12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 – Module 7
Data Collection using Appropriate Instruments
Practical Research 1 Grade 12
Quarter 02 – Module 04: Data Collection using Appropriate Instruments
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency
or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Allyn Joy D. Calcaben
Editors:
Reviewers: Dr. Paulino Tado, Dr. Belen Tado
Illustrator: Allyn Joy D. Calcaben
Layout Artist: Allyn Joy D. Calcaben
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. – TNTS Principal IV
Adelfa M. Miguel – SHS Assistant Principal II
Belen Tado – Academic Head, SHS Department
Raimar E. Tejero – Master Teacher II

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education - Tagum National Trade School

Department of Education – Region XI

Office Address: Apokon Road, Tagum City

Telefax: (084) 216 - 2763 or 218 - 0711

E-mail Address: [email protected]

 12
Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Data Collection using Appropriate Instruments
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Self-Engaging Module (SEM)!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use

this module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected
to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module

For the learner:

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Self-Engaging Module (SEM)

Module

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Let Us Learn! In this portion, objectives of the new lesson

will be introduced

Let Us Try! This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in
the module

Let Us Study This is where the new lesson is introduced

Let Us Practice This comprises of activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and

ii
 skills of the topic. You may check answers
to the exercises using the answer key at
the end of the module.

Let Us Practice More This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge into
real life situations or concerns

Let Us Remember This includes questions or blank sentences

paragraphs to be filled in to process what
you have learned from the lesson

Let Us Assess This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Let Us Enhance In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned

Let Us Reflect Closing note of the relevance, meaning an

application of the concepts and skills
developed in the lesson to real life
experiences

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.

2. Do not forget to answer Let us Try before moving on to the other

activities included in the module.

3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.

iii
 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you through with

it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can
do it!

iv
 Let Us Learn!

This module focuses on activities in data collection. After administering of

questionnaires, survey or after conducting focus group discussion, data will
be collected and analyzed.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. demonstrate understanding of data collection procedures.

b. classify the different research instruments.
c. familiarize the different forms of online survey tools.
d. acquaint with the ethical consideration in data collection of
quantitative research.
Competencies:
1. collects data using appropriate instruments CS_RS12_IId-g-1

Let Us Try!

Task A: Find all the words that describes Data Collection.

1. __________________

2. __________________

3. __________________

4. __________________

5. __________________

6. __________________

7. __________________

8. __________________

9. __________________

10. __________________

Task B: Read and analyze each item carefully. Write only the letter of the
correct answer

1
1. What data collection method involves tracking of changes during specified
period?
A. Questionnaire B. Observation
C. Interview D. Test

2. Which of the following is defined as an action that the researcher will do to

obtain appropriate data?
A. Data Interpretation B. Data Manipulation
C. Data Collection D. Data Analysis

3. Which of these methods is the most expensive way to collect data per
respondent?
A. Personal B. Online
C. Phone Call/Text D. Postal

4. The following are guidelines before conducting an interview. Which one is

not?
A. Check if your recording device worked well throughout the interview.
B. Choose a comfortable venue with the least number of distractions.
C. Prepare and rehearse your interview guide.
D. Decide on the duration of the interview.

5. Which of the following should not be part of the informed consent form?
A. Name of Researchers and the Institution affiliated with
B. Name of Participants and the Institution affiliated with
C. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
D. Title of the study and purpose of the study

6. Participant observation can be performed covertly. What does it imply?

A. Participants are not aware of the purpose of the observation.
B. Participants are aware of the purpose of the observation.
C. Participants are unmindful of the result of the research.
D. Participants are aware of the result of the research.

Let Us Study

Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis, many are easily hook into
sharing and believing fake news without processing and verifying the source.
Daily figures of these cases are also gradually changing, creating
misinformation and fear. People are anxious about what is happening, and
tensions are inevitable due to security and health threats. Therefore, reliable
sources of data and information are highly needed. The fundamental
questions to ask are: What is data? Why researchers collect data? How is data
collected? Who needs the collected data?

