Preliminaries

Week 8-10: Logarithmic Functions

Overview

This module will give you an idea about logarithms particularly on its
forms, basic properties, laws, and graphs. Furthermore, its applications will also
be considered in this module.
Learning Competencies:
After going to this module, you are expected to:
1. Represents real-life situations using logarithmic functions (M11GM-Ih-1)
2. Distinguishes logarithmic functions, logarithmic equations, and logarithmic
inequalities (M11GM-Ih-2)
3. Solves logarithmic equations and inequalities (M11GM-Ih-i-1)
4. Represents a logarithmic function through its: a) table of values, b) graph, and c)
equation (M11GM-Ii-2)
5. Finds and domain and range of a logarithmic function (M11GM-Ii-3)
6. Determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of logarithmic functions
(M11GM-Ii-4)
7. Solves problems involving logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities
(M11GM-Ij-2)

General Instructions:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Pre-Assessment before moving on to other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,

do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. Yes, you
can do it!

Pre- test

DIRECTIONS: Read the items carefully. Write your answer on the separate sheet of
paper.
1. What is the value of 6−3?
1 1 1 1
a. b. c. d.
216 27 6 2
2. What is the logarithmic form of 103 = 1000?
a. log10 1000 = 3 b. log1000 10 = 3 c. log10 3 = 1000 d. log3 100 =
1
3. What is the exponential form of log 5 125 = 3?
a. 5125 =3 b. 3125 = 5 c. 53 = 125 d.
1255 = 3
 4. What is the value of 𝑥𝑥 in the given logarithmic equation log 6 1 = x?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2
d. 3
5. Which of the following is a logarithmic function?
a. log 2 8 = 3 b. log 2 8 > 3 c. log 2 8 < 3 d. log 2 8 = 𝑓(𝑥)
 6. What is the logarithmic form of 103 = 1000?
a. log10 1000 = 3 b. log1000 10 = 3 c. log10 3 = 1000 d. log3 100 =
1
7. What is the exponential form of log 5 125 = 3?
a. 5125 =3 b. 3125 = 5 c. 53 = 125 d.
125 = 3
5

8. What is the value of 𝑥𝑥 in the given logarithmic equation log 6 1 = x?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2
d. 3
9. Which of the following is a logarithmic function?
a. log 2 8 = 3 b. log 2 8 > 3 c. log 2 8 < 3 d. log 2 8 = 𝑓(𝑥)

10. What is the value of log2 25?

a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d.
6
11. What is the value of log3 81?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d.
6
log 2 2
12. 55 5
is equivalent to what value?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d.
3
13. What is the value of log3 9 + log3 27?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d.
8
14. What is the value of log8 32?
5 7 32 8
a. b. c. d.
3 3 8 32

INTRODUCTION

Motivation

ACTIVITY 1. Determining the exponent.

Determine the value of the exponent (𝑥) to satisfy the exponential equation.
1. 5 x = 625
1
2. 3 x =
9
x
3. 7 = 1
4. 10 x = 100,000
5. 3 x = 27

Lesson 1: Logarithmic Functions

Good morning my dear student!

Today, you are going to learn about an inverse process of exponential functions. Let’s
get to know some of the important terms about our topic.
Let us begin our class with a review on our previous lesson.

There is a mathematical way to present or rewrite exponential equations, and

that is through logarithms, the inverse process of exponentiation. Today we are
going to solve problem involving logarithms particularly in determining the
 magnitude of an earthquake.
Are you excited? Let us unlock concept by discussing definition.
n
b be positive real numbers such that b≠1.The logarithm of a with base b denoted by , is defined as the number such that That
ponent that b must be raised to produce a.

Let’s get some practice here!

Example: Transform the following exponential to logarithmic form.

 25 = 𝟑𝟐 can be rewritten as log 2 32=5
 50 = 1 can be rewritten as log 5 1=0
 3 4 = 81 can be rewritten as log 3 81=4

In general,

 Common logarithms are logarithms with base 𝟏𝟎 such as log 10 100=log 100 .
 Natural logarithms are logarithms with base e such as log e 100=ln100 ..

