Introduction to Logarithms

Logarithmic Function

Logarithmic functions are the

inverses of exponential functions, and any
exponential functions can be expressed in
logarithmic form. All logarithmic functions
can be written in exponential form in the
same way. Logarithms are extremely
important because they allow us to work
with very large quantities while
manipulating numbers that are much
smaller.

Let a and b be positive real numbers

such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm of a
with base b, denoted by log 𝑏 𝑎 is
defined as
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐚 = c if and only if 𝒃𝒄 = 𝐚
Definition of Logarithms.
We can express the same relationship
using logarithms and exponents in two
distinct ways. The relationship between a,
b, and c is described by both equations:
• b denotes the base
• c denotes exponent
• a denotes argument
Note:
• In both the logarithmic and exponential
forms, b is the base.
• In the exponential form, c is an exponent
but c = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 in logarithmic form. This
implies that logarithm is actually an
exponent.
• In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎, 𝒂 cannot
be negative. For example, log 2 (−8) is not
defined since 2 raised to any exponent
will never result to a negative number.
• The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 can be negative. For
1 1
example, 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 = -3 because 5 =−3
.
125 125
Illustrative Examples. Rewrite the
following exponential equations to
logarithmic form, whenever possible.

Exponential form Logarithmic form

𝒃𝒄= 𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐚 = c

1. 43 = 64 log 4 (64) = 3
Where:
b=4
c=3
a = 64

1 1
2. 7−2
= log 7 ( ) = -2
49 49

3. 40 = 1 log 4 (1) = 0
2 4 4
4. ( ) = 2
log 2 ( ) = 2
3 9 3 9

5. 7𝑏 = 21 log 7 (21) = b
Special Logarithms.
Common Logarithms are logarithms with
base10. When writing these logarithms,
we omit the base. It is understood to be
10. This means that
log (x) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝐱)
Natural Logarithms are logarithms with
base e (“base-e logarithm”) and denoted by
“ln”.
ln (x) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝐱)
This table summarizes what we need to
know about these two special logarithms:

Regular Special
Name Base
notation notation
Common
10 log10 (x) log (x)
logarithm
Natural
e log 𝑒 (x) ln (x)
logarithm
Illustrative Examples. Rewrite the
following exponential equations to
logarithmic form, whenever possible.

Exponential form Logarithmic form

𝒃𝒄 = 𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐚 = c
1. 102 = 100 log 100 = 2
2. 𝑒 2 = x ln x = 2
3. 104 = 10,000 log10 10,000 = 4
4. 𝑒 𝑎 = 8 log 𝑒 (8) = 𝑎

Real-life situations that use logarithms

Some of the most common applications in
real-life of logarithms are the Richter scale
for earthquake magnitude, sound
intensity, and water pH level.
 Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter
scale
The magnitude R of an earthquake is
given by:
𝟐 𝑬
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
where E (in joules) is the energy released
by the earthquake (the quantity
104.40 joules is the energy released by a
very small reference earthquake).

The formula indicates that the magnitude

of an earthquake is based on the
logarithm of the ratio between the energy
it releases, and the energy released by the
reference earthquake.

Illustrative Example. Suppose that an

earthquake released approximately 1012
joules of energy. (a) What is its
magnitude on a Richter scale? (b) How
much more energy does this
earthquake release than the reference
earthquake?
Solution.
a) Since E=1012 , then
2 𝐸
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.40
3 10
2 1012
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
3 104.40
2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 7.6
3

Since by definition, 𝑙𝑜𝑔107.6 is the

exponent by which 10 must be
raised to obtain 107.6 , then 𝑙𝑜𝑔107.6 =
7.6
2
Thus, 𝑅 = (7.6) ≈ 5.1
3
1012
b) This earthquake releases 4.40 =
10
107.6 ≈ 39810717 times more energy
than the reference earthquake.
 Sound Intensity
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a
sound is
𝑰
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎
where 𝐼 is the sound intensity in
watts/𝑚2 (the quantity 10−12 watts/𝑚2
is least audible sound a human can
hear).

Illustrative Example. The decibel level of

sound in a quiet office is 10−6 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 .
What is the corresponding sound intensity
in decibels?

