Schlumberger Log Interpretation - 1

Contents
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
General
Symbols Used in Log Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Estimation of Formation Temperature with Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Estimation of Rmf and Rmc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Equivalent NaCl Salinity of Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Concentration of NaCl Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Resistivity of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Density of Water and Hydrogen Index of Water and Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Density and Hydrogen Index of Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Sound Velocity of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gas Effect on Compressional Slowness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-9a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Gas Effect on Acoustic Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-9b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-11b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Capture Cross Section of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Capture Cross Section of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Capture Cross Section of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
EPT* Propagation Time of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
EPT Attenuation of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
EPT Propagation Time–Attenuation Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-16a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Gamma Ray
Scintillation Gamma Ray—33⁄8- and 111⁄16-in. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
SlimPulse* and E-Pulse* Gamma Ray Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ImPulse* Gamma Ray—4.75-in. Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
PowerPulse* and TeleScope* Gamma Ray—6.75-in. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
PowerPulse Gamma Ray—8.25-in. Normal-Flow Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
PowerPulse Gamma Ray—8.25-in. High-Flow Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
PowerPulse Gamma Ray—9-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
PowerPulse Gamma Ray—9.5-in. Normal-Flow Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
PowerPulse Gamma Ray—9.5-in. High-Flow Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

geoVISION675* GVR* Gamma Ray—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
RAB* Gamma Ray—8.25-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
arcVISION475* Gamma Ray—4.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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arcVISION900* Gamma Ray—9-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
arcVISION475 Gamma Ray—4.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
arcVISION900 Gamma Ray—9-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Spontaneous Potential
Rweq Determination from ESSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SP-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Density
Porosity Effect on Photoelectric Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dens-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Apparent Log Density to True Bulk Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dens-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Neutron
Dual-Spacing Compensated Neutron Tool Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Compensated Neutron Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde Without Environmental Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION* Azimuthal Density Neutron Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
adnVISION475* Azimuthal Density Neutron—4.75-in. Tool and 6-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
adnVISION475 BIP Neutron—4.75-in. Tool and 6-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
adnVISION475 Azimuthal Density Neutron—4.75-in. Tool and 8-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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adnVISION675* Azimuthal Density Neutron—6.75-in. Tool and 8-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

adnVISION675 Azimuthal Density Neutron—6.75-in. Tool and 10-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
adnVISION675 BIP Neutron—6.75-in. Tool and 10-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
adnVISION825* Azimuthal Density Neutron—8.25-in. Tool and 12.25-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
CDN Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION825s* Azimuthal Density Neutron—
8-in. Tool and 12-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
CDN Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION825s Azimuthal Density Neutron—
CDN Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION825s Azimuthal Density Neutron—
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

CMR* Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMR-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Resistivity Laterolog
ARI* Azimuthal Resistivity Imager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
High-Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog Sonde (HALS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
HRLA* High-Resolution Laterolog Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
HRLA High-Resolution Laterolog Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
GeoSteering* Bit Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
GeoSteering arcVISION675 Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
GeoSteering Bit Resistivity in Reaming Mode—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
geoVISION* Resistivity Sub—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

geoVISION Resistivity Sub—8.25-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
GeoSteering Bit Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
CHFR* Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
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Resistivity Induction
AIT* Array Induction Imager Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RInd-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
AIT Array Induction Imager Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Resistivity Electromagnetic
arcVISION475 and ImPulse 43⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tools—2 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3
arcVISION675 6 ⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
arcVISION825 81⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
arcVISION900 9-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
arcVISION900 9-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
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Contents
arcVISION675, arcVISION825, and arcVISION900 Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
arcVISION and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
arcVISION675 and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz and 16-in. Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
arcVISION675 and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz with Dielectric Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . REm-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Formation Resistivity
Resistivity Galvanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
High-Resolution Azimuthal Laterlog Sonde (HALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
High-Resolution Azimuthal Laterlog Sonde (HALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
geoVISION675* Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
geoVISION675 Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
geoVISION825* 81⁄4-in. Resistivity-at-the-Bit Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
1
geoVISION825 8 ⁄4-in. Resistivity-at-the-Bit Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
geoVISION825 81⁄4-in. Resistivity-at-the-Bit Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
geoVISION825 81⁄4-in. Resistivity-at-the-Bit Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
arcVISION and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170


arcVISION675 Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

arcVISION675 and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz in Horizontal Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
arcVISION and ImPulse Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz in Horizontal Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
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Contents
Lithology
Density and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Platform Express Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Environmentally Corrected APS Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Porosity
Sonic Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Sonic Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
APS Near-to-Array (APLC) and Near-to-Far (FPLC) Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Thermal Neutron Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Thermal Neutron Tool—CNT-D and CNT-S 21⁄2-in. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
adnVISION475 4.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density* Tool (fresh water in invaded zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
CNL Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density Tool (salt water in invaded zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
APS and Litho-Density Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
APS and Litho-Density Tools (saltwater formation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
adnVISION475 4.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Sonic and Thermal Neutron Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Sonic and Thermal Neutron Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Density and Sonic Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Density and Sonic Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Density and Neutron Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Density and APS Epithermal Neutron Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Density, Neutron, and Rxo Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Hydrocarbon Density Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Por-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
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Saturation
Porosity Versus Formation Resistivity Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Spherical and Fracture Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Saturation Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Saturation Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Graphical Determination of Sw from Swt and Swb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
EPT Propagation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
EPT Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatOH-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Capture Cross Section Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatCH-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Capture Cross Section Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatCH-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
RST* Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 6.125-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 6.125-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatCH-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 9.875-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SatCH-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 8.125-in. Borehole with 4.5-in. Casing at 11.6 lbm/ft . . . . SatCH-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 7.875-in. Borehole with 5.5-in. Casing at 17 lbm/ft . . . . . . SatCH-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 8.5-in. Borehole with 7-in. Casing at 29 lbm/ft. . . . . . . . . . . SatCH-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
RST Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in. in 9.875-in. Borehole with 7-in. Casing at 29 lbm/ft . . . . . . . . SatCH-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Permeability
Permeability from Porosity and Water Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perm-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Permeability from Porosity and Water Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perm-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Fluid Mobility Effect on Stoneley Slowness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perm-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Cement Evaluation
Cement Bond Log—Casing Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cem-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Appendixes
Appendix A Linear Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Log-Linear Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Water Saturation Grid for Resistivity Versus Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Appendix B Logging Tool Response in Sedimentary Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Appendix C Acoustic Characteristics of Common Formations and Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Appendix D Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Appendix E Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Appendix F Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Appendix G Unit Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Appendix H References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
ix
General
Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Gen-1
(former Gen-3)
Gen
Resistivity of the zone

Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone
Mud
Rm
Adjacent bed
Rs
Uninvaded
hmc zone
Flushed
zone Rt
Rmc Zone of
transition
dh or
(Bed Rw
thickness) annulus
Mudcake Rx o
Ri Sw
h Rmf
Sx o
Rs
di
dj
Adjacent bed
(Invasion diameters)
∆rj
dh
Hole
diameter
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This diagram presents the symbols and their descriptions and rela- The wellbore is shown traversing adjacent beds above and below the
tions as used in the charts. See Appendixes D and E for identifica- zone of interest. The symbols and descriptions provide a graphical
tion of the symbols. representation of the location of the various symbols within the well-
bore and formations.
1
General
Estimation of Formation Temperature with Depth
Purpose Example
Gen This chart has a twofold purpose. First, a geothermal gradient can Given: Bottomhole depth = 11,000 ft and bottomhole tempera-
be assumed by entering the depth and a recorded temperature at ture = 200°F (annual mean surface temperature = 80°F).
that depth. Second, for an assumed geothermal gradient, if the tem- Find: Temperature at 8,000 ft.
perature is known at one depth in the well, the temperature at
Answer: The intersection of 11,000 ft on the y-axis and 200°F
another depth in the well can be determined.
on the x-axis is a geothermal gradient of approximately
Description 1.1°F/100 ft (Point A on the chart).
Depth is on the y-axis and has the shallowest at the top and the Move upward along an imaginary line parallel to the con-
deepest at the bottom. Both feet and meters are used, on the left structed gradient lines until the depth line for 8,000 ft is
and right axes, respectively. Temperature is plotted on the x-axis, intersected. This is Point B, for which the temperature
with Fahrenheit on the bottom and Celsius on the top of the chart. on the x-axis is approximately 167°F.
The annual mean surface temperature is also presented in
Fahrenheit and Celsius.
2
General
Estimation of Formation Temperature with Depth

Gen-2
(former Gen-6)
Gen
Temperature gradient conversions: 1°F/100 ft = 1.823°C/100 m

1°C/100 m = 0.5486°F/100 ft
Annual mean
surface temperature
Temperature (°C)
27 50 75 100 125 150 175
16 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
2
B
10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6°F/100 ft Geothermal gradient 3
A
4
1.09 1.46 1.82 2.19 2.55 2.92°C/100 m
Depth Depth
(thousands 15 (thousands
of feet) of meters)
5
20 6
25
8
80 100 150 200 250 300 350

60 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (°F)
Annual mean
surface temperature
© Schlumberger
3
General
Estimation of Rmf and Rmc

Gen-3
Fluid Properties (former Gen-7)
Purpose Mud Weight

Gen Direct measurements of filtrate and mudcake samples are preferred.
When these are not available, the mud filtrate resistivity (R mf) and lbm/gal kg/m3 Km
mudcake resistivity (R mc) can be estimated with the following 10 1,200 0.847
methods. 11 1,320 0.708
12 1,440 0.584
Description
13 1,560 0.488
Method 1: Lowe and Dunlap
14 1,680 0.412
For freshwater muds with measured values of mud resistivity (R m) 16 1,920 0.380
between 0.1 and 2.0 ohm-m at 75°F [24°C] and measured values of
18 2,160 0.350
mud density (ρm) (also called mud weight) in pounds per gallon:
⎛R ⎞ Example
log ⎜ mf
⎝ Rm ⎠
(
⎟ = 0.396 − 0.0475 × ρm .) Given: R m = 3.5 ohm-m at 75°F and mud weight = 12 lbm/gal
[1,440 kg/m3].
Method 2: Overton and Lipson Find: Estimated values of Rmf and Rmc.
For drilling muds with measured values of R m between 0.1 and Answer: From the table, Km = 0.584.
10.0 ohm-m at 75°F [24°C] and the coefficient of mud (K m) given R mf = (0.584)(3.5)1.07 = 2.23 ohm-m at 75°F.
as a function of mud weight from the table: R mc = 0.69(2.23)(3.5/2.23)2.65 = 5.07 ohm-m at 75°F.
( )1.07
R mf = K m R m
2.65
⎛R ⎞
( )
R mc = 0.69 R mf ⎜ m ⎟ .
⎝ R mf ⎠
4
General
Equivalent NaCl Salinity of Salts

Gen-4
(former Gen-8)
Gen
Li (2.5)† OH (5.5)†
2.0 2.0
NH4 (1.9)† Mg
1.5
K
Ca
CO3
1.0 Na and CI (1.0) 1.0
K
Multiplier
SO4 Ca
CO3
0.5 NO3 (0.55)†
Br (0.44)† HCO3 SO4
I (0.28)† HCO3
0 0
Mg
–0.5
10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 300,000
Total solids concentration (ppm or mg/kg)
† Multipliers that do not vary appreciably for low concentrations

(less than about 10,000 ppm) are shown at the left margin of the chart
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to approximate the parts-per-million (ppm) con- Given: Formation water sample with solids concentrations
centration of a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for which the total of calcium (Ca) = 460 ppm, sulfate (SO4) = 1,400 ppm,
solids concentration of the solution is known. Once the equivalent and Na plus Cl = 19,000 ppm. Total solids concentration
concentration of the solution is known, the resistivity of the solution = 460 + 1,400 + 19,000 = 20,860 ppm.
for a given temperature can be estimated with Chart Gen-6. Find: Equivalent NaCl solution in ppm.
Description Answer: Enter the x-axis at 20,860 ppm and read the multiplier
The x-axis of the semilog chart is scaled in total solids concentration value for each of the solids curves from the y-axis:
and the y-axis is the weighting multiplier. The curve set represents Ca = 0.81, SO4 = 0.45, and NaCl = 1.0. Multiply each
the various multipliers for the solids typically in formation water. concentration by its multiplier:
(460 × 0.81) + (1,400 × 0.45) + (19,000 × 1.0) = 20,000 ppm.
5
General
Concentration of NaCl Solutions

Gen-5
Gen
Concentrations of NaCl Solutions

Temperature Gradient Oil Gravity
Density of NaCl Conversion
g/L at ppm grains/gal solution at Specific
77°F at 77°F 77°F [25°C] °F/100 ft °C/100 ft °API gravity (sg) at 60°F
0.15 150 1.00 2.0 0.60
10
100
0.2 200
12.5 3.5 0.62
15 1.9
0.3 300 90 0.64
20
0.4 400 1.8 0.66
25
80
0.5 500 30 0.68
0.6 600 1.7
40 0.70
70
0.8 800 50 3.0
0.72
1.0 1,000 60 1.6
70 60 0.74
80
1.5 1,500 90 1.5 0.76
100 50 0.78
2 2,000 125 0.80
150 1.4
2.5 40 0.82
3 3,000
200 0.84
4 4,000 1.3 0.86
250 30
5 0.88
5,000 300
6 1.005 0.90
6,000 1.2
400 0.92
20 0.94
8 8,000 500 0.96
10 10,000 600 1.1 2.0 0.98
700 10 1.00
800 1.02
15 15,000 900 1.0 1.04
1,000 1.06
0 1.08
20 20,000 1,250 1.01
1,500 0.9
141.5
30 30,000 °API = − 131.5
2,000 1.02 1.5 sg at 60°F
40 40,000 0.8
2,500
50 3,000 1.03
60 60,000 1.04
4,000 0.7
80 1.05
80,000 5,000
100 6,000 1.06
100,000 1.07 0.6
125 7,000 1.08
8,000 1.09 1.0
150 9,000 1.10
150,000
200 10,000 1.12
12,500 1.14 1°F/100 ft = 1.822°C/100 m
250 200,000 1.16
15,000 1°C/100 m = 0.5488°F/100 ft
300 250,000 17,500 1.18
1.20
© Schlumberger
6
General
Resistivity of NaCl Water Solutions
Purpose Example Two

This chart has a twofold purpose. The first is to determine the resis- Given: Solution resistivity = 0.3 ohm-m at 75°F. Gen
tivity of an equivalent NaCl concentration (from Chart Gen-4) at a Find: Solution resistivity at 200°F [93°C].
specific temperature. The second is to provide a transition of resis-
Answer 1: Enter 0.3 ohm-m and 75°F and find their intersection
tivity at a specific temperature to another temperature. The solution
on the 20,000-ppm concentration line. Follow the line to
resistivity value and temperature at which the value was determined
the right to intersect the 200°F vertical line (interpolate
are used to approximate the NaCl ppm concentration.
between existing lines if necessary). The resistivity value
Description for this point on the left y-axis is 0.115 ohm-m.
The two-cycle log scale on the x-axis presents two temperature Answer 2: Resistivity at 200°F = resistivity at 75°F × [(75 + 6.77)/
scales for Fahrenheit and Celsius. Resistivity values are on the left (200 + 6.77)] = 0.3 × (81.77/206.77) = 0.1186 ohm-m.
four-cycle log scale y-axis. The NaCl concentration in ppm and
grains/gal at 75°F [24°C] is on the right y-axis. The conversion
approximation equation for the temperature (T) effect on the
resistivity (R) value at the top of the chart is valid only for the
temperature range of 68° to 212°F [20° to 100°C].
Example One
Given: NaCl equivalent concentration = 20,000 ppm.
Temperature of concentration = 75°F.
Find: Resistivity of the solution.
Answer: Enter the ppm concentration on the y-axis and the tem-
perature on the x-axis to locate their point of intersec-
tion on the chart. The value of this point on the left
y-axis is 0.3 ohm-m at 75°F.
continued on next page
7
General
Resistivity of NaCl Water Solutions

Gen-6
(former Gen-9)
Gen
Conversion approximated by R2 = R1 [(T1 + 6.77)/(T2 + 6.77)]°F or R2 = R1 [(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)]°C
10
8
6 grains/gal
5 ppm at 75°F
200
4 10
3 300
15
400
2 20
500
25
600
30
700
800 40
1
1,0
00 50
0.8 1,2
00
1,4
0.6 00
1,7
0.5 00
2,0
00 100
0.4
Resistivity 3,0
NaCl
0.3 00 150 concentration
of solution
4,0 (ppm or
(ohm-m) 00 200 grains/gal)
5,0
0.2 00 250
6,0
00 300
7,0
00
8,0 400
00
10,
00 500
0.1 12, 0
000
0.08 14,
000
17,
0
0.06 20, 00 1,000
000
0.05
30,
0.04 000 1,500
40,
000 2,000
0.03 50,
000 2,500
60, 3,000
000
70,
0
0.02 80, 00 4,000
000
100
, 5,000
120 000
300 140,000
,000 ,0
170 00
,
200 000
0.01 10,000
250,000
,
280 000 15,000
,00
0
°F 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 20,000
°C 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temperature
© Schlumberger
8
General
Density of Water and Hydrogen Index of Water and Hydrocarbons

Gen-7
Water Gen
Temperature (°C)
25 50 100 150 200 Hydrogen Index of Salt Water
1.20 250
1.05
,000
ppm
200
1.15 ,000
ppm
150,0
00 p
pm
1.00
1.10
100,00
0 pp
m
Water 1.05 50,000
Hydrogen
density ppm
index 0.95
(g/cm3) 1.00 Dis
tille
dw
ate
r
0.95 0.90
0.90
0.85 0.85
40 100 200 300 400 440 0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (°F) Salinity (kppm or g/kg)
Pressure 7,000 psi NaCl
1,000 psi
14.7 psi
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen Index of Live Hydrocarbons and Gas

