Modular single-stage, three-phase f ull-bridge converter

with inherent power factor correction and isolated

output
S.Y.R.Hui, YK.E.Ho and H.Chung

Abstract: The modular development of a three-phase, single-stage AC-DC power converter based on
single-phase AC-DC full-bridge converters is described. Three-wired and four-wired modular
converter systems are examined and compared. The three-wired system is found to have inherent
power factor correction and is better than the four-wired system in terms of harmonic content. The
fluctuation of the converter neutral voltage in the three-wired system and the voltage stress on the
power switches are analysed. A simulation based on a PSPICE model is included. The modular
converter does not have a minimum component count when compared with non-modular converters.
But the modular converter offers attractive features such as simple DC-DC switching control,
electrically isolated output, inherent power factor correction and single-stage power conversion
without using power devices with excessively high voltages and current ratings. It also has flexible
power expandability and the potential to simplify the design and production of high-power AC-DC
power converter products. The operation of the modular full-bridge converter has been confmed
with a 1.5kW prototype. Both predictions and measurements show that the power quality of three-
wired modular converter system is good and well above IEC-1000 standards.

1 Introduction Standard single-phase converter units do not require

hgh-voltage devices (normally needed in specially designed
A high power factor is now a standard requirement in AC- three-phase converters).
DC Converters. Efforts to reduce power harmonics have led The transfer function of the three-phase AC-DC modu-
to the development of various power factor correction
(PFC) circuits that draw near-sinusoidal current from the lar converter is similar to that of a DC-DC converter,
AC power supply in the AC-DC power conversion process resulting in a simple control strategy.
[14]. For three-phase AC-DC power converters with step- The boost-type three-phase modular converter [l 11 offers a
down ability, some investigations [5-81 concentrate on the step-up DC voltage output and is a significant step forward
novelty of new topology, theory and operation. However, in modular converter development. To provide a low and
reports from industry [9, 101 tend to focus on the extension isolated voltage output (such as 48V), a second DC-DC
of existing and well-proven single-phase technology to the step-down converter can be employed. The flyback modu-
development of high-power systems. This modular lar converter [12] has demonstrated that single-stage three-
approach has recently been tested with boost converters phase step-down converter modules can be parallelled to
[l I] and flyback converters [I 21. Such a modular develop- provide a step-down and isolated DC voltage. However,
ment approach has the following advantages and poten- flyback converters are not suitable for high-power applica-
tials: tions. Two series-connected forward converter modules fed
Well-proven and reliable single-phase converter technol- from a three-phase diode rectifier have been incorporated
ogy can be used immediately. into an AC-DC converter in [13]. The two forward con-
No major change is required in the existing production verters are connected in series to reduce the voltage stress
line. of the power devices, but the topology does not provide
Power expandability offers great flexibility in the devel- power factor correction.
opment of power converter products for different power In this paper, an analysis and experimental examination
levels. of a modular full-bridge power converter is presented.
Three 500W single-phase converter modules are paralleled
There is less need for maintenance and repair of power to form a 1.5kW three-phase converter system with and
converter modules because of the use of standard single- without using the neutral line of the power supply (which
phase converter units. may not be available in some installations). The modular
converter can convert a three-phase AC power supply into
OIEE, 1999 a 48V DC voltage output in a direct single-stage power
ZEE Proceedhgs online no. 19990168 conversion step with automatic power factor correction,
Dol: 10.1049/ip-epa:1999O168 electrical isolation and simple DC-DC control characteris-
Paper first received 3rd September 1998 and in revised form 14th January 1999 tic. The performance of such a modular full-bridge con-
The authors are with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City Univer- verter system has been evaluated with simulation and
sity of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong verified by experiment. The efficiency of the 1.5kW system
IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl.. Vol. 146. No. 4, July 1999 407
has been monitored. The inherent power factor correction All other topologies such as flyback and buck can also be
feature of the modular converter system is discussed. modelled. The whole three-phase system comprises three
modules of single-phase average models and the associated
2 Computer-aided analysis circuit including the input filter and^ bridge rectifiers. An
average model for a full-bridge converter should handle
2.1 Operation of the modular converter system both continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous
The modular full-bridge converter system is shown in current mode (DCM). This is essential since the converter
Fig. 1. Three single-phase converter modules are paralleled usually transverses between DCM and CCM as the AC
to form a three-phase system. Each module consists of a input voltage changes continuously over a line cycle.
diode bridge followed by a full-bridge converter with iso- Consider the inductor current waveform in the output fil-
lated rectified DC output. The three isolated DC outputs ter in half a switching period in the full-bridge converter.
are connected in parallel to form the isolated single DC Let the transformer be ideal with turns ratio N. D1,D2 and
output of the modular converter. The three converter mod- D3 are the portions of the half switching period as shown in
ules are switched in the same manner as a DC-DC con- Fig. 2. The average inductor current can be related by the
verter. For example, simple voltage mode control can be following equation:
implemented. The DC voltage can be monitored and fed
d K
back to the controller to adjust the duty cycle of the full-
bridge converter. The two diagonal pairs of the switches in
dt = D1-N
L-IL + D3Vo - Vo
the full-bridge converters are switched alternately. Within To solve for the average inductor current 1, consider the
each half cycle, the two switches of the diagonal pair are sketch of the inductor current. From Fig. 2
switched together.
L-C low-pass filter

