 677 as each term is obtained by

taking square and then adding 1, i.e. (1)2+1=2, (2)2+1=5, (5)2+1=26,

(26)2+1=677.

7) Combination of two Sequences

(i) 1, 1, 4, 8, 9, 27, …, here the next term will be 16 as there are two sequences;

one of perfect squares and second of perfect cubes.

(ii) 1, -2, 3, -4, 5, …, here the next term will be -6 as there are two sequences; i.e.

1, 3, 5, 7, …, and -2, -4, -6, -8, …

 Sometimes it is useful to find nth term of the sequence in order to give the correct

answer. Consider the following example:

 Find the 50th term of the sequence: 10, 13, 16, 19, …, here the nth term is 3n+7, so when

n=50, we have 3(50)+7=157

20
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)
Q.1) Complete the number series: 3,4,7,8,11,12,_____

(a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 15

Q.2) Complete the number series: 14,28,20,40,32,64,______

(a) 46 (b) 56 (c) 58 (d) 48

Q.3) Complete the number series: 2,5,12,23,38,57,_______

(a) 69 (b) 78 (c) 80 (d) 84

Q.4) Complete the number series: 6,11,21,36,56,_____

(a) 76 (b) 81 (c) 78 (d) 67

Q.5) Complete the number series: 1,5,20,60,_____

(a) 120 (b) 125 (c) 130 (d) 135

Q.6) Complete the number series: 1,2,4,7,11,16,_______

(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 22 (d) 26

Q.7) Complete the number series: 486,162,54,18,6,______

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4

Q.8) Set of Integers is denoted by:

(a) A (b) Z (c) I (d) U

21
Q.9) π includes in the set of:

(a) N (b) Z (c) Q (d) Q’

Q.10) In set builder form ‘Λ’ means:

(a) such that (b) And (c) Or (d) Union

Q.11) ‘0’ includes in:

(a) P (b) O (c) N (d) W

Q.12) Out of 60 boys, 35 boys play football and 29 play hockey. 3 boys do not play either football or
hockey. Find the number of boys who play only hockey.

Q.13) Out of 40 children, 13 own a cat as a pet, 5 own both a cat and a dog and 15 own neither a cat
nor a dog. Find the number of children who own a dog, but not a cat.

22
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option
should be correct.

(i) Complete the number series: 1,3,12,60,_____

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) Complete the number series: 1,3,7,15,31,63,_________

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) Complete the number series: 5,3,6,2,7,1,______

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) Complete the number series: 26,29,39,____,52,55

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) Complete the number series: 2,3,6,18,108,_____

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) There are ___ ways to describe a set.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) Set of Rational numbers is denoted by:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) 22/7 includes in:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) Out of 90 people, 27 owned a bicycle in which 13 owned only bicycle and 11
owned neither a car nor a bicycle. Find the number of people who owned car,
but not bicycle.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) There are ___ Prime numbers between 50 and 70.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

23
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed. Avoid
copying from any source.

24
 LECTURE NO. 5

Algebraic Expressions, Linear and Simultaneous Equations

 Algebra is Arabic word which means “bringing together broken parts”.

