Drilling Technology For The Man On The Rig 7

Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.
DRILL STEM TESTING
Table of Contents
II IN"I'R.ODUcrION 1
n. RESPONSIBILI1Y ..................................................................•. 1
A. Program 1
B. Drilling Operations " , 1
m. SURFACE TEST EQUIPMENT AND PRE-TEST CHECKS 3
IV. DST CHECK LIST 3

A. Time and Measurements 3
B. Preparation of Well and Testing of Surface Equipment 5
C. Tools and Equipment 5
D. Safety 7
E. Observations and Recommendations 8
1. While running test tools in hole 8
2. While setting the packer or at beginning of test ....................................•. 8
3. The tester valve has been opened for initial flow 9
4. Initial shut-in period .........................................................• 9
5. The tester valve has been open for second flow .......................•.............. 9
6. The final shut-in time 10
7. Unseating the packer and reversing out 10
8. Packer assembly stuck 11
9. Anchor assembly stuck 11
10. Part in drill string while flowing well 11
11. Pulling test tools out of hole 11
12. Lost circulation after unseating packer 12
13. Times 12
14. Gradients 12
V. DATA AND CHART INTERPRETATION 12

A. Dual closed-in pressure (CIP) chart 12
B. High Fill-up, High CIP , 13
C. Test of "Dry" Formation 14
D. Test of Flowing Test 14
E. Inside Chart (Plugged Perforations) and Blanked Off Chart (Plugged Perforations) 15
VI. BASIC lYPE TESTS AND ASSEMBUES 16

A. Open-Hole Single or Dual Packer 21
B. Open-Hole Straddle Packer With Anchor Pipe 22
C. Open-Hole Straddle Packer With Sidewall Anchor Assembly 23
D: Casing Hookwall - Single Packer 23
E. Hookwall Casing Test With Straddle Packers 24
F. Isolation Testing in Casing 25
VIT. SUBSEA DST 26
Drill Stem Testing - i
, I
DRILLSTEM TESTING
I. INTRODUCTION
The formation test is used to gain knowledge of subsurface conditions related to pressures and reservoir fluid
content along with pertinent data concerning gas-oil ratios, gas-oil and oil-water contacts and reservoir
parameters related to limits, permeability, and productivity. The manner in which the test is conducted
determines, to a large extent, the validity of the information obtained. Every effort should be made to gather
reliable data while conducting the test because another opportunity to gather this data might not exist during
the life of a well.
The formation test is one of the most hazardous operations encountered in drilling and completing oil and gas
wells. The potential for stuck tools, blowouts, lost circulation, etc. is greatly increased. The potential hazard
involved can be offset to a certain extent by following established procedures and exercising good judgement
based upon surface indications.
Drill Stem Tests are limited flowing tests and have certain limitations with regard to the results which can be
expected.
A. They can be expected to:
1. Give accurate reservoir pressures.
2. Indicate the presence or absence of oil or gas.
3. Indicate formation characteristics with regard to permeability and fracturing.
4. Indicate the presence or lack of communication in liner laps, perforations and casing shoes.
B. They should not be expected to give a pure, uncontaminated formation fluid sample and, therefore, except
in zones of good reservoir communication, are unlikely to prove beyond all doubt the water recovered is
formation water.
With these limitations in mind, the following procedures have been compiled.
II. RESPONSIBIUTY
A. Program
Test requirements, in most cases, will be outlined by production engineering for development! delineation
drilling and by exploitation geology for exploratory drilling. The requirements will include interval to be
tested, purpose of the test, and any variations or special parameters. When unforeseen requirements arise
or should disagreement exist between exploitation geology, production engineering and drilling as to the
justification for the test, a decision should be obtained from the manager responsible for the particular
drilling expenditure.
B. Drilling Operations
1. Equipment and Support
a. Contact service company and arrange for equipment according to test category.
Drill Stem Testing - 1

Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc.
b. Contact area superintendent and arrange for engineer, geologist, and/or technicians as test
requirements warrant. Arrange for laboratory technician or chemist on all tests to assist site geologist
and engineer.
2. Test Details
a. Drilling Foreman, through contractor and service company, will be responsible for all mechanical
aspects of the DSTthroughout its various phases and for its being conducted in accordance with the
company's safety policy. If the DST program is varied during test, the changes should be
coordinated with the Drilling Foreman and Drilling Superintendent.
b. Drilling Foreman, with required assistance, will be responsible for:
1) Recording all data

2) Measurements of recovery
3) Timing of the phases
4) Overall safety of operation
c. Area Chemist will assist Drilling Foreman with:
1) Analysis for H2S and BS & W

2) Sampling
3) Gravity of oil
4) Salinity
3. Interpretation and Field Changes
a. Site Geologist will make preliminary interpretations of DSTwith Production Engineer, when present.
Drilling operations will make interpretations concerning hole conditions and contingendes.
Interpretation to be based on:
1) Surface indications
2) Fluid recovery
3) Pressure Recorder Charts
4) Drilling history of well
b. Test category time requirements may be changed by mutual agreement between Site Geologist and
Drilling Foreman depending on indications during the test. (Refer to Check Usts for possible
indications.)
c. Normally, if 1% or more of ~S is detected on DSr, the final build-up will be started immediately
and at the same time, the test string will be reversed circulated. "Donot move tool while taking the
final build-up.
d. Normally, Site Geologist or Engineer will, at the conclusion of test, report all pertinent data and
interpretations to HQ.
1) Charts should be taken to service company lab.
2) Charts are photographed and data sheets checked.
3) Distribute corrected DST data to Drilling, Production Engineering, and Exploration Geology.
e. When H2S is antidpated:
2 - Drill Stem Testing

'.
Murchison Drilling Schools, !ne.
1) Only a calculated amount of fluid to reach the DeIP should be flowed. The final build-up should
be started immediately after the required volume of influx has been recorded on surface flow
meter, or
2) A production test should be made with all precautions for Hi' taken.
III. SURFACE TESTEQUIPMENT AND PRE-TESTCHECKS
A. Equipment
1. Bar Hanger Sub.
2. Kelly Valve.
3. Control Head with chokes, gauges, and bubble hose to water bucket, or to Flow Meter (gas).
a. Chiksan.
b. Floor manifold from control head consisting of gas meter and sampling points.
c. Chiksan to choke manifold.
d. Flow line either to burning pit or reserve pit.
4. Kelly (on top of head).

B. Test as follows:
1. Make-up control head, with Kelly Valve below control head, on Kelly and set in mouse hole.
2. Close Kelly Valve.
3. Attach Chiksan lines and floor manifolding from control head to choke manifold.
4. Apply pressure through test line to choke manifold with rig pump or accumulator pump. Test lines on
exploration wells to 5000 psi and development/delineation to 3000 psi or to known W.H.P.
5. After test, bleed pressure.
6. Open Kelly Valve and drain fluid from hoses and manifolding.
7. Do not disconnect Kelly Valve and Control Head from Kelly.

IV. DST CHECK LIST
A. Time and Measurements
MAKE SURETHE OBJECTIVESOF THE TESTARE CLEARTO ALL CONCERNED.
1. Vary program during test, as deemed necessary, to meet the objectives, based on observations and
current test data.
2. Report blow based on calibrated ranges of gas meter. (Note beginning numbers on meter.) One set of
guide lines is given below:
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MurChison Drilling Schools, Ine.
Weak Blow 0 to 0.2 cu ft/min

Fair Blow 0.2 to 0.4 cu ft/min
Good Blow 0.4 to 0.8 cu ft/min
Strong Blow 0.8 or higher cu ft/min
3. Calculate capacity of hole from perforations to bottom of hole in cu ft.
4. Calculate capacity of anchor assembly from CIP sampler to perforations in cu ft.
5. Calculate volume of influx required before formation fluid has reached sampler. (Sum of 3. and 4.
above.) If both hoses are hooked up, double volume calculations. If H:zS is anticipated, refer to Section
II, B, 3-e of this chapter.
6. Calculate time required to get a sample in CIP sampler based on flow rate.
7. Make sure clock range is proper for test being conducted - not too long. (Figure 7.1.)
8. Calculate time that tool should be opened to be finished with test before dark - including trip.
9. Each DST should be treated individually, but, as a general rule, the test should be initiated at such a
time to allow the pipe to be pulled out of hole before dark. On test, where hydrocarbons have been
produced to surface, the tools should not be tripped after dark. By initiating the test at 0300 hours, the
formation fluid will not be at surface until day light and the tools can be tripped before dark. Where
conditions permit, the reversing out should be done while taking the final closed in pressure. On low
producing wells, where formation fluid has not reached the OP sampler, consideration should be given
to flowing the well longer on second flow period. In this case, it would be safe to pull tools after dark.
Clock stopped
Fig. 7.1
The clock is that part of the gauge assembly which measures the time of each of the operations of a formation
test. It operates as an escapement mechanism for the chart drum. Although time is independent of pressure
recordings, it is important for interpretation of results. Proper selection of clock speeds will aid in accurate
interpretation and reading. Excessive rough treatment, mechanical difficulty, or lack of power may cause the
clock to stop running. This problem is characterized by time discontinuance, as shown in Figure 7.1, while the
pressure continues to increase and/or decrease in the same vertical line. For a clock to stop and to start
running again before the test is complete makes a very confusing chart; yet, it will become quite clear when
compared with its companion chart. A clutch spring malfunction may cause the clock to "run away." This
occurrence is usually caused by excessive rough treatment but does not damage the clock.
10. Make sure that surface mud system has been measured so that exact volumes are known. Any variations
should be reported and recorded. Before test tool is opened, the mud engineer must report the exact
surface volume and details of how the volume was arrived at. Any variations must be reported to
company representative immediately.