Also

“0
hence

-
Rearrange eqn. 2 to give
Fig. 1 S c h t i c of fhree-phaemodulurfull bridge (PB) converter svstem (3)

Rewrite the expressions for the duty cycles DI,

D2 and D3
such that
D2 = (Dl D2) - D1+
0 3= 1 - DI - Dz (4)
Note that D 1in eqn. 3 is h t e d to 1. The above equations
are used iteratively in the model and the model automati-
cally handles the CCM. Whenever CCM occurs 0
3
becomes zero and (Dl+ D2) reaches the upper limit of 1.
The average input current is found as
D1
=
(Dl + D2)NIL (5)
Using eqns. 1-5, the average model can be implemented
IO1 using PSPICE as a subcircuit called ‘FBAVG. The subcir-
Fig.2 Sketch of a typical &tor mat wavefom cuit, its symbol and listing are included in the Appendix.
v. = DC
V, =
DC input voltage
output voltage
I
4
= peak inductor current
= average inductor Current
This subcircuit has three input terminals: IN1 and IN2 for
N = transformerturns ratio D, = switch ON duty ratio the input voltage, and D1for the duty ratio D1. It has four
Ts = one switchingcycle D2 = diode ON duty ratio
fi = switchingfrequency D3 = switch and diode OFF duty ratio output terminals: OUT1 and OUT2 for the output voltage,
L = output filter inductor D2 for the diode duty ratio D2, and D3 for the indication of
the DCM. Because the converter modules are switched in
2.2 Standard model of full-bridge AC-DC the same manner, D 1 is identical in the three converter
converter module modules. D2 and D3 may vary in each converter module,
Standard models for conventional converters such as the and their relationships are governed by eqn. 4.
flyback, buck and boost converters are well established
114, 151. These models are useful for long runs to demon- 2.3 Three-phaseaverage model for entire
strate overall performance and are thus especially suited for system with input filter and rectifier
power factor correction circuits where a few line cycles of Fig. 3 shows a three-wired system using the single-phase
simulation are necessary. Each module of the three-phase average model FBAVG together with the input voltage, fd-
converter system is represented by a single-phase average ter, rectifier and load. This is a very flexible modular
model. The derivation of an average model for a full-bridge approach for the analysis of the system. The influence of
isolated PWM converter shown in Fig. 1 is first explained. the input filter, the imbalance between modules and even
408 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146,No. 4, July 1999
 R11
{RI
0
VD1

VDlp

VD1 8n

Fig.3 Computer-aided unalysis scheme of three-wired modularfdl-bruige converter

R, = Rb = R, = 0.0lQ; Ci 2 S P ; L f = 20pH; CO= lOOOP;f, = 25kHz; N = 2, D = 0.2;f,,= 5OHz; VD= 280V; R = 2

failure analysis may be examined. A four-wired system can that of the modular flyback converter system [12], in which
be configured simply with the converter neutral (NJ con- the coupled windings are used as coupled inductors rather
nected to the supply common. than transformers. Thus, a sinusoidal current waveform
can easily be achieved in the modular flyback converter
2.4 Simulation results system but not in the modular full-bridge converter system.
The schematic shown in Fig. 3 is used to study the per- The harmonic spectrum of the phase current is shown in
formance of a three-wired and four-wired system. The test Fig. 5.
conditions are input phase vofiage 200V (50Hi) and
switching frequency = 25kHz. The circuit parameters are
Lf = 5 m H , Cf = 0.47@, L = 20*, Ce = 9900pF (3 x
3300@), RL = 1.6Q. The turns ratio N equals two. The
duty ratio D Iis vaned in each case to obtain an output
voltage of 48V DC. A small capacitor of 2.5pF is put
across the output of the diode rectifier in each converter
module to absorb the voltage transient in a practical circuit.

