General-Mathematics Q1 W8
General-Mathematics Q1 W8
General-Mathematics Q1 W8
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga del Sur National High School
Senior High School
Sta. Maria, Pagadian City
Lesson
1 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
What is It
The following will give you the definition and examples of the logarithmic function, equation and inequality.
Basic Properties and Laws of Logarithm Let b, x and y be real numbers such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1. The basic
properties and laws of logarithms are as follows:
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Now that you are familiar with the basic properties and laws of logarithms, read and analyze the following concepts
and examples for you to learn how to solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.
If b > 0, then the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 is increasing for all x. If 0 < b < 1, then the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
is decreasing for all x. This means that 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 if and only if 𝑙 = 𝑙. Here are some techniques or strategies in solving
the logarithmic equation.
1. Rewriting it to exponential form. 2. Apply the one–to–one property of logarithmic functions.
3. Use logarithmic properties. 4. Use the Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
5. Take into consideration the domain of logarithmic expression
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities Remember: If b > 0, then the logarithmic function y = logb x is increasing
for all x. If 0 < b < 1, then the logarithmic function y = logb x is decreasing for all x. This means that logn a > logn b
implies a > b. Moreover, bear in mind that the domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all positive real
numbers. The techniques or strategies in solving logarithmic inequality are the same in solving logarithmic
equations.
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1.This expresses a relationship between the input and the output and can be represented through a table of values, graph and
equation.
a. logarithmic equation b. logarithmic inequality c. logarithmic function d. none of these
2. Which of the following is an example of a logarithmic function?
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 b. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2𝑥 − 1) c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 < 10 d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
3. It is an inequality involving logarithms.
a. logarithmic equation b. logarithmic inequality c. logarithmic function d. logarithmic expression
4. The following are examples of a logarithmic equation EXCEPT:
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 128 c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 3) = 2 d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2(𝑥 − 4) + 2
5. Which of the following satisfies the inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 < m?
a. m ≥ 3 b. m > 3 c. m ≤ 3 d. m < 3
6. Find b if 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (b + 2) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 8.
a. 0 b. 4 c. 6 d. 12
7. Give the value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 9 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔51.
a. 10 b. 9 c. 1 d. 0
8. Find the value of 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 311 .
a. 44 b. 15 c. 7 d. 0
9. What is the expanded form of 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7𝑚𝑛4?
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑛4 b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7𝑚 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑛 c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑚 + 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑛 d. 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑚 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑛
𝑥2
10. What is the expanded form of 𝑙𝑙𝑙 ?
√𝑦
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a. 𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 b. 2𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 - 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 c. 2𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑦 √2 d. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑥 2 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑦 1/2
11. What is the value of x in the logarithmic equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 2x + 4?
a. -4 b. -2 c. 2 d. 4
12. Solve for x: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−3 36 > 2.
a. x > 9 b. x > 6 c. x > 3 d. x > -3
13. Solve for the unknown in the logarithmic equation: 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 x + 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (x - 3) = 1.
a. x = 1 b. x = 4 and x = -1 c. x = 4 d. x = 1 and x = -4
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Lesson
2 Representations of Logarithmic Functions
What’s In
What is It
Graph of a Logarithmic Function Let us begin with the parent function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥. Because every logarithmic function of this form
is the inverse of the exponential function with the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , their graphs are reflections of each other across the line y = x, as shown
below
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Graphing Transformations of Logarithmic Functions Transformation of logarithmic graphs behave similarly to those of other parent
functions. We can shift, stretch, and compress the parent function y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) without loss of shape.
A. Horizontal Shifts of the Parent Function y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) . For any constant c, the function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x)
● shifts the parent function y = l𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) left c units if c > 0. ● shifts the parent function y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) right c units
if c < 0. ● has the vertical asymptote x = - c. ● has domain (-c, ∞). ● has range (-∞, ∞).
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Example 1. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (x-2) alongside its parent function.
Solution: Since the function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (x-2), we notice x + (-2) = x – 2. Thus, c = -2, so c < 0. This means we will shift
the function f(x) = l𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (x) right 2 units. The vertical asymptote is x = -(-2) or x = 2.
● Consider three key points from the parent function such as (1/3 , -1), (1,0), and (3,1) then add 2 to the x
coordinates for the new coordinates (7/3 , - 1), (3,0), and (5,1).