In this pandemic situation specifically, the following questions can be

considered.
• How many Filipinos are positive of COVID-19?

2
 • Does aspirin prevent the spread of COVID-19?
• How many percent of Filipinos are jobless when the lockdown began?
• How have the education sector embraced the new normal?

All these questions, and many more can be answered through data
collection. As taught in the previous lesson, a researcher begins by identifying
the research problem. Once the data gathering procedure has been
implemented and data has been gathered, the next thing to do is to analyze
and interpret them. Data is obtained with the aid of data collection
instruments which will be the focus in this lesson.

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed
in writing your data analysis and interpretation. Data Collection involves
obtaining relevant information regarding the specified research questions or
objectives. This can be done by utilizing research instruments that are either
developed or adopted. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide on
the following questions: (1) Which data to collect? (2) How to collect the data?
(3) Who will collect the data? (4) When to collect the data? (Barrot, 2018,
p138).

There are various types of instruments you may use to collect data for
evaluation. The choice of appropriate instruments depends on the type of data
to be collected, the questions to be answered, the time frame and the
resources. The method of data collection should not only be appropriate but
also effective. Data collection is very important in the analysis of data. There
are two different methods to gather information: Primary or Secondary.

Primary Data Collection

Primary data is data originated for the first time by the researcher through
direct efforts and experience, specifically for the purpose of addressing his
research problem. Also known as the first hand or raw data. Primary data
collection is quite expensive, as the research is conducted by the organization
or agency itself, which requires resources like investment and manpower. The
data collection is under direct control and supervision of the investigator.

The data can be collected through various methods like surveys,

observations, physical testing, mailed questionnaires, questionnaire filled and
sent by enumerators, personal interviews, telephonic interviews, focus
groups, case studies, etc.

Secondary Data Collection

Secondary data implies second-hand information which is already
collected and recorded by any person other than the user for a purpose, not
relating to the current research problem. It is the readily available form of
data collected from various sources like censuses, government publications,

8
internal records of the organization, reports, books, journal articles, websites
and so on.

Secondary data offer several advantages as it is easily available, saves time

and cost of the researcher. But there are some disadvantages associated with
this, as the data is gathered for the purposes other than the problem in mind,
so the usefulness of the data may be limited in several ways like relevance
and accuracy.

Table 1. Comparison Chart between Primary & Secondary Data Collection

BASIS FOR
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
COMPARISON
Primary data refers to the Secondary data means data
Meaning firsthand data gathered by collected by someone else
the researcher himself. earlier.
Data Real time data Past data
Process Very involved Quick and easy
Government publications,
Surveys, observations,
websites, books, journal
Source experiments, questionnaire,
articles, internal records
personal interview, etc.
etc.
Cost
Expensive Economical
effectiveness
Collection
Long Short
time
Always specific to the May or may not be specific
Specific
researcher's needs. to the researcher's need.
Available in Crude form Refined form
Accuracy and
More Relatively less
Reliability

Methods of Primary Data Collection

Quantitative Methods emphasize objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through
polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical
data using computational techniques (Babbie, 2010). Quantitative Research
focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of
people or to explain a phenomenon. It has the following characteristics:

1. The data are usually gathered using structured research instruments

such as pretest - posttest test items, checklist, and questionnaires.
2. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of
the population.

9
 3. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
4. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective
answers are sought.
5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are collected.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables,
charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future
results, or investigate casual relationships.
8. Researcher uses tools, such as question or computer software, to collect
numerical data.

Quantitative research instruments comprise questionnaires,

interviews, tests, and observation. On the other hand, data collection
approaches for qualitative research usually involve: (a) direct interaction
with individuals on a one-to-one basis, (b) and or direct interaction with
individuals in a group setting.

When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following

steps are to be considered:
1. Be clear with your research question.
2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
6. Present your findings.

How do you collect your data?

Look at the different kinds of research instruments. Check all that seem
helpful in answering your research questions. You may choose more than one.