Exponential and Logarithmic Forms:

Logarithmic form: log b a=c

Exponential form: b c =a

Sample Application
In 1935, Charles Richter proposed a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of
an earthquake. He defined the magnitude of an earthquake as a function of its
amplitude on a standard seismograph. The following formula produces the same
result, but is based on the energy released by an earthquake.

Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

2 E
The magnitude 𝑅 of an earthquake is given by R= log 4.40 where E (in joules)
3 10
is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40 is the energy
released by a very small reference earthquake,

The table below shows the following descriptions of various earthquake

magnitudes
Magnitude Description
1.0 Scarcely Perceptible: Perceptible to people under favorable
circumstances
2.0 Slightly Felt: Hanging objects swing slightly
3.0 Weak: Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck.
Hanging objects swing moderately.
4.0 Moderately Strong: Felt generally by people indoors and by
some people outdoors
5.0 Strong: Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout building.
Hanging objects swing violently.
6.0 Very Strong: Some people lose their balance. Heavy
objects or furniture move or maybe shifted.
7.0 Destructive: People find it difficult to stand in upper floors.
Some cracks may appear. Limited liquefaction, lateral
 spreading and landslides are observed. Trees are
shaken strongly.
8.0 Very Destructive: Many well-built buildings are considered
damaged. Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made
structure to sink, tilt, or topple. Fissures and faults rapture
may be observed
9.0 Devastating: Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and
elevated concrete structures are toppled or destroyed.
Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand-
boil are widespread.
10.0 Completely Devastating: Practically all man-made structures
are destroyed. Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale
subsidence and uplifting of land forms and many ground
fissures are observed. Changes
in river courses occur.

Let’s get some practice here!

Example: Suppose that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules of
energy, calculate the magnitude on Richter scale.

Solution: Given 𝐸 = 1012

2 E
R¿ log 4.40
3 10
2 10 12
R ¿ log 4.40
3 10
2
R ¿ log 107.6
3
2
R ¿ (7.6) (By definition, log107.6 =7.6 ¿
3
R¿5.1

 The earthquake is considered strong based from the description in the table
above.

ACTIVITY 2.
A. Transforming exponential to logarithmic form.

Rewrite the following exponential equations to logarithmic equations. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 102 = 100
2. 35 = 243 6. 10n =m
1 1
3. 6−3 = 216 7. 4 2 = 2
4. 49 x = 7 8. e a =8
5. 34 = 81 9. ( √ 5 )2=5
10. 62 = 36
B. Determining the magnitude of an earthquake Solve the magnitude of
an earthquake on a Richter scale if it releases the following amount of
energy as listed below.
1. 1013 joules 4. 1016 joules
2. 10 joules
14
5. 1017 joules 6.
3. 1015 joules
 C. Which of the following earthquakes is much stronger? One that releases1013 or
1017 joules of energy? Answer must be based on the computed

Lesson 2: Logarithmic Functions, Logarithmic Equations, and Logarithmic Inequalities

Good morning my dear student!

Today, you are going to distinguish between logarithmic function, logarithmic

equation, and logarithmic inequality.
Warm up: To prepare you for our next lesson, try to answer the next activity. Let’s see
how well you can answer it.

Activity 3. Determining similarities and differences

In what way columns A, B, and C similar, and how are they different?

Column A Column B Column C

log 2 x=4 log 2 x> 4 y=log 2 x
log 3 x=2 log 3 x ≤ 2 y=log 3 x
log 5 x=3 log 5 x> 3 y=log 5 x
Were you able to get it right? Good!
Let us unlock concepts by discussing some definitions.

Definition
A logarithmic equation is an equation involving logarithms.

Examples:
1. log 2 x=4 2. log 3 x=2 3. log 5 x=3

Observe that those in column A are logarithmic equations.