1.2
1.0
0.8
Hydrogen 0.6
index
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Hydrocarbon density (g/cm3)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example: Density of Water

These charts are for determination of the density (g/cm3) and hydro- Given: Temperature = 200°F [93°C], pressure = 7,000 psi, and
gen index of water for known values of temperature, pressure, and salinity = 250,000 ppm.
salinity of the water. From a known hydrocarbon density of oil, a Answer: Density of water = 1.15 g/cm3.
determination of the hydrogen index of the oil can be obtained.
Example: Hydrogen Index of Salt Water
Description: Density of Water
Given: Salinity of saltwater = 125,000 ppm.
To obtain the density of the water, enter the desired temperature (°F
at the bottom x-axis or °C at the top) and intersect the pressure and Answer: Hydrogen index = 0.95.
salinity in the chart. From that point read the density on the y-axis.
Example: Hydrogen Index of Hydrocarbons
Given: Oil density = 0.60 g/cm3.
Answer: Hydrocarbon index = approximately 0.91.
9
General
Density and Hydrogen Index of Natural Gas

Gen-8
Hgas
Gen
Gas gravity = 0.6 0.7
(Air = 1.0)
0.3
100
0.6
150
200
250 0.5
300
0.2 350
Gas 0.4
density Gas
(g/cm3) temperature
(°F) 0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Gas pressure × 1,000 (psia)
0.5
Gas gravity = 0.65
0.4
Pressure (psi)
17,500
15,000
12,500
0.3 10,000
Gas
density 7,500
(g/cm3)
0.2 5,000
0.1 2,500
0 14.7
100 200 300 400
© Schlumberger Temperature (°F)
Purpose Example
This chart can be used to determine more than one characteristic Given: Gas density = 0.2 g/cm3 and temperature = 200°F.
of natural gas under different conditions. The characteristics are Find: Gas pressure and hydrogen index.
gas density (ρg), gas pressure, and hydrogen index (Hgas).
Answer: Gas pressure = approximately 5,200 psi and Hgas = 0.44.
Description
For known values of gas density, pressure, and temperature, the value
of Hgas can be determined. If only the gas pressure and temperature
are known, then the gas density and Hgas can be determined. If the
gas density and temperature are known, then the gas pressure and
Hgas can be determined.
10
General
Sound Velocity of Hydrocarbons

Gen-9
Gen
Natural Gas
Temperature (°C)
0 50 100 150 200

5,000 200
Gas gravity = 0.65
4,000 Pressure (psi) 250
17,500
300
15,000
Sound 3,000 Sound
velocity 12,500 slowness
(ft/s) 400 (µs/ft)
10,000
2,000 500
7,500
14.7
5,000
1,000 1,000
2,500
2,000
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (°F)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to determine the sound velocity (ft/s) and sound Enter the chart with the temperature (Celsius along the top x-axis
slowness (µs/ft) of gas in the formation. These values are helpful in and Fahrenheit along the bottom) to intersect the formation
sonic and seismic interpretations. pore pressure.
11
General
Gas Effect on Compressional Slowness

Gen-9a
Gen
Sandstone
200
∆tc Wet
200 µs/ft
(µs/ft) sand
110 µs/ft
100
90 µs/ft
70 µs/ft
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
Liquid saturation (%)
Wood’s law (e = 5) Power law (e = 3)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart illustrates the effect that gas in the formation has on the Enter the chart with the compressional slowness time (∆tc) from the
slowness time of sound from the sonic tool to anticipate the slowness sonic log on the y-axis and the liquid saturation of the formation on
of a formation that contains gas and liquid. the x-axis. The curves are used to determine the gas effect on the
basis of which correlation (Wood’s law or Power law) is applied. The
slowing effect begins sooner for the Power law correlation. The
Wood’s law correlation slightly increases ∆tc values as the formation
liquid saturation increases whereas the Power law correlation
decreases ∆tc values from about 20% liquid saturation.
12
General
Gas Effect on Acoustic Velocity

Gen-9b
Sandstone and Limestone
Gen
Sandstone
25
No gas
Gas bearing
20
Velocity 15
Vp
(1,000 × ft/s)
10
Vs
0
0 10 20 30 40
Porosity (p.u.)
Limestone
25
No gas
Gas bearing
20
15
Velocity Vp
(1,000 × ft/s)
10
Vs
5
0
0 10 20 30 40
Porosity (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to determine porosity from the compressional Enter Vp or Vs on the y-axis to intersect the appropriate curve. Read
wave or shear wave velocity (Vp and Vs, respectively). the porosity for the sandstone or limestone formation on the x-axis.
13
General
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Water

Gen-10
Gen
Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion)

Time of Water Relaxation Time of Water
100 100
T1
10 10 T2 (TE = 0.2 ms)
Relaxation Relaxation
time (s) time (s) 1.0 T2 (TE = 0.32 ms)
1.0
T2 (TE = 1 ms)
0.1 0.1
T2 (TE = 2 ms)
0.01 0.01
20 60 100 140 180 20 60 100 140 180
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Time of Pure Water Longitudinal Relaxation Time
This chart provides an approximation of the bulk relaxation time The chart relation is for pure water—the additives in drilling fluids
(T1) of pure water depending on the temperature of the water. reduce the relaxation time (T1) of water in the invaded zone. The
two major contributors to the reduction are surfactants added to the
Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion) Relaxation Time of Water drilling fluid and the molecular interactions of the mud filtrate con-
in the Formation tained in the pore spaces and matrix minerals of the formation.
Determining the bulk and diffusion relaxation time (T2) from this
chart requires knowledge of both the formation temperature and Transverse Relaxation Time
the echo spacing (TE) used to acquire the data. These data are pre- The relaxation time (T2) determination is based on the formation
sented graphically on the log and are the basis of the water or temperature and echo spacing used to acquire the measurement.
hydrocarbon interpretation of the zone of interest. The TE value is listed in the parameter section of the log. Using
the T2 measurement from a known water sand or based on local
experience further aids in determining whether a zone of
interest contains hydrocarbons, water, or both.
14
General
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Hydrocarbons

Gen-11a
Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion) Relaxation Gen

Time of Crude Oil Time of Crude Oil
10
10
Light oil: 45°–60° API TE = 0.2 ms
0.65–0.75 g/cm3 TE = 0.32 ms
1 1 TE = 1 ms
TE = 2 ms
Medium oil: 25°–40° API
0.1 0.75–0.85 g/cm3 0.1
T1 (s) T1 T2 (s)
0.01 0.01
0.001 Heavy oil: 10°–20° API

0.85–0.95 g/cm3 0.001
0.0001 0.0001
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Viscosity (cp) Viscosity (cp)
Hydrocarbon Diffusion Coefficient Water Diffusion Coefficient

10–3 20
10–4 15
Oil (9° at 20°C)
Diffusion Diffusion 10
10–5
(cm2/s) (10 –5 cm2/s)
Oil (40° at 20°C)

10–6 5
10–7 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Time of Crude Oil Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Time
This chart is used to predict the T1 of crude oils with various viscosi- This chart is divided into three distinct sections based on the compo-
ties and densities or specific gravities to assist in interpretation of sition of the oil measured. The type of oil contained in the formation
the fluid content of the formation of interest. can be determined from the measured T1 and viscosity determined
from the transverse relaxation time chart.
Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion) Relaxation Time
Known values of T2 and TE can be used to approximate the viscosity Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion) Relaxation Time
by using this chart. The viscosity can be determined with values of the measured T2 and
TE for input to the longitudinal relaxation time chart to identify the
Diffusion Coefficients for Hydrocarbon and Water type of oil in the formation.
These charts are used to predict the diffusion coefficient of hydro-
carbon as a function of formation temperature and viscosity and
of water as a function of formation temperature.
15
General
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Hydrocarbons

Gen-11b
Gen Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation

Methane Diffusion Coefficient Time of Methane
35 10
25°C
30 75°C
125°C
1,600 psi 8 175°C
25
3,000 6
20
Diffusion 3,900
(10–4 cm2/s) 15 4,500 T1 (s)
4
10 8,300
15,500 2
5
22,800
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000
Temperature (°C) Pressure (psi)
Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion)

Relaxation Time of Methane Hydrogen Index of Live Hydrocarbons and Gas
100 1.2
1.0
10
0.8
1 TE = 0.2 ms
Hydrogen
T2 (s) index 0.6
TE = 0.32 ms
0.1
0.4
TE = 1 ms
0.01
0.2
TE = 2 ms
0.001 0
10–4 10–3 10–2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Diffusion (cm /s)
2 Hydrocarbon density (g/cm ) 3
© Schlumberger
Purpose Hydrogen Index of Live Hydrocarbons and Gas

Methane Diffusion Coefficient This chart is used to determine the hydrogen index from the hydro-
This chart is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of methane carbon density.
at a known formation temperature and pressure.
Longitudinal and Transverse Relaxation Times of Methane

These charts are used to determine the longitudinal relaxation time
(T1) of methane by using the formation temperature and pressure
(see Reference 48) and the transverse relaxation time (T2) of
methane by using the diffusion and echo spacing (TE), respectively.
16
General
Capture Cross Section of NaCl Water Solutions
Purpose Example
Gen
The sigma value (Σ w) of a saltwater solution can be determined from Given: Water salinity = 125,000 ppm, temperature = 68°F at
this chart. The sigma water value is used to calculate the water satu- ambient pressure, and formation temperature = 190°F
ration of a formation. at 5,000 psi.
Find: Σ w at ambient conditions and Σ w of the formation.
Description
Charts Gen-12 and Gen-13 define sigma water for pressure condi- Answer: Σ w = 69 c.u. and Σ w of the formation = 67 c.u.
tions of ambient through 20,000 psi [138 MPa] and temperatures If the sigma water apparent (Σ wa) is known from a clean water
from 68° to 500°F [20° to 260°C]. Enter the appropriate chart for sand, then the salinity of the formation can be determined by enter-
the pressure value with the known water salinity on the y-axis and ing the chart from the sigma water value on the x-axis to intersect
move horizontally to intersect the formation temperature. The sigma the pressure and temperature values.
of the formation water for the intersection point is on the x-axis.
17
General

Gen-12
(former Tcor-2a)
Gen 300 300

]
°C
275 93 ] 275
°F [ 0°C
0 2
20 °F [
68
250 250
225 225
200 200
t
en
175
bi
Am
150 C]
300
5° ]
20 0°C
°F [ [15 °C]
0 3 ]
125 40 00°F F [9 0°C 275
3 00° [2
2 8°F
6
100 250
]
Pa
75 225
M
6.9
i[
50 200
ps
00
1,0
25 175 175
Equivalent water salinity 0 150 150 300

C]
(1,000 × ppm NaCl) 5° ]
20 0°C
°F [ [15 °C]
125 125 0 3 ]
40 00°F F [9 0°C 275
3 00° [2
2 8°F
6
100 250
75 225
]
Pa
M
34
50 200
i[
ps
00
25 175
5,0
0 150
125
100 100
75 75
50 50
25 25
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
© Schlumberger
18
General

Gen-13
(former Tcor-2b)
300 300 Gen

C]
5° ]
275 20 0°C 275
°F [ [15 °C]
0 3 ]
40 00°F F [9 0°C
3 00° [2
2 8°F
250 6 250
225 225
]
Pa
200 200
9M
[6
si
175
0p
,00
10
150 300
C]
5° C]
125 F [20 50° C] 275
0° [1 3° ]
40 00°F F [9 0°C
3 00° [2
2 8°F
100 6 250
]
Pa
75 225
M
03
[1
50 200
si
0p
,00
15
25 175 175
Equivalent water salinity 0 300
(1,000 × ppm NaCl) 150 150
C]
0° C]
F [26 05° °C] 275
125 125 2
0° [ 50 ]
50 00°F F [1 93°C ]
4 00° F [ 0°C
3 00° [2
100 2 8°F 250
6
75 225
]
Pa
M
38
50 200
[1
si
0p
,00
25 175
20
0 150
125
100 100
75 75
50 50
25 25
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Chart Gen-13 continues Chart Gen-12 at higher pressure values for
the determination of Σw of a saltwater solution.
19
General
Capture Cross Section of Hydrocarbons
Purpose Example
Gen Sigma hydrocarbon (Σ h) for gas or oil can be determined by using Given: Reservoir pressure = 8,000 psi, reservoir temperature =
this chart. Sigma hydrocarbon is used to calculate the water satura- 300°F, gravity of reservoir oil = 30°API, and solution
tion of a formation. GOR = 200.
Find: Sigma gas and sigma oil.
Description
One set of charts is for measurement in metric units and the other Answer: Sigma gas = 10 c.u. and sigma oil = 21.6 c.u.
is for measurements in “customary” oilfield units.
For gas, enter the background chart of a chart set with the reser-
voir pressure and temperature. At that intersection point move left
to the y-axis and read the sigma of methane gas.
For oil, use the foreground chart and enter the solution gas/oil
ratio (GOR) of the oil on the x-axis. Move upward to intersect the
appropriate API gravity curve for the oil. From this intersection
point, move horizontally left and read the sigma of the oil on
the y-axis.
20
General
Capture Cross Section of Hydrocarbons

Gen-14
(former Tcor-1)
Reservoir pressure (psia) Gen

20.0 0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000
Methane
17.5
68
125
15.0
200 Customary
12.5 300
400
500
Σh (c.u.) 10.0
Temperature (°F)
7.5
Liquid hydrocarbons
22
30°, 40°, and 50°API
5.0
20
Σh (c.u.) 20° and 60°API
2.5
18 Co
nd
en
0 sa
te
16
10 100 1,000 10,000

Solution GOR (ft /bbl)
3
Reservoir pressure (mPa)

0 14 28 41 55 69 83 97 110 124 138
20.0
Methane
17.5
20
52
15.0
93 Metric
12.5 150
205
260
Σh (c.u.) 10.0
Temperature (°C)
7.5
Liquid hydrocarbons
22
0.78 to 0.88 mg/m3
5.0
20
0.74 or 0.94 mg/m3
2.5 Σh (c.u.)
18 Co
nd
0 en
sa
te
16
2 10 100 1,000 2,000

© Schlumberger Solution GOR (m /m )3 3
21
General
EPT* Propagation Time of NaCl Water Solutions

Gen-15
(former EPTcor-1)
Gen
90
120°C
80 250°F
100°C
200°F
80°C
70 175°F
150°F
60°C
60 125°F
40°C
tpw (ns/m) 100°F
50
75°F
20°C
40
30
20
0 50 100 150 200 250
Equivalent water salinity (1,000 × ppm or g/kg NaCl)
*Mark of Schlumberger
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is designed to determine the propagation time (tpw) of Enter the chart with the known salinity of the zone of interest and
saltwater solutions. The value of tpw of a water zone is used to deter- move upward to the formation temperature curve. From that inter-
mine the temperature variation of the salinity of the formation water. section point move horizontally left and read the propagation time
of the water in the formation on the y-axis. Conversely, enter the
chart with a known value of tpw from the EPT Electromagnetic
Propagation Tool log to intersect the formation temperature curve
and read the water salinity at the bottom of the chart.
22
General
EPT* Attenuation of NaCl Water Solutions

Gen-16
(former EPTcor-2)
Gen
5,000
120°C
250°F
100°C
200°F
80°C
4,000 175°F
150°F
60°C
125°F
40°C
Attenuation, 3,000 100°F
Aw
(dB/m) 75°F
20°C
2,000
1,000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Equivalent water salinity (kppm or g/kg NaCl)
EPT-D Spreading Loss
–40
–60
–80
–100
Correction
–120 to EATT
(dB/m)
–140
–160
–180
–200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
*Mark of Schlumberger Uncorrected t pl (ns/m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is designed to estimate the attenuation of saltwater solu- Enter the chart with the known salinity of the zone of interest and
tions. The attenuation (Aw) value of a water zone is used in conjunc- move upward to the formation temperature curve. From that intersec-
tion with the spreading loss determined from the EPT propagation tion point move horizontally left and read the attenuation of the water
time measurement (tpl) to determine the saturation of the flushed in the formation on the y-axis. Conversely, enter the chart with a known
zone by using Chart SatOH-8. EATT attenuation value of Aw from the EPT Electromagnetic
Propagation Tool log to intersect the formation temperature curve
and read the water salinity at the bottom of the chart.
23
General
EPT* Propagation Time–Attenuation Crossplot

Gen-16a
Sandstone Formation at 150°F [60°C]
Gen
1,000
Rmfa from EPT log (ohm-m) 0.02 0.05
900 0.1
Sandstone at 150°F [60°C]
800
700
0.2
600
Attenuation
(dB/m) 500
400
T)
EP
(φ
0.5
300 sity
o
por
E PT
200
1.0
100 2.0
30 40 50
10 20 5.0
10.0
0 50.0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
tpl (ns/m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the apparent resistivity of the mud Given: Attenuation = 300 dB/m and tpl = 13 ns/m.
filtrate (Rmfa) from measurements from the EPT Electromagnetic Find: Apparent resistivity of the mud filtrate and EPT porosity.
Propagation Tool. The porosity of the formation (φEPT) can also be
Answer: Rmfa = 0.1 ohm-m and φEPT = 20 p.u.
estimated. Porosity and mud filtrate resistivity values are used in
determining the water saturation.
Description
Enter the chart with the known attenuation and propagation time
(tpl). The intersection of those values identifies Rmfa and φEPT from
the two sets of curves. This chart is characterized for a sandstone
formation at a temperature of 150°F [60°C].
24
Gamma Ray—Wireline
Scintillation Gamma Ray—33⁄8- and 111⁄16-in. Tools

GR–1
Gamma Ray Correction for Hole Size and Barite Mud Weight (former GR-1)
Scintillation Gamma Ray

10.0
GR
7.0
5.0
3 3⁄8-in. tool, centered

3.0
111⁄16-in. tool, centered

2.0
Correction
factor 3 3⁄8-in. tool, eccentered
111⁄16-in. tool, eccentered

1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t (g/cm )
2
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart provides a correction factor for measured values of forma- Given: GR = 36 API units (gAPI), dh = 12 in., mud weight =
tion gamma ray (GR) in gAPI units. The corrected GR values can be 12 lbm/gal, tool OD = 33⁄8 in., and the tool is centered.
used to determine shale volume corrections for calculating water Find: Corrected GR value.
saturation in shaly sands.
Answer:
( ) ( )⎞⎟ = 15.88 g /cm2.