1. Questionnaires 2. Tests
a. Structured a. Standardized
b. Semi-structured b. Non-standardized
c. Unstructured c. Recall Questions
d. Face-to-face d. Recognition Questions
e. Online e. Open-ended Questions
f. Face-to-face
g. Online
3. Interviews 4. Observations
a. Face-to-face a. Controlled
b. Phone b. Natural
c. Video c. Participant

10
 Collecting data in quantitative research describes the tools and
methods used to collect information and identify the variables being
measured; describe the methods used to obtain the data. If the researcher
gathers primary data, he/she needs to describe what type of instrument is
used and why. The following are instruments commonly used in collecting
data or information in quantitative research.

Questionnaires

A questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a research topic

to gather data from the participants. It consists of indicators that is aligned
to the research questions. Gathering of information can be carried out in the
following methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail, messenger,
social media post, or using computer programs or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).

In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following approaches:

(1) scale (usually Likert scale); and (2) conversion of responses into numerical
values, e.g. strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as 2, and strongly
disagree as 1.

The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings. A

questionnaire is an instrument used to collect data while a survey is a process
of collecting, recording, and analyzing data. Questionnaires can be
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

There are three structures of making a questionnaire. The first,

structured questionnaires employ closed-ended questions. Unstructured
questionnaires, on the other hand, use open-ended questions in which the
research participants can freely answer and put his thoughts into it. Lastly,
semi-structured questionnaires are combinations of both the structured and
unstructured ones. Structured type is commonly used in quantitative studies
because it is easier to code, interpret objectively, and, most of all, easier to
standardize.

Advantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants.

2. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since
their identity can be made anonymous.

Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire

1. The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants.

2. Some participants will not be able to complete the required
responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack depth.

11
 Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

1. Choose the method of administering the questionnaire.

a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the
emotions, behavior, and non-verbal cues of the participants
b. Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need
not to be taken
2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.
a. Personal information. This section which contains background
information of the participants. (Names are optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional
information that might be needed. (This applied only for
quantitative research)
3. Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with
specific research questions or objectives.
4. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering
the questionnaire.
5. Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some items
in the questionnaire.
6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.
7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple
terms.
8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the
questions.
a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree ,
agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great
extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always,
frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good,
good, poor)
Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values
(e.g. five-point Likert scale)
9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary.
10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive
questions.
11. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.
12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the
questionnaires.
13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency
connected respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the
questionnaire.
15. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected
them and archive them digitally.
Tests

12
 Tests are used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well
as for describing some characteristics. There are two types of test used in
quantitative research: Standardized test and Non-standardized test.

Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups.

It is usually administered by institutions to assess a wide range of groups
such as students and test-takers. It is considered as more reliable and valid.
Examples are Achievement test, University Entrance Exam, Personality Tests,
and the likes.

Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered

to a certain set of people.

Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from

memory (e.g. fill-in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test,
etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given
choices the best or correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice test, true or false
test, yes or no test, etc.)

3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their

responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing
tests and other performance-based tests.

The following table shows the types of test and examples

What the
Type Subtype Example
Participants will Do
Recall Cloze test Supply words or Questionnaires can be
phrases that have structured, semi-
been structured, or
deleted/removed _____________.
from a test.
Identification Provide an answer What type of
to the given questionnaire employs
question using close-ended questions?
pure recall.

Enumeration List down the List the steps in

answers, whether conducting quantitative
chronologically or research.
not.

13
Recognition Multiple Choose the best/ Which of the following
Choice correct answer from does NOT belong to the
three to five group?
options. A. Collecting data
B. Tabulating data
C. Interpreting data
D. Differing data
Matching Match the items in Match the terminologies
Column A with the in Column A with their
items in Column B. synonyms in Column B.
Column A
Column B
__1. Data A.
Participants
__2. Respondents B.
Representative
__3. Sample C.
Information
Dichotomous Choose an answer Write TRUE on the
from two options space before each
either True or False number if the
or Modified True or statement is correct
False. and FALSE if it is
incorrect.
_____1. Data collection
is the first step in
conducting quantitative
research.
Open- Non- Provide a lengthy Explain the process of
Ended performance answer in writing obtaining the sample
based or orally. size from the
population.
Performance- Perform a task Present a role play
based where they are about conducting an
expected to prepare interview on study
a presentation or habits among students.
written work.
Source: (Barrot, 2018, p 146)

Interview

A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data about an

individual’s behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic
characteristics using numerical data.

Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews

Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews

It uses closed-ended questions. It uses open-ended questions.

14
It contains a rating scale or rubric. No rating scale or rubric
needed.
Responses are numerical. Responses are non-numerical.
A large sample size is used. Small sample size is used.
Structured type is used to minimize Unstructured, semi-structured,
“interviewer effect”, which means that the informal interviews, and focus
responses of the participants may be group discussions (FGD) are
affected by the behavior displayed by the used.
researcher on the manner that the
questions are presented.

The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly

structured, but here is a distinction between the two:

Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires

Items are read to the participants. Participants answer on their own.
Researchers may ask follow-up Researchers may not ask follow-up
questions. questions.
Useful when the target participants Not applicable for blind and
cannot answer a printed or encoded uneducated (no read, no write)
questionnaire (blind or uneducated). participants.

Observation

Observation is another method of collecting data that is frequently used

in qualitative research. However, it can be used in quantitative research when
the observable characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width,
height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed)

Observation allows the researcher to observe the actual event or

phenomenon. It has greater flexibility in the observation method. However,
observation may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne
effect phenomenon. Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-consuming
especially when observations need to be conducted for many years).

Forms of Observation

1. Controlled Observation. It is usually used in experimental research

and is done under a standard procedure. It provides more reliable
data (obtained through structured and well-defined process). The
procedure can be replicated, and the data are easier to analyze.
Lastly, the observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not
interact with the participants).

2. Natural Observation. It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It

has greater ecological validity (i.e. flexibility of the findings to be
generalized to real-life contexts). It also responds to other areas of
inquiry not initially intended by the researcher. Its major limitation
is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the presence

15
 of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the
participants

3. Participant Observation. It allows the observer to become a member

of the group or community that the participants belong to. It can be
performed covertly (i.e. participants are not aware of the purpose
behind the observation. It can be done also overtly, wherein
participants know the intention or objectives of the observation
Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

Observational
Description
Role
Complete Observe the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants
observer with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The
observer is neither seen nor noticed by the participants. The
participants are less prone to the Hawthorne effect.

Observer as Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or

participant natural behavior with as few external factors affecting it as
possible. The observer is known and recognized by the
participants as part of their group or community but has
limited interaction with them.

Participant Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or

as observer natural behavior. The observer is considered a researcher
and not a member of the group or community which is being
investigated. However, the observer is fully engaged with the
participants.

Complete Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior

participant of the participant with as few external factors affecting it as
possible. Taking this role raises ethical issues about possible
deception. He acts like an “undercover” member of the
community. He fully involved with the participants who are
unaware that they are being observed.

Guidelines in Conducting an Observation

16
 Before the During the Observation After the
Observation Observation
•Make sure to note the date,
• Clarify the time, and place where the •Code or
research observation is conducted. arrange the
objectives. •Limit the person who will data gathered
according to
• Be ready with observe.
the variables
observation •Explain the purpose of the of the study.
checklist. observation to participants if
applicable. •Tabulate the
• Determine your data, use
time of •Avoid causing disruptions numerical
while observing. value for
observation and
collection •Make sure to guarantee quantitative
anonymity of paticipants. research.
technique.
•Make use of multiple recording •Review the
• Record only schemes such as taking
relevant data gathered
notes, videos, audios, and to determine
information. photos but with proper ethical the gaps
• Prepare consent considertions. before
form for human proceeding.
observation.

Useful Online Tools

Google Forms are free online forms that allows the researcher to
construct, administer, and analyze surveys.