Examples:
Definition
A logarithmic inequality is an inequality involving logarithms.

1. log 2 x> 4 2. log 2 x> 4

log 5 x> 3Observe that those in column B are logarithmic inequalities.

Definition
A logarithmic function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) where b > 0, b ≠ 1).

Examples:
1. f(x)=log 2 x 2. f(x)=log 3 x 3. f(x)=log 5 x

Observe that those in column C are logarithmic functions.

ACTIVITY 4: Differentiating logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities

Determine whether the given is logarithmic equation, logarithmic inequality, or
logarithmic function.
1. ℎ(𝑥) = log 𝑥 4. ln 𝑥 = 5 7. log 4 x ≥ 6
2. log4 𝑥 = 5 5. log x 16 > 4 8. log 3 x = 0
3. log2 𝑥 < 3 6. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 5 x 9. log e x < 5
 10.log10 1000 = 𝑥

Lesson 3: Basic Properties of Logarithms

Good morning my dear student!

Today, you are going to determine the basic properties of logarithms.

Warm up: Let us determine how much you have mastered your lessons on
logarithms by answering this activity.

ACTIVITY 4. Determining the value of x

Determine the value of 𝑥 in the right side that would satisfy the given equations.
1. log4 1 = 𝑥
2. log3 1 = 𝑥 3. log5 5 = 𝑥 5. log2 25 = 𝑥
4. log6 6 = 𝑥 6. log3 34 = 𝑥
Were you able to get it right? Good!

Through observing the examples above, we can come up with a generalization

Definition (Basic Properties of Logarithms)

Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 be real numbers such that 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
1. log b 1=0
2. log b x=¿ x
3. If 𝑥 > 0, the b log x =x
b

which will be our topic for the day. It has something to do with the basic
properties of logarithms. Let us unlock concept discussing a definition.

Let’s get some practice here!

Example: Use the properties of logarithms to find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions.
1. log 10 3. log4 64 5. 5log 2
5

1
2. ln 𝑒3 4.
log 5 ( )
125
6. log 1

Solution:
1. log 10 = log 10 101 = 1 (Based on property 2)
2. ln e 3 = log e 3= 3 (Based on property 2
3. log4 64 = log4 43 = 3 (Based on property 2)
1
4. log 5 ( )
125
=log 5 5−3=3 (Based on property 2)
5. 5log 2=2
5
(Based on property 3)
6. log 1=log 10 1=0 (Based on property 1)

SELF-TEST 3.1 Properties of Logarithms

Use the properties of logarithms to find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions.
 1. log 7 49 6. log 27 3
2. log 4 64 7. 8 log 58

3. ln e
4. 7 log 3
7
8. log 10 ( 101 )
5. log 100 9. log 2 16
10. log 8 24

Lesson 4: Laws of Logarithms

Good morning my dear student!

You’re understanding about the basic properties of logarithms will lead you
in understanding the different laws of logarithms.

Warm up. Let us review our previous lessons by answering the warm up activity.
Activity 4.1 Finding the value of a logarithmic expressions.

Use the laws of exponents and the properties of logarithms to find the value of
the following logarithmic expressions.
5. log 3 ( 27∗81 )

1. log 7 (73 ∙ 78) 6. log 7 73

49 7. log7(73 ∙ 78)
2. log 7 ( )
7
8. 5log7 7
3. log 7 75
9. log2 24 − log2 210
24
4. log 2 10
2 ( ) 10. log3 27+log3 81

Were you able to get it right? Good!

Now, notice that the expressions 1 and 6 are equivalent; also expressions 2 and
7, expressions 3 and 8, expressions 4 and 9, and expressions 5 and 10 are also
equivalent expressions.

The following observations are evident:

 log7(73 ∙ 78) = log7 73 + log7 78 49

 log 7 =¿ log7 49−log7 7 ¿
 log3(27 ∙ 81) = log3 27+log3 81 7
49 24
 log 7 =¿ log7 49−log7 7 ¿
7
 ( )
log2 10 = log224 −¿ log2210
2
 log7 75 = 5log7 7
Are there any patterns?