Description
The semilog chart has the t factor on the x-axis and the correction 12 ⎛ 2.54 12 2.54 3.375
t= ⎜ −
factor on the y-axis. 8.345 ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
The input parameter, t, in g/cm2, is calculated as follows:
Enter the chart at 15.8 on the x-axis and move upward to
t= ⎜
( )
Wmud ⎛ 2.54 d h
−
(
2.54 d sonde ) ⎞⎟ , intersect the 33⁄8-in. centered curve. The corresponding
correction factor is 1.6.
8.345 ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
1.6 × 36 gAPI = 58 gAPI.
where
Wmud = mud weight (lbm/gal)
dh = diameter of wellbore (in.)
dsonde = outside diameter (OD) of tool (in.).
25

GR-2
Gamma Ray Correction for Barite Mud in Various-Size Boreholes (former GR-2)
1.2
1.0
GR 111⁄16-in. tool, centered
0.8
Bmud 0.6
0.4
33⁄8-in. tool, centered
0.2
0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Mud weight (lbm/gal)
1.2
1.0
0.8
33⁄8-in. tool
Fbh 0.6
111⁄16-in. tool
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
dh – dsonde (in.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose that value on the lower chart for Fbh versus

These charts are used to further correct the GR reading for various (dh – dsonde) on the x-axis. Move upward to intersect
borehole sizes. the 3 3⁄8-in. curve, at which Fbh = 0.81.
Determine the new value of t using the equation from
Description
Chart GR-1:
Two components needed to complete correction of the GR reading
are determined with these charts: barite mud factor (Bmud) and
borehole function factor (Fbh). t= ⎜
( )
Wmud ⎛ 2.54 d h
−
2.54 d sonde( ) ⎞⎟
⎜
8.345 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
Example
Given: Borehole diameter = 6.0 in., tool OD = 33⁄8 in., the tool
= ⎜
()
12 ⎛ 2.54 6 2.54 3.375
−
( ) ⎞⎟ = 4.8 g /cm2.
is centered, mud weight = 12 lbm/gal, measured 8.345 ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
GR = 36 gAPI.
Find: Corrected GR value. The correction factor determined from Chart GR-1 is 0.95.
Answer: Enter the upper chart for Bmud versus mud weight at The complete correction factor is
12 lbm/gal on the x-axis. The intersection point with the (Chart GR-1 correction factor) × [1 + (Bmud × Fbh)]
33⁄8-in. centered curve is Bmud < 0.15 on the y-axis. = 1.12 × [1 + (0.15 × 0.81)] = 1.26.
Determine (dh – dsonde) as 6 – 3.375 = 2.625 in. and enter Corrected GR = 36 × 1.26 = 45.4 gAPI.
26

GR-3
Borehole Correction for Cased Hole (former GR-3)
Scintillation Gamma Ray

10.0
GR
7.0
5.0
3.0 33⁄8-in. tool
111⁄16-in. tool
2.0
Correction
factor
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
t (g/cm2)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Find: Corrected GR value.

This chart is used to compensate for the effects of the casing, Answer:
( ) ( ) ⎞⎟
cement sheath, and borehole fluid on the GR count rate. The correc-
tion brings the cased hole count rate in line with the measured Wmud ⎛ 2.54 d h 2.54 d sonde
t= ⎜ −
openhole GR count rate. ⎜
8.345 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
Description
In small boreholes the count rate can be too large, and in larger = ⎜
( )
8.345 ⎛ 2.54 12 2.54 3.375
−
( ) ⎞⎟ = 10.95 g /cm2.
boreholes the count rate can be too small. The chart is based on lab- 8.345 ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
oratory work and Monte Carlo calculations to provide a correction
factor for application to the measured GR count rate in cased hole Enter the chart at t = 10.95 on the x-axis. At the inter-
environments. section with the 3 3⁄8-in. curve, the value of the correction
factor is 1.3.
Example The GR value is corrected by multiplying by the
Given: GR = 19 gAPI, dh = 12 in., casing = 9 5⁄8 in. and correction factor:
43.50 lbm/ft, tool OD = 3 3⁄8 in., and mud weight 19 gAPI × 1.3 = 24.7 gAPI.
= 8.345 lbm/gal.
27
Gamma Ray—LWD
SlimPulse* and E-Pulse* Gamma Ray Tools

GR-6
Bit Correction for Open Hole
11
GR
10
9
17.5-in. bit
13.5-in. bit
7
6
Correction
factor 12.25-in. bit
5
4 9.875-in. bit
8.5-in. bit
3
2 7-in. bit
6-in. bit
0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to provide a correction factor for GR values Enter the chart with the mud weight on the x-axis and move
measured with the SlimPulse third-generation slim measurements- upward to intersect the appropriate openhole size. Interpolate
while-drilling (MWD) tool or the E-Pulse electromagnetic telemetry between lines as necessary. At the intersection point, move hori-
tool. These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size zontally left to the y-axis to read the correction factor that the
are already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The SlimPulse or E-Pulse GR value was multiplied by to obtain the
corrected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to corrected GR value in gAPI units.
compensate for the shale in the formation.
28
Gamma Ray—LWD
ImPulse* Gamma Ray— 4.75-in. Tool

GR-7
1.75
GR
1.50
8.5-in. bit
Correction 1.25
factor
7-in. bit
6-in. bit
1.00
0.75
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to provide a correction factor for GR values mea- Enter the chart with the mud weight on the x-axis and move
sured with the ImPulse integrated MWD platform. These environ- upward to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between
mental corrections for mud weight and bit size are already applied lines as necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left
to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The corrected GR value is to the y-axis to read the correction factor that the ImPulse GR
used in the water saturation equation to compensate for the shale value was multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in
in the formation. gAPI units.
29
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* and TeleScope* Gamma Ray—6.75-in. Tools

GR-9
PowerPulse and TeleScope Gamma Ray

GR 3.00
2.75
2.50
2.25
12.25 in.
Correction 2.00
factor
10.625 in.
1.75 9.875 in.
8.75 in.
8.5 in.
1.50
1.25
1.00
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to provide a correction factor for GR values mea- Enter the chart with the mud weight on the x-axis and move upward
sured with the PowerPulse 6.75-in. MWD telemetry system and to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
TeleScope 6.75-in. high-speed telemetry-while-drilling service. necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size are y-axis to read the correction factor that the PowerPulse or
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- TeleScope GR value was multiplied by to obtain the corrected
rected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to compen- GR value in gAPI units.
sate for the shale in the formation.
30
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* Gamma Ray—8.25-in. Normal-Flow Tool

GR-10
5.00 GR
4.75
17.5-in. bit
4.50
4.25
4.00 14.75-in. bit
Correction 3.75
factor 13.5-in. bit
3.50
12.25-in. bit
3.25
10.625-in. bit
3.00
9.875-in. bit
2.75
2.50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured with the PowerPulse 8.25-in. normal-flow MWD telemetry to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
system. These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the y-axis
size are already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. to read the appropriate correction factor that the PowerPulse GR value
The corrected GR value is used in the water saturation equation was multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
to compensate for the shale in the formation.
31
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* Gamma Ray—8.25-in. High-Flow Tool

GR-11
4.25
GR
4.00
3.75
17.5-in. bit
3.50
3.25
14.75-in. bit
Correction 3.00 13.5-in. bit

factor
12.25-in. bit
2.75
2.50 10.625-in. bit

9.875-in. bit
2.25
2.00
1.75
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured with the PowerPulse 8.25-in. high-flow MWD telemetry to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
system. These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
size are already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. y-axis to read the correction factor that the PowerPulse GR value
32
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* Gamma Ray—9-in. Tool

GR-12
7.50
GR
7.00
6.50
6.00
22-in. bit
5.50
Correction 5.00
factor 17.5-in. bit
4.50
14.75-in. bit
4.00 13.5-in. bit
12.25-in. bit
3.50
10.625-in. bit
3.00
2.50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to provide a correction factor for GR values Enter the chart with the mud weight on the x-axis and move upward
measured with the PowerPulse 9-in. MWD telemetry system. These to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size are already necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The corrected GR y-axis to read the correction factor that the PowerPulse GR value
value is used in the water saturation equation to compensate for the was multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
shale in the formation.
33
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* Gamma Ray—9.5-in. Normal-Flow Tool

GR-13
8.00
GR
7.50
7.00
22-in. bit
6.50
6.00
17.5-in. bit
Correction 5.50
factor
5.00 14.75-in. bit
13.5-in. bit
4.50
12.25-in. bit
4.00
10.625-in. bit
3.50
3.00
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
measured with the PowerPulse 9.5-in. normal-flow MWD telemetry to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
system. These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
size are already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. y-axis to read the correction factor that the PowerPulse GR value
34
Gamma Ray—LWD
PowerPulse* Gamma Ray—9.5-in. High-Flow Tool

GR-14
8.00
GR
22-in. bit
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50 17.5-in. bit
Correction 5.00
factor
4.50
14.75-in. bit
4.00
13.5-in. bit
3.50
12.25-in. bit
3.00
10.625-in. bit
2.50
2.00
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured by the PowerPulse 9.5-in. high-flow MWD telemetry system. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
These environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size are necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- y-axis to read the correction factor that the PowerPulse GR value
rected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to compen- was multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
35
Gamma Ray—LWD
geoVISION675* GVR* Gamma Ray—6.75-in. Tool

GR-15
2.75
GR
2.50
2.25
2.00
Correction 12.25-in. bit

1.75
factor
1.50
10.625-in. bit
1.25
9.875-in. bit
8.75-in. bit
1.00 8.5-in. bit
0.75
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
measured with the GVR resistivity sub of the geoVISION 6 3⁄4-in. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
MWD/LWD imaging system. These environmental corrections for necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
mud weight and bit size are already applied to the gamma ray pre- y-axis to read the correction factor that the GVR GR value was multi-
sented on the logs. The corrected GR value is used in the water sat- plied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
uration equation to compensate for the shale in the formation.
36
Gamma Ray—LWD
RAB* Gamma Ray—8.25-in. Tool

GR-16
3.00
GR
2.75
2.50
2.25 17.5-in. bit
2.00
Correction 1.75
factor
1.50 14.75-in. bit
1.25 13.5-in. bit
12.25-in. bit
1.00 10.625-in. bit
9.875-in. bit
0.75
0.50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured with the RAB Resistivity-at-the-Bit 8.25-in. tool. These environ- to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
mental corrections for mud weight and bit size are already applied necessary. At the intersection point, move horizontally left to the
to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The corrected GR value is y-axis to read the correction factor that the RAB GR value was
used in the water saturation equation to compensate for the shale in multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
the formation.
37
Gamma Ray—LWD
arcVISION475* Gamma Ray—4.75-in. Tool

GR-19
1.75
GR
1.50
8.5-in. bit
Correction 1.25
factor
7-in. bit
6-in. bit
1.00
0.75
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured with the arcVISION475 43⁄4-in. drill collar resistivity tool. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- y-axis to read the correction factor that the arcVISION475 GR value
rected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to compen- was multiplied by to obtain the corrected GR value in gAPI units.
38
Gamma Ray—LWD

GR-20
3.50
GR
3.25
3.00
2.75
2.50 12.25-in. bit
2.25
Correction 2.00
factor
1.75 10.625-in. bit
1.50 9.875-in. bit
1.25 8.75-in. bit

8.5-in. bit
1.00
0.75
0.50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
sured with the arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. drill collar resistivity tool. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- y-axis to read the appropriate correction factor that the
rected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to compen- arcVISION675 GR value was multiplied by to obtain the
sate for the shale in the formation. corrected GR value in gAPI units.
39
Gamma Ray—LWD

GR-21
3.00
GR
2.75
2.50
17.5-in. bit
2.25
2.00
Correction 1.75
factor
14.75-in. bit
1.50
13.5-in. bit
1.25
12.25-in. bit
1.00 10.625-in. bit

9.875-in. bit
0.75
0.50
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
measured with the arcVISION825 81⁄4-in. drill collar resistivity tool. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- y-axis and read the appropriate correction factor that the
rected GR value is used in the water saturation equation to compen- arcVISION825 GR value was multiplied by to obtain the
sate for the shale in the formation. corrected GR value in gAPI units.
40
Gamma Ray—LWD
arcVISION900* Gamma Ray—9-in. Tool

GR-22
5.5
GR
5.0
4.5
22-in. bit
4.0
3.5
Correction 3.0
factor
2.5
17.5-in. bit
2.0
1.5 14.75-in. bit

13.5-in. bit
12.25-in. bit
1.0
10.625-in. bit
0.5
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
measured with the arcVISION900 9-in. drill collar resistivity. to intersect the appropriate bit size. Interpolate between lines as
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. The cor- y-axis and read the appropriate correction factor that the
rected GR is used in the water saturation equation to compensate arcVISION900 GR value was multiplied by to obtain the corrected
for the shale in the formation. GR value in gAPI units.
41
Gamma Ray—LWD

GR-23
Potassium Correction for Open Hole
100
GR
90
80
70
60 20 ppg
Correction 16 ppg
subtracted 18 ppg
for 5-wt% 50
potassium 14 ppg 12 ppg
(gAPI)
40
10 ppg 9 ppg
8.3 ppg
30
20
10
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Hole size (in.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to provide a correction that is subtracted from This chart is for illustrative purposes only. The indicated correction
the borehole-corrected gamma ray from the arcVISION475 43⁄4-in. is already applied to the gamma ray log.
tool. Environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size are To determine the correction that was applied to the log output,
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. enter the chart with the borehole size on the x-axis and move upward
to intersect the downhole mud weight. From the intersection point
move horizontally left to read the correction in gAPI units that was
subtracted from the borehole-corrected data.
Charts GR-24 through GR-26 are similar to Chart GR-23 for
different arcVISION tool sizes.
42
Gamma Ray—LWD

GR-24
50
GR
45 20 ppg
40 18 ppg
35 16 ppg
30 14 ppg
Correction
subtracted 12 ppg
for 5-wt% 25
potassium
(gAPI) 10 ppg
20
9 ppg
8.3 ppg
15
10
0
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0
Hole size (in.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
the borehole-corrected gamma ray from the arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. is already applied on the gamma ray log.
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. enter the chart with the borehole size on the x-axis and move
upward to intersect the downhole mud weight. From the intersection
point move horizontally left to read the correction in gAPI units that
was subtracted from the borehole-corrected data.
43
Gamma Ray—LWD

GR-25
100
GR
90
80
20 ppg
70 18 ppg
16 ppg
60
Correction
14 ppg
subtracted
for 5-wt% 50
potassium 12 ppg
(gAPI)
40 10 ppg
9 ppg
30
8.3 ppg
20
10
0
0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hole size (in.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
the borehole-corrected gamma ray from the arcVISION825 81⁄4-in. is already applied on the gamma ray log.
already applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. enter the chart with the borehole size on the x-axis and move upward
move horizontally left to read the correction in gAPI units that was
subtracted from the borehole-corrected data.
44
Gamma Ray—LWD
arcVISION900* Gamma Ray—9-in. tool

GR-26
120
GR
100
20 ppg
18 ppg
80
16 ppg
Correction
subtracted 14 ppg
for 5-wt% 60
potassium 12 ppg
(gAPI)
10 ppg
40
9 ppg
8.3 ppg
20
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Hole size (in.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
the borehole-corrected gamma ray from the arcVISION900 9-in. tool. is already applied on the gamma ray log.
Environmental corrections for mud weight and bit size are already To determine the correction that was applied to the log output,
applied to the gamma ray presented on the logs. enter the chart with the borehole size on the x-axis and move upward
move horizontally left to read the correction curve in gAPI units that
was subtracted from the borehole-corrected data.
45
Spontaneous Potential—Wireline
Rweq Determination from ESSP
Purpose Example
This chart and nomograph are used to calculate the equivalent for- First determine the value of Rmfeq:
mation water resistivity (Rweq) from the static spontaneous potential ■ If Rmf at 75°F is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, correct Rmf
(ESSP) measured in clean formations. The value of Rweq is used in to the formation temperature by using Chart Gen-6,
Chart SP-2 to determine the resistivity of the formation water (Rw). and use Rmfeq = 0.85Rmf.
Rw is used in Archie’s water saturation equation. ■ If Rmf at 75°F is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use Chart SP-2
Description to derive a value of Rmfeq at formation temperature.