11. Discuss the maximum time in the hole with test tools that can be tolerated by bore hole conditions.
Establish where time might be reduced during test. This should be done prior to test.
12. Establish estimated formation salinity and aqua pressure before test when possible.
B. Preparation of Well and Testing of Surface Equipment
1. Make sure that hole is clean before pulling out for DST.If a low weight mud is being used to drill with,
pump a viscous pill (sweep) through hole to aid in cleaning.
2. If drag is noted.on trip out, make short trip(s) until hole is in good condition before pulling out for DST.
3. Run SLM Check each tool joint, and keep stand break the same on trip out for DST.
4. Flush through and test following:

a. BOP's and Accumulators.
b. Kill lines.
c. Choke lines.
d. Choke manifold.
e. Burning line.
f. Temporary lines from test head to manifold.
g. Remote kill lines.

NOTE: Make sure all remote and manual controls are checked.
5. Make sure all connections from top of drill pipe to flare pit are of the proper pressure rating and are
tight and clamped down.
6. Jet cellar before test, if applicable.
7. Make up LCM pill in case losses are noted when packer is unseated after test. Surface mud system
should be at maximum working capadty.
8. Ensure that adequate mud stock is available.
9. Keep floor clear of extra equipment during test.
10. Select proper packer seat by analyzing logs, and drilling time analysis.
C. Tools and Equipment
OOUBLE CHECK THAT ALL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO MEET TEST
OBJECTIVES.
1. Test tools.
2. Testing equipment (chemist):
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Muichlson Drilling Schools, Ine.
a. CO2 and H~ test kits.
b. Salt and alkalinity test kit.
c. Centrifuge for BS and W test.
d. Hydrometer and graduated cylinder.
e. Sampling containers and labels.
f. Low and high range pressure gauges.
g. Thermometers.
h. Two (Ih" valves) and two (W' nipples), all 5000 psi test.
i. Pitot tube or orifice meter if gas is expected on OST.
j. Six inch rom ruler and calibration chart for reading, amerada in field.
3. Caliper and measure all tools and make sure clock is started and stylus is engaged. Engage stylus in
vertical position. Make sure the operator does not have it in the horizontal position. Make sure OD's and
packer(s) are checked and dimensional sketch drawn. (See Figure 7.2.)
4. Make up all connections tightly.
5. Space out tools to meet objectives of test.
6. Make up drill pipe tightly. Check for air blow from DP each (5) five stands with blow tester. Observe
for correct displacement.
Agure 7.2 - Base Line Drawn Incorrectly.

The base line is the basis for all pressure measurements on a formation test chart. The pressure lines on the
chart should zero in and out of the hole. In other words, the stylus should coincide with the base line before
going into and after coming out of the hole, and any vibrations of the gauge should be noted as fluctuations
of the stylus at right angles above and below the base line. If the base line and the initial pressure recordings
do not coincide, the difference in these two readings is the amount of error incurred by the incorrect drawing
of the base line. This error may be minimized by reading all pressures from an imaginary base line drawn
through the initial and final fluctuations. Figure 7.2 shows the base line inconsistent with the initial pressures
of the test ..
D. Safety
1. Discuss all contingencies of DST in meeting with all concerned before DST.
2. Test tools should be opened so that formation fluid will reach surface after daylight. Never take the hose
off to let the well flow through the Kelly and out the goose neck.
3. No smoking must be rigidly enforced. All fire fighting equipment is to be checked before starting test.
4. If spark arrestors are not installed, ensure that water is open to all engine exhausts before starting test
and are checked for proper spray.
5. Ensure that means of igniting flare is available.
6. Check all electrical connections.
7. Ensure that contractor and service personnel remain on floor while the test is in progress. One person
should be designated to see that the casing is kept full at all times while going in the hole and coming
out. A driller and two floormen will remain on floor with test operator at all times.
8. Check derrickman's escape exit.
9. Check wind direction and escape exit(s).
10. Ensure that pump is rigged up to pump to annulus before opening test tools.
11. Close attention must be paid to swabbing when pulling out after the test. Any upward movement of
mud in annulus after pipe stops should be treated as an emergency. Check that hole is taking required
volume of mud. Use a trip tank and ensure that mud is the proper weight.
12. Where H~ gas is expected, have a stock of SO/SO ammonia water solution on location. The pipe should
be pulled dry and 2~ pints of ammonia water per stand of 5" DP should be poured into the top to
neutralize residual H~ and minimize nausea related to small concentrations of ~S. It can also be used
to flush out choke boxes before opening them up. Breathing equipment should be used for any
measurable amount of H~.
13. Mud box should be rigged with proper hose for safe discharge of fluid to the pits.
14. Know position(s) of down hole tools at all times, and reason for particular position.
15. If reversing out is impossible, use drill stem safety plugs for pulling oil or gas loaded strings.
16. Make sure safety valve, below test head, is closed before unplugging or breaking test head off.
17. Any rig maintenance that interferes with DST procedure or safety will not be performed during test.

E. Observations and Recommendations during All Phases of Test
1. While running test tools in hole:
a. A drop in mud in annulus that corresponds with an air issue from the drill pipe is noted. The last
500 ft of pipe should be pulled to locate leak.
b. A bridge is hit off bottom. If the tools cannot be worked through bridge easily, the tools should be
pulled out of hole and a bit run. (See Figure 7.3.)
c. A reduction in overflow (displacement) is noted, but no air issue is coming from the drill pipe. The
formation is probably taking fluid and the running in speed should be reduced to help eliminate
pressure surges. Use trip tank to monitor displaced fluid.
d. Correlate theoretical and actual displacement and note any difference.
e. Use fluid cushion fill-up valve to fill test string with cushion. (This avoids aeration.)
2. While setting the packer or at beginning of test:
a. A sharp drop in the annulus denotes a packer failure. Pick up tools immediately to close main tester
valve. Normally an openhole test will be unsuccessful after this because the packer seat is usually
washed out. A vertical fracture will also give the same indications.
i
•I
\ I·
Fig. 7.3 -TIght Hole Indicated; leaking Drill Pipe
Sharp reciprocating movements coincident with each stand pulled or added may be an indication of
swabbing or a tight hole. Figure 7.3 indicates that considerable difficulty was encountered in attempting to
reach bottom. Under normal conditions this action will have no bearing on the test itself, unless the test tool
opens during prolonged spudding through a bridge. This indicates poor hole conditions and could
contribute to sticking a tool.
At point of delay, while going into the hole or at total depth, a decrease in recorded pressure is indicative
or a loss in the hydrostatic head, shown in Figure 7.3. There are two possibilities:

1. The hole may be taking fluid.
2. The drill pipe may be leaking.
If the fluid recovery contains an abnormally large quantity of mud, a leak in the pipe may be assumed. This
deems the flow period not usable; therefore, production calculations cannot be made.
b. A slow drop in the annulus denotes either a leaking packer or a loss to formation. If the loss
continues after closing shut-in valve, it indicates that the loss was to the formation. An accurate
record of all losses during test should be kept.
c. Slipping of the packer to reach "true" bottom is noted. The initial flow should be lengthened to
compensate for this piston action or supercharge to the formation. The initial build-up curve on first
closed-in pressure will not be valid otherwise. (See Figure 7.4.)
Fig 7.4 - &Jpercharged Initial Build-up Curve.
Supercharge is the most common condition resulting in an abnormally high initial build-up of pressure.
During drilling or completion, a formation may have an invasion of pressure due to excessive hydrostatic
head or pressure surges. This pressure invasion is called supercharge. This abnormal pressure is suddenly
alleviated when the first flow period is commenced. The time required for this pressure to equalize with
reservoir pressure depends upon the magnitude of pressure invasion, permeability, and formation damage.
If a closed-in pressure is attempted prior to the dissipation of this supercharge, the resulting build-up curve
will exhibit excessive pressures, as shown in Figure 7.4.
3. The tester valve has been opened for initial flow:
a. A weak surface blow is noted. The flow period should be extended to at least 30 minutes, and the
initial closed-in pressure build-up should be extended by approximately 50% of normal.
b. Slipping of packer was noted. Allow for supercharging by flowing 10 - 15 minutes longer.
c. A strong surface blow is noted. The flow period could be shortened, but, as a general rule, it should
be 30 minutes. If surface observations indicate the well is coming in, then the period should be
shortened. Do not bring hydrocarbons to surface before daylight. The corresponding build-up, after
closing well in, is also faster and this period could be shortened to 90 minutes.
4. Initial shut-in period should be long enough to allow bottom hole pressure to reach or approach static.
One to two hours have proven to be sufficient, but never less than 30 minutes.
5. The tester valve has been open for second flow:

a. Experience should dictate the length of period. Consideration should be given to surface "blow." The
weaker the blow, the slower the rate of formation influx and the longer the second flow period
should be. Por example, one hour of good flow is generally sufficient for good evaluation.
b. If 1% or more of ~S is detected, go into final build-up and reverse out during final build-up.
c. If the drill pipe fluid load increases to the point that the hydrostatic head of the fluid column kills
the inflow, the final build-up should be started immediately.
d. For tests with a weak surface blow throughout the duration of the flow period, the tool must be left
open longer to sample the formation effectively. Prior calculations should determine length of flow
period.
e. When chokes are changed, it should be from small to large and not large to small. The 3-7/8"
hydrospring has a 0.6" choke and the 5" hydrospring has a 0.75". Discuss surface choke sizes with
tester before opening tool. Normally 3/8" and 1/2" are used.
6. The final shut-in time:
a. Should be at least equal to the flowing time if an accurate extrapolated pressure is to be obtained
and if permeability changes nearby are to be detected.
b. Should be longer on low permeability formations.
c. Tools must not be moved during this build-up period. Be in the reversing position before the
build-up starts.
d. If an acid job has been performed, allow the final buildup to be longer because no damage is likely.
RULE-OF-THUMB FOR FSI
1. Good Flow
PSI = ~ x Final Flow Time
2. Average Well
PSI = 1 x Pinal Flow Time
3. Poor Well
PSI = 2 x Final Flow Time
7. Unseating the packer and reversing out:
a. On hookwall tests, reversing should be done during final shut-in. Rotate to reversing position with
control head manifold valve closed.
b. Pull that can safely be exerted on the drill pipe is drastically reduced when the DP is not filled with
a fluid of equivalent density to that on the outside of the pipe (biaxial loading).
c. On openhole tests, it would depend on hole condition, but as a general rule, reversing would be
done before unseating the packer. If lost circulation is expected after unseating packer, it would be
better to reverse out before unseating packer. This should be determined ahead of time.
d. Be sure the DCIP valve is in reversing position before unseating packer because weight is required
before it can be rotated.

e. Line up (2) two pumps on annulus before starting to reverse out because mud will fall in annulus
and flow into drill pipe. On tests where influx of formation fluid has been low, allow pipe to fill
against a closed in surface valve and observe pressure reading on head before continuing to reverse
against back pressure held on choke manifold.
f. After closing BOP's, the reversing pressure should be restricted to as low as possible to prevent lost
circulation.
g. Accurate measurements and descriptions of all recovered fluid is important to test interpretation.
On a low producing well, the flowing pressure is indicative of drill pipe fill up and the sum of
hydrostatic pressures of the recovery should equal the final flow pressure. The recovery has to be
measured closely and the densities checked. All fluids or mixtures of fluids should be described.
8. Packer assembly stuck:
a. To unseat packer, pick up weight of string and wait a few minutes before working pipe. If stuck,
attempt to jar free. Make sure pipe is full before jarring. Reverse out if haven't already done so.
b. If jarring is unsuccessful, back off at VR safety joint and pull out of hole (see d.).
c. Wash over packer assembly.
d. Make sure that reversing out is complete before backing off.
9. Anchor assembly stuck:
a. Attempt to jar free.
b. If jarring is unsuccessful, back off anchor pipe safety joint and pull out of hole (see d.).
c. Wash over anchor pipe assembly.
d. Make sure that reversing out is complete before backing off.
10. Part in drill string while flowing well:
TIllS COULD HAPPEN ON ~S PRODUONG TEST.
a. Check weight indicator and close BOP's immediately.
b. Prepare to squeeze formation fluid(s) back to formation. If a balancing fluid at point of part can be
reverse circulated into well to control formation pressure, then it would be better not to squeeze
formation.
c. After bringing well under control, pullout of hole and pick up over shot to recover testing string.
11. Pulling test tools out of hole:
a. Make sure annulus and drill pipe are balanced before reversing out is stopped.
b. If hydrocarbons have been tested, do not pull out after dark. Pulling to casing shoe would be
permitted after reversing out.
c. Watch annulus closely. Any upward movement after pipe stops should be treated as an emergency.
Make sure hole is taking correct displacement. A trip tank should be used.
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M1ff'chisonDrilling Schools, Ine.
d. Use mud saver and cap all oil-filled stands.
e. Rate of loss (if any) should be determined before pulling out of hole. In cases of heavy losses, a LCM
pill should be pumped in annulus. Reduce losses to a safe level before pulling out of hole.
f. Hoisting speeds should be according to good drilling practice.
12. Lost circulation after unseating packer:
a. Pump LCM pill in annulus immediately and mix another pill. Keep annulus full.
b. Reduce losses to safe level before pulling DST tools.

c. Make sure stock of mud materials is sufficient.
13. Times:
a. Make sure all observations and times correspond.
b. A stop watch with accumulative hours is very helpful in recording accurate DST times.
"
14. Gradients: ---- 0.936
0.697
0.905
1.1
0.382
0.465
0.832
0.120 """
1.000 psi/ft
0.300
0.396
0.433
A.a.Dual
Fresh water pressure (CIP) chart
closed-in

1. Howco - see Figure 7.5 below.
A-B - Going in hole.

B - Packer seated, tester valve opened.
C - Mud pressure relieved - formation pressure
buildup starts.
C-D - Initial closed-in pressure build up curve.
D - Auxiliary valve opened.
E-F - Flowing pressure curve.
F - Closed-in pressure valve closed.
F-G - Final closed-in pressure buildup curve.
G - By-pass opened.
H - Packer unseated.
H-I - Coming out of hole.
Fig. 7.5
2. Johnson - see Figure 7.6 below .
I
fUl. IIIU'.
/
--
VI'\. r/I "' "1/ '\. \.
•..
•• UIAl.
-'&1
lIYlIIlOI'A'1C I fIlIALII
SllUI
IIIIIAl. ••• 11Al.
\. '\.
fIlIAL fIlIAl
lI'lIIlOIlAllC
'\. '\.
'"
--
~
=
f
0300 01100 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900
Rg.7.6
B. High FUl-up, High CIP (See Figure 7.7 below.)

This chart shows a typical test of a highly productive
formation. At point A, the testing string was started in
the hole. A-B shows the increasing hydrostatic mud pres-
sure as the tools were lowered into the hole. As the
testing string reached bottom, the initial hydrostatic mud
pressure is recorded at point B. The packer is seated and
the tester valve opened at point B, relieving the hydro-
static mud pressure from the formation. At C the initial
flowing pressure of the formation is reached, and the
pressure starts to build up as the formation produces an
increasing head of fluid in the pipe during the flow
Fig. 7.7 period from C to D. At D the closed-in pressure valve is
closed with the packer still seated and the formation
closed-in-pressure build-up curve is recorded from D to
E. At E the by-pass is opened, releasing the hydrostatic
mud pressure back on the formation at F, where the
packer is unseated. The decreasing hydrostatic mud
pressure is recorded from F to G as the testing string is
removed from the hole.

MurChison Drilling Schools, IDe.
C. Test of ''Dry'' Formation
This chart shows the type of pressure curve

obtained from a test of a nonproductive for-
mation. The fluid recovered on this test was 10
feet of mud, which resulted from the expansion
of mud below the packer as it was seated and
the tester valve opened.

B - Packer seated and tester valve opened.
C-D - Formation open to atmospheric pressure. Since no
fluid was produced, the pressure remained 0 dur-
ing this period.
~--. , - o -
E
F
Closed-in pressure valve closed.
D-E - Formation closed in, but no pressure increase was
recorded, indicating 0 formation pressure .
- By-pass opened.
- Packer unseated.
F-G - Coming out of hole.
Fig. 7.8
D. Test of Flowing Test (Water Cushion Loaded)
This chart was made on a test where 2000 ft. of water cushion was used. The producing capacity of the
formation was such that the drill pipe was completely filled with fluid after the tester valve was opened,
resulting in what is commonly called a flowing test, i.e., the fluid produced from the formation reached the
surface and flowed from the top of the drill pipe.
A-B - Going in the hole. The short horlzontallines on

this curve show where the trip in the hole was
delayed while water was placed in the drill pipe.
C - Formation started producing.
C-D - Shows the increasing pressure at the gauge as the
drill pipe is filled with oil and gas, raising the
water cushion to the surface.
A
D-E - Shows the decreasing pressure as the water is
unloaded from the drill pipe and the drill pipe
becomes filled with the lighter oil and gas.
E - Closed-in-pressure valve closed.
E-F - Formation closed-in pressure build-up curve. This
build-up is very rapid due to the high productivi-
ty of the formation.
F - By-pass opened.
G - Packer unseated.
G-H - Contents of drill pipe removed by reverse circula-
tion.
H-I - Coming out of hole.
Rg.7.9

E. Inside Chart (Plugged Perforations) and Blanked Off Chart (Plugged Perforations)
-----_._--_. __ .~_._-_.__ ._--
Inside Chart - Plugged Perforations Blanked Off Chart - Plugged Perforations
Ag.7.10
On every test at least two gauges should be used, with the lower gauge blanked off from the fluid passage
through the testing string so that it gets pressure from the annulus below the packer. The reason for this is
illustrated by the two charts above, both of which were made on the same drill stem test. If only the inside
gauge had been used, it would have indicated a "dry" test, or a non-productive formation, since the pressure
dropped to "0" when the tester valve was opened, and did not show any increase.
However, a check of the chart from the blanked off gauge shows that pressure was present in the well bore
below the packer. This indicates that the perforations in the anchor pipe plugged almost immediately after
the valve was opened. The formation closed-in pressure was recorded throughout the test on the lower
gauge, while no pressure was recorded on the inside gauge, since the formation could not produce through
the plugged perforations.