 Algebra is one of the useful tools of Mathematics. It uses Mathematical statements to
describe the relationships between things.
 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi is known as the father of algebra.
 Literals are the letters or alphabets that we use to represent unknowns. For example; a,
b, x, y, z etc.
 Constant is a symbol having a fixed numerical value. For example 2, 7, 10 etc.
 Variable is a symbol represented by a literal and can take various numerical values. For
example in x + 2, ‘x’ is variable and ‘2’ is constant.
 Algebraic Expression is a combination of constants and variables connected by the
arithmetic operators (+, -, x, ÷). For example, 4x +y, a2 – b2, 9 etc.
 Algebraic Terms are the parts of an algebraic expression separated by the operational
signs ‘+’ and ‘-‘. For example, the expression 4x + 5y – 2 has three terms 4x, 5y and -2.
 When we put the sign of equality (=) between two Algebraic expressions; we get an
Equation. For example, 2x + 5 = 7
 In a Linear Equation, the exponent of the variable is one. For example, 5x – 3 = 12 is a
linear equation with one variable and 2x + 4y = 8 is a linear equation with two variables.
The standard form of linear equation with one variable is ax + b = 0.
 Solving an equation means to find the value of unknowns.
 If there are two unknown values are present in an equation; we need another equation
with same unknown values to find the solution of the equations. And if there are three
unknown values, then we need three equations to solve and so on.
 Two or more equations are called Simultaneous Equations if they have same solution.
For example, x + y = 10 and x – y = 2.
 In a Quadratic Equation, the exponent of the variable is two. For example, 5x2+x–3 = 12.
The standard form of quadratic equations is ax2 + bx + c = 0
 In a Cubic Equation, the exponent of the variable is three. For example, 5x3 – 3 = 12.
 In a Biquadratic Equation, the exponent of the variable is four. For example, 2x4 + 4 = 15
 Important Algebraic Identities(formulas) are:
1) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2) (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
3) (a + b)(a - b) = a2 – b2

25
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)

Q.1) A mother is 30 years older than her daughter. Five years ago, she was four times as old as her
daughter. How old are they now?

Q.2) A boy is 42 years younger than his father. In 8 years time, he will be ¼ times as old as his father.
Find his present age.

Q.3) In four years time, a father will be three times as old as his son. Six years ago, he was 7 times as
old as his son. How old are they now?

Q.4) Five years ago, the average age of P & Q was 15 years. Average age of P, Q and R today is 20
years. How old will R be after 10 years?

Q.5) The sum of two consecutive numbers is 55. Which is the largest number?

26
Q. 6) Five apples and four oranges cost Rs. 340 while seven apples and six oranges cost
Rs. 490. Find the cost of an apple and an orange.

Q. 7) The sum of two numbers is 25 and the difference is 13. Find their product.

2
Q.8) If the numerator and denominator of a fraction are increased by 1, the fraction becomes and
3
1
if the numerator and denominator of same fraction are decreased by 2, it becomes 3.
Find the fraction.

Q.9) Ahmed bought 3kg melon and 4kg mangoes for Rs.470 and Ali bought 5kg melons and 6kg
mangoes for Rs.730. Calculate the price of melons and mangoes per kg.

Q.10) Ahmed added 5 in the twice of a number. Then he subtracted half of the number from the
result. Finally he got the answer 8. Find the number.

27
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option should be
correct.

(i) Adnan is 7 years older than Adeel. Find the age of Adeel when ¼ of Adnan’s age is equal
to the ½ of Adeel’s age.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) 5 years ago, Ahsan’s age was 7 times of Shakeel’s age but after 3 years Ahsan’s age will
be 4 times of Shakeel’s age. Find the age of Ahsan.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) If we add 3 in the half of a number, we get the same result as we subtract 1 from the
quarter of the number. Find the number.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) If x + y = 2 and x – y = 0, then x is equal to:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) The difference of two numbers is 4. The sum of twice of greater number and 3 times of
the smaller number is 43. Find the smaller number.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) The cost of 2 footballs and 10 basketballs is Rs. 2300 and the cost of 7 footballs and 5
basketballs is Rs.2650. Calculate the price of each football.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) If 0.5k + 2 = 2.05, then the value of k is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) If 4(d - 1) = 9 + d, then the value of d is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) The result of adding 36 to a certain number is same as multiplying that number by
5. Find the number.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 222. Find the middle number.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

28
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed.
Avoid copying from any source.