SP Enter the chart with ESSP in millivolts on the x-axis and move Given: ESSP = –100 mV at 250°F and resistivity of the mud
upward to intersect the appropriate temperature line. From the filtrate (Rmf) = 0.7 ohm-m at 100°F, converted to 0.33
intersection point move horizontally to intersect the right y-axis for at 250°F.
Rmfeq/Rweq. From this point, draw a straight line through the equiva- Find: Rweq at 250°F.
lent mud filtrate resistivity (Rmfeq) point on the Rmfeq nomograph to
Answer: Rmfeq = 0.85Rmf = 0.85 × 0.33 = 0.28 ohm-m.
intersect the value of Rweq on the far-right nomograph.
The spontaneous potential (SP) reading corrected for the effect Draw a straight line from the point on the Rmfeq /Rweq line
of bed thickness (ESPcor) from Chart SP-4 can be substituted for ESSP. that corresponds to the intersection of ESSP = –100 mV
and the interpolated 250°F temperature curve through
the value of 0.28 ohm-m on the Rmfeq line to the Rweq line
to determine that the value of Rweq is 0.025 ohm-m.
The value of Rmfeq /Rweq can also be determined from the
equation
ESSP = K c log (Rmfeq /Rweq),
where K c is the electrochemical spontaneous potential
coefficient:
K c = 61 + (0.133 × Temp°F)
K c = 65 + (0.24 × Temp°C).
46
Rweq Determination from ESSP

SP-1
(former SP-1)
Rweq
(ohm-m)
0.001
SP
Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5 Rmfeq 0.01
0.6 0.6 (ohm-m)
0.01
0.8 0.8
1 1 0.02 0.02
0.04
0.06
2 2
0.1
0.05
3 0.2
Rmf /Rw 4 4
0.4
5 0.6 0.1
6 6
1
8 8
10 10 2 0.2
4
25 00°C
6
0°
C
20
2
20
10
150
50
Formation 0.5
100
0°F
50°
°C
temperature
°C
30
40
C
20
0°
3
F
0°C
0
100
200
0°F
40 40
40
°F
°F
50 1.0
60
+50 0 –50 –100 –150 –200
Static spontaneous potential, ESSP (mV) 100
2.0
© Schlumberger
47
Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature

SP-2
(customary, former SP-2)
0.001
500°F
400°F
0.002 300°F
200°F
SP
150°F
0.005
100°F
75°F
0.01
Saturation
0.02
Rweq or Rmfeq
(ohm-m) 0.05
0.1
0.2
500°F
400°
F
0.5 300°
F
200°
F
150
°F
Na
Cl
1.0 100
°
at
75° F
75
F
°F
2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose The dashed lines can also be used for gypsum-base mud filtrates.
This chart is used to convert equivalent water resistivity (Rweq ) from
Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity (Rw). It can also be used to con- Example
vert the mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) to the equivalent mud filtrate Given: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250°F in
resistivity (Rmfeq ) in saline mud. The metric version of this chart is predominantly NaCl water.
Chart SP-3 on page 49. Find: Rw at 250°F.
Answer: Enter the chart at the Rweq value on the y-axis and move
Description
horizontally right to intersect the solid 250°F line. From
The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed
the intersection point, move down to find the Rw value
lines are approximations for “average” fresh formation waters (for
on the x-axis. Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 250°F.
which the effects of salts other than NaCl become significant).
48
Rweq versus Rw and Formation Temperature

SP-3
(metric, former SP-2m)
0.001
250°C
200°C
0.002 150°C
100°C
75°C SP
0.005
50°C
25°C
0.01
Saturation
0.02
Rweq or Rmfeq
(ohm-m) 0.05
0.1
0.2
250°C
200°
C
0.5 150°
C
100°
C
75°C
Na
50°
C
Cl
1.0
at
25°
25
C
°C
2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose (for which the effects of salts other than NaCl become significant).
This chart is the metric version of Chart SP-2 for converting equiva- The dashed lines can also be used for gypsum-base mud filtrates.
lent water resistivity (Rweq) from Chart SP-1 to actual water resistiv-
ity (Rw). It can also be used to convert the mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) Example
to the equivalent mud filtrate resistivity (Rmfeq) in saline mud. Given: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 121°C in
predominantly NaCl water.
Description Find: Rw at 121°C.
The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed
Answer: Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 121°C.
lines are approximations for “average” fresh formation waters
49
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole
Purpose The appropriate chart is selected on the basis of resistivity, inva-

Chart SP-4 is used to correct the SP reading from the well log for sion, hole diameter, and bed thickness. First, select the row of charts
the effect of bed thickness. Generally, water sands greater than with the most appropriate value of the ratio of the resistivity of shale
20 ft in thickness require no or only a small correction. (Rs) to the resistivity of mud (Rm). On that row, select a chart for no
invasion or for invasion for which the ratio of the diameter of invasion
Description to the diameter of the wellbore (di /dh) is 5. Enter the x-axis with
Chart SP-4 incorporates correction factors for a number of condi- the value of the ratio of bed thickness to wellbore diameter (h/dh).
tions that can affect the value of the SP in water sands. Move upward to intersect the appropriate curve of the ratio of the
SP true formation resistivity to the resistivity of the mud (Rt /Rm) for
no invasion or the ratio of the resistivity of the flushed zone to the
resistivity of the mud (Rxo /Rm) for invaded zones, interpolating
between the curves as necessary. Read the ratio of the SP read from
the log to the corrected SP (ESP /ESPcor) on the y-axis for the point of
intersection. Calculate ESPcor = ESP /(ESP /ESPcor). The value of ESPcor
can be used in Chart SP-1 for ESSP.
50
Spontaneous Potential-Wireline
Potential—Wireline

SP-4
(former SP-3)
No Invasion Invasion, di /dh = 5

Rxo = 0.2Rt Rxo = Rt Rxo = 5Rt
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=1 1
Rm 5 2 0.5
10 0.5 21
0.8 0.8 0.1 0.8 1 0.8 5
20
0.2 2 SP
5 10
0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
10 20
ESP /ESPcor 1
50 2 20
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
50
5
100 50
10
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 100
200 20
100
50 200
200
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm 100 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
=5 2 0.5
1
Rm 5
0.2 1 2
10 2 5
0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8
5 10
20 1
2 10
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 20
20
ESP /ESPcor 50
5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 50
10 50
100
20 100
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
200 100 200
50
200 500
500 100 Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm 200 500
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh
Rs 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
= 20 5 2 1 5
2
Rm 2
10
10 1 5
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 20
20 2
10
5 20
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 50
50
ESP /ESPcor 10
50 100
0.4 0.4 20 0.4 0.4
100
100 200
200 50
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
100 200 500
500 200
Rt /Rm Rxo /Rm Rxo /Rm 500 Rxo /Rm 1,000
1,000 500 1,000
40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5 40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5
h/dh h/dh h/dh h/dh
© Schlumberger
51
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical)

SP-5
(customary, former SP-4)
8-in. Hole; 33⁄8 -in. Tool, Centered

100 1.0
di (in.)
20
90
30
SP
30
Ri
30
Rm
30
35
80
35
30
40
5
70
40
1.5
60
ESSP Correction
(%) factor
50 20 2.0
40 50 2.5
3.0
30 100 3.5
4.0
20 5.0
200
70 50 40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Bed thickness, h (ft)
© Schlumberger
Purpose To obtain the correction factor, enter the chart on the x-axis with
This chart is used to provide an empirical correction to the SP for the value of h. Move upward to the appropriate di curve for the range
the effects of invasion and bed thickness. The correction was obtained of Ri /Rm. The correction factor on the y-axis corresponding to the
by averaging a series of thin-bed corrections in Reference 4. The intersection point is multiplied by the SP from the log to obtain the
resulting value of static spontaneous potential (ESSP) can be used corrected SP.
in Chart SP-1.
Description
This chart considers bed thickness (h) as a variable, and the ratio of
the resistivity of the invaded zone to the resistivity of the mud (Ri /Rm)
and the diameter of invasion (di ) as parameters of fixed value. The
borehole diameter is fixed at 8 in. and the tool size at 33⁄8 in.
52
Bed Thickness Correction—Open Hole (Empirical)

SP-6
(metric, former SP-4m)
200-mm Hole; 86-mm Tool, Centered

100 1.0
di (m)
0.5
90
SP
0.7
Ri
0.7
0.7
Rm
5
80
0.8
0.7
5
0.7
0.8
5
5
8
1.0
70
1.5
60 1.0
ESSP Correction
(%) factor
50 20 2.0
40 2.5
50
3.0
30 3.5
100
4.0
20 5.0
200
20 15 10 5 3 2 1
Bed thickness, h (m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is the metric version of Chart SP-5 for providing an empir- This chart considers bed thickness (h) as a variable, and R i /Rm and
ical correction to the SP for the effects of invasion and bed thick- di as parameters of fixed value. The borehole diameter is fixed at
ness. The correction was obtained by averaging a series of thin-bed 203 mm and the tool size at 86 mm.
corrections in Reference 4. The resulting value of ESSP can be used
in Chart SP-1.
53
General
Density—Wireline, LWD
Porosity Effect on Photoelectric Cross Section

Dens-1
Pe φt Porosity Effect on Pe
Matrix φt 100% H2O 100% CH4
1 2 3 4 5 6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.00 1.81 1.81
Quartz
0.35 1.54 1.76
0.00 5.08 5.08
Dens Calcite
0.35 4.23 4.96
0.00 3.14 3.14
Dolomite
0.35 2.66 3.07
Specific — 1.00 0.10
gravity
Water Gas
Quartz Dolomite Calcite
© Schlumberger
Purpose Enter the chart with the total porosity (φ t) from the log and move
This chart and accompanying table illustrate the effect that porosity, downward to intersect the angled line. From this point move
matrix, formation water, and methane (CH4) have on the recorded to the left and intersect the line representing the appropriate matrix
photoelectric cross section (Pe). material: quartz, dolomite, or calcite minerals. From this intersection
move upward to read the correct Pe.
Description
The table lists the data from which the chart was made. As the
porosity increases the effect is greater for each mineral. Calcite has
the largest effect in the presence of gas or water as the porosity
increases.
54
Density—Wireline, LWD
Apparent Log Density to True Bulk Density

Dens-2
0.14
Add correction
Salt (NaCI) from y-axis to ρlog
to obtain true
0.12
Sylvite (KCI) bulk density, ρb
0.10
Aluminum
Magnesium
Dens
φ = 40%
0.08
0.06 Dolomite
ρb – ρlog
(g/cm3) Sandstone
Limestone
0.04 Low-pressure gas
An or air in pores
th
ra
cit
0.02 Co e
al φ=0
Bi
Sandstone + water
tu
mi
no
0
us
φ = 40% Limestone + water

Dolomite + water
–0.02
Gypsum
–0.04
1 2 3
ρlog (g/cm3)
© Schlumberger
Purpose sandstone, limestone, and dolomite with water in the pores. This
This chart is used to determine the true bulk density (ρb) from the shows that there is a slight correction for water-filled formations
“apparent” recorded log value (ρlog). from the log density value.
Description Example
Enter the chart with the log density reading on the x-axis and move Given: Log density = 2.40 g/cm3 in a sandstone formation
upward to intersect the mineral line that best represents the forma- (dry gas).
tion. At this point, move horizontally left to read the value to be added Find: Corrected bulk density.
to the log density. The individual mineral points reflect the log-derived
Answer: Enter the x-axis at 2.4 g/cm3 and move upward to inter-
density and the correction factor to be added or subtracted from the
sect the sandstone line. The correction from the y-axis is
log value to obtain the true density of that mineral.
0.02 g/cm3. The correction value is added to the log den-
The long diagonal lines representing zero porosity at the lower
sity to obtain the true value of the bulk density:
right and 40% porosity at the upper left are for dry gas in the forma-
tion. The three points at the lower right of the diagonal lines rep- 2.40 + 0.02 = 2.42 g/cm3.
resent zero dry gas in the formation and are the endpoints for
55
Neutron—Wireline
Dual-Spacing Compensated Neutron Tool Charts
This section contains interpretation charts to cover developments in Using the Neutron Correction Charts
compensated neutron tool (CNT) porosity transforms, environmental For logs labeled NPHI:
corrections, and porosity and lithology determination. 1. Enter Chart Neu-5 with NPHI and caliper reading to convert to
CSU* software (versions CP-30 and later) and MAXIS* software uncorrected neutron porosity.
compute three thermal porosities: NPHI, TNPH, and NPOR. 2. Enter Charts Neu-1 and Neu-3 to obtain corrections for each
NPHI is the “classic NPHI,” computed from instantaneous near environmental effect. Corrections are summed with the uncor-
and far count rates, using “Mod-8” ratio-to-porosity transform with rected porosity to give a corrected value.
a caliper correction.
TNPH is computed from deadtime-corrected, depth- and 3. Use crossplot Charts Por-11 and Por-12 for porosity and lithology
resolution-matched count rates, using an improved ratio-to-porosity determination.
transform and performing a complete set of environmental corrections For logs labeled TNPH or NPOR, the CSU wellsite surface instru-
in real time. These corrections may be turned on or off by the field mentation and MAXIS software have applied environmental correc-
engineer at the wellsite. For more information see Reference 32. tions as indicated on the log heading. If the CSU and MAXIS
NPOR is computed from the near-detector count rate and TNPH software has applied all corrections, TNPH or NPOR can be used
to give an enhanced resolution porosity. The accuracy of NPOR is directly with the crossplot charts. In this case:
Neu equivalent to the accuracy of TNPH if the environmental effects on 1. Use crossplot Charts Por-11 and Por-12 to determine porosity
the near detector change less rapidly than the formation porosity. and lithology.
For more information on enhanced resolution processing, see
Reference 35.
Cased hole CNT logs are recorded on NPHI, computed from
instantaneous near and far count rates, with a cased hole ratio-to-
porosity transform.
56
Neutron—Wireline
Compensated Neutron Tool

Environmental Correction—Open Hole
Purpose Example 2: Environmentally Corrected THPH

Chart Neu-1 is used to correct the compensated neutron log porosity Given: Neutron porosity of 32 p.u. (apparent limestone units),
index if the caliper correction was not applied. If the caliper correc- without environmental correction, 12-in. borehole, 1⁄4-in.
tion is applied, it must be “backed out” to use this chart. thick mudcake, 100,000-ppm borehole salinity, 11-lbm/gal
natural mud weight (water-base mud [WBM]), 150°F
Description borehole temperature, 5,000-psi pressure (WBM), and
This chart is used only if the caliper correction was not applied 100,000-ppm formation salinity.
to the logged data. The parameter section of the log heading lists
whether correction was applied. Find: Environmentally corrected TNPH porosity.
Answer: If there is standoff (which is not uncommon), use Chart
Example 1: Backed-Out Correction of TNPH Porosity Neu-3. Then use Chart Neu-1 by drawing a vertical line
Given: Thermal neutron porosity (TNPH) from the log = 32 p.u. through the charts for the previously determined
(apparent limestone units) and borehole size = 12 in. backed-out (uncorrected) 34-p.u. neutron porosity
Find: Uncorrected TNPH with the correction backed out. value.
Answer: Enter the top chart for actual borehole size at the inter- On each environmental correction chart, enter the y-axis
section point of the standard conditions 8-in. horizontal at the given value and move horizontally left to intersect Neu
line and 32 p.u. on the scale above the chart. the porosity value vertical line.
From this point, follow the closest trend line to intersect For example, on the mudcake thickness chart the line
the 12-in. line for the borehole size. extends from 1⁄4 in. on the y-axis.
The intersection is the uncorrected TNPH value of 34 p.u. At the intersection point, move parallel to the closest
To use the uncorrected value on Chart Neu-1, draw a ver- blue trend line to intersect the standard conditions, as
tical line from this intersection through the remainder of indicated by the bullet.
the charts, as shown by the red line. The point of intersection with the standard conditions
for the chart is the value of porosity corrected for the
particular environment. The change in porosity value
(either positive or negative) is summed for the charts
and referred to as delta porosity (∆φ).
The ∆φ net correction applied to the uncorrected log neutron
porosity is listed in the table for the two examples.
CNT Neutron Porosity Correction Examples

Correction
Example 1 Example 2 ∆φ
Log porosity 32 p.u.
Borehole size 12 in. –2
Mudcake thickness 1
⁄4 in. 0
Borehole salinity 100,000 ppm +1
Mud weight 11 lbm/gal +2
Borehole temperature 150°F +4
Wellbore pressure 5,000 psi –1
Formation salinity 100,000 ppm –3
Standoff (from Chart Neu-3) 1 in. –4
Net environmental correction –1
Backed-out corrected porosity 34 p.u.
Environmentally corrected porosity 33 p.u.
Net correction –3
Backed-out, environmentally corrected porosity 31 p.u.