frequency, Hz
Fig.5 Harmonic spectrwn ofphase current in four-wired modulmfill-bridge
system

100 120 140 150

time, ms
Fig.4 Sbndatwn resultfor four-wired modulmfdl-bndge converter
Upper trace = phase voltage;lower traces = phase currents

Fig. 4 shows the simulated voltage and current wave-

form of the four-wired system in which the converter neu-
tral is connected to the power supply neutral. The upper
trace is the voltage waveform of phase A. The three lower
traces are the input phase currents. The phase current I,
and voltage V, are essentially in phase, but I, is highly dis-
torted from the pure sinusoidal waveform. This is due to
Fig.6 Sunulated resultfor three-wired mo&h fdl-bridge converter
fact that the DC output voltage is reflected to the primary
side of the transformer. Input current does not flow into
the diode rectifier until the rectified phase voltage exceeds Fig. 6 shows the corresponding simulated voltage and
the reflected DC voltage. This situation is different from current waveforms of the three-wired system, in which the
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999 409
converter neutral is floating and is not connected to the where Em, w and t are peak phase voltage, angular fre-
power supply neutral. The phase current I, and voltage V, quency and time variable, respectively. The input voltage to
are in phase, but I, is only slightly distorted from the pure each diode rectifier is
sinusoidal waveform. The harmonic spectrum of the phase v i , = v, - v,,
current is shown in Fig. 7. It is obvious that the third har- (7)
monic and harmonics of its multiples are eliminated in the where x = a, b and c for phases A, B and C, respectively.
three-wired system. Fig. 8 shows the simulated phase volt- The average input current is (using eqn. 8)
age and the converter neutral voltage waveforms. It is 1
important to note that the converter neutral voltage fluctu- Tin, = w s g n ( I i n , ) D : G (!Vi,(- NV,) (8)
ates periodically at three times the line frequency. T h s fluc-
tuation of the neutral voltage in the three-wired system has where G = Ts/(2L),Ts is the switchmg period, L is the out-
the effect of improving the phase current waveform when put fdter inductance, N is the turns ratio and Vois the out-
compared with the four-wired system. Thus, the three- put voltage. The nonlinear terms sgno and absolute value
wired system has an inherent power factor correction fea- are the results of the bridge rectifier preceding the converter
ture. input stage. For all time

Iin, = 0 (9)
X

Case (1) When one and only one of the input current is

3! I/ zero: Suppose Iin, = 0, Iinb < 0 and Iin, > 0, using eqns.
7-9 we have
- D2G(Vib- N.Vo) + D 2 G ( V i ,- N.V,) = 0
(Vib + Vi,) = 0
V6+ V c- 2 V N , = 0
VNc = ( V6 + V c 7 Vu )
= -2

A . 1 (10)
200 300 400 500
frequency, Hz Case (2) When all input currents are non-zero: Suppose I,
Fig.7 Harmonic spectrum ofphase m e n t in three-wired nwddar full-brdge > 0, Ib < 0 and I, > 0. Subsituting eqns. 7 and 8 into eqn. 9
convert@' yields
D2G(V/i,- N.V,) - D2G(Vib- N.Vo)
+ D2G(Vi, - N.Vo)= 0
( V i , - Vib + Vi,) + N.V, = 0
+
V a + Vb + V c - ~ V N ,N.Vo = 0
v,, = --N.Vo 3
3.7.2 CCM: In the CCM, line current can be given by the
-400; ........................................................................................... i following expression:
40 50 60 70 80 90
time, ms
Fig.8 S i m u h i e d p h e voltage and Converter neutral voltage in three-wired
Jystem
d 1 D
3 Voltage stress analysis and control -dt( l o x ) = -
L (-*sgn(Iinx).VxN,
N - Vo)
characteristics
X = a,6 and c (13)
In the previous Section it was seen that the converter neu- Differentiating eqn. 9 and using eqns. 12 and 13, we have
tral voltage fluctuation is beneficial. In this Section, this
voltage fluctuation is studied. In addition, the voltage stress
on the power electronic components is analysed.
X