Graph:
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Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x)+ d is shifted upward if _______.
a. d = 0 b. d < 0 c. d > 0 d. 0 < d < 1
2. Which of the following is the graph of f(x) 𝑙𝑜𝑔1/2 (x)?
3. The graph of logarithmic function f(x) = a 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) is ______________ if 0 < a < 1
a. compresses b. shifted downward c. shifted to the right d. stretches
4. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x+c is shifted to the right if _______.
a. c > 0 b. c < 0 c. c = 0 d. 0 < c < 1
5. What is the inverse of the exponential function?
a. logarithmic b. linear c. polynomial d. quadratic
6. What is the inverse of a 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(x)?
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 c. 3𝑦 = 𝑥 d. 𝑥 = 𝑦 3
7. How many units of the graph of the logarithmic function f(x) = log (x+3) is shifted to the left?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
8. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x is increases if ___________.
a. b < 1 b. b = 0 c. 0 < b < 1 d. b > 1
9. The graph of logarithmic function f(x) = a 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (x) is ______________ if 0 > a > 1.
a. compresses b. shifted downward c. shifted to the right d. stretches
10. Which of the following is the exponential form of -4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1/2 𝑥?
a. 𝑥 = −41/2 b. −4 = 𝑥1/2 c. 𝑥 = (1/2)−4 d. 1/2 = −41/2
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Lesson
Domain and Range of Logarithmic Functions
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What is It
The domain of a function is the set of all possible values of the independent variable x. The possible values of the
independent variable x are often called inputs. The range of the function are the corresponding values of the dependent variable
y. The corresponding values of the dependent variable y are often called outputs. In the case of a logarithmic function, its domain
is defined as a set of all positive real numbers while its range is a set of real numbers.
Transformation of the parent function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙 either by shift, stretch, compression, or reflection changes
the domain of the parent function. When finding the domain of a logarithmic function, it is important to remember
that the domain consists only of positive real numbers. That is, the argument of the logarithmic function must be
greater than zero.
Example 1. Find the domain and range of 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (2𝑥 − 4)
Solution: 2x – 4 > 0 Set up an inequality showing an argument greater than zero.
2x > 4 Solve for x.
or 2
Domain: (2, ∞) Write the domain in interval notation
Range: (-∞, ∞)
From the graph of the function, it can be seen that the curve is
asymptotic at x = 2. Therefore, the domain and range are as follows:
Domain: (2, ∞)
Range: (-∞, ∞)
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Example 2. Find the domain and range of 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 − 3) + 2
Solution:
x– 3 > 0
x–3+3>0+3
x>3
Domain: (3, ∞)
Range : (-∞, ∞)
Assessment
(0, ∞)
a. b. (-∞, 0) c. (-∞, ∞) d. (∞, -∞)
3. What is the domain of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3𝑥 − 2)?
(
a. (3/2, ∞) b. (-∞, 3/2) c. (-∞, 2/3) d. (2/3, ∞)
4. What is known possible values of the independent variable x?
a. Domain b. inputs c. outputs d. range
5. What is the inverse of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥?
a. 𝑏 = 𝑦 𝑥 b. 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑦 c. 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 d. 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥
6. What is a set of all x values?
a. Domain b. inputs c. outputs d. range
7. What is the domain of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(7 − 4𝑥 )?
a. (-∞, 4/7) b. (7/4 , ∞) c. (4/7, ∞) d. (-∞, 7/4)
8. Outputs are the possible values of the ________________ variable y.
a. Constant b. dependent c. independent d. real
9. What is the domain of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 + 1)?
(
a. (-∞, 1) b. (-∞, 1) c. (-1, ∞) d. (1, ∞)
10. What is the range of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥?
a. (-∞, ∞) b. (-∞, 0) c. (0, ∞) d. (1, ∞)
11. What is the inverse of an exponential function?
a. Linear b. logarithmic c. polynomial d. quadratic
12. What is the range of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 2)?
a. (-∞, 2) b. (-∞, -2) c. (2, ∞) d. (-2, ∞)
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13. Which of the following is the logarithmic form of 164 = 8 ?
a. 1/8 = ¾ b. ¾ = 1/8 c. 16 = ¾ d. 16 = 1/8
14. Which of the following is an exponential function?
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 c. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4
15. What is the domain of the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 6) − 2?
a. (-∞, 6) b. (-∞, -6) c. (6, ∞) d. (-6, ∞)
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Lesson Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of
4 Logarithmic Functions
What is It
Intercepts and Zeroes of Logarithmic Functions
An intercept in Mathematics is where a function crosses the x or y-axis. x - intercepts are where functions cross the x-
axis. They are also called roots, solutions, and zeroes of a function. They are found algebraically by setting y=0 and solving for x.