Step-by-step on how to use the google forms:

Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz

1. Go to forms.google.com.
2. Click Blank .
3. A new form will open.
Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz (You can add, edit, or format text,
images, or videos in a form.)
1. Edit your form.
2. Create a quiz/survey with Google Forms.
3. Choose where to save form responses.
Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out
1. When you are ready, you can send your form to others and collect
their responses.
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (www.surveygizmo.com)

1. Radio Buttons 2. Checkboxes

Gender Favorite Mall

☒SM
Female ☒Ayala
☐Gaisano
Male
☒Lim Ketkai

17
3. Drop Down Menus 9. Image Select

4. Drag and Drop

5. Likert Scale

6. Slider Scale

18
7. Star Ranking

8. Net Promoter Score (NPS)

10. Matrix

Province General Modified General Enhanced

Community Community Community
Quarantine Quarantine Quarantine
Misamis   
Oriental
Bukidnon   
Agusan del   
Norte
Camiguin   
Misamis   
Occidental

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

Ethical considerations should always be practiced especially when
human participants are involved. Researchers ensure that participants are
treated properly, especially during data collection. The use of consent form
respects the right of every participant to be informed and to make voluntary
participation.
Informed Consent Form is a document that provides the participants with
the information they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in
your study. The informed consent form must be accomplished before
gathering data from the participants. This document must be signed both by
the researcher and the participant as they agree to the conditions during the
actual conduct of the data collection process. It usually contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

19
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions
that they will be subject to the study)

Sample Informed Consent

RESEARCH SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENT

To the participants:

Read this consent form and ask questions and clarifications before you decide to participate in
this study or not. You are also free to ask questions during your participation in this research.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project Information

Research Title: IMPROVING SPEED AND ACCURACY IN MATH PROBLEM-SOLVING

USING THE SINGAPOREAN METHOD AMONG GRADE 7 STUDENTS OF
GuNHS-X

Researcher: Rico A. Lopez Phone: 09283434567/856-3454

School: Gulaman National High School-X Department: Senior High School

1. PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY

You are asked to participate in a research study that seeks to offer a Singaporean Method
in solving mathematical problems. The Singaporean method is a method that aims to develop
speed and accuracy in solving problems in mathematics. Additionally, the study aims to
determine the effectiveness of the Singaporean Method in solving mathematical problems.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a significant
difference between the learner’s problem-solving skill during the pretest and the posttest? (2)
Is there a significant difference between the scores of the learners in rating their problem-
solving skill before and after introduced to the Singaporean Method? (3) Is there a significant
difference in the problem-solving performance and the self-report scores between the control
and experimental group?

2. PROCEDURES

You will be asked to use the workbook prepared by the Math Society and attend the
math class at the Computer Laboratory. You will also be interviewed via Focus Group
Discussion to obtain information regarding your reactions or responses to the approach.
Specifically, you will be asked to do the following: (1) You will be asked to attend the Math
class that uses the Singaporean approach for the whole term. (2) You will be interviewed by
your Math teacher for two (2) hours about your responses regarding the Singaporean approach
of learning Mathematics and the challenges you encounter using this approach.

20
Cont. The expected duration of your participation is from October 2020 to January 2021.

3. POSSIBLE RISKS OR DISCOMFORTS

No possible risks can pose danger to you in any form during the conduct of this study.
The implementation of the method may last for three (3) months or approximately 12 weeks
and the interview may last for two hours.

4. POSSIBLE BENEFITS

The findings of this research will benefit your teachers in expanding their teaching
practices to effectively deal with developing a very potential problem-solving skill among its
learners. This study is also useful for both public and private school administrators in the
country in preparing a math curriculum with an intervention that is anchored upon the result of
this study to develop and enhance the problem-solving skills among high school students.

5. FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

No amount will be required from you during your participation in this study.

6. CONFIDENTIALITY

Your identity in this study will be treated with utmost confidentiality. The results will be
published for academic purposes only. However, any data obtained as a result of your
participation in this study may be checked by the sponsor, by the person conducting this study
and or by the research panelists.

7. TERMINATION OF RESEARCH STUDY

You are free to choose whether or not to participate in this study. There will be no penalty
if you choose not to participate. You may withdraw from your participation at any time without
penalty.

8. AVAILABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Any further questions you have about this study will be answered by the
researcher.
9. AUTHORIZATION
I have read and understood this consent form, and I volunteer to participate in this
research study. I understand that I will receive a copy of this form. I voluntarily choose to
participate, but I understand that my consent does not take away any legal rights in the case
of negligence or other legal fault by anyone who is involved in this study. I further understand
that nothing in this consent form is intended to replace any applicable laws.

_____________________________________

Participant’s Signature Over Printed Name

Date: ___________________________________

________________________________________

Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature Over Printed Name (if underage)

Date: ___________________________________
21

________________________________________
 Let Us Practice
Task A: Look at the questionnaire below. Answer the questions that follow by checking the
box that best describes you.

A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habits

Strongly Strongly
Constructs Agree Undecided Disagree
Agree Disagree
1. I study where there is a good
lighting.
2. I study in a room where the
temperature is cool.
3. The desk where I study is
always clear from
distractions.
4. I use earplugs to minimize
distracting sounds.
5. I study facing a wall.
6. I don’t do other things while I
am studying.
7. I prepare ahead of time all the
materials that I will need for
studying.
8. I avoid wasting my times on
Facebook, etc. in between my
study time.
9. I review my notes after class
and use it for review.
10. I take breaks from time to
time during study time.

Task B: Encircle the correct answer to the following questions. No Erasure.

1. What is secondary data?

a. Data that is not as good c. Data that is collected firsthand
b. Data expressed through d. Data that already exists
interpretive dance
2. Internal Secondary Data can include
a. Lamps, desks, chairs c. Sales records, invoices, purchase
b. Books, magazines, records
encyclopedias d. Wikipedia, Google, Facebook
3. The three sources of External Secondary Data are:
a. Published, syndicated services and databases
b. Syndicated services, sales records, published
c. Databases, syndicated services, James Sprenger

22
 d. What’s in the fridge at work, published, bus drivers
4. Which of the following are data collection methods?
a. Facebook Posts c. Watching TV
b. Observation d. Searching on Google
5. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:
a. Probe questions can be asked c. Interview bias can be avoided
b. Respondents can be put at ease d. Response rates are always high
6. Active listening skills means:
a. Asking many questions c. Keeping to time
b. Avoiding silences d. Attentive listening
7. Interview questions should:
a. Lead the respondent c. Be delivered in a neutral tone
b. Probe sensitive issues d. Test the respondents’ power of memory
8. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to
observe their behavior. This researcher is acting as:
a. A covert participant observer c. An overt participant observer
b. A covert non-participant observer d. None of the above
9. A primary data collection method that involves tracking behavior over a
period of time is called ________________.
a. Questionnaire b. Observation c. Analysis d. Survey
10. When is the best time to consider what analysis to examine your data
with?
a. After all the data have been collected
b. Before you even begin collecting data
c. After you have run a few analysis trials
d. Before you have run a few analyses of trials

Let Us Practice More

A. SAKTO o SAYOP
Write SAKTO if the statement is true and SAYOP otherwise.

___________ 1. Secondary data is completely reliable.

___________ 2. Books are examples of published sources.
___________ 3. Secondary data can be obtained quicker then primary data.
___________ 4. Secondary data can be used for both broad and specific
uses.
___________ 5. You must prevent yourself from self-selection during a
study.

14
 ___________ 6. Secondary data is inexpensive to collect compared to
primary data.
___________ 7. The researcher can inform others on the information
he/she has gathered.
___________ 8. The data collection is under direct control and supervision
of the investigator.
___________ 9. The method of data collection should not only be
appropriate but also effective.
___________ 10. During an interview, the researcher should accept one
informant's opinion at face value.
___________ 11. The quantitative data can be obtained through newspapers,
diaries, interviews, transcripts, etc.
___________ 12. Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely,
predict future results, or investigate casual relationships.

___________ 13. Observations can provide good insights into how the
different participants are behaving and interacting, but it is
also time consuming.
___________ 14. Qualitative Research focuses on gathering numerical data
and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a
phenomenon.
___________ 15. Primary data collection is quite cheaper than secondary
data collection, as the research is conducted by the
organization or agency itself, which requires resources like
investment and manpower.