Solution.
10−6
𝐷 = 10 log −12
10
= 10 log 106
Since by definition, log 106 is the
exponent by which 10 must be raised
to obtain 106 , then log 106 = 6. Thus,
𝐷 = 10(6)
= 𝟔𝟎 decibels

Acidity and the pH scale

The pH level of a water-based solution

is defined as
pH = − log[𝐻 + ],
where[𝐻+ ] is the concentration of
hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
Solutions with a pH of 7 are defined
neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic,
and those with pH > 7 are basic.
Illustrative Examples. A 1-liter solution
contains 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions.
Find its pH level. Since there are 0.00001
moles of hydrogen ions in 1 liter, then the
concentration of hydrogen ions is 10−5
moles per liter.

Solution:
The pH level is − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10−5 . Since 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10−5 is
the exponent by which 10 must be raised
to obtain 10−5 , then 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10−5 = −5
Thus, pH = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10−5
= - (-5)
=5

Let Us Practice
A. Rewrite the following exponential
equations to logarithmic form, whenever
possible. Fill in the missing values in the
boxes. The first one is done for you.
1. 92 = 81
2. 103 = 1,000
3. 𝑒 𝑦 = 3
 Solutions:
1. 92 = 81 Step 1. Answer:
Identify the a= 81, b= 9,
value of a, b, c= 2
and c.
Step2. Answer:
Substitute log 9 81 = 2
these values to
log b a = c.

2. 103 = 1000 Step 1. Answer:

Identify the a= 1000,
value of a, b, b=
and c. c= 3
Step2. Answer:
Substitute log10 1000=
these values
to log b a = c.
3. 𝑒 𝑦 = 3 Step 1. Answer:
Identify the a= ,
value of a, b, b= e,
and c. c=

Step2. Answer:
Substitute log 𝑒 ⬚ =
these values to
log b a = c.

B. Solve.
1. Suppose that an earthquake released
approximately 1016 joules of energy.
What is its magnitude on a Richter
scale?

2. The decibel level of sound in a quiet

office is 10−4 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 . What is the
corresponding sound intensity in
decibels?
 Solutions:
1.
Step 1. Since E = Answer:
1016 , then 2 𝐸
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.40
substitute E to 3 10
the formula
𝟐 𝑬 2 1016
𝑹 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒.𝟒𝟎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
3 104.40
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
Step 2. Simplify. 2
Subtract 104.40 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1011.6
3
from 1016 .
Step 3. Apply
logarithm =
2
(11.6)
3
property 2 that
𝑙𝑜𝑔1011.6 =11.6

Step 4. Multiply. = 7.73

2.
Answer:
Step 1. Substitute 𝐼
I to the formula 𝐷 = 10 log −12
10
𝑰
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 −𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎 10−4
𝐷 = 10 log
10−12

Step 2. Simplify.
Subtract 10−4 from = log 8
10−12 .

Step 3. Apply
= 10 ( )
logarithm property
2 that log 8 = 8.

Step 4. Multiply. = 80 decibels

Let Us Practice More
A. Rewrite the following exponential
equations to logarithmic form,
whenever possible.
1. 𝑒 2 = 3x
1
2. 6 −3
=
216
3. 104 = 10,000
B. Solve.
1. Suppose that an earthquake
released approximately 1018 joules
of energy. What is its magnitude on
a Richter scale?

2. The decibel level of sound in a

quiet office is 10−7 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 . What
is the corresponding sound
intensity in decibels?
Logarithmic Function, Equation, and
Inequality

Look at the following expressions below.

What do you think are their similarities
and differences?

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 5 ln x ≥ 9 y= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟐

Answers:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 5 is an expression
involves with logarithm, it also involves
one variable (x), and an equality symbol
(=). This expression is an example of
logarithmic equation.

ln x ≥ 9 is an expression involves
with logarithm, it also involves one
variable (x), and an inequality symbol
(≥). This expression is an example of
logarithmic inequality.
 y = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟐 is an expression involves
with logarithm, it involves two variables
(x and y), and an equality symbol (=).
This expression is an example of
logarithmic function.

Definition of logarithmic function,

logarithmic equation, and logarithmic
inequality

Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic

Function Equation Inequality
a function of
is an
Definition the form an inequality
equation
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 involving
involving
(𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ logarithms
logarithms
1).
Examples 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 2) = 3 ln 𝑥 2 > (ln 𝑥)2
A logarithmic equation and inequality
can be solved for all x values that satisfy
the equation and inequality.