3.7 Determination of converter neutral point In summary, the converter neutral voltage VNc under
voltage VNc DCM and CCM operation can be described as in Tables 1
and 2.
3.7.7 DCM: Let the three-phase system be described as
Table 1: DCM operation
V u = E m . sin(wt)
V b = E m . sin (wt - $) Conditions
When one and only one input
vNc

VNc= -Va/2 for /in, = 0

current is zero V N=~-Vb/2 for /inb= 0
VNc= -Vd2 for /inc = 0
All input currents are non-zero VNc= -N. Vd3 2, sgnUin,)

410 IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July I999
Table 2 Heavy CCM operation Within this range of duty cycle, the modular converter
operates in discontinuous current mode. For tlus particular
Conditions VNC designed output voltage range up to 60V, Fig. 10 shows
When one and only one input V N=~-Va/2 for /in, = 0 that the transfer characteristic of the AC-DC modular full-
current is zero VNc= -VbJ2 for /in, = 0 bridge converter is similar to that of a DC-DC converter.
VNc= -Vd2 for /inc= 0
70
All modules under CCM V,, = -N.Vd3DXX sgn(/in,)
60
3.2 Maximum input voltage for full-bridge >a 50
converter module or
a,

In this Section, the voltage stress on the power components -m

c
40

is analysed. Essentially, the maximum voltage across the 2

a
30
full-bridge converter needs to be examined. The voltage 2
4-4

20
across the switches when they are in the OFF state in each 10
full-bridge converter module is equal to the rectified volt-
age, i.e. \Vu - VNJ.Therefore the maximum voltage that 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
the switches have to withstand is the maximum value of duty ratio D1
\Vu - V,,l given by: V,,,,, = max(1Em sin(wt) - V,,I). Fig. 10 Variationof output voltage with ahty cycle D,
Consider the extreme cases when D1 = 0 and Dl = 1. +- Yo (DC Source)
-A- V,, (AC Source)
(4 D1 = 0,
Now V, = 0, it follows that VNc= 0 and V,t,.ess= Em
(b) D1 = 1
In this case 1Em Si(wt) - VNclreaches its maximum when
wf = d3 and VstreSs = 4312 Em.
Therefore, the highest voltage stress (excluding transients)
in a switch in this three-phase modular PFC occurs with
low duty ratio when a low output voltage is required. How-
ever, the maximum voltage stress is limited to Em, i.e. the
peak value of the phase voltage as in a single-phase con-
verter. T h ~ is
s much lower than the typical voltage stress of
the switches (> 43 Em) in some three-phase power factor
correction circuits [8]. Fig. 9 shows the simulated voltage
waveforms under the condition of D = 1, the neutral point
voltage becomes a triangular waveform and the rectified
voltage, i.e. ]Vu- VNclreaches its maximum value of 43/2
Em.
I
Fig. 11 Memured voltage ami w e n t wavefomv in four-wired system
Upper trace: phase voltage 200Vidiv; lower traces: phase currentS SAidiv
1: Sms, 200V; A, B and C: 5ms, l00mV