A B-C - Hydrostatic mud pressure released -
to "0" on inside gauge to point of
plugging of perforations on blanked
off gauge.
C-D - "Flow period" and closed-in-pressure
period. No indication is recorded of
closed-in-pressure valve being closed,
since formation was already closed in
by the plugged perforations. Note the
Fig. 7.11 build-up to formation closed-in-pre-
Plugged Choke ssure on the blanked off chart imme-
diately after perforations became
plugged.
D - By-Pass opened.
E - Packer unseated.
E-F - Coming out of hole.
Figure 7.11 is an illustration of the type of curve produced by a plugged bottom hole choke. In this case, both the
inside gauge and the blanked off gauge produce the same type of curve, since the plugging is above the inside gauge,
and not between the gauges as when perforations are plugged. The chart from the inside gauge only is shown. This
type of plugging is usually caused by lost circulation material. Each of the pressure build ups during the time the tool
was open C to D - is caused by plugging of the choke. Each of the pressure decreases is caused by a break-through
of the plug and a momentary release of pressure.

VL BASIC TYPE TESTS AND ASSEMBUES
TU.NO OftIU "' ••

'MPM:T "OIl,..
SUIIOl'l'M:JNAI.)
HANDUNG SUI &

CHOM,( "'1Sf.:"'8LV
OUAl CLOS[D 'N

PRESSUR[ vAtV'( HANDlING SUI &
CHOKE ASH"'"
R['tERSE CIIIICULATION
""",.
HYOftOSPltINQ
rEsnlt
IY~"'U IIIOfffS
I.', PltfSIUfI[
R(COMllR
HYOIMUUC JAIl
• ......, JOINT
--
'L •••••
u._
JOINT
(••••• OID Off)
_ WAU rllCIIIIl TtII'
A.IOWS INDICATe TOP "An' OP EACH ASSEMIl.Y
Fig. 7.12

Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine:.
Dual or Valve
The Dual CIP Valve is a rotation type, five position PosmON 3 - OPEN
sliding sleeve valve used to take dual closed-in-
pressures. It is run in the testing string above the Following as adequate initial closed-in-pressure period,
Hydro-Spring Tester. As shown in the operational right-hand rotation moves the valve into the third
diagram, the valve functions as follows: position. This position is an open position providing the
second or final flow period.
PosmON 1 • OPEN PosmON 4 - CLOSED
The tool is run in the open position, but the Hydro- Further right-hand rotation moves the valve into position
Spring Tester prevents any drilling fluid from enter- 4 for the final closed-in-period. The reverse circulating
ing the testing string. When the testing position is sub can be opened during the final closed-in-pressure
reached, the Hydro-Spring Tester is opened for the period provided the packer is left seated.
initial flow period.
PosmON 5 - REVERSE
PosmON 2 - CLOSED Additional right-hand rotation will also move the Dual
CIP Valve to the reverse position. Design of the valve
After a suffident initial flow, simple right-hand permits changing from position 4 to position 5 during
rotation of the tool moves it into position 2 for the the final closed-in-pressure period, i.e., reversing can be
initial closed-in-pressure period. started during the final closed-in-pressure period.
This chart Illustrates a typical dual closed-In operatlon pro- This extrapolation of build-Up pressures determines the statlc
duced by a Halliburton 'B.T: PressureRecording Gauge when reservoir pressure and slope of bulld-up. An extrapolal1on of the
used wtth a Dual CIP Valve. This chart shows a first flow of Initial and final bulld-up curves should reflect the same static
such duration that all Inftuences not related to the reservoir reservoir pressure as Indicated. Thisoccurrence adds conlldence
are dissipated prior to Initial build-up. This gives the operator to the drill stem test data. If these two curves do not plot satisfac-
an opportunity to calculate production rate and reservoir torily. a definite formation condlt1on such as depletion may be
performance during the first ftow period. A second flow period Indicated.
and closed-in-pressure further validate formation characteris-
tics.
~
.Jr
.•... ,.
~ ""
i,.oo"""
--
Ag.7.13

Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc:.
FLUID PASSAGE DIAGRAM
Ilf I~~lll
/.
IIV(RS£
CIIlClJUIIIlC I)
SUI
llUM. CIP
CIIIl:lMIIIlC
POlIS
llUM.
ClOXD·1II
I'lI(SSUII
VAlV[
1£Sllt
VAl¥(
IY~
POIll$
I'ICllt
~~
'.~::':'" ...~:... ::>:
••••• PIIlIIC
II GUT
Fig. 7.14

MULTIPLE CIP SAMPLER-OPERATIONAl DIAGRAM
WilI'U
lRAPl'lD
Af filIAl.
FLOW
PIl(SSURE
---~·i II D ~: ..
II ~m
ASSEM8lY
• J
Of OUT
flOWPE
COIIIIMl HOl.£
••
a.OSED·'N· IOIH
UP,fA III HOlE
•. T. llAUC£
VR;
ANCHOR
II
'If.SSlllI£ nllIOD
lDW~ ~
l'£RrollATtD
Dual
CIP
Sempler
Fig. 7.15

HOW THE DISTRIBUTOR WORKS DURING TYPICAL

FORMATION TEST WITH MULTIPLE PACKERS
Without Distributor With Distributor

Te'j,tulg
LI ), siring
closed
B,OOlpSl
hydrostotk
3,000 ps'
differential
5,OOlpsi
trapped
6,Mp!.ior
fHOrt.'prf'~'j,ure: 3,OOlpsi
dllf('fE'llliol differentlol
('cult'•• 2,OOlp.i
lo •.•...,.nUnICO· or more
tl{"l(lUU';.S
flowing
••hOft Inter-
vol, u!'.ulling
!"luIUI
vt"1 1(. ul torn
rnunllOII(lf),
fhu!lo tft. ••.•lroy-
lilY IOf'lt'
1'Jol:,lolltJfl
HIGH DIFFERENTIAL TESTING STRING PACKERS SET TESTING STRING DISTRIBUTION

PRESSURE AllOWS GOING INTO (NO DIFFERENTIAL OPENED FOR
UREAKDOWN OF HOLE PRESSURE) FLOWING TEST gFtE\WN'rl~
VERTICAllY FRACTURED PRESSURE
OR WEAK FORMATION ACROSS
lONGER
INTERVAL
AVOIDS
UREIIl<OOWN
OF
FORMATiON
Fig. 7.16

A. Open-Hole Single or Dual Packer

Formation Fluid and Pressure Evaluation
1. Interval to be tested to be as short as possible and still expose sufficient formation for evaluation,
normally maximum of 200'.
2. Packer seat should be selected utilizing the best available means. Caliper logs should be run if other
logging is to be done prior to testing or in areas where packer failures are common.
3. Water cushion should be sufficient to protect drill pipe from collapse (refer to RP-7G)and consideration
given to limiting differential pressure across packer to 2000psi. In tight competent formations the main
consideration is drill pipe collapse. In highly permeable formations both collapse of drill pipe and tool
plugging and sticking have to be considered.
4. Water cushion for tests for which probably high rates are expected, as indicated by drilling fluid losses,
cuttings etc. will be calculated to give a minimum of half the expected BHP or that required for drill
pipe protection, whichever is the largest. The Hydraulic Variable Choke will be run if high rates are
expected.
Down-hole Equipment, Bottom to Top:
1. Anchor shoe, blanked-off recorder, running case, HT 500 recorder, and Amerada.
2. flush Joint Anchor - (Perforated).
3. Spacer (drill collars) - When running drill collars as spacer, all perforations should be below drill collars,
i.e., sticking potential increases with more than one fluid entry.
4. Anchor Pipe Safety Joint.
5. Expanding shoe packer, dual in tandem or preferably spaced apart as determined from caliper log. Blank
anchor or drill collars must be used for spacing. A pressure "distributor" tool is to be run between the
packers in either case.
6. Packer Safety Joint.
7. Hydraulic Jar.
8. Pressure recorder case.
a. Amerada for 3-3/4" tools is positioned below packer.
b. Amerada for 5" tools is positioned above packer.
9. MCIP Sampler if required.
10. Hydrospring Tester.
11. Hydraulic Adjustable Choke.
12. Drain Valves spaced in drill collars.
13. Dual closed-in pressure valve with dual sampler if sampling is required.
14. Impact Reversing sub.

MurChison Drilling Schools, Inc.
Timing
1. Fifteen to thirty minute initial flow. Reducible on indication of fast fill up before cushion or formation
fluid reaches surface.
2. Sixty to 120 minute initial dosed-in.
3. 240 minute second flow unless dean formation fluid reaches surface before, or well dies. Time
changeable depending on condition.
4. 120 minute final closed-in or one half of second flow, whichever is the lesser.
B. Open-Hole Straddle Packer With Anchor Pipe

1. On open-hole tests where the interval to be tested must be isolated, straddle packers with anchor pipe
will be used provided the amount of hole below the bottom packer does not exceed 200 feet.
2. Packer seats should be selected by caliper log.
3. Water cushion requirements the same as A. 3 and 4.
Down-hole Equipment, Bottom to Top:
1. Anchor shoe, required length of flush joint anchor, DC's, HT-SOOrecorder, and pressure recorder.
2. Expanding shoe wall packer.
3. Blanked-off pressure recorder and case.
4. Flush joint anchor as required. All perforated anchor to be used together and not spaced by blank.
5. Upper expanding shoe wall packer.
6. Pressure equalizer to maintain pressure below lower packer.
7. Packer safety joint.
8. Hydraulic jars.
9. Pressure recorder and case.
10. Hydrospring tester.
11. Hydraulic adjustable choke.
12. Drain valves spaced in drill collars.
13. Dual closed-in pressure valve with sampler, if required.
14. Impact reversing sub.
Timing - same as A (Open-Hole Single or Dual Packer)

Murchison Drilling Schools, me.
C. Open-Hole Straddle Packer With Sidewall Anchor Assembly

1. On open-hole test where isolation of the interval is required from below and above, and the open-hole
below the lower packer exceeds 200 feet, a sidewall anchor assembly will be used.
2. Packer seats and sidewall anchor seat will be picked from caliper log.
3. Water cushion requirements are the same as A. 3 and 4.
Down-Hole Equipment, Bottom to Top:
1. Sidewall anchor assembly.