These pairs can be generalized into certain laws of logarithms which will be
our main topic for the day. Let us unlock concepts by discussing some
definitions.

Definition
 Laws of Logarithms

Let b> 0 , b≠ 1 and let n be any real number. For u>0 , v> 0, then
1. log b ( UV )=log b U + log b V
U
2. log b
V ( )=log b U −log b V
n
3. log b ( U ) =n log b U
Let’s get some practice here!

Example: Use the laws of logarithms to find the value of the following
logarithmic expressions.
1. log 8 ( 8 4∗83 )

2. log 5 ( 1255 )
3. log 2 29
314
4. log 3
38
5. log 3 ( 9∗27 )

Solution:
1. log 8 ( 8 4∗83 )=log 8 8 4 +log 8 83 =4+ 3=7
125
2. log 5 ( )
5
=log 5 125−log 5 5=3−1=2

3. log 2 29=9 log 2 2=9 ( 1 )=9

314
4. log 3 ( )
3 8
=log 3 36=6

5. log 3 ( 9∗27 )=log 3 9+log 3 27=2+ 3=5

SELF-TEST 4.1 Laws of Logarithms

Use the laws of logarithms to solve the following expressions.

1. log 9 ( 9∗93 )
64 6. log 3 ( 9∗27 )
2. log 4 ( )
4 7. log 5
125
( )
3. log 3 3 8 5
5
8. log 3 3
214
4. log 2 10
2 ( ) 8 17
( )
9. log 8 10
5. log 3 ( 3∗81 ) 8
10. log 2 ( 64∗128 )

Aside from knowing the laws of logarithms, another important concept in

General Mathematics is the change of base formula.

By knowing this, it will help us rewrite logarithmic equations into another

form of logarithmic equations with different values of the base this time.

Let’s get to know its definition.

Change-of-Base Formula
 Let a , b and x be positive real numbers, with a ≠ 1. Then
log a x
log b x=
log a b

Let’s get some practice here!

Example: Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the logarithmic expressions

to the indicated base, and then compute the value.
1. log 8 32 (Change to base 2) 4. log 25 625 (Change to base 5)
2. log 16 34 (Change to base 2) 5. log 16 64 (Change to base 4)
3. log 27 81 (Change to base 3)
Solution:
log 2 32 5
1. log 8 32= =
log 2 8 3
log 2 64 6 3
2. log 16 34= = =
log 2 16 4 2
log 3 81 4
3. log 27 81=¿ = ¿
log 3 27 3
log 5 625 4
4. log 25 625=¿ = =2¿
log 5 25 2
log 4 64 3
5. log 16 64=¿ = ¿
log 4 16 2
SELF-TEST 4.2 Change of base formula

Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the logarithmic expressions to the

indicated base, and then compute the value
1. log 8 64 (Change to base 2) 6. log 4 8 (Change to base 2)
2. log 16 128 (Change to base 2) 7. log 16 32 (Change to base 2)
3. log 27 243 (Change to base 3) 8. log 9 81 (Change to base 3)
4. log 125 625 (Change to base 5) 9. log 25 125 (Change to base 5)
5. log 16 256 (Change to base 4) 10. log 16 16 (Change to base 4)

Lesson 5: Logarithmic Equations and Logarithmic Inequalities

Good morning my dear student!

After knowing the basic concepts about logarithms, it’s about time to solve problems
involving logarithmic equations and logarithmic inequalities.

Let us test your understanding by answering this problem.

Warm up: In the logarithmic expression log b x , what do you recall about the
restrictions on the values of xand b?

Activity 5.1 Looking for Restrictions

Fill in the missing term about the restrictions on the values of x and b in the logarithmic
expression log b x .
1. b can be any positive real number except .
2. x can be any real number.
3. The entire expression log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 can be any (hence, can be negative).