29
LECTURE NO. 6

Paste your Test here

30
Paste your Test here

31
Paste your Test here

32
 LECTURE NO. 7

GEOMETRY

 Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement and
properties of Shapes.
 Point is the basic building block of Geometry. Every shape is made through combining
the points.
A point has no length or width. It has no thickness. Point is a mark of position. It
specifies the exact location.
 A Ray has a starting point but has no end point.
 A Line has no end points.
 We cannot measure the length of a Ray or a Line.
 A section of line is called a Line Segment. It has two end points.
 An Angle is the union of two rays with common end point.
 A Right Angle contains 90o.
 A Straight Angle contains 180o.
 An Acute Angle contains more than 0o and less than 90o.
 An Obtuse Angle contains more than 90o and less than 180o.
 A Reflex Angle contains more than 180o and less than 360o.
 Two angles whose sum is 90o are called Complementary Angles. For example 60o and
30o.
 Two angles whose sum is 90o are called Supplementary Angles. For example 110o and
70o.
 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o.
 The sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360o.
 Similar Figures have same shape, but may have different sizes.
 Congruent Figures have same shape and size.
 A Polygon is a two dimensional object with a minimum of three straight sides and three
angles.
 Sum of angles of any polygon can be found by the formula: (n - 2) x 180, where ‘n’ is the
number of sides of the polygon.
 A triangle with two equal sides is called Isosceles Triangle.
 A triangle with no equal sides is called Scalene Triangle.
 A triangle containing three equal sides is called Equilateral Triangle.
 A triangle containing one Right Angle is called a Right Triangle.
 Pythagoras Theorem of Right triangle is: h2 = a2 + b2, where ‘h’ means
Hypotenuse(opposite to the right angle), ‘a’ means Altitude and ‘b’ means Base.

33
 Basic Geometrical Shapes

 A square is a quadrilateral with all four sides

equal in length, having two pairs of parallel
Square lines and all four angles are of 90°.
 Perimeter = 4l unit
 Area = l2 unit2
 “ l “ represents length of each side of square

 A rectangle is a quadrilateral with two pairs of

Rectangle parallel sides. Opposite sides are equal in
length and all four angles are right angles.
 Perimeter = 2(l + w) unit
 Area = l x w unit2
 ‘l’ represents length and ‘w’ represents width

 A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs

of parallel sides. Opposite sides are equal in
Parallelogram length.
 Area = h x w unit2
 ‘h’ represents perpendicular height and ‘w’
represents width

 A trapezium is a quadrilateral having one pair of

parallel sides.
Trapezium  Area = ½ x h x (sum of parallel sides) unit2
 ‘h’ represents height of trapezium

 A triangle is a polygon having three sides.

 Area = ½ x b x h unit2
 ‘b’ represents base and ‘h’ represents height
Triangle  A triangle having an angle of 90o is called a
right angled triangle.
 Pythogorus Theorem for right angled triangle:
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2

 A circle is the locus of all points equidistant

from a central point.
 Circumference is the boundary of circle.
Circle
 Radius is the distance from centre of circle to
any point on circumference.
 Circumference = 2 π r unit
 Area = π r2 unit2

 A rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all four

sides are equal in length.
Rhombus  Opposite sides are parallel
 Perimeter = 4 x side unit
1
 Area = x (Product of diagonals)
2
 or Area = base x height

34
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)

Q1) How much distance does the tip of a minute hand length 7cm cover in a day?

Q2) Find the angle which is four times its complement.

Q3) The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3. Find the angles of the triangle.

Q4) In an isosceles right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is 98cm2. Find the
length of the congruent sides.

Q5) The length of a rectangle is 4cm more than its breadth. If the perimeter of the rectangle
is 12cm, find the area of the rectangle.

Q6) Find the volume of a sphere of radius 2.1cm.

35
Q7) Pythagoras was a mathematician:

(a) Latin (b) Greek (c) Egyptian (d) Pakistani

Q8) A housing society has been allotted a piece of land measuring 2550.25m 2. What is the
side of the plot?

Q9) One side of a rectangle is 22 feet. Which of the following could be the perimeter of the
rectangle?