2. Same as B.
Timing - same as A.
D. Casing Hookwall - Single Packer
1. To test open-hole section below casing shoe with packer in the casing, or to test perforated intervals in
casing.
2. If test is of open-hole below shoe, the interval to be tested is normally 200' or less; however, if first test
is dry, another test of a longer interval may be justified.
Packer should be set above float collar. Do not set in shoe joint or where cement has been drilled out.
Avoid running tail-pipe into open hole, if possible.
3. Water cushion requirements are the same as A. 3 and 4., but calculated with consideration for collapse
of the casing below the packer.
1. Blanked off pressure recorder and HT-500recorder.
2. Perforated tail pipe or flush joint anchor.
3. Hookwall packer.
5. Hydraulic jar.
6. Amerada.
7. Pressure recorder.
8. MOP Sampler, if required.

Mutchison Drilling Schools, Ine.
10. Adjustable choke.
11. Drain valves spaced in drill collars.
Timing - Same as A.
E. Hookwall Casing Test With Straddle Packers

1. Perforated intervals in casing which require isolation from below and above will be tested using straddle
packers.
2. Water cushion requirements are the same as A. 3 and 4, but calculated with consideration for collapse
of the casing below the packer.

1. Pressure recorder and HT-SOOrecorder.
2. Perforated drain sub.
3. Hookwall packer.
4. Blanked off pressure recorder.
5. Flush joint perforated section and anchor pipe or drill collars, as required to space. Expanding shoe wall
packer and pressure equalizer.

8.
9.
12.
7.
10.
11. Amerada.
Pressure
13. Hydraulicrecorder.
Drainsampler,
valves
Adjustable
MOP
Hydrospring inifDC's.
choke.
jar. tester.
required.
Timing - Same as A.

F. Isolation Testing in Casing
Cementing Evaluation
1. This category has as an intent the dry-testing of sections of casing, liner laps, etc.
2. Cushion requirements will be for a full column of fluid (water or mud) which will give the differential
required for the test, with consideration for collapse of the casing below the packer. (Refer to
Hydrocarbon and Gas Cap Drilling Chapter)
Equipment Required, Bottom to Top:
1. Blanked off recorder running case.
2. Perforated tail pipe.
3. Hookwall packer.
5. Hydraulic jar.
6. Pressure recorder.
8. ICIP.
9. Reversing sub.
Timing - One initial flow period of a duration suitable to give definite indications of either isolation or
communication.

Mui-chison Drilling Schools, Ine.
VII. SUBSEA DST
Floater motion alters

formation testing procedures
This excerpt from a new book describes Well testing from a floater requires special equip-
ment to compensate for vessel motion, and special
the special equipment and procedures subsea equipment to shut in the wellif the vesselhas to
disconnect from the wellhead, The necessary addi-
for testing from a floating drilling vessel tional equipment and redundancy complicate the test
string and the operation, leading to increased prob-
lems with equipment and data interpretation. Such
complications combine with delays caused by weather
J. Riley Sheffield, Consultant, Lafayette, La.
to make formation testing from a floater an expensive
and delicate operation.
1G-second summary
The following precautions should be taken when
This article discusses the effects of vessel motion on formation formation-testing from a floating drilling vessel: .
tasling operations on a floater, either a drillship or a semi. • Set the test packer in the casing or in the liner,
Special equipment is required and added precautions must be
never in the open hole.
taken. For example, the test string must have special subs to
mitigate the effects of vessel motion and a special disconnect
• Perform testing in a liner or casing.
• Use a test tree in the BOP stack. Include an
mechanism is required in the wellhead in case the riser must
be hung-off or pulled for foul weather. emergency downhole shut off near the formation.
• Stop testing if one of the following danger signals
occur:
-Pressure approaches the pressure rating of any of
THE PIJRPOSt: OF A FORMATION TEST is to obtain as much the equipment used.
k,format!on as possible about the flow characteristics -Equipment becomes overloaded by excessive pro-
of the reservoir and the reservoir fluids so that the . duction.
fon-nation can be evaluated economically. This in- -Annular pressure indicates communication be-
di'Jid':F§ ;diccuratetransient pressure data, accurate deter- tween the annulus and the test string.
min,z\!ioE of How rates of all formation fluids and -Gases reach explosive levels in critical areas, or
properties including volume and tempera- poison gases are produced.
wres. -Vessel motion approaches unsafe conditions.
Ai: a,jaHableinformation should be used to estimate
As on land, it is also advisable to test during daylight
the formation characteristics and fluid properties be- hours.
fore the test is run. A close estimate of the fluids to be The downhole equipment will consist of a packer, a
produced and the pressure-flow relationships to be test tool (valve)to open or shut in production near the
encmu'ltered is important in selecting the best equip- formation, and reverse circulating subs to reverse out
ri,t;lii,i W do the job and control the flow rates within the the produced fluids. Also included will be various
limits. The belle, the planning, the more sensors, chokes, samplers, jars and special downhole
m••. dy ,h4" earlier tests will be successful. shut off valves. This downhole assembly will be con-
nected by tubing or drillpipe to a mudline shut off.
The remainer of this article describes the various types
EDITOR'S NOTE
of equipment and procedures for testing formations
from a floating vessel.
This article Is excerpted from a recently published book by J.
Riley Sheffield entitled "Floating Drilling: Equipment and Ita TESTING EQUIPMENT
Use." Published this year by Gulf Publishing Co., the book is a
comprehensive study of floating drilling equipment and proce-
dureflo-lncludlng v@uei ~l!l$igns, stiitloi'l kaeping ami subsea
Test tools may have to be opened and closed more
~'erlitions. Mr. Sheffield, e consul~afll and in.structor 11'1 aIoating times on a floating rig than on a land rig because of the
i .smlng and lNOn control, has a wide range of experience In precautions required. Therefore, the two flow period
! if~1Ei'lllf~!:l
drilling ~mekjmlil! ~!lr'r:olA!<I!;;cul the world. test tools used on land are generally inadequate for
~~,,".".'O';'.o=.':C.~_.~ ... _~~, •.~~~ ~ testi.ngfrom a floater. Two basic types of multiple flow
SEPTEMBER 19&0 • WORLD OIL

-;
Upper
lIow
test tools are currently used for testing from a floating porta
open
drilling vessel: tools operated by annulus pressure and lnertg ••
those operated by string reciprocation. Test valves ohMlber /
Valve
operated by annulus pressure are relatively new, and IIllII1ChI
may not be ava.ilable in all areas of the world; these
AMulus
tools operate by pressure only, and do not require
pIlII8Ure l~,
drillstring manipulation. By 1977, rotating test tools Lower flow Lower
had generally disappeared from floaters. porta cIoMd flow
porta
Lock
Tools actuated by increasing annular pressure. These open
valves are activated by applying 1,000-1,500 psi pres-
sure to the annulus. Releasing this pressure allows the
valve to close. Additionally, pressuring the annulus to
2,000-2,500 psi will close and lock the valve. This traps
a sample of reservoir fluid after the final flow period.
'l'he valve also is a safety device for shutting in the well
if the tubing parts and casing pressure increases above (a) (b) (e)
2,500 psi. Available valves include Halliburton's Annu-

lar Pressure Operated (APO) valve and Annular Pres- Fig. 1-A sliding sleeve formation test valve is operated by annular
sure Reg-ulatcd (APR) valve and Johnston's Pressure pressure. Shown here are its three operating positions: (A) closed,
Controlled TeSler (PCT) valve. The APO and PCT ready to run in test string; (8) open, flowing formation fluid; (C) loCked
shut due to high annular pressure.
valves are sliding sleeve valves. APR is a ball valve.
Since the actuation mechanisms in these valves are
similar, the operation of the sliding sleeve variety APO
only will be discussed.
Valve operation is shown schematically in Fig. 1. A
piston mounted on a sliding sleeve valve balances the I~
~.,~ Top of upper ~.~
annulus pl'essure against the pressure in an inert gas
chamber. At annulus pressures below about 1,000 psi,
the ports in the valve are closed to flow. Application of
about 1,000 psi pressure moves the valve mandrel
upward, allowing flow of fluids through the tubing. tJP!I-it-- Valve mandrel of &lip joint safety v"'"
Pressure build-up on the order of about 2,000 psi will
force the valve mandrel past the flow position into a
locked closed position, Once the valve is in the locked
closed position, il cannot be reopened until brought to
the surface.
Reciprocating test tools such as Johnston's Multiple
Flow Evaluator (MFE) are operated by reciprocation
and require a full cycle for actuation. When the tool is Bottom of lower ,lip joint
first set down on the packer, the test valve will open
after about a three-minute to five-minute delay. Pick-
ing up and setting down will shut off the flow. Each
alternative reciprocation cycle will then open or close Seal and port section of safety valve
the valve as often as desired.
Another type of valve, Halliburton Hydrospring
Tester, is opened by compression and closed when the
compression is removed. It ;.s advisable to use about
20,000 pounds of weight for satisfactory valve opera-
tion. Drillpipe, tubing, or drill collars may be used to
make up lhis weight.
Slip joint safety valve. The slip joint safety valve,
which opens when it is in tension and closes when the
slipjoints an' completely coHapsed, shuts the test string
Fig. 2-Slip joint safety valve shuts the test string below the mud line if
helow the 1Il1idline if the string should parI, Th,e valve the Siring should part. It opens when in tension and closes when
has a sliding sleeve mechanima (HR'. 2) aaached to and oomp!<lta!y cOills9'*1d. ShQwn here in its open mode, the valve mandrel
running through the slip joints, The valve mandrel is is fully extended in tension, Slacking off string weight closes the valve.
WORLD OIL • SEPTEMBER 1980