Were you able to get it right? Good!

In the previous lesson, you were exposed not only to a brief encounter with
logarithmic equations and inequalities, but also to simplification techniques
involving logarithmic properties.

For todays’ lesson, you will be able to apply the previous lessons to actually solve
for the values that will make the statements true. Let us begin by unlocking
some concepts through discussing some definitions.
Definition

One-to-One property of Logarithmic Functions

For any logarithmic function f (x)=log b x, if log b u= log b v , then u=v .

Zero Factor Property

If ab=0, then a=0, or b=0.

Some Strategies for solving logarithmic equations

 Rewriting to exponential form

 Using logarithmic properties
 Applying the One-to-One property of logarithmic functions
Let’s get some practice here!

Example. Find the value of x in the following equations.

1. log 4 2 x=log 4 10
2. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )=2
3. log x 16=2
Solution.

1. log 4 2 x=log4 10
2x=10 (one-to-one property)
2 x 10
= (Divide both sides by 2)
2 2
x=5
Check: 5 is a solution since log 4(2 ∙ 5) =log 4 10 .

2. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )=2
2x-1=32 (changing into exponential form)
2x-1=9
2x=9+1
2x=10
2 x 10
= (Divide both side by 2)
2 2
x=5
Check: 5 is a solution since log 3 ( 2∗5−1 )=log 3 9 .
3. log x 16=2
x 2=16 (changing into exponential form)
x 2−16=0
( x +4 )( x−4 )=0 [factorization using a 2−b2=(a−b)(a+ b)¿
( x +4 )=0 , ( x−4 )=0
x=−4 , x=4
x=−4 , 4

Check: Note that the base should be negative based from the restriction above,
that’s why x should only take 4 and not −4.

SELF-TEST 5.1 Solving logarithmic equations.

Find the value of x in the following logarithmic equations.

1. log 4 3 x=log 4 12
2. log 5 8 x=log5 64
3. log 3 5 x=log 3 25
4. log 8 ( 3 x+ 4 )=2
5. log 4 ( 3 x−2 ) =2
6. log 6 ( 5 x+ 6 )=2
7. log x 49=2
8. log x 25=2
9. log 7 ( 3 x−2=log 7 25 )
10. log 2 ( 3 x +1=log 2 25 )
Now you know the necessary concepts necessary in solving logarithmic equations. It’s
about time for you to know the different properties of logarithmic inequalities. Your
understanding about this topic will help you solve logarithmic inequalities. Let us
continue.

Property of Logarithmic Inequalities

Given the logarithmic expressionlog b x ,
 If 0< b<1, then x 1< x2 if and only if log b x 1> log b x 2.
 If b> 1, then x 1< x2 if and only if log b x 1< log b x 2 .

Let’s get some practice here!

Example. Find the value of x in the following inequalities.

1. log 4 2 x >log 4 10
2. log 0.2 x <3
3. log 5 x ≥ 2

Solution.

1 . log 4 2 x >log 4 10

 (The base is given by b=4. Since, b> 1, the inequality is retained

according to the property of logarithmic inequality.)
2 x>10 (Property logarithmic inequality)
2 x 10
> (Divide both sides by 2)
2 2
x=5
Check: All the numbers greater than 5 are the solutions to log 4 2 x >log 4 10.

2. log 0.2 x <3

 (The base is given by b = 0.2. Since, 0< b<1, the inequality should not be
retained according to the property of logarithmic inequality.)
x >0.23 (Changing into exponential form)
x=0.008
Check: All the numbers greater than 0.008 are the solutions to log 0.2 x <3.

3. log 5 x ≥ 2
 (The base is given by b=5. Since, b> 1, the inequality should be retained
according to the property of logarithmic inequality.)
x ≥ 52 (Changing into exponential form)
x=25
Check: All the numbers greater than or equal to 25 are the solutions to log 5 x ≥ 2

SELF-TEST 5.2 Solving logarithmic inequalities.