A logarithmic function expresses a

relationship between two variables (such
as x and y) and can be presented by a
table of values or a graph.

Illustrative Examples.
Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic
Function Equation Inequality
Ex. 1 y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2)

Ex. 2 f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = −4 ln 𝑥 > 1

2

Ex. 3 g(x) = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 (4𝑥 + 1) < 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 (1 − 4𝑥)

Let Us Practice

Determine whether the given is a

logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, or logarithmic inequality. Fill in
the missing answers.
Answer:
1. y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 1) __________________
2. log 1000 = -x __________________
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (10) __________________
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 __________________
5. log 𝑥 < 2 __________________
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (10) __________________
7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 (2) = − 1 __________________
2
8. y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 (𝑥 + 2) __________________
9. log 𝑥 2 = 2 __________________
10. -2 < log x __________________
11. f(x) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 __________________
12. log 4𝑥 = − log(3𝑥 + 5) ______________
13. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥) − 1 > 0 _______________
14. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 ________________
15. log 𝑥 2 = 2 ________________
Solving Logarithmic Equations and
Inequalities

Basic Properties of Logarithms

Let b and x be real numbers such

that b > 0 and b ≠ 1.
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
3. If x > 0, then 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥

Now let us find the value of the

following logarithmic expressions below
applying the basic properties of
logarithms.

a.) log 10
b.) ln 𝑒 3
c.) 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
d.) log 1
Solutions:
Logarithmic Expressions Property

a.) log 10 = log10 101 = 1 Property 2

b.) ln 𝑒 3 = log 𝑒 𝑒 3 = 3 Property 2

c.) 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 = 2 Property 3

d.) log 1= 0 Property 1

MORE EXAMPLES:
a. log 7 7
b. 𝑒 ln 5
𝑥2
c. log 10
d. log 3 1
1
e. log 7 ( )
49
 Laws of Logarithms

Let b > 0, b ≠ 1 and let n ∈ ℝ. For u >

0, v > 0, then
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣
𝑢
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣
𝑣
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑢 = n 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢
𝑛

Examine the logarithmic equations

examples below appyling the laws of
logarithms.

Law Examples

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 ( 𝑎𝑏) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑏

2. 𝑢
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣
𝑣
𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (
49
7
) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 49 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑢𝑛 = n 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 75 = 5 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 7

Change-of-base formula

Suppose we wanted to find the value of

the expression log 2 50. Since 50 is not a
rational power of 2, it is difficult to
evaluate this without a calculator.

However, most calculators only directly

calculate logarithms in base 10 and base
e. So, in order to find the value of log 2 50,
we must change the base of the
logarithm first.

The change of base rule

We can change the base of any logarithm

by using the following rule:
Note:
• As always, the arguments of the
logarithms must be positive, and the
bases of the logarithms must be
positive and not equal to 1 in order for
this property to hold!

Illustrative Example 1. Use the change-

of-base formula to rewrite the the
logarithmic expression 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50.

Solution:
Change the base to 10 since this
logarithm can be calculated on most
calculators.
 So, let's change the base of 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50
To do this, we apply the change of base
rule with b=2, a=50, and x=10.

We can now find the value using the

calculator.
log 50
≈ 𝟓. 𝟔𝟒𝟒
log 2
Illustrative Example 2. Use the change-
of-base formula to rewrite the the
logarithmic expression 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 13.
Solution:
Change the base to 10, then apply the
change of base rule with b=4, a=13,
and x=10.
log10 13
log 4 13 =
log10 4
≈ 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟐

Illustrative Example 3. Use the change-

of-base formula to rewrite the the
logarithmic expression 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 36.

Solution:
Change the base to 10, then apply the
change of base rule with b=5, a=36,
and x=10.
log10 36
log 5 36 =
log10 5
≈ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟔
One-to-One Property of Logarithmic
Equations

When a logarithmic equation has the same

base on each side, the arguments must be
equal. This means that 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣 if and
only if u = v.

Strategies in solving the logarithmic

equation

1. Rewriting to exponential form.

2. Using logarithmic properties.
3. Applying the one–to–one property of
logarithmic functions.
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0,
then a = 0 or b = 0.
Illustrative Examples. Find the value of x
of the following.
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 10
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2
3. 𝑙 𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1) = 2
Solution:
1.
Logarithmic
Strategies used
Equation
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 10
2𝑥 = 10 One-to-one property
x= 5 Simplify.