joint extends and temporanly retamed t1ulds are rein-
jected into the main stream so that the velocity of the
f1uids remains constant.
Reverse circulating subs or reversing subs are used
to circulate mud from the annulus into the test string
so that produced fluids can be removed from the
string. Four types of reversing subs are available:
Chamber for tubing fluid pump-out plugs, rotating valves, impact and pressure
operated sliding sleeve.
Port to tubing Reversing subs'should be placed as low as practicable
in the string so that the minimum amount of produced
f1uids will remain in the string after circulation. Design
/,,-, of the test string, however, will strongly inf1uence the
maximum depth of placement of these reversing subs.
The pump-out plug sub has a plug that can be
pumped out at a specified pressure. These subs have
/ demonstrated their reliability in field service.
/
Rotating suhs are valves that are actuated hy rota-
Chamber for annular fluid
tion. They are reliable and are frequently used as it
primary reverse circulating sub.
Port to wellbore
The impact sub for reverse circulation is a hollow
pin that protrudes into the pipe bore. The pin is
broken by dropping a bar through the pipe bore,
allowing communication between the test string and
the annulus. This type of sub must be positioned above
all restrictions in the tubing. Heavy mud will cushion
the impact and possibly keep the valve from opening.
A bar catcher is needed to protect equipment below
the impact sub.
Pressure operated subs are controlled by annular
pressure, just like the annular-pressure-operated test
tools. These reversing subs are new and may not be
Fig. 3-Volume-pressure balanced slip joints. inserted in the string available in some areas. The pressure reversing subs
between the drilling vessel and the BOPs. are run to compensate for use a mechanism to count the number of times that the
pressure and flow surges caused by vessel motion. One chamber
allows fluid from the tubing to fill the reservoir as the sleeves move annulus has been pressured to a certain pressure level.
downward with vessel motion; the other chamber compensates for For example, if the test tool has been actuated five
fluctuations in annular fluid pressure and flow. times and the reversing sub will actuate after pressuriz-
ing the annulus ten times, then the annulus will have to
be pressured five more times for the reversing sub to
operate.
attached at the top of the upper slip joint and the valve
sleeve is allached at the bottom of the lowest slip joint
in the series. The safety valve is opened when any. of SUBSEA SHUT-IN PROCEDURE
the joints are partially extended, but it is closed when
all of the joints are dosed. The valve may be deliber- Special trees are designed to land in the wellhead
ately dosed by lowering the st ring so that all of the subs and blowout prevcnters to provide a meallS of tubing
an.' collasped. shut-in at the sea floor. (Fi~. 4). Thest~ .trees use
redundant, hydraulically operated valvt::s.One or both
Volume-pressure slip joints are designed to eliminate will be ball valves, dcpcnding on the 1ll;lIll1facturcr.
pressure and flow surges caused by vessel motion. Hydraulic pressure is furnished through a flexible linc
Used primarily on vessels that do not have motion from the surface. When the hold-open hydraulic pres-
compensators, the slip joints are inserted in the string sure is released, a spring closes the valves. The valves
hetwet'n the drilling vessel and the BOPs. These joints are designed to sht::ar a wire line if necessary. The pipe
(Fig. 3) havt.~ an upper annular reservoir/pressure to the surface is released hydraulically, and a mechani-
chamber for tubing fluids and a lower annular reser- cal back-off may be used in case of hydraulic failure.
This allows the vessel to disconnect the riser from the
voir/pressure chamber for fluids in the annulus. The
wellhead and have the well shut in. The shear blind
areas acted on by the pressure in these chambers are
equal to and compensate for the differential areas of rams may be closed in most current systems; however,
the mandrel and outer sleeve. some of the earlier systems would not fit below the
As the vessel heaves downward, the string shortens, blind rams, requiring the well to be ShUl in on the
the joint collapses and fluid moves into the reservoir to annular preventer.
keep the fluid vdocity in the tubing constant. As the The newer trees are designed for deep water, whilt::
vessell.l~a.v~~_up",ard, the string length increases, the earlier models relied too heavily on the internal tubing
SEPTEMBER 1980 • WORLD OIL
ProcIuQlId HydrIIllIlO IlnI to ~ f9r ~ ~ •••
. fluldl to
IUIfIlCll DrItl pipe to VIIII8l. UN ~ bIIrinOICt IlIp
jainla 1I11l1ll1011~ II nat aveilIIlle
K&C valve. open

Choke.-nbIy
Pipe rlllM cloHd Teat vtIIve
~
Valvee open
,BurnpIr auba (slip joIntlI) to carnpenute for V8IIMl movement
'WI1IIeop!IIlIng~, II8t8r
Jars
Safety joint
PICker
~
,w.q lhut In
~ ..
CClIVlIdIonI
~
to
Fig, 4-A special test string for subsea operation has an emergency
disconnect feature at the wellhead. Hydraulic pressure, provided by a
flexible line from surface to the test tree inside the subsea wellhead,
operates the disconnect mechanism. When pressure is released, it Fig. 5-An example test string is set up to be run with a reciprocating
closes the tree valves below the pipe rams and mechanicelly releases test tool, in which a valve is opened by picking up on the string and
the upper string section that runs to surface. Then the shear rams can slacking off. Bumper subs below the test valve compensate for vessel'
be closed and the riser disconnected. motion.
pressure to assist in closing. These earlier models may The space-out run procedure could go as follows:
not dose when hydraulic pressure is released in deep • Land shoulder in wellhead and mark pipe (only the
water. Valves that might have this limitation should large shoulder wiIlland in the wellhead).
always be evaluated before using. • Pick up about 18 feet (shoulder about 4 feet above
Hang-ofT shoulders are provided to support the tree rams).
in the rams. A fluted hang-off point that will not pass • Close rams and land shoulder by lowering 4 feet.
the wellhead is included. Since spacing between the • Mark pipe.
rams will vary from rig to rig, a tree should be modifi- • Open rams and pick up 20 feet to
able to fit different stacks, or i~should be designed to -Lower slip joint stroke 12 feet.
tit into a specified stack and used with that stack only. -Tester open 2 feet.
During a test, the rams should be closed around the -Packer set distance 1 foot.
test tree and the casing pressure should be monitored -Half of upper slip joint 5 feet.
through a kill/choke line. • Set packer
• Lower hang-off shoulder and hang off on rams.
TEST STRING DESIGN When the packer is set, the hang-off point on the tool
will be about 19 feet above the rams. A weight loss
Space-out for the two types of reciprocating test
tools will be discussed here. The first will be for the approximately equal to the weight of the string below
the upper slip joints will indicate that the packer has
single point hang-off, such as will be required for the been set.
full cycle reciprocating tool, or an annulus pressure-
If the Johnston MFE is run, it will open in three to
operated tester. The second will be for a two-point
hang-off, to open and close a tester operated by string
com pression. TABLE 1-SPACE-OUT LENGTHS FOR EXAMPLE
TEST STRING
An example test string arrangement is shown in Fig.
Distance from wellhead landing point to landing
5. The single hang-off is relatively simple because
point on the rams for larger shoulder 14 feel
there is only one point to consider' for flow or shut off. Lower Slip joint stroke 12 feet
For example, use the dimensions shown in Table 1. Tester operation , 2 feel
A suggested procedure is to space out so that when Upper slip joint stroke (safety valve closes
the string is hung off, the lower slip joints are fully ill 18S1fool of ooIlapse) 10 feel
Packer: distance to sel. 1 fool
collapsedl, and the upper slip joints are at mid stroke.
• SEPTEMBER 1i!ll~.o
",
About the author
RILEV SHEFFIELD ia a conIUUant and imtructor
in jZoa.tifl(l drillifl(l and well COIItJ'oI. H, hGII