57
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-1
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (customary, former Por-14c)
Neutron log porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)

0 10 20 30 40 50
24
20
Actual borehole size 16
(in.) 12
8 •
4
1.0
Mudcake thickness
(in.) 0.5
0 •
250
Borehole salinity
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
13
12
Natural 11
10
9
Mud weight
8 •
RInd (lbm/gal) 18
16
Barite 14
12
10
8 •
300
Borehole temperature
(°F)
50 •
25
Pressure
(1,000 × psi)
Water-base mud
Oil-base mud 0 •
250
Limestone
formation salinity
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
• Standard conditions
© Schlumberger
58
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-2
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (metric, former Por-14cm)
Neutron log porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)

0 10 20 30 40 50
600
500
Actual borehole size 400
(mm) 300
200 •
100
25
Mudcake thickness
12.5
(mm)
0 •
250 Neu
Borehole salinity
(g/kg)
0 •
1.5
Natural
Mud density 1.0 •

(g/cm3) 2.0
Barite
1.0 •
149
121
Borehole temperature 93
(°C) 66
38
10 •
172
Pressure 138
(MPa) 103
Water-base mud 69
Oil-base mud 34
0 •
250
Limestone
formation salinity
(g/kg)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is the metric version of Chart Neu-1 for correcting the
compensated neutron tool porosity index.
59
Neutron—Wireline

Standoff Correction—Open Hole
Purpose Example
Chart Neu-3 is used to determine the porosity change caused by Given: TNPH = 34 p.u., borehole size = 12 in., and
standoff to the uncorrected thermal neutron porosity TNPH from standoff = 0.5 in.
Chart Neu-1. Find: Porosity corrected for standoff.
Description Answer: Draw a vertical line from the uncorrected neutron log
Enter the appropriate borehole size chart at the estimated neutron porosity of 34 p.u. Enter the 12-in. borehole chart at
tool standoff on the y-axis. Move horizontally to intersect the uncor- 0.5-in. standoff and move horizontally right to intersect
rected porosity. At the intersection point, move along the closest the vertical porosity line. From the point of intersection
trend line to the standard conditions line defined by the bullet to move parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the
the right of the chart. This point is the porosity value corrected for standard conditions line (standoff = 0 in.). The standoff-
tool standoff. The difference between the standoff-corrected porosity corrected porosity is 32 p.u. The correction is –2 p.u.
and the uncorrected porosity is the correction itself.
Neu
60
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-3
Standoff Correction—Open Hole (customary, former Por-14d)
Neutron log porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)
Actual 0 10 20 30 40 50
borehole size
1
6 in.
0 •
2
8 in. 1
0 •
3
2
10 in.
1
0
Neu
•
4
3
12 in. 2
1
0 •
7
Standoff 6
(in.)
5
18 in. 4
3
2
1
0 •
10
9
8
7
6
24 in.
5
4
3
2
1
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger • Standard conditions
61
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-4
Standoff Correction—Open Hole (metric, former Por-14dm)
Neutron log porosity index (apparent limestone porosity)
Actual 0 10 20 30 40 50
borehole size
25
150 mm
0 •
50
200 mm 25
0 •
75
50
250 mm
25
Neu 0 •
100
75
300 mm 50
25
0 •
175
Standoff 150
(mm)
125
450 mm 100
75
50
25
0 •
250
225
200
175
150
600 mm
125
100
75
50
25
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
Purpose
This chart is the metric version of Chart Neu-3 for determining the
porosity change caused by standoff.
62
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-5
Conversion of NPHI to TNPH—Open Hole (former Por-14e)
NPHI porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)
–5 0 10 20 30 40 50
24
20
Borehole size 16
(in.) 12
8 •
4
0 10 20 30 40 50
TNPH porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)

• Standard conditions Neu
© Schlumberger
Purpose At the point of intersection of the vertical line and the

This chart is used to determine the porosity change caused by the standard conditions line, move parallel to the closest
borehole size to the neutron porosity NPHI and convert the porosity trend line to intersect the actual borehole size line.
to thermal neutron porosity (TNPH). This chart corrects NPHI only At that intersection point move vertically down to the
for the borehole sizes that differ from the standard condition of 8 in. bottom scale to determine the TNPH porosity corrected
Refer to Chart Neu-1 to complete the environmental corrections for only for borehole size. This value is also used to deter-
the TPNH value obtained. mine the change in porosity as a result of tool standoff.
Description TNPH = 12.5 + 5 = 17.5 p.u.
Enter the scale at the top of the chart with the NPHI porosity.
Example
Given: NPHI porosity = 12.5% and borehole size = 16 in.
Find: Porosity correction for nonstandard borehole size.
Answer: Enter the chart with the uncorrected porosity value
of 12.5 at the scale at the top. Move down vertically
to intersect the standard conditions line indicated by
the bullet to the right. Enter the chart on the y-axis with
the actual borehole size at the zone of interest and move
horizontally right across the chart.
63
Neutron—Wireline

Formation Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to further correct the environmentally corrected Given: Corrected TNPH from Chart Neu-1 = 38 p.u., Σ of the
TNPH porosity from Chart Neu-1 for the effect of the total forma- sandstone formation = 33 c.u., and formation salinity =
tion capture cross section, or sigma (Σ), of the formation of inter- 150,000 ppm (indicating a freshwater formation).
est. This correction is applied after all environmental corrections Find: TNPH porosity corrected with Chart Neu-1 and for Σ of
determined with Chart Neu-1 have been applied. the formation.
Description Answer: Enter the appropriate chart with the Σ value on the y-axis
Enter the chart with Σ for the appropriate formation along the y-axis and the corrected TNPH value on the x-axis. At the inter-
and the corrected TNPH porosity along the x-axis. Where the lines section of the sigma and porosity lines, parallel the clos-
drawn from these points intersect, move parallel to the closest trend est trend line to intersect the freshwater line. (If the
line to intersect the appropriate fresh- or saltwater line to read the water in the formation is salty, the 250,000-ppm line
corrected porosity. should be used.)
The chart at the bottom of the page is used to correct the Σ- Move straight down from the intersection point to the
corrected porosity for salt displacement if the formation Σ is due to formation salinity chart at the bottom.
Neu salinity. However, this correction is not made if the borehole salinity From the point where the straight line intersects the top
correction from Chart Neu-1 has been applied. of the salinity correction chart, parallel the closest trend
line to intersect the formation salinity line.
Draw a vertical line to the bottom scale to read the cor-
rected formation sigma TNPH porosity, which is 35 p.u.
64
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-6
Formation Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole (former Por-16)
Neutron log porosity index

0 10 20 30 40 50
70
60
Sandstone formation 50
Formation Σ (c.u.)
40
30
20
Fresh water Neu
250,000-ppm water 10
0
70
60
Limestone formation 50
Formation Σ (c.u.)
40
30
20
Fresh water
0
70
60
Dolomite formation 50
Formation Σ (c.u.)
40
30
20
Fresh water
0
0
Formation salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
65
Neutron—Wireline

Mineral Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to further correct the environmentally corrected Given: Corrected TNPH from Chart Neu-1 = 38 p.u., sandstone
TNPH porosity from Chart Neu-1 for the effect of the mineral sigma formation Σ = 35 c.u., and formation salinity =
(Σ). This correction is applied after all environmental corrections 150,000 ppm (indicating a freshwater formation).
determined with Chart Neu-1 have been applied. Find: TNPH porosity corrected with Chart Neu-1 and for the
mineral Σ.
Description
Enter the chart for the formation type with the mineral Σ value along Answer: At the intersection of the Σ and porosity value lines
the y-axis and the Chart Neu-1 corrected TNPH porosity along the move parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the
x-axis. Where lines drawn from these points intersect, move parallel to freshwater line. Move straight down to intersect the bot-
the closest trend line to intersect the freshwater line to read the tom prosity scale to read the TNPH porosity corrected
corrected porosity on the scale at the bottom. The choice of chart for mineral Σ, which is 33 p.u.
depends on the type of mineral in the formation.
Neu
66
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-7
Mineral Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole (former Por-17)

0 10 20 30 40 50
70
60
50
40
Sandstone formation
Mineral Σ (c.u.) 30
Neu
20
10
Fresh water
0
70
60
50
40
Limestone formation
20
10 Fresh water
0
70
60
50
40
Dolomite formation
20
10
Fresh water
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
67
Neutron—Wireline
General

Fluid Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to correct the environmentally corrected TNPH Given: Corrected TNPH from Chart Neu-1 = 30 p.u. (without
porosity from Chart Neu-1 for the effect of the fluid sigma (Σ) in borehole salinity correction), fluid Σ = 80 c.u., fluid
the formation. This correction is applied after all environmental salinity = 150,000 ppm, and sandstone formation.
corrections determined with Chart Neu-1 have been applied. Find: TNPH corrected with Chart Neu-1 and for fluid Σ.
Description Answer: At the intersection of the fluid Σ and Chart Neu-1
Enter the appropriate formation chart with the formation fluid Σ corrected TNPH porosity (30-p.u.) line, move parallel
value on the y-axis and the Chart Neu-1 corrected TNPH porosity on to the closest trend line to intersect the freshwater line.
the x-axis. Where the lines drawn from these points intersect, move From that point go straight down to the formation salinity
parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the appropriate fresh- correction chart at the bottom.
or saltwater line. If the borehole salinity correction from Chart Neu-1 Move parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the
has not been applied, from this point extend a line down to intersect formation salinity line (150,000 ppm), and then draw a
the formation salinity chart at the bottom. Move parallel to the vertical line to the bottom scale to read the corrected
closest trend line to intersect the formation salinity line. Move TNPH value (26 p.u.).
Neu straight down to read the corrected porosity on the scale below
the chart.
68
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-8
Fluid Σ Correction for Environmentally Corrected TNPH—Open Hole (former Por-18)

0 10 20 30 40 50
160
140
Sandstone formation
Fluid Σ (c.u.) 120
100
80
Fresh water 60
250,000-ppm water 40 Neu
20
160
140
Limestone formation
Fluid Σ (c.u.) 120
100
80
Fresh water 60
20
160
140
Dolomite formation
Fluid Σ (c.u.) 120
100
80
Fresh water 60
20
0
Formation salinity
(1,000 × ppm)
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
69
Neutron—Wireline

Environmental Correction—Cased Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to obtain the correct porosity from the neutron Given: Log porosity index = 27%, borehole diameter = 11 in.,
porosity index logged with the compensated neutron tool in casing, casing thickness = 0.304 in., and cement thickness =
where the effects of the borehole size, casing thickness, and cement 1.62 in.
sheath thickness influence the true value of formation porosity. Cement thickness is defined as the annular space
Description between the outside wall of the casing and the borehole
Enter the scale at the top of the chart with a whole-number (not wall. The value is determined by subtracting the casing
fractional) porosity value. Draw a straight line vertically through outside diameter from the borehole diameter and divid-
the three charts representing borehole size, casing thickness, and ing by 2.
cement thickness. Draw a horizontal line on each chart from the Find: Porosity corrected for borehole size, casing thickness,
appropriate value on the y-axis. At the intersection point of the verti- and cement thickness.
cal line and the horizontal line on each chart proceed to the blue Answer: Draw a vertical line (shown in red) though the three
dashed horizontal line by following the slope of the blue solid lines charts at 27 p.u.
on each chart. At that point read the change in porosity index. The Borehole-diameter correction chart: From the intersec-
Neu cumulative change in porosity is added to the logged porosity to obtain tion of the vertical line and the 11-in. borehole-diameter
the corrected value. As can be seen, the major influences to the casing- line (shown in red dashes) move upward along the
derived porosity are the borehole size and the cement thickness. The curved blue line as shown on the chart.
same procedure applies to the metric chart.
The blue dashed lines represent the standard conditions from The porosity is reduced to 26% by –1 p.u.
which the charts were developed: 8 3⁄4-in. open hole, 51⁄ 2-in. 17-lbm Casing thickness chart: The porosity index is changed
casing, and 1.62-in. annular cement thickness. by 0.3 p.u.
The neutron porosity equivalence nomographs at the bottom are Cement thickness chart: The porosity index is changed
used to convert from the log standard of limestone porosity to poros- by 0.5 p.u.
ity for other matrix materials. The resulting corrected porosity for borehole, casing,
The porosity value corrected with Chart Neu-9 is entered into and cement is 27 – 1 + 0.3 + 0.5 = 26.8 p.u.
Chart Neu-1 to provide environmental corrections necessary for
determining the correct cased hole porosity value.
70
Neutron—Wireline

Neu-9
Environmental Correction—Cased Hole (former Por-14a)
Customary
0 10 20 30 40 50
(p.u.) 4
6
Diameter of borehole 8 3
before running casing 10 8 ⁄4 in. •
(in.) 12
14
Casing thickness (in.) 16
9.5 0.2 –1.0
11.6 14
13.5 20 29
Casing 17 0.3
weight
15.1
20 26
0.304 in. •
(lbm/ft) 23 40 0.4
32 47
0.5
41⁄ 2 51⁄ 2 7 95⁄8 +0.3
0 Neu
OD (in.)
Cement thickness 1
(in.) 2 1.62 in. •
3
+0.5
Borehole, casing, and cement correction = –1.0 + 0.3 + 0.5
Metric
0 10 20 30 40 50
(p.u.) 100
Diameter of borehole 200
before running casing 222 mm •
(mm) 300
Casing thickness (mm) 400

14 5
17 21.0
20 30 43 7
Casing 25.5
weight
23
30.0 39 9
7.7 mm •
(kg/m) 34.5 60
48 11
70
13
114 140 178 245
OD (mm) 0
Cement thickness 25
(mm) 50 41 mm •
75
0 10 20 30 40 50
Neutron porosity equivalence

0 10 20 30 40 50
Calcite (limestone)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Quartz sandstone
0 10 20 30
Dolomite

71
Neutron—Wireline
APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde

Purpose Example
The Neu-10 charts pair is used to correct the APS Accelerator Porosity Given: APS neutron APLU uncorrected porosity = 34 p.u.,
Sonde apparent limestone porosity for mud weight and actual bore- mud weight = 10 lbm/gal, and borehole size = 12 in.
hole size. The charts are for the near-to-array and near-to-far poros- Find: Corrected APLU porosity.
ity measurements. The design of the APS sonde resulted in a
Answer: Draw a vertical line on the APLU mud weight chart from
significant reduction in environmental correction. The answer deter-
34 p.u. on the scale above. At the intersection with the
mined with this chart is used in conjunction with the correction
10-lbm/gal mud weight line, move parallel to the trend
from Chart Neu-11.
line to intersect the standard conditions line. This point
Description represents a change in porosity of –0.75 p.u.
Enter the appropriate chart pair (mud weight and actual borehole On the actual borehole size chart, move parallel to the
size) for the APS near-to-array apparent limestone porosity (APLU) closest trend line from the intersection of the 34-p.u.
or APS near-to-far apparent limestone porosity (FPLU) with the line and the actual borehole size (12 in.) to intersect
uncorrected porosity from the APS log by drawing a straight vertical the 8-in. standard conditions line. This point represents
line (shown in red) through both of the charts. At the intersection a change in porosity of –1.0 p.u.
Neu with the mud weight value, move parallel to the closest trend line to The total correction is –0.75 + –1.0 = –1.75 p.u.,
intersect the standard conditions line. This point represents a change which results in a corrected APLU porosity of
in porosity resulting from the correction for mud weight. Follow the 34 – 1.75 = 32.25 p.u.
same procedure for the borehole size chart to determine that correc-
tion change. Because the borehole size correction has a dependency
on mud weight, even with natural muds, there are two sets of curves
on the borehole size chart—solid for light muds (8.345 lbm/gal) and
dashed for heavy muds (16 lbm/gal). Intermediate mud weights are
interpolated. The two differences are summed for the total correc-
tion to the APS log value.
This answer is used in Chart Neu-11 to complete the environ-
mental corrections for corrected APLU or FPLU porosity.
72
Neutron—Wireline
APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde

Neu-10
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (former Por-23a)
APS near-to-array apparent limestone porosity uncorrected, APLU (p.u.)
0 10 20 30 40 50
18
16 2.0
1.8
Mud weight 14 1.6
12 (g/cm3)
(lbm/gal) 1.4
10 1.2
8 1.0 •
16 400
14 350 Neu
Actual 12 300
borehole size 10 250 (mm)
(in.) 8 200 •
6
APS near-to-far apparent limestone porosity uncorrected, FPLU (p.u.)