4 Experimental results

4. I Four-wired system
The modular FB converter system was initially tested as a
four-wired system. The test conditions are input phase volt-
.............................
-4004............................... .............................. i age V,, = 135V (RMS), output DC voltage V, = 48V and
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 switchng frequency = 25kHz. The output power is 1kW.
time, ms
Fig. 11 shows the measured input phase voltage (upper
Fi .9 Sbnubted voltage wave om of phase voltage Va converter neutral trace) and the three phase currents of the four-wired sys-
vo&e v N c anti mput voltage 0J.r reciijii va - v,, lauirr t / z conrzirion of
D=l tem. As explained in the preceding Section and predicted in
the simulation, the phase currents are highly distorted. The
3.3 DC-DC characteristic of AC-DC modular harmonic spectrum (100Wdiv) of the phase current is
converter shown in Fig. 12. The first component is the 50Hz funda-
In [12], we showed that the modular flyback converter has mental component. The phase current in the four-wired
an overall DC-DC type transfer function. With the help of system consists of sigrllficant odd harmonics such as the
the computer model for the modular full-bridge converter third, fifth, seventh and ninth harmonics. The thu-d har-
(Fig. 3), we examined ths. Two simulation tests using the monic is almost 30% of the fundamental component. It is
same model were carried out. The first test uses a three- clear that the four-wired system is far from satisfactory.
phase AC voltage supply with a phase voltage of 200V
(RMS). In the second test, the three AC phase voltage 4.2 Three-wired system
sources are replaced with 3 DC voltage sources. The DC The modular full-bridge converter system has also been
voltage is V,, = VMs = 200V. Other circuit parameters tested as a three-wired system. The test conditions are input
are identical in both tests. Fig. 10 shows the variation of phase voltage = 200V (50Hz), V, = 48V and switching fre-
the output voltage with the duty cycle D1 for both tests. quency = 25kHz. The output power is 1.5kW. A voltage
IEE Proc -Electr Power Appf , Vol 146,No 4, July 1999 411
mode control with a PI compensator is used to regulate the firm the single-stage AC-DC power conversion using sim-
DC output voltage to about 48V with a load current of ple DC-DC type PWM control.
30A. Circuit parameters are Lf = 5 m H , C, = 0.47$, L =
20pH and C, = 9900pF (3 x 3300pF). A small capacitor of
2.5pF is put across the output of the diode rectifier in each
converter module to absorb the voltage transient.

Fi . I 4 Hamonic spectrum of p h e current m three-wired system (50Hz/

divy
3

Fi . I 2 H m n i c spectrum of phme current mfota-wired system (1OOHd

diV7
First component is the fundamentalcomponent at S O H z

Fi 15 M e w e d p h e voltage Vu und converter neutral voltage VNc

/&v/dV)
1: 5ms, 50mV; 2: 5ms, 200mV

Fig.13 Meanaedphase voltage mul airrents in three-wired system

Upper trace: phase voltage 400Vidiv;lower traces: 5Aidiv
1: Sms, 200mV, A, B and C: Sms, IOmV

Fig. 13 shows the phase voltage and current waveforms

in a three-wired modular full-bridge converter system with
a floating converter neutral. The results agree well with
simulation. The input current is slightly distorted by the
reflected DC voltage. The corresponding spectrum of the
input current is shown in Fig. 14. The only noticeable har-
monics are the fdth and seventh harmonics, but they are
less than 8% of the fundamental at 1.5kW load. All other
harmonics including the third and the ninth harmonic are
virtually eliminated. Fig. 15 shows the measured phase
voltage and the converter neutral voltage VNCAs pre-
dicted, VNcfluctuates at a frequency three times the line fre-
quency. This voltage oscillation helps to improve the
current content and thus the power quality of the three-
wired modular system. The measured waveforms of the
Meanrred p h e voltage V, (m0 V/div)and output DC voltage V,
phase voltage and output voltage of the modular converter
system are included in Fig. 16. These measurements con- 1 and 2: IOms, IOOmV

412 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
 listed in Table 3. These harmonics are well below the IEC-
1000-3-2 Class A limits as shown in Fig. 17. The energy
effciency, THD and PF are also plotted against the load
power and are shown in Fig. 18. At full load, an efficiency
of about 89% was achieved without using soft-switching.
In summary, the power factor correction feature and the
DC-DC type characteristic are inherent in the three-wired
modular converter system. Experimental results confirm
that the three-wired system is better than the four-wired
system in this modular approach.

5 Conclusions

A 1.5kW modular full-bridge converter system has been

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 practically evaluated and analysed with an average model.
harmonic number, n
The model is particularly useful for the development of
Fi 17 CO riron of m e w e d hmrrwnics ut d@rent power levels with the
parallel PFC circuit analysis since it provides accurate pre-

-.-
IEEIow-.+~Z L yA limits dictions of the modular system in a short time (typically
-4- 478 W 5.9s per 50Hz cycle). This modular approach enhances the
-A-956W
3- 1434 w flexibllity and power expandability of power converters and
class A l i i t s
has the potential of simplifying the production and mainte-
nance procedures of such power products. The operating

”03
principles of the modular system based on the full bridge
converters have been confiied. The three-wired system
performs better than the four-wired counterpart. The float-
ing converter neutral voltage fluctuates at three times the
0.8
fundamental frequency and automatically cancels the third
harmonics and harmonics at multiples of three. The power
factor correction feature is inherent in the modular
0.6 I I I I
approach. Simple DC-DC type PWM control can be