(a) 28 feet (b) 33 feet (c) 44 feet (d) 54 feet

Q10) How many bricks each measuring 25cm length, 11.25cm width and 6cm height will be
needed to build a wall of 8m length, 6m width and 22.5m height?

(a) 5600 (b) 600 (c) 6400 (d) 7200

36
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option should be
correct.

(i) The diameter of a round table is 7m. How much distance a person will walk around it?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) A rectangle has a length of 10cm and perimeter of 30cm. Find the width of the
rectangle?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) According to the Pythagoras theorem (when hypotenuse is c):

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) The perimeter of a rectangle is 54cm. One side is 6cm longer than the other. Find the
area of the rectangle

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) Find the measure of an angle which is 35 less than its supplement.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) The sum of two angles of a triangle is 1200 and their difference is 560. Find the measure
of third angle.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) The sum of all the angles of a hexagon is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) The radius of a circle is 21cm. Find the area of a circle:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) Formula to find the volume of a cylinder is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) The radius of the wheel of a car is 0.28m. Find in how many revolutions the car will
cover a distance of 880 metre.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

37
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed.
Avoid copying from any source.

38
 LECTURE NO. 8
Basic Arithmetic

Basic Arithmetic includes the following topics:

 Order of Operation

 Fractions

 Decimals

 Percentages

 Square Roots

 Powers & Exponents

 Conversions

 Measurement(Area, Time, Distance etc)

Order of Operation

 Order of operation means the set of rules to be followed in performing various arithmetic

operations in a mathematical statement.

 Basic arithmetic operators are +, -, x, ÷

 Solving of Brackets, taking squares and square roots can also be included in arithmetic

operations.

 BODMAS stands for Brackets Of Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction; explains the rule of

precedence while simplifying a mathematical statement.

 As multiplication and division have same precedence order; we should move from left to right

while simplifying. For example in simplifying, 10 ÷ 5 ÷ 2, we will move from left to right and

answer is 1 otherwise the answer will be 4, which is wrong.

 Same rule is followed in case of Addition and Subtraction, having same precedence order. For

example 10 – 3 + 2. Here, 9 is correct answer as we move from left to right.

Fractions

 A fraction simply tells that how many parts of a whole we have.

 A fraction has two parts; Numerator is the part over the bar (slash), represents the portion we

have and Denominator, below the bar (slash), represents the total number of parts.

39
 There are three types of fractions: Proper, Improper and Mixed Fractions

3
 In Proper Fractions, Numerator is Less than the denominator, e.g. 7

9
 In Improper Fractions, Numerator is Greater than the denominator, e.g. 4

1
 A combination of a proper fraction and a whole number is called a mixed fraction, e.g. 5 9

 A mixed fraction can be converted into improper fraction.

 An improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction.

4
 Every integer can be written as a fraction as ‘1’ can be written as a denominator, e.g. 4 = 1

 The value of a proper fraction is always Less than ‘1’ and the value of an improper fraction is

always Greater than ‘1’

 Multiplying a number with a proper fraction will decrease the number and multiplying with an

improper fraction will increase the number.

 Equivalent fractions have same value and are obtained by multiplying both numerator and

2 2 ×5 10
denominator by the same number. For example, 3 = =
3 ×5 15

 We take LCM when there is a sign of Addition (+) or Subtraction (-) between two or more

fractions

 In case of multiplication, simplify by dividing with the common factors and then multiply the

numerator with numerator and denominator with denominator.

 In case of Division of fractions, convert ‘÷’ into ‘x’. Here, you must have to take reciprocal of the

3 4 3 5 15
fraction on the right side of the sign. For example, 4 ÷ = 4 x 4 = 16
5

 Another method is to convert the fractions into decimals and perform arithmetic operations. For

2 1
example, 5 + = 0.40 + 0.25 = 0.65
4

 We can compare two fractions by equating their denominators or by converting them into

2 1 2 ×4 1 ×5 8 5 8 5 2 1
decimals. For example, 5 , 4 = ,
5 ×4 4 ×5
= 20 , 20 Now as 20 > 20
So 5 > 4
OR as 0.40 > 0.25

2 1
So 5 > 4

 Fraction of a number can be obtained by simply multiply the number with the required fraction.