2.
Logarithmic
Strategies used
Equation
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2
Changing to
𝟓 𝟐
= 2x-1
exponential form
25 = 2x-1 Simplify.
26 = 2x Combine liked terms
13 = x Simplify.
3.
Logarithmic Strategies used
Equation
𝑙 𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1) = 2
Law of logarithm
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 +
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣
Multiplication of
𝟐𝟐 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
binomials
4 = 𝑥 2 + 2x + 1 Additive inverse
0 = 𝑥 2 + 2x + 1 - 4 Combine liked terms
𝑥 2 + 2x -3 = 0 Simplify
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 Factorization
x = -3, 1 Zero factor property

Check: 1 is the solution since 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + 1) +

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + 1)= 2. However, -3 is not a solution
since 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (−3 + 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (−3 + 1) are
not defined.
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
• If 0 < b < 1, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2 .
(reversed the inequality symbol)
• If b > 1, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2
(retained the inequality symbol)
• The techniques or strategies in solving
logarithmic inequality are the same in
solving logarithmic equations.

Illustrative Example. Solve the

logarithmic inequality.

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2)

 Solution:
Logarithmic
Steps in solving
Inequality
Step 1.
Ensure the logarithms
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2) are defined.
b>1, so 3>1, retained the
symbol
Step 2.
(2𝑥 − 1) > 0 and (𝑥 + 2) > 0
(2𝑥 − 1) > 0 and (𝑥 + 2) >
0 must be satisfied.

2x > 1 and x > -2 Solve for x.

1 1
x > If x > , then x is surely
2 2
greater than -2.
Step 3.
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 2) Ensure that the
inequality is defined.
2x -1 > x + 2 Combine like terms.
Hence, the solution is
x>3
(3, +∞)
Let Us Practice
Instruction: Solve the following logarithmic
equations and inequalities.
Complete the missing values on the box
provided.
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) -1 = 0
2. -2 < log x < 2

Solution:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) -1 = 0

Logarithmic Equation Steps in solving

𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) -1 = 0
Law of logarithm
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 3) = 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 +
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣
Changing to
51 = (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 3)
exponential form
5= Multiplication of
binomials
𝑥 2 + 2x -8 = 0 Equate to zero
(x + ) (x-2) = 0 Factorization
(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 − 2) = Equate both factors
0 to zero
x = -4, 2. Solve for x.
Checking 1: Both can be solution. If x =-4.
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) -1 = 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (−4 − 1) (−4 + 3) = 1 Substitute x =-4.
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (−5) (−1) = 1 Simplify.
Logarithmic form
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (5) = 1
Defined.

Checking 2: Both can be solution. If x =2

𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (𝑥 + 3) -1 = 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (2 − 1) (2 + 3) = 1 Substitute x =-4.
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (1) ( )= 1 Simplify.
Logarithmic form
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (5) = 1
Defined.

Hence, both -4 and 2 are solutions.

 2. -2 < log x < 2

Logarithmic
Steps in solving
Inequality
Step 1.
Ensure the logarithms
are defined.
-2 < log x < 2
b>1, so 10>1, retained
the symbol. This
means that x > 0.
Step 2.
Ensure that the
inequality is satisified.
log 10−2 < log x <
Rewrite the -2 and 2
as logarithms of base
10.
Step 3.
log 10−2 < log x 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Split the compound
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 < log 102 inequality into two
simple inequalities.
10−2 < x and x < Simplify.
𝟏 Hence, the solution is
< x <100 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( , 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
YOUR TURN!

Direction: Solve the following logarithmic

equations and inequalities.
1. log 3 (1 − 𝑥) = log 3 (𝑥 + 16 − 𝑥 2 )
2. 3 log 2 − log(𝑥 − 1) = log(𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 − 2)
3. 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 6) = 1
4. log 8 2 + log 8 4𝑥 2 = 1
5. log 3 𝑥 ≤ 2
6. log 4 𝑥 + 8 ≥ 11
7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (𝑥 + 2)
8. log 5 (3𝑥 − 1) < 1
6
9. log > log(𝑥 + 5)
𝑥
2−3𝑥
10. log (
1 ) ≥ −1
3 𝑥