0.4 I employed for this AC-DC system. The modular system

imposes no extra voltage stress on the power devices when
compared with single-phase modules.
The full-bridge converter system has relatively higher cur-
rent distortion than the flyback system reported in [121,
because the converter currents are affected by the reflected
DC voltage in the isolation transformers. However, experi-

O478
I 956 1434
mental results show that harmonic content of the three-
wired system is well below the IEC-1000-3-2 standards. As
output power, W mentioned in the introduction, the modular approach does
Fig..18, Vai-btwns of energy @ciency power factor and total hmmonic &- not necessarily minimise the component counts. However,
tortwn wzth loadpower it does provide a simple and convenient way to parallel
-4- PF
-A- efficiency three single-phase converter modules for power expansion.
a-THD Further research is being carried out to optimise the con-
verter performance.
Table 3: Analytical data obtained from Voltech 3300 power
analyser 6 Acknowledgment
Load(W) 478 956 1434 The authors would like to thank the Hong Kong Research
RMS 1.OOA 1.885A 2.796A Grant Council for financial support. ~s project started in
Fundamental 0.983A 1.877A 2.778A 1994. The initial support from Sydney University and dis-
3rd 0.042 4.2% 0.023 1.1% 0.050 1.8% cussions with Mr. Andrew Levido (now manager of GEC-
5th 0.114 11.4% 0.157 8.3% 0.189 6.8%
Plessey Communication Pty. Ltd., Australia) are also grate-
fully acknowledged.
7th 0.066 6.6% 0.086 4.6% 0.211 7.6%
9th 0.031 3.1% 0.012 0.65% 0.007 0.25% References
1I t h 0.051 5.1% 0.056 2.3% 0.053 1.9%
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power factor correction circuits in three-phase applications’, IEEE GIN 1 2 VALUE={V(7,6)*1000*V(I I)/(V(lI)+V(12))/N}
Trans. Ind Electron., 1997, 44, (3), pp. 365-371 RD501G
12 HUI, S.Y.R., and CHUNG, H.: ‘Parallehg power converter for AC-
DC step-down power conversion with inherent power factor correc- RDl 11 0 1G
tion’, IEE Proc. B, Electr. Power Appl, 1999, 146,(2), pp. 247-252
13 WALLER, P.H.: ‘Forward converters operating directly off the three ED1 11 0 TABLE{V(5)}=O.Ol,O.O11,l
phase rectified mains suitable for exchange use’. Proceedings of the R19 19 0 IG
IEE international Telecommunication energy conference, 1981, pp.
234239 El9 19 0 TABLE {V(1,2)/N-V(3,4))0.01,O.Ol 1000,1000
14 MIDDLEBROOK, R.D., and CUK, S.: ‘A general d i e d approach
to modeling switching converter power stages’. Proceedings of IEEE RD12 11A 0 1G ;DUTY Dl+D2
PESC, 1976, pp. 18-34
15 LEE Y.S.: ‘Computer-aided analysis and design of switch-mode power ED12 11A0 TABLE {4*V(7,6)*1000*FS*L/V(19)N(11)}=0,0 1,l
supply’ (Marcel Dekker Inc. 1993), Chap. 3 RD2 12 0 1G
9 Appendix: Average model for isolated full bridge ED2 12 0 TABLE {V(11A~V(ll)}=O,O 1,l ;DUTY D2
converter ED3 9 0 VALUE={1-v(1I)-V(l2)} ;D3
The equivalent average circuit model of the FB converter is .ENDS FBAVG
shown in Fig. 19. The input port is a current generator lN10-1 7OUTl
(Gin) as described by eqn. 6. The output port implements
eqn. 2 by two voltage controlled voltage sources Eol, Eo2,
an inductor L and a current sensing resistor Rs where both
DCM and CCM are handled. The other generators imple-
ment eqns. 3-5 are self-explanatory in the list.
...................................................
* AVERAGE MODEL FOR FULL BRIDGE ISOLATED
CONVERTER
* FOR BOTH CCM AND DCM Fig. 19 Average circuit mdel offull-bridge converter
................................................... Eo1 = Vo x D3; E02 = Vi” x DI; Gin = iwN. DI/(DI + D2)

414 IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146. No. 4, July I999