2 2
For example, 3 of 60 = x 60 = 40
3

2 4 2 4
 Square of a fraction is less than the original fraction. For example, (3)2 = , here 3 >
9 9

40
 Decimals

 A number whose whole number part and the fractional part are separated by a decimal point.

 Decimal places are the number of digits after a decimal e.g. 4.325 has three decimal places.

 In case of addition and subtraction, place decimal below the decimal and write the digits on the

left and right of the decimal accordingly, e.g. 2.457 + 12.21

0 2 . 4 5 7

1 2 . 2 1 0

2 4 . 6 6 7

Add zero below or above a digit where necessary.

 In case of multiplication, multiply without decimal and put decimal in the answer after adding

the decimal places of all the numbers being multiplied, e.g. 0.4 x 0.5, here when we multiply 4

with 5 the answer is 20. As there is one decimal place in 0.4 and one in 0.5, so 1 + 1 = 2 decimal

places should be in the answer, i.e. 0.20

 In case of division, we can convert decimals into fractions or we can directly subtract the

decimal places of divisor from the decimal places of the dividend, e.g. 2.75 ÷ 1.5. in order to

solve it, divide 275 by 15 and put decimal before one digit as one decimal place of divisor minus

two decimal places of dividend is equal to one OR convert into fractions as 2.75 = 275/100 ÷

15/100 and solve it.

 If we multiply a whole number with a decimal less than 1, e.g. 0.4; the answer will be less than

the original number, e.g. 10 x 0.5 = 5.

 If we divide a whole number with a decimal less than 1, the answer will be greater than the

original number, e.g. 10/0.5 = 20

 Square of a decimal number is less than the original number, e.g. (0.5)2 = 0.25, where 0.25 < 0.5.

 Rounding means making a number simpler but keeping its value close to what it was. The result

is less accurate but easier to use, e.g. 72 rounded to nearest ten is 70.

 To Round Off:

 Find the place value you want (the rounding digit) and look at the digit just to the right of

it.

41
  If the digit is less than 5; do not change the rounding digit but drop all digits to the right

of it. In case of whole numbers, convert all the digits to zero at the right of rounding

digit.

 If that digit is greater than or equal to 5, add one to the rounding digit and drop all digits

to the right of it. In case of whole numbers, convert all the digits to zero at the right of

rounding digit.

 Examples are: Round off 145.348 to the nearest hundredth is equal to 145.35.

 Round off 145.348 to the nearest tenth is equal to 145.3

 Round off 145.348 to the nearest tens is equal to 150

Whole Numbers And Decimal Place Values

Whole Number Digits Decimal Number Digits

Ten (10) Tenth (0.1)

Hundred (100) Hundredth (0.01)

Thousand (1000) Thousandth (0.001)

Ten Thousand (10000) Ten Thousandth (0.0001)

Powers & Square Root

 Power/Exponent of a number indicates that how many times a number is being multiplied by

itself, e.g. 53 = 5 x 5 x 5

 X0 = 1

 Square of a number means; it has exponent 2, e.g. 42

 Cube of a number means; it has exponent 3, e.g. 43

 A perfect square is a number obtained by taking square of an integer.

 A perfect cube is a number obtained by taking cube of an integer.