18
16 2.0
1.8
Mud weight 14 1.6
12 1.4 (g/cm3)
(lbm/gal)
10 1.2
8 1.0 •
16 400
14 350
Actual 12 300
borehole size 10 250 (mm)
(in.)
8 200 •
6
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
73
Neutron—Wireline
APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde Without Environmental Corrections

Neu-11
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (former Por-23b)
12
Pressure
11
(psi) (MPa)
0 0 10
2,500
5,000 34 9
7,500
10,000 69 8
12,500
15,000 103
7
17,500
Apparent
6 porosity
20,000 138
5 correction
4 (p.u.)
3
Neu 2
1
0
–1
(°F) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 150 250 50 30 10 0
(°C) 10 38 66 93 121 149 177 Formation porosity
Formation salinity
Formation temperature (p.u.)
(ppt or g/kg)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to complete the environmental correction for Given: APLU or FPLU porosity = 34 p.u., formation tempera-
APLU and FPLU porosities from the APS log. ture = 150°F, formation pressure = 5,000 psi, and for-
mation salinity = 150,000 ppm.
Description
Find: Environmentally corrected APLU or FPLU porosity.
Enter the left-hand chart on the x-axis with the temperature of the
formation of interest. Move vertically to intersect the appropriate Answer: Enter the formation temperature chart at 150°F to inter-
formation pressure line. From that point, move horizontally right to sect the 5,000-psi curve. From that point move horizon-
intersect the left edge of the formation salinity chart. Move parallel tally right to intersect the left edge of the formation
to the trend lines to intersect the formation salinity value. From that salinity chart. Move parallel to the trend lines to inter-
point move horizontally to intersect the left edge of the formation sect the formation temperature of 150°F. At this point,
porosity chart. Move parallel to the trend lines to intersect the again move horizontally to the left edge of the next
uncorrected APLU or FPLU porosity. At that intersection, move chart. Move parallel to the trend lines to intersect the
horizontally right to read the apparent porosity correction. 34-p.u. porosity line. At that point on the y-axis, the
change in porosity is +1.6 p.u.
The total correction for a corrected APLU or FPLU
from Charts Neu-10 and Neu-11 is
34 + (–0.75 + –1) + 1.6 = 33.85 p.u.
74
Neutron—LWD
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION*

Azimuthal Density Neutron Tools
Mud Hydrogen Index Determination
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine one of several environmental Given: Barite mud weight = 14 lbm/gal, mud temperature = 150°F,
corrections for neutron porosity values recorded with the CDN and hydrostatic mud pressure = 5,000 psi.
Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION Azimuthal Density Find: Hydrogen index of the drilling mud.
Neutron tools. The value of hydrogen index (Hm) is used in the
Answer: Enter the bottom chart for mud weight at 14 lbm/gal on
following porosity correction charts.
the y-axis. Move horizontally to intersect the barite line.
Description Move vertically to the bottom of the mud temperature
To determine the Hm of the drilling mud, the mud weight, tempera- chart and move upward parallel to the closest trend line
ture, and hydrostatic mud pressure at the zone of interest must to intersect the formation temperature. From the inter-
be known. section point move vertically to the bottom of the mud
pressure chart.
Move parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the
formation pressure. Draw a line vertically to intersect
the mud hydrogen index scale and read the result.
Neu
Mud hydrogen index = 0.78.
75
Neutron—LWD
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION*

Neu-30
Azimuthal Density Neutron Tools (former Por-19)
Mud Hydrogen Index Determination
Mud hydrogen index, Hm
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
25
20
Mud
pressure
(1,000 × psi) 10
Neu
300
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
50
16
14
Mud
weight 12 Barite
(lbm/gal)
10
Bentonite
8
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
© Schlumberger
76
Neutron—LWD
adnVISION475* Azimuthal Density Neutron—4.75-in. Tool and 6-in. Borehole

Purpose Example
This is one of a series of charts used to correct adnVISION475 Given: adnVISION475 uncorrected porosity = 34 p.u., borehole
4.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron tool porosity for several environ- size = 10 in., mud temperature = 150°F, hydrogen
mental effects by using the mud hydrogen index (Hm) determined index = 0.78, borehole salinity = 100,000 ppm, and forma-
from Chart Neu-30 in conjunction with the parameters on the chart. tion salinity = 100,000 ppm.
Find: Corrected adnVISION475 porosity.
Description
This chart incorporates the parameters of borehole size, mud tem- Answer: From the adnVISION475 porosity of 34 p.u. on the top
perature, mud hydrogen index (from Chart Neu-30), mud salinity, scale, enter the borehole size chart to intersect the bore-
and formation salinity for the correction of adnVISION475 porosity. hole size of 10 in. From the point of intersection move
The following charts are used with the same interpretation parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the stan-
procedure as Chart Neu-31. The charts differ for tool size and dard conditions line.
borehole size. From this intersection point move straight down to
enter the mud temperature chart and intersect the mud
temperature of 150°F. From the point of intersection
move parallel to the closest trend line to intersect the Neu
standard conditions line.
Continue this pattern through the charts to read the
corrected porosity from the scale at the bottom of the
charts.
The corrected adnVISION475 porosity is 17 p.u.
77
Neutron—LWD

Neu-31
adnVISION475 neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity) in 6-in. borehole
0 10 20 30 40 50
10
Borehole
size 8
(in.)
6 •
300
Mud
temperature 200
Neu (°F)
100
•
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
200
Mud
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
200
Formation
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
78
Neutron—LWD
adnVISION475* BIP Neutron—4.75-in. Tool and 6-in. Borehole

Neu-32
0 10 20 30 40 50
300
Mud
200
temperature
(°F)
100
Neu
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
200
Formation
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used similarly to Chart Neu-31 to correct Enter the top scale with the BIP neutron porosity (BNPH) to incor-
adnVISION475 borehole-invariant porosity (BIP) measurements. porate corrections for mud temperature, mud hydrogen index, and
mud and formation salinity.
79
Neutron—LWD
adnVISION475* Azimuthal Density Neutron—4.75-in. Tool

Neu-33
and 8-in. Borehole
0 10 20 30 40 50
10
Borehole
size 8
(in.)
6 •
300
Mud
temperature 200
Neu (°F)
100
•
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
200
Mud
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
200
Formation
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Neu-31 to correct
adnVISION475 porosity.
80
Neutron—LWD

Neu-34
0 10 20 30 40 50
300
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen Neu
index, Hm 0.9
1.0
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
200
Formation
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
adnVISION475 borehole-invariant porosity (BIP) measurements.
81
Neutron—LWD

Neu-35
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (former Por-26a)
adnVISION675 neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)
0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10
8 •
300
Neu
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
50 •
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
250
200
Mud
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
250
200
Formation
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
*Mark of Schlumberger • Standard conditions
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Neu-31 to correct adnVISION675
porosity.
82
Neutron—LWD

Neu-36
0 10 20 30 40 50
300
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9 Neu
1.0
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
200
Formation
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
83
Neutron—LWD

Neu-37
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (former Por-26b)
adnVISION675 neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity in p.u.)
0 10 20 30 40 50
16
14
Borehole
size 12
(in.)
10
8 •
300
Neu
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
50 •
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
250
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
250
200
Formation
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
84
Neutron—LWD

Neu-38
0 10 20 30 40 50
300
Mud 200
temperature
(°F)
100
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9 Neu
1.0
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
200
Formation
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
85
Neutron—LWD
adnVISION825* Azimuthal Density Neutron—8.25-in. Tool

Neu-39
and 12.25-in. Borehole
Standoff = 0.25 in.
adnVISION825 neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity) in 12.25-in. borehole
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.0
Standoff
(in.) 0.5
0 •
16
Borehole 14
Neu size
(°F)
12 •
10
300
Mud 200
temperature
(°F) 100
•
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1 •
20
Pressure 10
(1,000 × psi)
0 •
200
Mud
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
200
Formation
salinity 100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
Purpose
86
Neutron—LWD
CDN* Compensated Density Neutron and adnVISION825s*

Neu-40
Azimuthal Density Neutron—8-in. Tool and 12-in. Borehole (former Por-24c)
Neutron porosity index (apparent limestone porosity) in 12-in. borehole

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
Borehole 16
size
(in.) 14
12 •
350
300
Mud Neu
temperature 200
(°F)
100
50 •
0.7
Mud 0.8
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
250
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
250
200
Formation
salinity
100
(1,000 × ppm)
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50

© Schlumberger
Purpose
CDN Compensated Density Neutron tool and adnVISION825s
Azimuthal Density Neutron porosity.
87
Neutron—LWD

Neu-41
Azimuthal Density Neutron—8-in. Tool and 14-in. Borehole (former Por-24d)

0 10 20 30 40 50
18 A
16
Borehole
size
(in.) 14 B
12 •
C
350
Neu 300
Mud
temperature 200
(°F)
D
100
50 •
E
0.7
F
0.8
Mud
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
G
250
200
Mud
salinity H
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 I
•
250
200
Formation
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
J
0 •
K
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
88
Neutron—LWD

Neu-42
Azimuthal Density Neutron—8-in. Tool and 16-in. Borehole (former Por-24e)

0 10 20 30 40 50
18
16
Borehole
size
(in.) 14
12 •
350
300 Neu
Mud
temperature 200
(°F)
100
50 •
0.7
0.8
Mud
hydrogen
index, Hm 0.9
1.0 •
250
200
Mud
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
250
200
Formation
salinity
(1,000 × ppm) 100
0 •
0 10 20 30 40 50
© Schlumberger
89
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance–—Wireline
CMR* Tool
CMR-1
Hydrocarbon Effect on NMR/Density Porosity Ratio
1.0
ρh = 0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
φtCMR
0.4
φD
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
NMR 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1 – Sxo
Fresh Mud and Dry Gas at 700 psi Fresh Mud and Dry Gas at 700 psi
ρma = 2.65, ρf = 1, If = 1, ρgas = 0.25, ρma = 2.71, ρf = 1, If = 1, ρgas = 0.25,
PT = 4, T1 gas = 4, IH = 0.5 PT = 4, T1 gas = 4, Igas = 0.5
1.4 1.4
0% 0%
20% Porosity = 50 p.u. Porosity = 50 p.u.
1.6 1.6 20%
40% 40%
60%
1.8 40 p.u. 1.8 40 p.u. 60%
80% 80%
Gas Gas
2.0 30 p.u. ρb 2.0 30 p.u.
ρb Sxo = 100% Sxo = 100%
(g/cm3)
(g/cm3) 2.2 20 p.u. 2.2 20 p.u.
Water
2.4 2.4 Water
10 p.u. 10 p.u.
2.6 2.6
0
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
φtCMR φtCMR
© Schlumberger
Purpose density value. The bottom charts are used to determine the Sxo value
This chart is used to determine the saturation of the flushed zone in sandstone (left) and limestone (right).
(Sxo) and hydrocarbon density (ρh) by using density (ρ) and CMR
Combinable Magnetic Resonance data. Example
Given: CMR porosity = 25 p.u., φD = 30 p.u., and Sxo = 80%.
Description Find: Hydrocarbon density of the fluid in the formation.
The top chart has three components: ratio of total CMR porosity
Answer: φtCMR/φD ratio = 25/30 = 0.83.
to density porosity (φtCMR/φD) on the y-axis, (1 – Sxo) values on the
x-axis, and ρh defined by the radiating lines from the value of unity 1 – Sxo = 1 – 0.8 = 0.20 or 20%.
on the y-axis. Enter the chart with the values for (1 – Sxo) and the For these values, ρh = 0.40.
φtCMR /φD ratio. The intersection point indicates the hydrocarbon
90
Resistivity Laterolog—Wireline
ARI* Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

RLl-1
Environmental Correction—Open Hole (former Rcor-14)
35⁄8-in. Tool Centered, Active Mode, Thick Beds

1.5
6
Rt /Ra 1.0 8
10
12
Hole diameter (in.)
0.5
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Ra /Rm
RLl
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to environmentally correct the ARI Azimuthal Given: ARI LLhr resistivity (Ra) = 20 ohm-m, mud resistivity
Resistivity Imager high-resolution resistivity (LLhr) curve for the (Rm) = 0.02 ohm-m, and borehole size at the zone of
effect of borehole size. interest = 10 in.
Find: True resistivity (Rt).
Description
For a known value of resistivity of the borehole mud (Rm) at the zone Answer: Enter the chart at the x-axis with the ratio Ra /Rm =
of interest, a correction for the recorded log azimuthal resistivity (Ra) 20/0.02 = 1,000.
is determined by using this chart. The resistivity measured by the Move vertically upward to intersect the 10-in. line. Move
ARI tool is equal to or higher than the corrected resistivity (Rt) for horizontally left to read the Rt /Ra value on the y-axis
borehole sizes of 8 to 12 in. However, the measured ARI resistivity of 0.86.
is lower than Rt in 6-in. boreholes and for values of Ra / Rm between Multiply the ratio by Ra to obtain the corrected LLhr
6 and 600. resistivity:
Rt = 0.86 × 20 = 17.2 ohm-m.
91
High-Resolution Azimuthal Laterolog Sonde (HALS)

RLl-2
HLLD Borehole Correction—Open Hole
HLLD Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

1.2
dh
5 in.
1.1 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
1.0
12 in.
14 in.
0.9 16 in.
R t /HLLD
0.8
0.7
0.6
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLD/Rm
RLl
Borehole Effect, HLLD Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
1.5
dh
6 in.
1.3 8 in.
10 in.
12 in.
14 in.
1.1 16 in.
18 in.
R t /HLLD 20 in.
0.9
0.7
0.5
100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLD/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose RLl-3 through RLl-14 are similar to Chart RLl-2 for different resistivity
This chart is used to correct the HALS laterolog deep resistivity measurements and values of tool standoff.
(HLLD) for borehole and drilling mud effects.
Example
Description Given: HLLD = 100 ohm-m, Rm = 0.02 ohm-m at formation
Enter the chart on the x-axis with the value of HLLD divided by temperature, and borehole size = 10 in.
the mud resistivity (Rm) at formation temperature. Move upward Find: Rt.
to intersect the curve representing the borehole diameter (dh), and
Answer: Ratio of HLLD/Rm = 100/0.02 = 5,000.
then move horizontally left to read the value of the ratio Rt /HLLD on
the y-axis. Multiply this value by the HLLD value to obtain Rt. Charts Rt = 0.80 × 100 = 80 ohm-m.
92

RLl-3
HLLS Borehole Correction—Open Hole
HLLS Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

3.0
dh
5 in.
2.5 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
2.0
12 in.
14 in.
1.5 16 in.
R t /HLLS
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLS/Rm
RLl
Borehole Effect, HLLS Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
3.0
dh
6 in.
2.5 8 in.
10 in.
12 in.
2.0 14 in.
16 in.
18 in.
R t /HLLS 1.5
20 in.
1.0
0.5
0
10 0 101 102 103 104 105
HLLS/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-2 to correct HALS laterolog
shallow resistivity (HLLS) for borehole and drilling mud effects.
93

RLl-4
HRLD Borehole Correction—Open Hole
HRLD Tool Centered (R m = 0.1 ohm-m)

1.1
dh
1.0 5 in.
6 in.
8 in.
0.9 10 in.
12 in.
0.8 14 in.
16 in.
R t /HRLD
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HRLD/Rm
RLl
Borehole Effect, HRLD Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
1.4
dh
6 in.
1.2 8 in.
10 in.
12 in.
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
18 in.
Rt /HRLD 20 in.
0.8
0.6
0.4
10 0 101 102 103 104 105
HRLD/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used to similarly to Chart RLl-2 to correct the HALS
high-resolution deep resistivity (HRLD) for borehole and drilling
mud effects.
94

RLl-5
HRLS Borehole Correction—Open Hole
HRLS Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

3.0
dh
5 in.
2.5 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
2.0 12 in.
14 in.
16 in.
R t /HRLS 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HRLS/Rm
RLl
Borehole Effect, HRLS Tool Centered (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
3.0
dh
6 in.
2.5 8 in.
10 in.
12 in.
2.0 14 in.
16 in.
Rt /HRLS 18 in.
1.5 20 in.
1.0
0.5
0
10 0 101 102 103 104 105
HRLS/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
high-resolution shallow resistivity (HRLS) for borehole and drilling
mud effects.
95

RLl-6
HLLD Borehole Correction—Eccentered in Open Hole
HLLD Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 0.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

1.2
dh
5 in.
1.1 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
1.0 12 in.
14 in.
16 in.
Rt /HLLD 0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLD/Rm
RLl
HLLD Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 1.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
1.2
dh
8 in.
1.1 10 in.
12 in.
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
Rt /HLLD
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLD/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
laterolog deep resistivity (HLLD) for borehole and drilling mud effects
at 0.5- and 1.5-in. standoffs.
96

RLl-7
HLLS Borehole Correction—Eccentered in Open Hole
HLLS Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 0.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

3.0
dh
5 in.
2.5 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
2.0 12 in.
14 in.
16 in.
1.5
Rt /HLLS
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLS/Rm
RLl
HLLS Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 1.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
3.0
dh
8 in.
2.5 10 in.
12 in.
14 in.
2.0 16 in.
Rt /HLLS 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HLLS/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
laterolog shallow resistivity (HLLS) for borehole and drilling
mud effects at 0.5- and 1.5-in. standoffs.
97

RLl-8
HRLD Borehole Correction—Eccentered in Open Hole
HRLD Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 0.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

1.1
dh
1.0 5 in.
6 in.
8 in.
0.9 10 in.
12 in.
0.8 14 in.
16 in.
Rt /HRLD
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HRLD/Rm
RLl
HRLD Tool Eccentered at Standoff = 1.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
1.1
dh
1.0 8 in.
10 in.
12 in.
0.9 14 in.
16 in.
0.8
Rt /HRLD
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HRLD/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
high-resolution deep resistivity (HRLD) for borehole and drilling
98

RLl-9
HRLS Borehole Correction—Eccentered in Open Hole
HRLS Tool Eccentered Standoff = 0.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)

3.0
dh
5 in.
2.5 6 in.
8 in.
10 in.
2.0 12 in.
14 in.
16 in.
Rt /HRLS 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 10 1 102 103 104 105
HRLS/Rm
RLl
HRLS Tool Eccentered Standoff = 1.5 in. (Rm = 0.1 ohm-m)
3.0
dh
8 in.
2.5 10 in.
12 in.
14 in.
2.0 16 in.
Rt /HRLS
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
HRLS/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
high-resolution shallow resistivity (HRLS) for borehole and drilling
99
HRLA* High-Resolution Laterolog Array

RLl-10
Borehole Correction—Open Hole
Tool Centered
3.0
2.5
2.0
Rt /RLA1 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 10 0 101 10 2 103 10 4 10 5 10 6
RLA1/Rm
Standoff = 0.5 in.

3.0
2.5
RLl
2.0
Rt /RLA1 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
RLA1/Rm
Standoff = 1.5 in.

3.0
dh
2.5 5 in.
6 in.
2.0 8 in.
9 in.
10 in.
Rt /RLA1 1.5 12 in.
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
18 in.
20 in.
0.5 22 in.
0
10 –1 100 101 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
© Schlumberger RLA1/Rm
Purpose effects. RLA1 is the apparent resistivity from computed focusing

This chart is used to similarly to Chart RLl-2 to correct HRLA High- mode 1.
Resolution Laterolog Array resistivity for borehole and drilling mud
100
General

RLl-11
Tool Centered
3.0
2.5
2.0
Rt /RLA2 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA2/Rm
Standoff = 0.5 in.

3.0
dh
2.5 5 in.
6 in.
8 in. RLl
2.0 9 in.
10 in.
1.5 12 in.
Rt /RLA2 14 in.
16 in.
1.0 18 in.
20 in.
22 in.
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA2/Rm
Standoff = 1.5 in.
3.0
2.5
2.0
Rt /RLA2 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
© Schlumberger RLA2/Rm

101

RLl-12
Tool Centered
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Rt /RLA3
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA3/Rm
Standoff = 0.5 in.