Task B: Look around in your house or in your Purok and choose a topic.
Create some potential interview questions, and survey questionnaire related
to the topic chosen.

Chosen Topic: _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

1. Formulate Interview Guide

a. ____________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________
2. Draft a Likert Survey Questionnaires

15
 Let Us Remember

Task A: Complete the statements by writing the appropriate words or phrases

in the blanks.

Data collection is the process of _(1)_________________ and measuring

information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes. _(2)_________________ is very important in the analysis of
data. There are two different methods to gather information: Primary or
Secondary.

_(3)________________________ uses surveys, interviews, questionnaires,

tests, observations, checklists, and rating scales.
_(4)_________________ collection is conducted by obtaining information filed in
journals, books, annual reports, websites, and other publications available
for public use.

_(5)_________________ are used to collect data from a small group of subjects

on a broad range of topics. Questions can differ per subject and can depend
on answers given on previous questions, there is no fixed set of possible
answers for _(6)__________________________ . _(7)_________________________ are
comparable to a questionnaire, with the same questions in the same order for
each subject and with multiple choice answers.

Observation involves recording the _(8)_____________________ of people,

objects, and events in a systematic manner. _(9)____________________ is when
the researcher watches interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur.
_(10)____________________ watches the results of interactions, processes, or
behaviors. The qualities of observers: (1) alertness, (2)
_(11)____________________ , (3) adequate sense organs, (4) ability to estimate,
(5) ability to record immediately, (6) ability to discriminate, (7)
_(12)______________________ , and (8) emotional disinterest.

_(13)___________________ are based predominantly on closed questions which

produce data that can be analyzed quantitatively for patterns and trends.
Unstructured questionnaires are based on open questions allowing
respondents the _(14)___________________________
and therefore to provide greater qualification in their response.

The survey methodology is guided by principles of

_(15)_________________ from the moment of creating a sample, up to the time
of the survey results' analysis and interpretation.

Let Us Assess

Task A: Interview five (5) families in your barangay or other possible options

16
 may be presented depending on the current situation in your community.
Create three (3) interview questions regarding their situation during the
COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Make sure that the responses of your interview
questions are quantifiable.

1. _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Task B: CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Read the clues and put the answers into the puzzle. No Erasure.

17
Task C: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview
questions? Put a check (✓) the space provided before the number if the
following questions illustrate quantitative nature and mark it with X if it is
not.

___ 1. How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance
purposes?
___ 2. How regularly do you go to malls in a week?
___ 3. How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for dating?
___ 4. What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men
and women?
___ 5. What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made between
men and women?
___ 6. What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class
participation among Grade 7 students?
___ 7. What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and
travel exposure?
___ 8. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among
public school teachers?
___ 9. Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis?
___ 10. Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID_19 pandemic
affects a person, a family, a school, or a community?
___ 11. How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”?
___ 12. How does your family view your gender crisis?
___ 13. What does your school or community do to educate you about the
COVID-19 pandemic crisis?
___ 14. Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or
community after the enhanced community quarantine was lifted?
___15. Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president?

Task D: Create a Google form related to the study that you are conducting.
Follow the steps in making a Google Form. Make sure to take note
of the parts of a questionnaire. Print/show your output to your
teacher.

18
 Let Us Enhance

Task A: What type of observation is illustrated in the following observation notes? Write the
letter of your choice on the space provided before the number. Choose from the choices
below:
A. complete observer B. observer as participant
C. participant as observer D. complete participant

___ 1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication.

___ 2. Pilots watching their monitors for airplane movements and locations.
___ 3. A biology teacher recording the daily data on bacteria growth at the Bio laboratory.
___ 4. A guidance counselor watching a friend's reaction to her barkada’s confession.
___ 5. An adviser watching her students work during independent work time.
___ 6. An online tutorial company manager observing the conversation of the interviewer and
the applicant to determine the quality of their performance.
___ 7. A principal observing a math teacher gives a lesson to her class to evaluate her
performance as an educator.
13
___ 8. A parent is watching her children interact with other children on the playground.
___ 9. An actress is watching her movie premier unfold on the big screen.
___ 10. A group of Grade 12 students went to BFAR to perform certain duties as what the
workers are doing.