Find the value of x in the following logarithmic inequalities.

 1. log 3 5 x> log 3 10
2. log 4 3 x <log 4 24
3. log 3 6 x ≥ log 3 6 x
4. log 0.3 x <2
5. log 0.4 x >3
6. log 0.5 x ≤1
7. log 4 x <2
8. log 2 2 x ≥ 3
9. log 3 3 x ≤ 4
10. log 5 5 x ≥3

Lesson 6: Logarithmic Functions and Its Graph

Good morning my dear student!

For today, you are going to learn about the basic properties of logarithmic
functions which includes domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes, and more.

In this topic, it would be best that you have desmos or geogebra applications (free to
download) being installed in your cellphones.

Let us test your prior knowledge by answering the given activity.

Warm up: Complete the sentences that describe about logarithms.

Activity 6.1 Description of logarithms

Fill in the missing word that describes about logarithms.

1. Logarithms can be rewritten in form.

2. Logarithmic function is the of exponential function.

Were you able to get it right? Good!

Let us continue by representing the logarithmic function (base greater than 1)

through its equation, table of values and graph.

Let’s get some practice here!

Example 1. Sketch the graph of y=log 2 x .

Solution. Step 1. In order to sketch the graph of any logarithmic function,

we need to construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function.
A table of values of values for y=log 2 x is as follows:

x 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
y −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Step 2. Plot the points found in the table, and connect them using a smooth curve.

a. Plotting of points for y=log 2 x

b. Graph of y = log2 𝑥𝑥

It can be observed that the function is defined only for 𝑥 > 0. The function is
strictly increasing, and attains all real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right,
the function decreases without bound, that is, the line 𝑥 = 0 is a vertical
asymptote.

With the aid of technology, there are many cell phone applications such as
desmos and geogebra that are capable of instantly graphing any function.
Example 2. Use desmos or geogebra to instantly compare the graphs of y = 2 x and
y=log 2 x

Based from the graph, it can be seen that one function can be obtained from the
other by “flipping” the graph about the line y=x. Or simply one is just a reflection of
the other. This is expected since the two functions are inverses.
Example 3. Sketch the graph of y=¿ log 1 x .
2

Solution.

Step 1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. A
table of values of values for y=¿ log 1 x is as follows:
2

x 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
y 4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3

Step 2. Plot the points found in the table, and connect them using a smooth curve.

a. Plotting of points for y=¿ log 1 x .

2
b. Graph of points for y=¿ log 1 x
2

 It can be observed that the function is defined only for 𝑥 > 0. The function
is strictly decreasing, and attains all real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from
the right, the function increases without bound, that is, the line 𝑥 = 0 is a
vertical asymptote.

 What do you notice about the graphs of y=¿ log 2 x and y=¿ log 1 x ? How do
2

you describe the graph of the logarithmic function if b > 1? What about if
0< b<1?
 The graph of logarithmic function y=¿ log b x simply depends on the value of
b. We generalize the results as follows.

a. y=log b x (b>1) b. y=log b x ( 0<b<1)

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

 The domain is the set of all positive numbers.
 The range is the set of all real numbers except 0.
 It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.
 The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-intercept.
 The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥𝑥 = 0 (or the y-axis). There is no horizontal
asymptote.
Example 4. Sketch the graph of y=2 log 2 x . Determine the domain, range, vertical
asymptote, x-intercept, and the zeroes.
Solution.
 The graph of y=2 log 2 x can be obtained from the graph of y=log 2 x by
multiplying each y-coordinate by 2, as the following table of sign
shows.

x 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8

log 2 x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y=log 2 x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6

 The graph of y=log 2 x is shown below.

Analysis:

a) Domain: x ˃ 0(The set of all positive real numbers)

b) Range: y ˃0 (The set of all positive real numbers)
c) Vertical Asymptote: x=0
d) x-intercept: x=1
e) Zeroes: x=1

Example 5. Sketch the graph off y=¿ log 3 x−1. Determine the domain, range, vertical
asymptote, x-intercept, and the zeroes.