3.0
dh
2.5 5 in.
6 in.
RLl 8 in.
2.0 9 in.
10 in.
1.5 12 in.
Rt /RLA3
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
18 in.
20 in.
0.5 22 in.
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA3/Rm
Standoff = 1.5 in.

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Rt /RLA3
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
*Mark of Schlumberger RLA3/Rm
© Schlumberger

102

RLl-13
Tool Centered
3.0
2.5
2.0
Rt /RLA4 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA4/Rm
Standoff = 0.5 in.

3.0
dh
2.5 5 in.
6 in.
8 in. RLl
2.0
9 in.
10 in.
Rt /RLA4 1.5 12 in.
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
18 in.
20 in.
0.5 22 in.
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA4/Rm
Standoff = 1.5 in.

3.0
2.5
2.0
Rt /RLA4 1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
*Mark of Schlumberger RLA4/Rm
© Schlumberger

103

RLl-14
Tool Centered
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Rt /RLA5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA5/Rm
Standoff = 0.5 in.

3.0
dh
2.5 5 in.
6 in.
RLl 8 in.
2.0 9 in.
10 in.
Rt /RLA5 1.5 12 in.
14 in.
1.0 16 in.
18 in.
20 in.
0.5 22 in.
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
RLA5/Rm
Standoff = 1.5 in.

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Rt /RLA5
1.0
0.5
0
10 –1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
© Schlumberger
RLA5/Rm

104
Resistivity Laterolog—LWD
GeoSteering* Bit Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool

RLl-20
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
Rt/Ra
0.8
0.7
0.5 24-in. bit

18-in. bit
12-in. bit
0
10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra/Rm
RLl
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
Rt/Ra
0.8
0.7
0.6 24-in. bit

18-in. bit
12-in. bit
0.5
10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra/Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose intersect the appropriate bit size. Move horizontally left to intersect
This chart is used to derive the borehole correction for the GeoSteering the correction factor on the y-axis. Multiply the correction factor by
bit-measured resistivity. The bit resistivity corrected to the true the Ra value to obtain Rt. Charts RLl-21, RLl-23, and RLl-24 are simi-
resistivity (Rt) is then used in the calculation of water saturation. lar to Chart RLl-20 for different tools and bit sizes.
Chart RLl-22 differs in that it is for reaming-down mode as
Description opposed to drilling mode.
Enter the chart on the x-axis with the ratio of the bit resistivity and
mud resistivity (Ra /Rm) at formation temperature. Move upward to
105
Resistivity Galvanic—Drillpipe
Laterolog–LWD
GeoSteering* arcVISION675* Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool

RLl-21
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
Rt /Ra
0.8
0.7
0.5 24-in. bit

18-in. bit
12-in. bit
0
10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm
RLl
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
Rt /Ra
0.8
0.7
0.6 24-in. bit

18-in. bit
12-in. bit
0.5
10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /R m
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-20 to derive the borehole
correction for the GeoSteering bit-measured arcVISION675
resistivity.
106
GeoSteering* Bit Resistivity in Reaming Mode—6.75-in. Tool

RLl-22
1.5
1.4
Bit
1.3
1.2
1.1
Rt /Ra 1.0
arcVISION* tool
0.9
0.8
0.7
RLl
0.6
0.5
10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-20 to derive the borehole
correction for the GeoSteering bit-measured resistivity while ream-
ing down.
107
geoVISION* Resistivity Sub—6.75-in. Tool

RLl-23
Ring Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit) Deep Button Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit)
2 2
Borehole diameter (in.) Borehole diameter (in.)
18
15
16 14
15 13
Rt/Ra Rt /Ra
14
12
13
12 11
10 10
1 8.5 1 8.5
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
Medium Button Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit) Shallow Button Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit)
2 2
13
12
RLl 10
11 9.5
Rt /Ra Rt /Ra
10.5
9.25
9.5 9
1 8.5 1 8.5
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
Bit Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit) Bit Resistivity (with 81⁄2-in. bit)
ROP to Bit Face = 4 ft ROP to Bit Face = 35 ft
2 2
22
20
22
18
Rt /Ra Rt/Ra 20
16
18
14
16
12 14
10 12
1 10
1 8.5 8.5
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
© Schlumberger Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
Purpose sub of the geoVISION 6.75-in. tool. The bottom row of charts
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-20 to derive the borehole specifies the bit readout point (ROP) to the bit face.
correction for the bit-measured resistivity from the GVR* resistivity
108
geoVISION* Resistivity Sub—8.25-in. Tool

RLl-24
Ring Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit) Deep Button Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit)
2 2
22
20 20
19
Rt/Ra 19 Rt /Ra 18
17
18 16
17 15
1 16 1 14
12.25 12.25
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
Medium Button Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit) Shallow Button Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit)
2 2
RLl
17 14
16 13.5
Rt/Ra Rt/Ra
15
13
14 12.75
1 13.5 1
12.25 12.25
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
Bit Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit) Bit Resistivity (with 121⁄4-in. bit)
ROP to Bit Face = 4 ft ROP to Bit Face = 35 ft
2 2
26
24 26
Rt/Ra 22 Rt/Ra
24
20 22
18 20
16 18
14 16 14
1 12.25 1 12.25
100 101 102 103 104 105 100 101 102 103 104 105
*Mark of Schlumberger Ra /Rm Ra /Rm
© Schlumberger
Purpose sub of the geoVISION 8.25-in. tool. The bottom row of charts
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-20 to derive the borehole specifies the bit readout point (ROP) to the bit face.
correction for the bit-measured resistivity from the GVR* resistivity
109
Resistivity Laterlog—LWD
GeoSteering* Bit Resistivity—6.75-in. Tool

RLl-25
Distance Out of Formation—Open Hole
600
10 ohm-m/4° BUR
100 ohm-m/4° BUR
500 10 ohm-m/5° BUR

100 ohm-m/5° BUR
10 ohm-m/10° BUR
400
Distance (ft)
300
200
RLl 100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dip angle (°)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to calculate the distance the GeoSteering bit must Given: Formation dip angle = 6°, formation resistivity during
travel to return to the target formation. drilling = 10 ohm-m, and buildup rate = 4°.
Find: Distance to return to the target formation.
Description
When drilling is at very high angles from vertical, the bit may wander Answer: Enter the chart at 6° on the x-axis. Move upward to the
out of formation. If this occurs, how far the bit must travel to get 10 ohm-m/4° BUR curve. Move horizontally left to the
back into the formation must be determined. y-axis to read approximately 290 ft.
Enter the chart with the known dip angle of the formation on
the x-axis. Move upward to intersect the appropriate “buildup rate”
(BUR) curve. Move horizontally left from the intersection point to
the y-axis and read the distance back into the formation.
110
General
CHFR* Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool

RLl-50
Cement Correction—Cased Hole
CHFR Cement Correction Chart (4.5-in.-OD casing)

1.6
No cement
0.5 in.
1.4 0.75 in.

1.5 in.
3 in.
1.2 5 in.
1.0
Rt /Rchfr 0.8
0.6
RLl
0.4
0.2
0
10 –2 10 –1 100 101 10 2
Rchfr /Rcem
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to correct the raw cased hole resistivity measure- Enter the chart on the x-axis with the ratio of Rchfr and the resistivity
ment of the CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity tool (Rchfr) for of the cement sheath (Rcem). The value of Rcem is obtained with labo-
the thickness of the cement sheath. The resulting value of true resis- ratory measurements. Move upward to the appropriate cement
tivity (Rt) is used to calculate the water saturation. sheath thickness curve, which represents the annular space between
the outside of the casing and the borehole wall. Move horizontally
left to the y-axis and read the Rt/Rchfr value. Multiply this value by
Rchfr to obtain Rt.
Charts RLl-51 and RLl-52 are for making the correction in larger
casing sizes.
111
General Laterolog—Wireline
Resistivity

RLl-51
CHFR Cement Correction Chart (7-in.-OD casing)

1.6
No cement
0.5 in.
1.4 0.75 in.
1.5 in.
3 in.
1.2 5 in.
1.0
Rt /Rchfr 0.8
0.6
RLl
0.4
0.2
0
10 –2 10 –1 100 101 10 2
Rchfr /Rcem
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-50 to obtain the cased hole
resistivity of the CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity tool cor-
rected for the thickness of the cement sheath in 7-in.-OD casing.
112

RLl-52
CHFR Cement Correction Chart (9.625-in.-OD casing)

1.6
No cement
0.5 in.
0.75 in.
1.4
1.5 in.
3 in.
1.2 5 in.
1.0
Rt /Rchfr 0.8
0.6
RLl
0.4
0.2
0
10 –2 10 –1 100 101 10 2
Rchfr /Rcem
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart RLl-50 to obtain the cased hole
resistivity of the CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity tool cor-
rected for the thickness of the cement sheath in 9.625-in.-OD casing.
113
Resistivity Galvanic—Wireline
Induction—Wireline
AIT* Array Induction Imager Tool

Operating Range—Open Hole
Purpose Enter the chart on the x-axis at 346 and move upward
This chart is used to determine the limit of application for the AIT to intersect Rt = 5 ohm-m on the y-axis. The intersection
Array Induction Imager Tool measurement in a salt-saturated borehole. point is in an error zone for which the shallow induction
curves are not valid even in a round borehole. The
Description deeper induction curves are valid only with a 2-ft or
When the AIT tool logs a large salt-saturated borehole, the 10- and larger vertical resolution.
20-in. induction curves may well be unusable because of the large
The limits for the 1-, 2-, and 4-ft curves are integral to the chart.
conductive borehole. In a borehole with a diameter (dh) of 8 in.,
As illustrated, a 1-ft 90-in. curve is not usable in a large salt-saturated
the 10- and 20-in. curve data are usable if Rt < 300Rm. The ratio
borehole. Also, under these conditions, the 1-, 2-, and 4-ft curves can-
of the true resistivity to the mud resistivity (Rt /Rm) is proportional
not have the same resistivity response.
to (dh /8)2.
A general rule is that a 12-in. borehole must have a ratio of Rt /Rm Example: Freshwater Mud Borehole
≤ 133 to have usable shallow log data. Additional requirements are Given: Borehole size = 10 in., Rt = 5 ohm-m, Rm = 0.135 ohm-m,
that the borehole must be round and the AIT tool standoff is 2.5 in. and standoff (so) = 1.5 in.
The value of Rt /Rm is further reduced if the borehole is irregular or
Find: Which, if any, of the AIT curves are valid.
the standoff requirement is not met.
Chart RInd-1 summarizes these requirements. The expected Answer: Rt /Rm = 37.0, (dh /8)2 = (10/8)2 = 1.5625, and (1.5/so) =
values of Rt, Rm, borehole size, and standoff size are entered to 1.5/1.5 = 1. The resulting value from the x-axis equation
accurately determine the usable resolution in a smooth hole. The is 37.0 × 1.5625 × 1 = 57.9.
lower chart summarizes which AIT resistivity tools typically provide Enter the chart at 57.9 on the x-axis and intersect
the most accurate deep resistivity data. Rt = 5 ohm-m on the y-axis. The intersection point is
within the limit of the 1-ft vertical resolution boundary.
RInd Example: Salt-Saturated Borehole All the AIT induction curves are usable.
Given: Borehole size = 10 in., Rt = 5 ohm-m, Rm =
0.0135 ohm-m, and standoff (so) = 2.5 in.
Find: Which, if any, of the AIT curves are valid.
Answer: From the x-axis equation:
2
⎛ R t ⎞ ⎛ d h ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
⎜ R ⎟ ⎜ 8 ⎟ ⎜ so ⎟ =
⎝ m ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
⎜⎝ 0.0135 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2.5 ⎟⎠ =
(370 )(1.5625 )( 0.6 ) = 346.
114
Resistivity Induction—Wireline

RInd-1
Operating Range—Open Hole
1,000 Limit of 4-ft logs

Possible large errors on shallow logs and 2-ft limit
100 Limit of 1-ft logs
Recommended AIT operating

Rt range (compute standoff
(ohm-m) method for smooth holes) Salt-
10 saturated
Freshwater borehole
mud example example
1
Possible large errors
on all logs
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
⎛ Rt ⎞ ⎛ dh ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Rm ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ so ⎠
10,000 RInd
1,000 AIT 4-ft limit

AIT 2-ft limit
100 AIT 1-ft limit

Rt
(ohm-m)
1 AIT AIT and HRLA

tools HRLA* tools
tools
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Rt/Rm
© Schlumberger
115

Introduction Because the AIT borehole model is a circular hole, either axis
The AIT tools (AIT-B, AIT-C, AIT-H, AIT-M, Slim Array Induction from a multiaxis caliper can be used. If the tool standoff is adequate,
Imager Tool [SAIT], Hostile Environment Induction Imager Tool the process finds the circular borehole parameters that best match
[HIT], and SlimXtreme* Array Induction Imager Tool [QAIT]) do not the input logs. Control of adequate standoff is important because
have chartbook corrections for environmental effects. The normal the changes in the tool reading are very large for small changes in
effects that required correction charts in the past (borehole correc- tool position when the tool is very close to the borehole wall. Near
tion, shoulder effect, and invasion interpretation) are now all made the center of the hole the changes are very small. A table of rec-
using real-time algorithms for the AIT tools. In reality, the charts for ommended standoff sizes is as follows.
the older dual induction tools were inadequate for the complexity of
environmental effects on induction tools. The very large volume of AIT Tool Recommended Standoff
investigation required to obtain an adequate radial depth of investiga- Hole Size (in.) Recommended Standoff (in.)
tion to overcome invasion makes the resulting set of charts too exten-
AIT-B, AIT-C, AIT-H, AIT-M, HIT SAIT, QAIT
sive for a book of this size. The volume that affects the logs can be tens
<5.0 – 0.5
of feet above and below the tool. To make useful logs, the effects of the
5.0 to 5.5 – 1.0
volume above and below the layer of interest must be carefully removed.
5.5 to 6.5 0.5 1.5
This can be done only by either signal processing or inversion-based
6.5 to 7.75 1.0 2.0
processing. This section briefly describes the wellsite processing and
7.75 to 9.5 1.5 2.5
advanced processing available at computing centers.
9.5 to 11.5 2.0 + bowspring† 2.5
Wellsite Processing >11.5 2.5 + bowspring† 2.5
Borehole Correction †
Note: Do not run AIT tools slick.
Only for AIT-H tool
The first step of AIT log processing is to correct the raw data from
all eight arrays for borehole effects. Borehole corrections for the AIT
tools are based on inversion through an iterative forward model to Each type of AIT tool requires a slightly different approach to
find the borehole parameters that best reproduce the logs from the the borehole correction method. For example, the AIT-B tool requires
RInd four shortest arrays—the 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-in. arrays (Grove and the use of an auxiliary Rm measurement (Environmental
Minerbo, 1991). The borehole forward model is based on a solution Measurement Sonde [EMS]) to compute Rm or to compute hole
to Maxwell’s equations in a cylindrical borehole of radius r with the size by using a recalibration of the mud resistivity method internal
mud resistivity (Rm) surrounded by a homogeneous formation of to the borehole correction algorithm. The Platform Express*,
resistivity R f. The tool can be located anywhere in the borehole, but SlimAccess*, and Xtreme* AIT tools have integral Rm sensors that
is parallel to the borehole axis at a certain tool standoff (so). The meet the accuracy requirements for the compute standoff mode.
borehole is characterized by its radius (r). In this model, the signal
in a given AIT array is a function of only these four parameters. Log Formation
The four short arrays overlap considerably in their investigation AIT tools are designed to produce a high-resolution log response
depth, so only two of the borehole parameters can be uniquely deter- with reduced cave effect in comparison with the induction log deep
mined in an inversion. The others must be supplied by outside mea- (ILD) in most formations. The log processing (Barber and Rosthal,
surements or estimates. Because the greatest sensitivity to the 1991) is a weighted sum of the raw array data:
formation resistivity is in the contrast between Rm and Rf, no external
measurement is satisfactory for fitting to R f. Therefore, R f is always z = z max
() wn z ′ σ (a ) z − z ′ ,
( ) ( )
N
solved for. This leaves one other parameter that can be determined.
Σ Σ
n
σ log z =
The three modes of the borehole correction operation depend on n =1 z = z
min
which parameter is being determined:
■ compute mud resistivity: requires hole diameter and standoff where σlog (z) is the output log conductivity in mS/m, σa(n) is the
■ compute hole diameter: requires a mud resistivity measurement skin-effect-corrected conductivity from the nth array, and the
and standoff weights (w) represent a deconvolution filter applied to each of the
■ compute standoff: requires hole diameter and mud resistivity raw array measurements. The log depth is z, and z′ refers to the
measurement. distance above or below the log depth to where the weights are
applied. The skin effect correction consists of fitting the X-signal
to the skin-effect-error signal (Moran, 1964; Barber, 1984) at high
conductivities and the R-signal to the error signal at low conductivi-
116

ties, with the crossover occurring between 100 and 200 mS/m. The (Freedman and Minerbo, 1991, 1993; Zhang et al., 1994). Maximum-
use of the R-signal at low conductivities overcomes the errors in Entropy Resistivity Log Inversion (MERLIN) processing (Barber et
the X-signal associated with the normal magnetic susceptibilities al., 1999) follows Freedman and Minerbo (1991) closely, and that
of sedimentary rock layers (Barber et al., 1995). paper is the basic reference for the mathematical formulation. The
The weights w in the equation can profit from further refine- problem is set up as the simplest parametric model that can fit the
ment. The method used to compute the weights introduces a small data: a thinly layered formation with each layer the same thickness
amount of noise in the matrix inversion, so the fit is about ±1% to (Fig. 2). The inversion problem is to solve for the conductivity of
±2% to the defined target response. A second refinement filter is each layer so that the computed logs from the layered formation
used to correct for this error. The AIT wellsite processing sequence, are the closest match to the measured logs.
from raw, calibrated data to corrected logs, is shown in Fig. 1.
R-signals only
14 Multichannel
or signal
A(H)IFC processing
8
and 2D Five depths
processing (10 to 90 in.) 10 in.
28 channels 28 Exception
Borehole or 20 in.
(AIT-B, -C, and -D) handling and
16 channels correction 16 environmentally 30 in.
(all others) + compensated 60 in.
log processing
90 in.
Caliper 28 Skin
or effect
Rm correction
16 Five depths
Standoff R-signals (10 to 90 in.) Rm
X-signals RInd
Caliper
Raw BHC signals
Figure 1. Block diagram of the real-time log processing chain from raw, calibrated array data to finished logs.
There are only two versions of this processing—one for AIT-B,