First Twenty Perfect Squares

12 1x1 1

22 2x2 4

32 3x3 9

42 4x4 16

52 5x5 25

62 6x6 36

72 7x7 49

42
 82 8x8 64

92 9x9 81

102 10 x 10 100

112 11 x 11 121

122 12 x 12 144

132 13 x 13 169

142 14 x 14 196

152 15 x 15 225

162 16 x 16 256

172 17 x 17 289

182 18 x 18 324

192 19 x 19 361

202 20 x 20 400

First Ten Perfect Cubes

13 1x1x1 1
23 2x2x2 8
33 3x3x3 27
43 4x4x4 64
53 5x5x5 125
63 6x6x6 216
73 7x7x7 343
83 8x8x8 512
93 9x9x9 729
103 10 x 10 x 10 1000

 Square root of a number ‘x’ is a number y (i.e. √𝑥 = y) such that y2 = x

 √𝑥 = x1/2

 We can take Square root of a number by two methods; Prime Factorization and Division

 Cube root of a number ‘x’ is a number y (i.e. 3√𝑥 = y) such that y3 = x

3
 √x = x1/3

43
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)
Q. 1) 6x3+8÷2

Q. 2) (1 + 2) x 3 – 4 ÷ 5

Q. 3) 12 + 6 ÷ 2 - 8

1 5
Q. 4) 13 - 6

Q. 5) Add Brackets: 1 + 72 ÷ 4 x 2 = 10

Q. 6) Add brackets: 4 + 6 x 7 – 5 = 16

Q. 7) Round off 1.26 to the nearest tenth.

Q. 8) Round off 12.67 to the nearest whole number.

Q. 9) Which of the following is the smallest fraction?

3 5 6 7
(a) 7 (b) 1 (c) 13 (d) 12

44
 1
Q. 10) 44 - 1.43

3 6
Q. 11) If 11 of a number is 22. What is 11 of that number?

(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 33 (d) 44

2 1
Q. 12) 3
of a plot of land is garden. 5 of the garden is lawn. Find the fraction of the plot which is lawn.

Q. 13) 0.004 x 0.5

Q. 14) 0.032 ÷ 100

Q. 15) 300 ÷ 1.5

45
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option
should be correct.

(i) 0.002 x 0.07

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) 30 x 43/2

(a) (b) (c) (d)

𝟑
(iii) √0.008 = ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) √176 + √2401 = ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

1
(v) = ?
0.04

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) Square of 0.05 is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) If [(-7)3]6 = 7x , then find the value of ‘x’:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) The reciprocal of (p/q)-m is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) (30 + 20) ÷ 70 = ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) Express 7/8 as decimal:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

46
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed.
Avoid copying from any source.

47
 LECTURE NO. 9
Speed, Time, Distance & HCF, LCM

Speed, Time, Distance

 Speed is the distance travelled per unit of time.

 Formula: Speed = Distance/Time

 Units of Speed, Time and Distance must be same.

 Speed is inversely proportional to time taken but directly proportional to distance.

 Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time

Q1) A man is walking at 7km/h. How long will he take to cover a distance of 42km?

Q2) Calculate the speed of a snail in km/h, if it takes 30 minutes to cover a distance of 2m.

Q3) How far will a jet plane fly in 45 minutes, if it travels at the speed of 654km/h?

Q4) Ali’s school is 4km from his house. He cycles to school at the speed of 4.5km/h. If he
starts at 9:45 a.m., at what time does he reach school?

Q5) Two points, L and N, are 160m apart. M lies on the straight line joining L and N. An
object travels from L to M at an average speed of 10m/s in 6 seconds and then from M
to N at an average speed of 25m/s. Find the average speed of the object for its entire
journey from L to N.

48
 Travelling in Water and Air

 Upstream: Speed = Speed in still water – Speed of stream

 Downstream: Speed = Speed in still water + Speed of stream

 Travelling with Wind: Speed = Speed of plane + Speed of wind

 Travelling against wind: Speed = Speed of plane – Speed of wind

Q6) A boat travels at 3miles/h in still water. If the current’s velocity is 1mile/h, it takes 3
hours for a return journey from a place. How far is the place?

Q7) With the wind an airplane covers a distance of 2400 kms in 4 hours and against the wind
in 6 hours. What is the speed of the plane and that of the wind?