 The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = log3 𝑥𝑥 − 1 is shown below.

 Analysis:

Domain: 𝑥 > 0 (The set of all positive real numbers)

Range: 𝑦 > 0 (The set of all positive real numbers)
Vertical Asymptote: x=0
x-intercept: x=3
Zeroes: x=3

SELF-TEST 6.1 Graph of logarithmic functions

Sketch the graph of the following logarithmic functions. Then, determine the
domain, range, vertical asymptote, x-intercepts, and zeroes.

1. y=4 log 2 x
2. y=log 2 x
3. y=log 2 ( x−3)

Let us summarize…

As we go through with the module, let us recall some of the concepts that you
learned.
 There is a mathematical way to present or rewrite exponential equations, and
that is through logarithms, the inverse process of exponentiation.
 Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be positive real numbers such that 𝑏 ≠ 1. The logarithm of 𝑎 with base
b, denoted by log 𝑎𝑎, is defined as the number such that 𝑏𝑏 log𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎. That is, log 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏

is the exponent that 𝑏𝑏 must be raised to produce 𝑎𝑎.

 A logarithmic equation is an equation involving logarithms.
 A logarithmic inequality is an inequality involving logarithms.
 A logarithmic function is a function of the form 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 where 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.

Let 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑥𝑥 be real numbers such that 𝑏𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.

 log 𝑏𝑏 1 = 0
 log 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
 If 𝑥𝑥 > 0, the 𝑏𝑏 log𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥.

Let 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛𝑛 be any real number. For 𝑢𝑢 > 0, 𝑣𝑣 > 0, then

 log 𝑏𝑏 (𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣) = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢 + log 𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣

𝑢𝑢
log 𝑏𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢 − log 𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣
 log 𝑏𝑏 (𝑢𝑢)𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢

Let 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑥𝑥 be positive real numbers, with 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.Then

 log log𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
𝑏 𝑥𝑥log
𝑏
Glossary of Terms

A logarithmic inequality is an inequality involving logarithms.

A logarithmic function is a function of the form 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 where 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.

A logarithmic equation is an equation involving logarithms.

 Posttest

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write the
letter of your choice on the separate sheet.

1. What is the value of 5−3?

1 1 3
A) B) C) D)
125 25 5 5

2. What is the logarithmic form of 102 = 100?

A) log10 100 = 2 B) log100 10 = 2 C) log10 2 = 100 D) log2 10 = 100

3. What is the exponential form of log 5 125 = 3?

A) 5125 = 3 B) 3125 = 5 C) 53 = 125 D) 1255 = 3

4. What is the value of 𝑥𝑥 in the given logarithmic equation log 7 1 = 𝑥𝑥? A)

0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

5. Which of the following is a logarithmic equation?

A) log 2 8 = 3 B) log 2 8 > 3 C) log 2 8 < 3 D) log 2 8 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )

6. What is the value of log3 36?

A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

7. What is the value of log3 27.

A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

8. 5log5 2 is equivalent to what value?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

9. What is the value of log3 27 + log3 81?

A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8

10. What value of 𝑥𝑥 will satisfy log 7 (3𝑥𝑥 − 5) = log 7 25?

A) 9 B) 10 C) 11 D) 12
 PRETEST

1. A
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. A
 References

A. Books/ Manuals/ Other Printed Materials

Crisologo, L., Hao, L., Miro, E., Palomo, E., Ocampo, S., and Tresvalles, R General
Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education- Bureau of Learning
Resources, Ground Floor Bonifacio Bldg, DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue,
PasigCity,Philippines1600.LexiconPressInc.(2016).
[email protected].

B. Websites

International Geogebra Institute. Wolfauser 90, 4040 Linz, Austria. “GeoGebra

Calculator”.GoogleStore,Version5.0.366.0-3D(2017).
http://www.geogebra.org/. Accessed on October 12, 2019.