held wrialu technicalevperviaory poaitUm.l
in re.earch and opsrationll during hia 15
~ea,., wUh th. Humble/Standard (N.J.)/E~-
:!:On OrpGnization, TNigning in. 191-'. Cur-
rently, at leaBt ria: month. out of the year are
IIpBnt a.I drilling evperllilor to keep up with
31(2" lublng
the timu. E~ in jloating drilling
.frwn both moored and dynamically poli-
tioned WIJ"z, includee dupwater drilling in
7" cuing the Santa. Barbara Channel, high tempera.-
ture and alnwrmal pre.evre drilling in the South China Sea area,
Upper "ip
'I'O'Ughweather drilling in the North SIO. and North Atlantic a1'8a.l
JoInl8
and drilling in the Gulf of Mnico.
~
leater
2000'
of 31(2"(20,000
tubing Ib) [ (open)
Lower _Ip
Packer
joInl8
Pef'fa.-
Prior to closing the rams, a weight loss somewhat less
than in the previous example would indicate that the
packer has been set. The string can be lowered to the
Fig. &- Two-poinl hang-off lesl string Is shown here hung off In Ihe opening position to check proper setting, and raised
wellhead 10 open Ihe reciprocating test 1001 thaI is operaled by
compression. The well is shulln when Ihe lower lest tree shoulder is
without starting flow of the tester, if the tester is not
hung-off on Ihe 88me ram. held in compression more than 21/2 minutes.
Space out is designed so that during the flow period:
lower slip joints are fully collapsed 12 feet; test tool is
operated 2 feet; upper slip joints are collapsed by 2
five minutes. If an annulus pressure operated tester is feet.
run, annulus pressure of about 1,000 psi would be This allows,the packer to be set within ± 2 feet of
required to operate it. During a drill stem test flow the intended location and still have the equipment
period, always pressure the annulus to about 1,000 psi operate as planned. Larger spacing between the shoul-
and continuously monitor this pressure. A pressure ders will allow more tolerance in setting the packer.
increase indicates communication between the tubing However, it is important to keep the tree within the
and the annulus, while a pressure decrease indicates a BOP so that the tree can be released and the blind
leak. In either case, the test should be stopped and the rams closed in case of an emergency.
problem corrected. Test trees must be designed for the BOP configura-
For a tester that requires compression to close and tion or they must have assembly features to allow hang-
removal of compression to open, additional consider- off. Slots in the tree must coincide with the ram
ations are necessary. Space out depends not only on configuration at different stages of the test where
the closure of the slip joints, but also on the combined reciprocating tools are used. A "universally" used tree
configuration of tbe BOP and the test tree. One should be capable of profile modification by changing
example would be to space out so that when the upper out nipples.
(larger) test tree shoulder is hung off on a specified
ram, the well flows (Fig. 6).
When the lower shoulder is hung off on the same SURFACE TEST EQUIPMENT
ram, the well is shut in. For the well to flow, the lower
slipjoints must be completely collapsed and the upper At the surface, test equipment is similar to equip-
slipjoints must be partially collapsed. When the well is ment used for a land production test. Major differ-
shut in, the upper slipjoints will be partially extended. ences are that produced fluids are burned, and separa-
The test tree in the example (Table 1) has a distance tors should have additional baffles to decrease the
of eight feet between the upper hang-off shoulder and sloshing of liquids caused by vessel motion: Precau-
the lower hang-off shoulder. In this case, the proce- tions used on land are also important in floating
dure might be: drilling:
• Formation fluids should be flowed through steel
~ Land the tree in wellhead and mark pipe (only large lines.
shoulder will land in the wellhead).
~ Pick up 18 feet ,(rams midway between test tree • Parallel choke runs should be used to allowchanging
shoulder). out a choke without shutting in the well.
~ Close rams and land upper shoulder by lowering • Positive chokes should be used during the flow
string about 4 feet. period.
~ Mark pipe. • Pressure and flow limitations of the surface equip-
ment must be known.
~ Open rams and pick up about 17 feet.
~ Set packer and lower string to about 10 feet below • Kill mud should be ready for injection into the test
the lower mark. string or annulus when needed.
~ Close rams and land lower shoulder on the rams by Use of downhole chokes, water pads and flow rates
lowering the string about 2 feet. vary between operators. Usually, the flow is controlled
SEPTEMBER 1980 • WORLD OIL
1. 0.. 011 flu8h11llJ
AIr
2. Water IIuIhlng
3. PrwIure teItlng H.P.gat
•. I<IlIIlne C'P.iii'
011
••••
/
~
SP
SA
CI
DWT
TI
HP
LP
We"
Fig. 7-on the surface during formation tests, produced fluids pass
from the well through a choke to a heater (if necessary). Then, a~r
at the surface, and a positive choke should be used for separation. and metering, both are burned.
precise control of the final flow period.
A schematic of the surface equipment hookup is
shown in Fig. 7. Produced fluids are run through a
('hoke, then a heater (if needed), and then through separators. Gases are flared, and produced liquids are
retained in a holding tank. From the tank, liquids are
pumped to a burner and incinerated. In some cases,
the volume of the holding tank may be relatively small
and may act only as a surge tank.
Surface test equipment can be purchased in a pack-
age especially designed for a rig, or the individual
components can be purchased and assembled sepa-
rately. Care should be exercised when designing a test
system. Changing components in the middle of fabri-
cation can drastically affect the overall effciency of the
system. Not only the major components, but the au xil-
liary equipment such as pumps, air compressors and
flow lines will affect the overall performance of the
system.
Heaters are needed for gas and gas-condensate
production. Live steam, "diesel fired" or hot water are
used frequently for heating the produced fluids. Of
the three, live steam seems to be becoming t/ie most
popular because it is more efficient than hot water and
safer than diesel-fired units.
Separate sizing is an art, and it is usuaHy advisable to
seek help from persons familiar with this work. Unfor-
tunately, separator efficiency often requires field re-
finement to operate efficiently. Since production sur-
face equipment experts are not usually available on a
floater, special care must be taken in the initial design
if the equipment is to work properly.
BIBLlOGaAPHV
I. Harris. L.M., An ;.urodudWn tu dI'/IUIa'" /Iuu",,« d"U,,'K IJ/H"141U1n.\. I't:lrulculIJ J·uhti.hin"
Co., Tul ••• 1972.
2. Chrillman. S.A., and MalOnheimer. R.A .• "Urilislem~u:1t auernbl~1 'fir n~linK veste's,"
50jounwl 0{ P,lr.Pru)'.
Wr••y, G.Q.. Ttch. G.E.,
(Auguand
•• 1974).
Jeffords, C.M., "Devrlopmcnll in (t'slinK from flo"1inK
drilling veliel.,'· SPE p.per 5094. Preoented .tthe 45th hll Annual Meetiug. 51'[ 01 the
AIME. Hou.ton, 1970.
4. NUller, S.l'.," d, "S.!e, pollutioll rree tellillg or off.hore .lId Ar<lic well•.•• OTe p.per
2871. 1977.•
• r
Gtanl' and Johnston's E-Z Tree IS Ii

'Seadragon" burners short subsea master valve
eliminate sea pollution
and provide complete and hydraulic
system for fast manipulator
landing,
safety while testing super-safe wireline and test
offshore wells, Afler work and quick recoupling,
separation, hydrocarbons Valves are normally closed,
are atomized with and can be opened only by
compressed air for hydraulic pressure from the
clean burning, surface. through a retriev-
able latch system that
keeps well fluids from con-
Two-stage, taminating hydraulic fluids.
ttlree-phase separators During emergency situa-
with safely systems tions, the valve assembly in
are available to handle the E-Z Tree can cut wire-
Irom 12 10 35 MMSCF lines up to 5/16" diameter.
gas and 1500 to 9000 When equipped with a tub-
bbl oil per day, ing shear valve, the E-Z
Single-stage, three-phase Tree can also cut 3/4" or
H2S-rated separators 1" 0.0, coiled tubing, A
with safety systems slick joint between the valve
are available to handle assembly and fluted hanger
2300 bbl and 20 is customized to fit individ-
MMSCF gas per day .. ual BOP stacks,
Double-pass, indirect-
fired healers with
safety systems have
10,000 psig flow lines,
flame arrestors and
adjustable chokes,
From rig floor to well bore.

Offshore systems from Johnston ...
the reservoir information people.
The objective of every formation test is to provide offshore waters, especially to systems that can
the operator with realistic reservoir information, safely and reliably perform reservoir tests from
including reservoir pressure, permeability, well bore floating rigs.
rlamage determination, radius of investigation, The systems described in this brochure are part
depletion and barrier indications, of a wide variety of equipment Johnston offers to
The first commercial drill stem test was con- operators in the United States, Canada and Alaska
ducted by the Johnston brothers in 1926. Since Johnston can also supply turnkey testing services,
then, Johnston has developed a number of employing highly skilled supervisory and operating
operational and safety improvements in test personnel. Equipment and services are available
equipment and procedures to cope with increas- in Canada from Johnston of Canada. Ltd, Testing
ingly demanding operational environments. heaters, separators and burners are available
In recent years, Johnston has dedicated a sub- elsewhere in the world from Flopetrol, and other
stantial part of their research and development equipment and services are available worldwide
efforts to test equipment and procedures for deeper from Dowell Schlumberger,