 If a train or other vehicle crosses a man or a pole, then the distance will be the length of
train.
 If a train crosses a bridge, then the distance will be the calculated as:
Distance = Length of bridge + length of train

Q8) A train travelling at 60km/h crosses a man in 6 seconds. What is the length of the train?

Q9) A train 350m long crosses a bridge 550m long in 45s. Find the speed of the train in km/h.

49
  In case of two moving objects, we have to make an equation by considering

Q10) X and Y are two stations which are 320 miles apart. A train starts at a certain time from
X and travels toward Y at 70mph. After two hours, another train starts from Y and
travels towards X at 20mph. At what time do they meet?

Q11) A train leaves from a station and moves at a certain speed. After two hours, another
train leaves from the same station and moves in the same direction at a speed of
60mph. If it catches up with the first train in 4 hours; what is the speed of the first train?

Relative Speed

 Same Direction: If two objects; A and B, are moving in the same direction, where the
speed of A is ‘s1’ and the speed of B is ‘s2’, then the relative speed of A with respect to B
is s1 – s2
 Opposite Direction: If two objects; A and B, are moving in opposite direction, where the
speed of A is ‘s1’ and the speed of B is ‘s2’, then the relative speed of A with respect to B
is s1 + s2

Q12) A train travelling at 60km/h crosses another train travelling in the same direction at
50km/h in 30seconds. What is the combined length of both trains?

Q13) Train A, 600m long is running at 80km/h will take how much time to cross a man sitting
in another train which is 400m long running at 64km/h in the opposite direction?

50
 LCM & HCF

 A multiple of a number is any product of that number and an integer, e.g. multiples of 5

are: 5x1=5, 5x2=10,15,20,…

 Factor is a number that divides another number completely with no remainder, e.g.

factors of 10 are: 1,2,5 and 10

 The LCM (Least Common Multiple) of two or more numbers is the smallest multiple that

is common to all the numbers

 The HCF (Highest Common Factor) of two or more numbers is the largest factor that is

common to all the numbers

 LCM x HCF = 1st no. x 2nd no.

 Two integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ are said to be co-prime if their HCF is 1. For example, 4,5 and

5,12 etc.

51
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)

Q1) Find the HCF of 12 and 30.

Q2) Find the LCM of 12 and 30.

Q3) Find the smallest value of n such that LCM of n and 15 is 45.

Q4) The lights on three lightships flash at regular intervals of 18 seconds, 30 seconds and 40
seconds respectively. The lights flash together at 10:00 p.m. when will they next flash
together?

Q5) Ali has three pieces of rope with lengths of 140cm, 168cm and 210cm. He wishes to cut
all the three pieces of rope into smaller pieces of equal length such that there is no
leftover rope. What is the greatest possible length of each of the smaller pieces of rope?

Q6) Find the number which divides 167 and 95 leaving 5 as remainder.

52
Q7) The HCF of two numbers is 11 and their LCM is 7700. If one of the numbers is 275, then
the other is:

Q8) The ratio of two numbers is 3:4 and their HCF is 4. Their LCM is:

Q9) The product of two numbers is 500. If their HCF is 5, then the greater no. is:

53
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option
should be correct.

(i) A train covers a distance in 50 min, if it runs at a speed of 48km/h. The speed at
which the train must run to reduce the time of journey to 40 min will be:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) A boat covers a distance of 30km downstream in 2 hours while it takes 6 hours
to cover the same distance upstream. What is the speed of the boat in km/h?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) A passenger train takes two hours less for a journey of 300 km if its speed is
increased by 5 km/h from its normal speed. The normal speed is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) A car covers a distance of 201 km in 3 hours. How much distance will it cover in 7
hours?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) A truck moves at the speed of 36km/h. How far will it travel in 15 seconds?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vi) Find the least number which is exactly divisible by 12, 15 and 20.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) HCF of two numbers is 13. If these two numbers are in the ratio of 15:11, then
the greater number is:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) Find the least number which when divided by 12, 15, 20 and 54 leaves a
remainder of 8 in each case:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) 5 bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 seconds
respectively. Find in 40 minutes, how many times do they toll together

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 600 and 30 respectively. If one number is
150 find the other number.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

54
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed.
Avoid copying from any source.