The zero of a function is the x-value that makes the function equal to 0, that is, 𝑙(𝑙) = 0. In this section, our discussion will focus
only on the x-intercept of a given logarithmic function.
Example 1. Find the intercept and zeroes of 𝑙(x) = log (2x+3).
Solution: To find the intercept, we let y = 0 then solve for x.
f(x) = log (2x +3)
0 = log (2x +3)
100 = 2𝑥 + 3 change from logarithmic function to exponential function
1 = 2x – 3 since 100 = 1
2x = 1 – 3
2x = -2 divide both sides by 2
x = -1
Therefore, the x – intercept is at (-1,0) and the zero of the function is -1.
Example 2. Find the intercept and zeros of f(x) = ln (x-3).
Solution: To find the intercept, we let y = 0 then solve for x.
f(x) = ln(x-3)
0 = ln (x-3)
x-3 = 𝑒 0 change from logarithmic function to exponential function
x–3=1 since 𝑒 0 = 1
x = 1 +3
x=4
Therefore, the x – intercept is at (4, 0) and the zero of function is 4.
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Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet ofpaper.
1. Intercept is where a function crosses the __________.
a. x-axis b. x and y-axis c. y-axis d. y and z-axis
2. Logarithmic function is not defined for negative numbers and ______.
a. one b. three c. two d. zero
3. What is the x-intercept of the function of f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (3𝑥 − 2).
a. x = 1 b. x = -1 c. x = 3 d. x = 2
4. The graph of f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 has a ___________________ at x = 0.
a. horizontal asymptote b. vertical asymptote c. x – intercept d. y intercept
5. What is the zero of f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 − 4)?
a. -4 b. 4 c. 5 d. -5
6. Asymptote is a line that the curve approaches as it approaches _________________.
a. curve b. infinity c. one d. zero
7. What is the inverse of function 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ?
a. y = b b. x = b c. y = x d. b = x
8. What is the x – intercept of the function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (2𝑥 + 5)?
a. (-2,0) b. (2,0) c. (1,0) d. (-1,0)
9. What is the zero of function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)?
a. 2 b. -1 c. 0 d. 1
10. The x-intercept is where the function crosses the x-axis and where the height of the function is ______.
a. maximum b. negative c. one d. zero
11. What is the inverse of a logarithmic function?
a. exponential b. linear c. polynomial d. quadratic
12. What is the intercept of the function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 2)?
a. x = 2 b. x = -1 c. x = -2 d. x = 1
13. What is the zero of function f(x) = ln (x – 3)?
a. 4 b. -4 c. 2 d. -2
14. The graph of the function f(x) = log (2x -3) has a vertical asymptote at ___________.
a. x = 2 b. x = 3 c. x = 2/3 d. x = 3/2
15. What is the intercept of the function f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 6)?
a. x = 5 b. x = -6 c. x = 6 d. x = -6
Lesson Solving Problems involving Logarithmic Functions,
5 Equations and Inequalities
What is It
Using the formula 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 , we can substitute the given value for the first question which is you were asked to
look for the decay rate.
Given: A = 150 P = 200 t = 2 years r = ?
Using substitution in the formula 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙, we have
150 = 200𝑙 𝑙(2) .
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To simplify: divide both sides by 200 that becomes
0.75 = 𝑙 𝑙(2) ln 0.75 = 2r ln e
from this equation divide both sides by 2 that makes the equation 0.1438 = r ln e
Since ln e is equal to one then the final answer is r = 0.1438 or 14.38% decay rate. To answer question number
2, do it with the same process but this time look for the time instead of rate and use the 0.1438 for the value of r. This
will become inequality since we are looking for the time that a population decayed to less than 100 graduating
students. Thus, 100 < 200e0.1438t.
Example 1. COVID-19 pandemic according to news is spreading rapidly, transferring from human to human. It is a
kind of virus that affects the human respiratory system and it is commonly associated with cough, pneumonia, SARS
(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), and other respiratory-related infections.
Let us assume that the virus has an initial population of 10,000 and grows to 25,000 after 50 minutes. Assume that
its growth follows an exponential model f(t) = Aekt representing the number of viruses after t minutes. The e is used
in the model because the virus continuously grows over time.
a. Find A and k.
b. Use the model to determine the number of viruses after 6 hours.