Task B: Go to the link below and watch the video to enrich what you’ve already learned:
https://bit.ly/31oOcP6
https://bit.ly/3dCKMeg

Let Us Reflect
Task A: Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning experience on
the quantitative data-collection techniques. Let your essay reveal how much you
learned about each concept behind each topic dealt with in this lesson. Express
which concepts are the most understood, slightly understood, and the least
understood ones.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

19
 20
LET US TRY LET US PRACTICE
(in any order) B.
1. ANNUAL REPORT 6. OBSERVATION 1. D 6. D
2. BOOK 7. QUESTIONNAIRE 2. C 7. C
3. INTERVIEW 8. SURVEY 3. A 8. A
4. JOURNAL 9. TEST 4. C 9. B
5. NEWPAPER 10. WEBSITE 5. C 10. A
LET US PRACTICE MORE
PART A. PART B.
1. SAYOP 6. SAKTO 11. SAYOP
2. SAKTO 7. SAYOP 12. SAKTO
3. SAKTO 8. SAKTO 13. SAKTO
4. SAKTO 9. SAKTO 14. SAYOP
5. SAKTO 10. SAYOP 15. SAYOP
LET US REMEMBER
1. GATHERING 9. DIRECT OBSERVATION
2. DATA COLLECTION 10. INDIRECT OBSERVATION
3. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION 11. GOOD PERCEPTIONS
4. SECONDARY DATA 12. FREEDOM FROM PRECONCEPTIONS
5. INTERVIEWS 13. STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES
6. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 14. FREEDOM TO ANSWER IN THEIR
7. STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS OWN WORDS
8. BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS 15. STATISTICS
LET US ASSESS
A. B.
1. RESEARCH JOURNAL 1. BE HONEST, DELIBERATENESS,
2. INTERVIEW HAVE COMMON FRAME OF REFERENCE,
3. SURVEY TRIANGULATION, ESTABLISH PRIVACY
4. QUESTIONNAIRE 2. INTERVIEW, SURVEY, QUESTIONNAIRE.
5. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OBSERVATION
6. INTERNET 3. ALERTNESS, GOOD PERCEPTION,
7. PRIMARY DATA ADEQUATE SENSE ORGANS, ABILITY TO
8. SECONDARY DATA ESTIMATE, ABILITY TO RECORD
9. OBSERVATION IMMEDIATELY, ABILITY TO DISCRIMINATE,
10. DATA COLLECTION FREEDOM FROM PRECONCEPTIONS,
EMOTIONAL DISINTEREST
4. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION,
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Answer key to Activities
 References

Amorado, Ronnie V., Helen B. Boholano, and Ismael N. Talili. Quantitative

Research: A Practical Approach for Senior High School. Malabon City,
Philippines: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2017.

Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research, 12th ed. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Cengage, 2010.

Prieto, Nelia G., Victoria C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. Practical Research
2: Quantitative for Senior High School. Quezon City, Metro Manila:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Reyes, M. Social Research: A deductive approach. Manila: REX Bookstore,

2004.

Online Sources/Websites

"Difference Between Primary and Secondary Data." Key Differences. Last

modified August 26, 2017. https://keydifferences.com/difference-
between-primary-and-secondary-data.html.

"Methods of Data Collection- Primary and Secondary Data." BBA|mantra.

Last modified August 9, 2015. https://bbamantra.com/methods-of-
data-collection-primary-and-secondary-data/.

"What Are Secondary Data Collection Methods?" Business Jargons. Last

modified July 9, 2016. https://businessjargons.com/secondary-data-
collection-methods.html.

21
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

Division of Tagum City

Tagum National Trade School
Apokon Road, Tagum City, Davao Del Norte
Philippines

Landlines:
(084) 216 – 2763
(084) 218 – 0711
E-mail Address: [email protected]

22