Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

Date performed: Team members:

May 11, 2021 Luisa Mae Mamburao
Time started: 11:11 AM Rena Iana Patoc
Quezza Phola Patulin
Time finished: 2:28 PM

I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To study power dissipation in complex circuits.

2. To measure and compare the true power with the apparent power in such a circuit.

II. DISCUSSION:

The power dissipated by a resistive network can be defined as the product of the rms
voltage and rms current. This definition is found to be inadequate when there is some
angle between the instantaneous voltage and current. That is, the definition given
above does not hold when the network contains reactive elements.
In a purely reactive circuit, there is a 90 degrees difference between the
instantaneous voltage and current such that shown in Fig. 16.1. In this sketch the
voltage is represented by the solid line while the current is represented by the dotted
line. The instantaneous power is also shown. The instantaneous power is arrived at by
taking the product of the product of the instantaneous voltage and current. If the
voltage and current are exactly 90 degrees out of phase, then the average power will
be zero since the instantaneous power is positive half of the time and negative the other
half of the time. If power is measured using the voltmeter-ammeter method, the result
will not be zero. This nonzero result is called the “apparent power”,
Papp = Erms Irms

On the other hand, if the instantaneous voltage and current are in phase or are out
of phase by some angle less than 90 degrees, the situation shown in Fig. 16.2, 16.3 and
16.4 will result. Again the average power will be less than the value computed by taking
the product of the rms voltage and the rms current in Fig 16.3 and 16.4.

The average power dissipated in an AC circuit is called the “true power” and the
product of the rms voltage and the rms current is called the “apparent power”. We see
that in a complex circuit, the apparent power will in general exceed the true power.
 Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

Fig.16.1. Purely resistive load (inductive) Fig.16.2. Unity power load

Fig.16.3. Lagging power factor load Fig.16.4. Leading power factor

Load (capacitive)

III. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS:

AC voltmeter
AC ammeter
Lamp, 220 v, 25 w
1 h inductor
5 uf capacitor

IV. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig.16.5.

2. Record the rms voltage and the rms current.
3. Compute the apparent power and record it.
4. Compute the power dissipated in the lamp using the formula P=I2R.
Note: The power dissipated in an inductor is given by PI= I2RI. Neglect the power
dissipated in the capacitor.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for the circuits shown in Fig.16.6 and 16.7.
 Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig.16.5. The experimental Fig. 16.6. The experimental Fig.16.7. The

circuit (1) circuit (2) experimental circuit (3)

VI. DATA AND RESULTS:

circuit E I Papp PL PC PR PT %
(comp) diff
Fig. 22OV 109.734 24.141 VA - -6.378 23.28 W 23.28 W 3.783%
16.5 mA VAR
Fig. 220 V 111.511 24.532 VA 4.689 24.08 W 24.08 W 1.87%
16.6 mA VAR
Fig. 220 V 113.58 24.99 VA - - 24.99W 24.99 W 0%
16.7 mA

Figure 16.5
 Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7
 Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

VII. PROBLEMS:

1. Compare the power in watts with the apparent power in volt-amperes for the following apparatus in
AC circuits:
(a) Electrical lamp, (b) choke coils and (c) capacitor.
a. The impedance present in an electric lamp is purely resistive, hence, the apparent power
in volt-amperes and the true power is the same.
b. In choke coils, on the other hand, the apparent power is greater than the true power. This
is what happens when a reactive load such as choke coils is connected to an AC power.
c. Capacitors, just like the choke coils, are reactive loads. Thus, when an AC power is
connected, the apparent power becomes greater than the true power.

2. What type of energy is stored up in a capacitor? In a storage cell? In an inductive circuit? Why are
capacitors not used in place of secondary batteries?
- The type of energy stored in the capacitor is electrostatic potential energy in the form of
electrical charge accumulated on their plates.
- In a storage cell like batteries, it stored energy in a chemical form and convert that
stored chemical energy into electrical energy when needed.
- In an inductive circuit, energy is stored in the form of a magnetic field in or around
the inductor.
- Capacitors are not used since batteries have a much higher energy density than
capacitors, so they're used in situations where a lot of energy needs to be stored.
Capacitors, on the other hand, can charge and discharge much faster than batteries, so
they're used when a lot of power is needed.

3. A coil is connected across 220v 60hz mains. The current in the coil is 4 A and the power
delivered is 324w. Find the resistance and the inductance of the coil.
 Experiment No.

POWER DISSIPATION
IN AC CIRCUITS 1
Electrical Engineering

4. A certain coil is equivalent to a resistance and an inductance in series. The coil takes 20 A
from a 120 v 50hz line. Determine the resistance of the coil and the power dissipated by
the coil when connected across the 120 v 50 hz line.

VIII. CONCLUSION:

The beer analogy. We pay for beer by the glass, but inside the glass there is both beer and foam. The
more beer we have, the less foam there will be, so we get very good value for money. If there is a lot
of foam, then there's not a lot of beer, and so we're not getting very good value for money. The beer
represents our true power or kW, our kilowatts. This is the useful stuff you want and need. This is
what does the work. The foam represents our reactive power, or our kVar, Kilovolt-Amps Reactive.
This is the useless stuff, there will always be some, we have to pay for it, we can't use it so we don't
really want much of it. Power factor is therefore the ratio of useful power or true power in kilowatts,
or kW divided by what we're charged for in kVA, kilovolt-amps. So, it's telling us how much value for
money we're getting for the power we consume. If we briefly touch on electrical engineering, and I
will keep this part brief, then we might see this express as a power triangle.