Solution:
a.) Given : f(0) = 10, 000
F(50) = 25, 000
Thus, f(0) = 𝐴𝑒𝑘(50) = 25, 000
𝑒 𝑘(50) = 5/2
ln 𝑒 𝑘(50) = ln 5/2
Take the ln of both sides
50k = ln 5/2
= 0.01832
Therefore, A = 10, 000 and k = 0.01832. Also, the exponential model is f(t) = 10, 000𝑒 0.01832t
b. 6 hours = 360 minutes;
F(360) = 10, 000𝑒 0.01832(360)
= 7, 315, 752
Therefore, the number of viruses after 6 hours is 7, 315, 752
Assessment
1. Which of the following situations show the application of the logarithmic function?
a. Determining the level of acid in a solution
b. Determining the time your money may double in amount
c. Measuring the size of human statistics
d. Getting the ion component of a chemical
2. Compute for the value of x in a given logarithmic inequalities 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (x+1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (x2).
a. x > ½ b. x > ½ x ≠ 0 c. x > ¾ d. x > ¾ x ≠ 1
3. An earthquake is measured with wave amplitude of 1015 times. What is the magnitude of this
earthquake using the Richter scale R = 2/3 log (E/104.40 ) to the nearest tenth?
a. 6.07 b. 7.57 c. 7.07 d. 8.00
4. A particular bacterial colony doubles its population every 15 hours. A scientist running an experiment is
starting with 100 bacteria cells. She expects the number of cells to be given by the function 𝑙(𝑙) = 100(2)𝑡/15 ,
where t is the number of hours since the experiment started. After how many hours would the scientist
expect to have 500 bacteria cells? Give your answer to the nearest hour.
a. 5 hours b. 25 hours c. 15 hours d. 35 hours
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5. If 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.3 (𝑥 − 1) < 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.09 (𝑥 − 1), then lies in the interval ____________.
a. 2 < x < ∞ b. -∞ < x < 2 c. -2 < x < -1 d. 1 < x < 2
6. What is the depreciated value of a smartphone discounted 35% of its original price of ₱36,000.00?
a. ₱23,400.00 b. ₱12,000.00 c. ₱12,600.00 d. ₱23,000.00
7. Solve the logarithmic inequality 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 ≤ 4.
a. 0 ≥ x ≤16 b. 0 ≤ x ≤ 8 c. c. x ≤16 d. 0 ≤ x ≤16
8. The formula in the risk of having an increasing car accident as the concentration of alcohol in
blood increases is A = 6𝑒 12.75𝑥 where x is the blood alcohol concentration and A is the given
percentage of car accident risk. At which blood alcohol concentration level would correspond to
a 75% risk of a car accident?
a. 0.20 b. 0.17 c. 0.25 d. 0.19
9. You observed that the behavior of bacteria laboratory tripled every minute. Write an equation
with base 3 to determine the population of bacteria after one hour.
a. 3.23 x 1028 b. 2.23 x 1028 c. 4.23 x 1028 d. 1.23 x 1028
10. Using item number 9, determine how long it would take for the population of bacteria to reach
1,000,000 bacteria.
a. 12 days b. 13.58 days c. 12.58 days d. 14.68 days
11. Find the value of x in the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2x – 1) = 2
a. 8.5 b. 9.5 c. 8 d. 9
12. The magnitude of an earthquake in San Luis Aurora Province in May 2020 is 5.4. And it is
predicted that there will be another earthquake that will strike somewhere in the Philippines that
is 5 times stronger than the mentioned earthquake. What could be the possible magnitude of the
predicted earthquake? (Use Earthquake Magnitude on a Ritcher scale 𝑙 = 2/3 𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙/104.40 )
a. 7 b. 6.13 c. 8 d. 7.10
For item numbers 13-15, refer to the following: Mr. Juan Bayan thought of investing or saving
some of his money after all the leisure that he enjoyed. He believes in the saying “early comer is
better than hard worker”. With ₱10,000.00 remaining cash on hand he plans to save it in a bank, but
he is still in doubt where to invest the money. Using the formula 𝑙 = 𝑙(1 + 𝑙) 𝑙 help him to solve
his problem by answering the questions that follow.
13. A bank offers him a time deposit of 36% compounded annually, how much will his money be
after 10 years?
a. ₱216,000.00 b. ₱116,465.70 c. ₱116,000.00 d. ₱216,465.70
14. If he would like to have ₱500,000 in the future, how long will it take him to save with the same
amount of initial investment and the same interest rate?
a. 19 years b. 25 years c. 20 years d. 30 years
15. He’s been thinking that if only he save at an early age he could have gotten a lot bigger. Based on
question no. 14 if he starts to invest at the age of 24 how old is he to get the ₱500,000.00?
a. 44 years old b. 52 years old c. 32 years old d. 60 years old
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