55
 LECTURE NO. 10
Probability, Average, Interest & Conversion

PROBABILITY
 The measure of chance is known as Probability.
 Probability = No. of favourable outcomes/No. of possible outcomes

Average
 Average is defined as the ratio of sum of all terms in a group to the number of items in
the group.
 Average = Σx/n

INTEREST
 For Simple Interest: SI = PRT/100
 For Compound Amount: A = P[1 + r/100]t

CONVERSIONS

1 m3 1000 litres 1 km2 1000000 m2

1000 cm3 1 litre 1 m2 10000 cm2

1 kg 1000 g 1 acre 160 marla

1 kg 2.2046 lb 1 mile 1.6093 km

1 lb 0.4536 kg 1 km 0.6214 mile

1 ft 12 inch 1m 3.28 ft

1 ft 30.48 cm 1m 1.0936 yd

1 ft 0.3048 m 1m 39.3 inch

1 ft 304.8 mm 1 inch 2.54 cm

1 ft 0.3333 yd 1 inch 25.4 mm

56
 Questions for Practice (Class Work)
Q.1) Out of 50 light bulbs, 4 bulbs are faulty. If Irfan buys one light bulb, what is the
probability that it works?

Q.2) There are 54 marbles in a bag. Given that the probability of choosing a black marble is
exactly 7/9, calculate the number of marbles in the bag which are not black.

Q.3) A playing card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of drawing:

(a) The king of spades

(b) The two or three of clubs
(c) A heart
(d) A black card

Q.4) The mean height of 20 boys and 14 girls is 161cm. if the mean height of 14 girls is
151cm, calculate the mean height of 20 boys.

Q.5) The height of three plants A, B and C in a garden are in the ratio 2:3:5. Their
mean/average height is 30cm.Find the height of plant B.

57
Q.6) The mean of three numbers x, y and z is 6 and the mean of five numbers x, y, z, a and b
is 8. Find the mean of ‘a’ and ‘b’.

Q.7) A man invests Rs. 7500 for 3 months and receives Rs. 62.50 as interest. What is
the rate of the simple interest per annum?

Q.8) Mr. Ali deposited Rs. 8000 at 6% per annum and Rs. 12000 at 7% per annum for
two years. What is the total amount of profit from these two investments?

Q.9) Find the compound profit on Rs. 700 for two years at 10% per annum.

Q.10) Convert the following measurements into m.

a) 280cm

b) 56100mm

c) 3.7km

Q.11) Which is greater: 45 miles or 63km?

58
 ASSIGNMENT
Q. 1) Provide four options for each of the following questions. Only one option
should be correct.

(i) A bag contains red, green and yellow cards. A card is drawn at random. The probability
that it is red is 0.35 and the probability that it is green is 2/5. Find the probability that it
is yellow.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ii) Tickets numbered 1 to 50 are mixed and one ticket is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is multiple of 4 or 7.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iii) The average of four consecutive even numbers is 27. Find the largest of these
numbers.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(iv) The average of 11 numbers is 30. If the average of first six numbers is 17.5 and
that of last six is 42.5, then what is the sixth number?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(v) At what rate percent per annum will sum of money double in 20 years?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2
(vi) What will be the simple interest on Rs.80000 at 16 % per annum for 9 months?
3

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(vii) What is the height in meters of a 5’3’’ person?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(viii) Which is greater: 45kg or 45000g?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(ix) Which one is longer: 13 km or 130000cm?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(x) Which one is taller: 1.75m or 1750mm?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

59
Q. No. 2) Make five questions by your own efforts. Try to include all the topics discussed.
Avoid copying from any source.

60
LECTURE NO. 11
Post Test

Paste your test here

61
62
63
64
65
LECTURE NO. 12
Summary & Revision

66
67