Day 1

TOPICS:
N U M B E R T H E ORY
P E R C E N TA G E
PROFIT AND LOSS
 Number Theory

Content:
 Types of Numbers
 Arithmetic Progression
 Divisibility Property
 Identities
 Cyclicity
 Example Problems
 Types of Numbers

 Natural Numbers
 Whole Numbers
 Integers
 Even Numbers
 Odd Numbers
 Prime Numbers
 Composite Numbers
 Arithmetic Progression

If each term of a progression differs from its preceding

term by a constant, then such a progression is called
an arithmetical progression. This constant difference is
called the common difference of the A.P.

Sn = n(n+1)
2
Sn = n(a + l)
2
 Divisibility Property

 Divisibility by 2 • Divisibility by 11
 Divisibility by 3 • Divisibility by 12
 Divisibility by 4
• Divisibility by 14
 Divisibility by 5
• Divisibility by 15
 Divisibility by 6
• Divisibility by 16
 Divisibility by 8
 Divisibility by 9
• Divisibility by 24
 Divisibility by 10
• Divisibility by 40
• Divisibility by 80
 Identities

 (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)

 (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
 (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
 (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
 (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
 (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
 (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc -
ac)
 When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
 Example Problems

1) (112 x 54) = ?

2) Which of the following number is divisible by 24 ?

o 35718
o 63810
o 537804
o 3125736

3) 287 x 287 + 269 x 269 - 2 x 287 x 269 = ?

4) (1000)9 ÷ 1024 = ?

5) If (64)2 - (36)2 = 20x, then x = ?

6) What is the difference between the place values of two

sevens in the numeral 69758472 ?

7) If the number 653xy is divisible by 90, then (x +y) is equal

to ?

8) What is the sum of all two digit numbers divisible by 5 ?

9) 1397 x 1397 (Solve using identities) ?
10) 753 x 753 + 247 x 247 – 753 x 247
753 x 753 x 753 + 247 x 247 x 247
11) 107 x 107 + 93 x 93 ?
12) 3897 x 999 = ?
13) (963 + 476)2 + (963 – 476)2
(963 x 963 + 476 x 476)
14) (963 + 476)2 + (963 – 476)2
(963 x 963 + 476 x 476)
15) (489 + 375)2 - (489 – 375)2
(489 x 375)
16) The Largest 5 digit number exactly divisible
by 91 is ?

17) The smallest 5 digit number exactly divisible

by 41 is ?
18) The Largest 4 digit number exactly divisible
by 88 is ?

19) The smallest 4 digit number exactly divisible

by 88 is ?

20) The smallest 5 digit number exactly divisible

by 95 is ?
21) What is the sum of first 45 Natural numbers ?

22) What is the sum of all the numbers from 51

to 100 ?

23) What is the sum of all the even numbers

between 1 to 40 ?
24) If 476**0 is divisible by both 3 and 11. The
non-zero digits in the hundred’s and ten’s place
are ________?

25) If the number 97215*6 is completely divisible

by 11, the smallest whole number in place of *
will be _____ ?
26) Which natural number is nearest to
8485, which is completely divisible by
75 ?

27) Which natural number is nearest to

9217, which is completely divisible by
88 ?
 Cyclicity

 The concept of cyclicity is used to

identify the last digit of the number.

Ex: Find the unit digit of 354.

1) What is the unit digit in 7105
2) What is the unit digit in (36)835
3) What is the unit digit in (58)54
4) What is the unit digit in (1909)888
5) What is the unit digit in (503)1306
6) What is the unit digit in (4137)754
7) What is the unit digit in(795 - 358)?
8) What is the unit digit in {(6374)1793 x (625)317 x
(341491)}?
 Interview Problems of TCS

1) A tailor has 37.5 meters of cloth

and he has to make 8 pieces out of
a meter of cloth. How many pieces
can he make out of this cloth?
2) When 0.36 is written in the
simplest fractional form, the sum of
the numerator and the denominator
is ?
3) If Shalu buys 6 more apples, his carton will
weigh 14.5 kilograms.
If the weight of one apple is 250 grams. How
many apples did he initially had in his
carton?
5) Convert 0.0155 into fractions.
6) When the integer n is divided by 8, the
remainder is 3.
What is the remainder if 6n is divided by
8?
7) The sum of three consecutive natural
numbers each divisible by 3 is 72.
What is the largest among them?
8) A and B are two number when divided
by 7 leaves a remainder 3 and 5.
What will be the remainder when A-B is
divided by 7 ?
 Percentage

Content:
 Concept of percentage
 Percentage Increase/Decrease
 Results on Depreciation
 Results on Population
 Example Problems
 Concept of Percentage

 By a certain percent, we mean that many

hundredths.
 Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
 To express x% as a fraction: We have,
x% =x/100
 Percentage Increase/Decrease

 If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then

the reduction in consumption so as not to increase
the expenditure is:
R x 100%
(100 + R)

 If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then

the increase in consumption so as not to decrease
the expenditure is:
R x 100%
(100 - R)
 Results on Depreciation

 Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it

depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
a. Value of the machine after n years =
b. Value of the machine n years ago =
c. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by
d. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by
 Results on Population

 Let the population of a town be P now and suppose

it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
a. Population after n years =
b. Population n years ago =
 Example Problems

1) A batsman scored 110 runs which included 3

boundaries and 8 sixes. What percent of his total
score did he make by running between the
wickets?

2) A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples

and still has 420 apples. Originally, how many
apples he had?
 Example Problems

3) A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples

and still has 420 apples. Originally, how many
apples he had?
4) Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5%
of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A
and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A : B.
5) In an election between two candidates, one got
55% of the total valid votes, 20% of the votes were
invalid. If the total number of votes was 7500, the
number of valid votes that the other candidate got,
was ?
 Example Problems

6) Three candidates contested an election and

received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively.
What percentage of the total votes did the winning
candidate get?