STATIONARY RIG
(JACK-UP
OR PLATFORM)
FlOATING RIG ~<
--WELL HEAD-B.O.P .
~-
..••..
---;;--
.."...,~
~~_/~
~~~~
-
.......,..
-
...:.....=::W..::.:.-=:--:
.---
-;"".=
WELL HEAD (B.o.,!..t;

~ .•.. ~ .•.."'"
SEA-:=--
UPPER SECTION ••• MAJOR PIPE STRING
.••
~
PIPE STRING
D.S.T. CONTROL VALVE

1
LOWER ~ECTION I..•
~ <X2. S LIP JOINT
MINOR PIPESYSTEM
STRING
<)C1 PACKER
~PACKER
v~
<:X::r PERF. TAIL PIPE
PRESSURE RECORDER
t <X3.
<)C1
<OC:1
PERF. TAIL PIPE
PRESSURE RECORDER
D.S:r. CONTROL VALVE
TESTING SYSTEM TESTING SYSTEM

STATIONARY RIG FLOATING RIG
Figure 1 Figure 2
safety valve when testing from a floating rig.

Test Equipment Planning • Pressure-operated subsea master valve, such as
Part of the test procedure planning is a detailed list- the Johnston E-Z Tree.
ing of test equipment, including backup systems • Surface control head and flow manifold.
for fail-safe operation. Necessary components of the • Surface metering and separation equipment.
basic test equipment include:
• Produced fluid/gas disposal - burner or storage
• Packer. Johnston test systems provide options for tanks.
using a retrievable hookwall packer, permanent
drillable production packer or a cement retainer. Testing Systems for
A fluid screen (perforated anchor) and below-
packer pressure recording system can be used Specific Conditions
with retrievable or production packers, but can- Johnston offers two basic systems for offshore
not be used with cement retainers. However, the testing:
retainer does provide an additional downhole • Multiple Flow Evaluator (MFE) System (Figure 1)
safety valve. is generally used to test from fixed platforms,
• Test control valve(s). but can also be used on floating vessels when
• Reverse circulation system. conditions permit. With this system, most setting
• Jars, safety joints and other running-in and and other manipulations are done mechanically.
retrieving auxiliary tools. The MFE tool provides for opening and closing
• Safety valve systems. as many times as required for formation fluid
• Pressure-volume-balanced testing slip joint and sampling, by simple up-and-down manipulations.

. r
5 FT.
STROKE
MAJOR PIPE STRING
"'~~rE{~~lLVE
MINOR PIPE STRING
PRESSURE
•••• CONTROLLED
TESTER
HYDROSTATIC
.-..; REFERENCE TOOL (H-R-T)
••• HORNET RETAINER PACKER
FORMATION FLOW CONTROL VALVE

P-C- T TEST SYSTEM SLIP JOINT SAFETY VALVE
VOLUME & PRESSURE BALANCED
Figure 3 Figure 4
An uncontaminated sample of the test fluid is Several variations and combinations of these systems
trapped in the tool at final flow pressure for can be used to suit particular well conditions and opera-
surface analysis. tor standards. (Figure 3) This illustrated combination of
The balance sub incorporates a hydraulic the PCT and MFE Systems uses a drillable Hornet
piston to provide a constant relationship of the Retainer that is set by wireline for excellent depth control.
MFE System to other balanced tools in the string. The retainer can be reentered as often as necessary
The bias sub contains a hydraulic preload that prior to squeeze cementing, and provides an additional
causes the MFE to operate in correct sequence with downhole shutoff after testing to eliminate gas and oil
the compensating slip joint. contamination of well-bore fluid.
Pressure Controlled Test (PCT) System (Figure 2) is
used on floating rigs where wave motion makes pipe Slip Joint/Safety Valve System
manipulation difficult. This system also offers improved This combined slip joint and safety valve (Figure 4) is run
performance, since no pipe manipulations are between the "major" and "minor" strings. The major
required after setting or stinging into the packer. string extends to the rig floor. It includes the landing sub
The PCT sampler unit is connected to a hydrome- for the E-Z Tree, the hydraulic line to actuate pressure-
chanical operator which opens the sampler valve by operated valves and a conductor line to the string below.
applying annular pump pressure, and closes the . The minor string is run between the slip joint and the
valves when pump pressure is bled off. A pressure reversing valve to provide the necessary weight to set the
override provides a back-up safety system to permit packer and operate test tools.
permanent valve closure by applying greater annulus The safety valve section is closed by compression
pressure than required for normal valve opening. and is maintained in tension or neutral during testing
34 • Drill Stem Testing
• I
"
HYDROSTATIC MUD
PRESSURE SAMPLE -
REFERENCE CHAMBER
VALVE- OPEN
CLOSED
OVER
PRESSURE
HYDRAULIC CLOSURE
TIME DELAY SYSTEM PUMP SHEAHI~
PRES- VALVE
SURE
CONTROL VALVE SPRING
OPEN
BY-PASS 'ill .I~ -. CLOSED

NITROGEN
PRESSURE
VALVE --1~ IV OPEN REFERENCE
VALVE
RUNNING IN lJ...l--ljJ tI-L--J.Jl tI-L ·UJ
NORMAL CLOSED OPEN CLOSED BY
HYDROSTATIC REFERENCE TOOL (H-R-T) POSITION POSITION OVER
PRESSURE
PRESSURE CONTROLLED TESTER

FigureS Figure 6
operations, If a break occurs in the major string closed while running or pulling the test string. It is
between the safety valve and the landing sub, the weight designed to open as the HRT meters open.
of the remaining major string would qUickly close the The Bypass Valve acts as a bypass or vent while
valve. landing a long seal nipple inside a permanent-type
The stroke of the slip joint is approximately five feet of production packer or cement retainer, and as an
travel. One or more slip joints can be run in the string to . equalizing valve for unseating a large-diameter packer
facilitate spacing out and wave motion compensation. when pressure differential IS high.
The slip Joint is pressure-volume-balanced against inter-
nal tubing pressure changes peT System Operation
The Pressure Controlled Tester (Figure 6) is a control
Hydrostatic Reference Tool valve operated by annular pump pressure. The system
The Hydrostatic Reference Tool (HRT) is a simplified consists of (1) a detachable-type tandem valve sampler
hydraulic time-delayed tool normally run immediately unit similar to the one used on the Multiple Flow Evalua-
below the Pressure Controlled Tester and is equipped tor, with (2) a hydromechanical operator unit attached to
with the Pressure Reference Valve, a Flow Control Valve the sampler unit, which allows annular pump pressure to
and a Bypass Valve. (Figure 5) The principal valve in the open the control valves in the sampler. The PCT provides
tool is the Pressure Reference Valve located at the upper a dual-purpose system which can be used as a test
end, which allows the hydrostatic mud pressure to be flow control valve and an automatic safety control valve
transmitted to the nitroge:l in the Pressure Controlled for closing off the formation from the pipe string when
Tester as the string is run in the hole. annular pump pressure is bled off. This makes It Ideally
The Flow Control Valve is a safety baCkup and is suited for testing from floating vessels.

Test Procedure Planning

Johnston slJpervlsOIY pelsonnelliovulilp dtll."ltlll
procedural plans for every downholfl test ~tHVICt~ II)11,
or assist operators in developing plans when the
operators perform testing with their own personnel.
These plans include provisions for:
• Types of systems to be used, tool arrangement, pipe
manipulation and pressure control system.
• Sampling, metering and data acquisition systems.
• When testing from floating rigs, a detailed plan for
spacing out.
• Design for safe surface pressure control (bottom hole
choke, water or nitrogen cushion and surface chokes).
• Test period schedules, including initial flow, initial
shut-in, final flow, final shut-in and reversing during
final shut-in.
• P~ovisions for handling/disposing of crude and gas
production.
• Personnel instructions and coordination of activities
prior to and during testing.
• Contingency actions to compensate for (a) excess
surface pressure, (b) abnormal annulus conditions,
(c) possible equipment problems, (d) abnormal
surface fluid problems, H2S leaks, etc. (e) weather,
collision, anchor or other problems.

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What are the main components of a drill stem testing system?

What are the main components of a drill stem testing system?

What are some potential hazards of drill stem testing?

What are some potential hazards of drill stem testing?

Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

DRILL STEM TESTING

m. SURFACE TEST EQUIPMENT AND PRE-TEST CHECKS 3

IV. DST CHECK LIST 3

V. DATA AND CHART INTERPRETATION 12

VI. BASIC lYPE TESTS AND ASSEMBUES 16

VIT. SUBSEA DST 26

Drill Stem Testing - i

A. They can be expected to:

1. Give accurate reservoir pressures.

2. Indicate the presence or absence of oil or gas.

3. Indicate formation characteristics with regard to permeability and fracturing.

1. Equipment and Support

Drill Stem Testing - 1

b. Drilling Foreman, with required assistance, will be responsible for:

1) Recording all data

c. Area Chemist will assist Drilling Foreman with:

1) Analysis for H2S and BS & W

3. Interpretation and Field Changes

1) Charts should be taken to service company lab.

2) Charts are photographed and data sheets checked.

e. When H2S is antidpated:

2 - Drill Stem Testing

1. Bar Hanger Sub.

d. Flow line either to burning pit or reserve pit.

4. Kelly (on top of head).

2. Close Kelly Valve.

5. After test, bleed pressure.

7. Do not disconnect Kelly Valve and Control Head from Kelly.

A. Time and Measurements

MAKE SURETHE OBJECTIVESOF THE TESTARE CLEARTO ALL CONCERNED.

Drill Stem Testing - 3

Weak Blow 0 to 0.2 cu ft/min

3. Calculate capacity of hole from perforations to bottom of hole in cu ft.

4. Calculate capacity of anchor assembly from CIP sampler to perforations in cu ft.

4 - Drill Stem Testing

B. Preparation of Well and Testing of Surface Equipment

4. Flush through and test following:

f. Temporary lines from test head to manifold.

g. Remote kill lines.

6. Jet cellar before test, if applicable.

8. Ensure that adequate mud stock is available.

9. Keep floor clear of extra equipment during test.

C. Tools and Equipment

2. Testing equipment (chemist):

Drill Stem Testing - 5

a. CO2 and H~ test kits.

b. Salt and alkalinity test kit.

c. Centrifuge for BS and W test.

d. Hydrometer and graduated cylinder.

e. Sampling containers and labels.

f. Low and high range pressure gauges.

i. Pitot tube or orifice meter if gas is expected on OST.

4. Make up all connections tightly.

5. Space out tools to meet objectives of test.