7) Two tailors X and Y are paid a total of Rs. 550 per

week by their employer. If X is paid 120 percent of
the sum paid to Y, how much is Y paid per week?
 Example Problems

8) The population of a town increased from 1,75,000 to

2,62,500 in a decade. What is the average percent
increase of population per year ?

9) In a certain school, 20% of students are below 8 years

of age. The number of students above 8 years of age
is of the number of students of 8 years of age which is
48. What is the total number of students in the school?

10) Two students appeared at an examination. One of

them secured 9 marks more than the other and his
marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. What is the
marks obtained by them ?
 Problems from Accenture

1) 3/7 of the oranges grown are too sour to eat out 3,80,205
oranges that are grown on a farm. The owner has to sell the
eatable Orange. How many Oranges can the farm owner sell?

2) Mr.Govind was a building contractor. He was doing reasonably

well in his business but was always on an expansion mode.
Mr.Govind won a contract with the Corporation and his
business began to boom.
So he decided to deploy more people in his projects. If he were
to increase his labour force by 33.33%, what will be percentage
reduction in the work load of each employee?
 Problems from Accenture

3) Three partners X,Y, Z start the business. Y's capital has been
four times Z's capital also twice X's capital has been equal to
three time Y's capital. In case total profit has been Rs. 16500 at
end of the year. Find out Y's share in it.

4) The value of a scooter depreciates in such a way that its value

at the end of each year is 3/4 of its value at the beginning of
the same year. If the initial value of the scooter is Rs. 40.000.
what is its value at the end of 3 years?

5) Chory, an English bulldog, received 1200 votes in the Mr

Bulldog USA competition, giving him approximately 30 percent
of the vote. Approximately what percent of the remaining votes
would he have needed to receive in order to win 70 percent of
the total votes?
 Profit and Loss

Content:
 Important formulae
 Example Problems
 Important Formulas

 Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)

 Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
 Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
 Gain Percentage: Gain % =Gain x 100
C.P.
 Loss Percentage: Loss % =Loss x 100
C.P.
 Selling Price: S.P. = (100 + Gain %)x C.P
100
 Selling Price: S.P. = (100 - Loss %)x C.P.
100
 Cost Price: C.P. = 100x S.P.
(100 + Gain %)
 Cost Price: C.P. = 100x S.P.
(100 - Loss %)
 Example Problems

1. The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the

selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%, then
find the value of x.

2. A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How

many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?

3. The percentage profit earned by selling an article

for Rs. 1920 is equal to the percentage loss
incurred by selling the same article for Rs. 1280. At
what price should the article be sold to make 25%
profit?
4. A shopkeeper expects a gain of 22.5% on his cost
price. If in a week, his sale was of Rs. 392, what
was his profit?

5. Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at the rate of

Rs. 375 per dozen. He sold each one of them at
the rate of Rs. 33. What was his percentage profit?

6. On selling 17 Pens at Rs. 720, there is a loss equal

to the cost price of 5 Pens. What is the cost price
of each pen?
7. When a plot is sold for Rs. 18,700, the owner loses
15%. At what price must that plot be sold in order
to gain 15%?

8. 100 oranges are bought at the rate of Rs. 350 and

sold at the rate of Rs. 48 per dozen. Find the
percentage of profit or loss.

9. A shopkeeper sells one transistor for Rs. 840 at a

gain of 20% and another for Rs. 960 at a loss of
4%. Find the total loss or gain percentage.
10. A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at Rs. 20 per kg with 30 kg of
rice of other variety at Rs. 36 per kg and sells the mixture at
Rs. 30 per kg. His profit percent is:

11. The retail price of a toothpaste of 140 grams is Rs 40,

the shopkeeper gives a toothbrush whose actual price is Rs
10, free with it and still gains 25%.
The cost price of the toothpaste is ?

12. A Shopkeeper allows a discount of 20% on the marked price

but charges 5% sales tax on the marked price and 5%
service tax
on the discounted price. If the customer pays Rs. 2670 as
price including tax, then what is marked price of the item?
 Questions from Capgemini

1. The cost price of 10 articles is equal to the selling

price of 9 articles. Find the profit percent?

2. Arun sold two mobiles for Rs.9900 each. At one

mobile,
he gained 10% and on other, he lost 10%. Find his
gain or loss in a transaction?

3. Ashif sold an article for Rs 315 at a profit of 5%.

What would have been the loss incurred by him it
was sold for Rs. 275?
 Questions from Capgemini

4. If the selling price of an article is (2/3)rd of its

cost price, then find the profit/loss percent.

5. To earn an extra profit, a shopkeeper mixes 30 kg

of dal purchased at Rs.36/kg and 26 kg of dal
purchased at Rs.20/kg. What will be the profit that
he will make if
he sells the mixture at Rs.30/kg?
 Questions from Accenture

1. A merchant sold an article at 10% loss. If he had

sold it Rs 450 more, 8% would have been gained
on the cost price. Find the cost price?

2. The profit obtained by selling an article for Rs 480

is twice the loss obtained by selling for Rs 300.
What is the cost price of the article?

3. On selling an article for Rs 1020, a merchant loses

15%.
For how much price should he sell the article to
gain 12% on it ?
 Questions from Accenture

4. A sells a camera to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to

C at a profit of 25%. If C pays Rs 450, what price did A
pay for the camera?

5. A watch was sold at a loss of 10%. If it was sold for

Rs.140 more, there would have been a gain of 4%.
What is the cost price?

6. A trader bought a car at 20% discount on its original

price.
He sold it at a 40% increase on the price he bought it.
What percent of profit did he make on the original
price?
Thank You
Have a nice day 