AIT-C, and AIT-D tools and one for all other AIT tools (AIT-H, AIT-M, Well path
SAIT, HIT, and QAIT) (Anderson and Barber, 1995). Only two ver- z
sions are required because the tools were carefully designed with
the same coil spacings to produce the same two-dimensional (2D) θ
response to the formation.
∆z
Advanced Processing R1
φ x
Logs in Deviated Wells or Dipping Formations y
The interpretation of induction logs is complicated by the large vol-
ume of investigation of these tools. The AIT series of induction tools ρ
is carefully focused to limit the contributions from outside a rela-
tively thin layer of response (Barber and Rosthal, 1991). In beds
at high relative dip, the focused response cuts across several beds,
and the focusing developed for vertical wells no longer isolates the
response to a single layer. The effect of the high relative dip angle is
to blur the response and to introduce horns at the bed boundaries.
Rn
Maximum Entropy Inversion: MERLIN Processing
The maximum entropy inversion method was first applied by Dyos
(1987) to induction log data. For beds at zero dip angle, it has been Figure 2. The parametric model used in MERLIN inversion. All layers are the
shown to give well-controlled results when applied to deep induction same thickness, and the inversion solves for the conductivity of each layer
(ID) and medium induction (IM) from the dual induction tool with maximum-entropy constraints.
117

The flow of MERLIN processing is shown in Fig. 3. The borehole- Invasion Processing
corrected raw resistive and reactive (R- and X-) signals are used as The wellsite interpretation for invasion is a one-dimensional (1D)
a starting point. The conductivity of a set of layers is estimated from inversion of the processed logs into a four-parameter invasion model
the log values, and the iterative modeling is continued until the logs (Rxo, Rt, r1, and r2, shown in Fig. 4). The forward model is based on
converge. The set of formation layer conductivity values is then con- the Born model of the radial response of the tools and is accurate for
verted to resistivity and output as logs. most radial contrasts in which induction logs should be used. The
inversion can be run in real time. The model is also available in the
28 or 16 channels Invasion Correction module of the GeoFrame* Invasion 2 application,
which also includes the step-invasion model and annulus model (Fig. 4).
Borehole-corrected Initial guess
R- and X-signals
Step Profile
Model parameters
Rxo
Forward model
Rt
ri
Compute Sensitivity
Computed log
Lagrangian matrix
Distance from wellbore
RInd Slope Profile
Computed No Update model Rxo

log within 1%
of measured parameters
log? Formation r1
resistivity
Yes profile
Rt
Exit
Write model r2
parameters
as log
Distance from wellbore
Figure 3. Data flow in the MERLIN inversion algorithm. The output is the
final set of model parameters after the iterations converge.
Annulus Profile
Rann
Rxo
r1
r2 Rt
Figure 4. Parametric models used in AIT invasion processing. The slope

profile model is used for real-time processing; the others are available
at the computing centers. Rxo = resistivity of the flushed zone, Rt = true
resistivity, ri = radius of invasion, Rann = resistivity of the annulus.
118

Another approach is also used in the Invasion 2 application mod- References

ule. If the invaded zone is more conductive than the noninvaded Anderson, B., and Barber, T.: Induction Logging, Sugar Land, TX,
zone, some 2D effects on the induction response can complicate USA, Schlumberger SMP-7056 (1995).
the 1D inversion. Invasion 2 conducts a full 2D inversion using a
Barber, T.D.: “Phasor Processing of Induction Logs Including
2D forward model (Fig. 5) to produce a more accurate answer for
Shoulder and Skin Effect Correction,” US Patent No. 4,513,376
situations of conductive invasion and in thin beds.
(September 11, 1984).
Barber, T., et al.: “Interpretation of Multiarray Induction Logs in
Invaded Formations at High Relative Dip Angles,” The Log Analyst,
(May–June 1999) 40, No. 3, 202–217.
∞
Barber, T., Anderson, B., and Mowat, G.: “Using Induction Tools to
Rm Identify Magnetic Formations and to Determine Relative Magnetic
Rt0
Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant,” The Log Analyst
(July–August 1995) 36, No. 4, 16–26.
Rxo1
Barber, T., and Rosthal, R.: “Using a Multiarray Induction Tool to
Rt1 Achieve Logs with Minimum Environmental Effects,” paper SPE 22725
presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Rxo2 Dallas, Texas, USA (October 6–9, 1991).
Rt2 Dyos, C.J.: “Inversion of the Induction Log by the Method of Maximum
Entropy,” Transactions of the SPWLA 28th Annual Logging
Rm ∞ Symposium, London, UK (June 29–July 2, 1987), paper T.
Freedman, R., and Minerbo, G.: “Maximum Entropy Inversion of the
Induction Log,” SPE Formation Evaluation (1991), 259–267; also
paper SPE 19608 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference RInd
and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, USA (October 8–11, 1989).
Figure 5. The parametric 2D formation model used in Invasion 2.
Freedman, R., and Minerbo, G.: “Method and Apparatus for
Producing a More Accurate Resistivity Log from Data Recorded by an
Induction Sonde in a Borehole,” US Patent 5,210,691 (January 1993).
Grove, G.P., and Minerbo, G.N.: “An Adaptive Borehole Correction
Scheme for Array Induction Tools,” Transactions of the SPWLA 32nd
Annual Logging Symposium, Midland, Texas, USA (June 16–19,
1991), paper P.
Moran, J.H.: “Induction Method and Apparatus for Investigating
Earth Formations Utilizing Two Quadrature Phase Components of
a Detected Signal,” US Patent No. 3,147,429 (September 1, 1964).
Zhang, Y-C., Shen, L., and Liu, C.: “Inversion of Induction Logs Based
on Maximum Flatness, Maximum Oil, and Minimum Oil Algorithms,”
Geophysics (September 1994), 59, No. 9, 1320–1326.
119
Resistivity Electromagnetic—LWD
arcVISION475* and ImPulse* 43⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tools—2 MHz

Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the borehole correction applied Given: Rps = 400 ohm-m (uncorrected) from arcVISION475
by the surface acquisition system to arcVISION475 and ImPulse (2-MHz) phase-shift 10-in. resistivity, borehole size =
phase-shift (Rps) and attenuation resistivity (Rad) curves on the 6 in., and mud resistivity (Rm) = 0.02 ohm-m at forma-
log. The value of Rt is used in the calculation of water saturation. tion temperature.
Find: Formation resistivity (Rt).
Description
Enter the appropriate chart for the borehole environmental condi- Answer: Enter the top left chart at 400 ohm-m on the x-axis
tions and tool used to measure the various formation resistivities and move upward to intersect the 10-in. resistivity
with the either the uncorrected phase-shift or attenuation resistivity curve (green).
value (not the resistivity shown on the log) on the x-axis. Move upward Move left and read approximately 1.075 on the y-axis.
to intersect the appropriate resistivity spacing line, and then move Rt = 1.075 × 400 = 430 ohm-m.
horizontally left to read the ratio value on the y-axis. Multiply the
ratio value by the resistivity value entered on the x-axis to obtain Rt.
Charts REm-12 through REm-38 are used similarly to Chart
REm-11 for different borehole conditions and arcVISION* and
ImPulse tool combinations.
REm
120

REm–11
arcVISION475 and ImPulse Borehole Correction for 2 MHz, dh = 6 in., Rm = 0.02 ohm-m
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103
Rps (ohm-m) Rad (ohm-m)
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103 REm
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103
Resistivity spacing (in.) 10 16 22 28 34
© Schlumberger
121

REm-12
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
REm Rps (ohm-m) Rad (ohm-m)
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger
Purpose to arcVISION475 and ImPulse resistivity measurements. Uncorrected

This chart is used similarly to Chart REm-11 to determine the resistivity is entered on the x-axis, not the resistivity shown on the log.
borehole correction applied by the surface acquisition system
122

REm-13
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
REm
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

123

REm-14
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

124
arcVISION675* 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz

REm-15
arcVISION675 Borehole Correction for 400 kHz, dh = 8 in., Rm = 0.02 ohm-m

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
REm

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger
Purpose to arcVISION675 resistivity measurements. Uncorrected resistivity

This chart is used similarly to Chart REm-11 to determine the is entered on the x-axis, not the resistivity shown on the log.
125

REm-16

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

126
General Electromagnetic—LWD
Resistivity

REm-17

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
Rps (ohm-m) Rad (ohm-m) REm

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

127
arcVISION675* 6 3⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz

REm-18

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

128
arcVISION675* 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz

REm-19
arcVISION675 Borehole Correction for 2 MHz, dh = 8 in., Rm = 0.02 ohm-m

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

129

REm-20

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt/Rps Rt/Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 100 101 102 103 10–1 100 101 102 103

© Schlumberger

130

REm-21

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

131

REm-22

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 100 101 102 103 10 –1 100 101 102 103

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 –1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

132

REm-23

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

133

REm-24

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

134

REm-25

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

135

REm-26

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

136

REm-27

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
REm

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
*Mark of Schlumberger Resistivity spacing (in.) 16 22 28 34 40

© Schlumberger

137

REm-28

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

138

REm-29

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

139

REm-30

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rps
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rps
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rps
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

140
arcVISION900* 9-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz

REm-31

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

141

REm-32

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

142

REm-33

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

143

REm-34

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

144
arcVISION900* 9-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—2 MHz

REm-35

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

145

REm-36

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

146

REm-37

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

147

REm-38

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps Rt /Rad
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3

© Schlumberger

148
arcVISION675*, arcVISION825*, and arcVISION900*

Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—400 KHz
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the correction factor applied by the Given: Rt/Rs = 10/1, Rps uncorrected = 20 ohm-m (34 in.), and
surface acquisition system for bed thickness to the phase-shift and bed thickness = 6 ft.
attenuation resistivity on the logs of arcVISION675, arcVISION825, Find: Rt.
and arcVISION900 tools.
Answer: The appropriate chart to use is the phase-shift resistivity
Description chart in the first row, for Rt = 10 ohm-m and Rs = 1 ohm-m.
The six bed thickness correction charts on this page are paired for Enter the chart on the x-axis at 6 ft and move upward
phase-shift and attenuation resistivity at different values of true (Rt) to intersect the 34-in. spacing line. The corresponding
and shoulder bed (Rs) resistivity. Only uncorrected resistivity values value of R t/R ps is 1.6; Rt = 20 × 1.6 = 32 ohm-m.
are entered on the chart, not the resistivity shown on the log.
Chart REm-56 is also used to find the bed thickness correction
applied by the surface acquisition system for 2-MHz arcVISION* and
ImPulse* logs.
REm
149
arcVISION675*, arcVISION825*, and arcVISION900*

REm-55
Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—400 kHz
arcVISION675, arcVISION825, and arcVISION900 400-kHz

Bed Thickness Correction for Rt = 10 ohm-m and Rs = 1 ohm-m at Center of Bed
Phase-Shift Resistivity Attenuation Resistivity
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
Rt /Rps 1.0 Rt /Rad 1.0
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Bed thickness (ft) Bed thickness (ft)

Bed Thickness Correction for Rt = 1 ohm-m and Rs =10 ohm-m at Center of Bed
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
0.5 0.5
REm
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Bed Thickness Correction for Rt = 100 ohm-m and Rs =10 ohm-m at Center of Bed
Phase-Shift Resistivity
2.0
1.5
Rt /Rps 1.0
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Bed thickness (ft)

© Schlumberger
150
arcVISION* and ImPulse* Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz

REm-56
arcVISION and ImPulse 2-MHz Bed Thickness Correction for

Rt = 10 ohm-m and Rs =1 ohm-m at Center of Bed

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
0.5 0.5 REm
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

© Schlumberger
151
arcVISION675* and ImPulse* Array Resistivity

REm-58
Compensated Tools—2 MHz and 16-in. Spacing
Dielectric Correction—Open Hole
8.60
15
8.55
20
Rt
8.50
30
50
70
10,000
100
1,000
8.45
1
10
20
30
8.40 40
50
60
70
Attenuation 80
8.35 90
(dB)
100
125
8.30
150
o
175
8.25
200
REm
225
8.20
250
275
8.15 300
8.10
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Phase shift (°)
© Schlumberger
Purpose listed Rt values. The εr is interpolated from the radial lines originating
This chart is used to estimate the true resistivity (Rt) and dielectric from the εr values listed on the left-hand side of the chart. Charts
correction (εr). Rt is used in water saturation calculation. REm-59 through REm-62 are used to determine Rt and εr at larger
spacings.
Description
Enter the chart with the uncorrected (not those shown on the log) Example
phase-shift and attenuation values from the arcVISION675 or Given: Phase shift = 2° and attenuation = 8.45 dB for 16-in.
ImPulse resistivity tool. The intersection point of the two values is spacing.
used to determine Rt and the dielectric correction. Rt is interpolated Find: Rt and εr.
from the subvertical lines described by the dots originating at the
Answer: Rt = 26 ohm-m and εr = 70 dB.
152

REm-59
6.9
15
20
6.8
Rt
30
50
70
100
1,000
10,000
6.7 1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Attenuation 6.6 80
(dB)
90
100
o
125
REm
150
6.5
175
200
225
250
6.4
275
300
6.3
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*Mark of Schlumberger Phase shift (°)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Charts REm-59 through REm-62 are identical to Chart REm-58
for determining Rt and εr at larger spacings of the arcVISION675
and ImPulse 2-MHz tools.
153

REm-60
5.5
20
5.4
30
Rt
50
70
100
10,000
1,000
5.3 1
10
20
30
40
50
5.2 60
70
80 o
o
90
Attenuation
100
(dB)
5.1 125
150
REm
175
200
5.0
225
250
275
4.9 300
4.8
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
© Schlumberger
Purpose
154

REm-61
4.7
15
4.6
20
30
Rt
4.5
50
70
100
1,000
10,000
4.4
1
10
20
30
40
Attenuation 4.3
50
(dB)
60
70 o
80
90
100
4.2 REm
125
150
4.1 175
200
225
250
4.0
275
300
3.9
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
© Schlumberger
Purpose
155

REm-62
4.0
15
3.9
20
30
3.8 Rt
50
70
100
3.7
10,000
1,000
10
20
3.6
30
40
Attenuation 50 o
(dB)
60
70
3.5
80
90
100
REm
125
3.4
150
175
200
3.3
225
250
275
3.2 300
3.1
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Charts REm-59 through REm-62 are identical to Chart REm-58 for
determining Rt and εr at larger spacings of the arcVISION675 and
ImPulse 2-MHz tools.
156

REm-63
Compensated Tools—2 MHz with Dielectric Assumption
Dielectric Effects of Standard Processed arcVISION675 or ImPulse Log

at 2 MHz with Dielectric Assumption
3.5
Resistivity
spacing
16 in.
3.0 22 in.
28 in.
34 in.
40 in.
2.5
ε1 = 2εr
Rt /Rps 2.0
Dielectric assumption
o
εr = 5 + 108.5R –0.35
1.5
1.0
ε2 = 0.5εr
0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
Rps (ohm-m)
3.5 REm
Resistivity
spacing
16 in.
3.0 22 in.
28 in.
34 in.
40 in.
2.5
ε2 = 0.5εr
Rt /Rad 2.0
Dielectric assumption
o
εr = 5 + 108.5R –0.35
1.5
1.0
ε1 = 2εr
0.5
10–1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
Rad (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger
157
General Resistivity—Wireline
Formation
Resistivity Galvanic
Rt-1
Invasion Correction—Open Hole (former Rint-1)
Purpose If SwA and SwR are equal, the assumption of a step-contact inva-
The charts in this chapter are used to determine the correction for sion profile is indicated to be correct, and all values determined
invasion effects on the following parameters: (Sw, Rt, Rxo, and di) are considered good.
■
If SwA > SwR, either invasion is very shallow or a transition-type
diameter of invasion (di)
■
invasion profile is indicated, and SwA is considered a good value for Sw.
ratio of flushed zone to true resistivity (Rxo /Rt)
■
If SwA < SwR, an annulus-type invasion profile may be indicated,
Rt from laterolog resistivity tools.
and a more accurate value of water saturation may be estimated
The Rxo/Rt and Rt values are used in the calculation of water by using
saturation. 1
⎛S ⎞4
Description S wcor = S wA ⎜ wA ⎟
The invasion correction charts, also referred to as “tornado” or “but- ⎝ S wR ⎠
terfly” charts, assume a step-contact profile of invasion and that all
resistivity measurements have already been corrected as necessary The correction factor of (SwA /SwR)1 ⁄4 is readily determined from
for borehole effect and bed thickness by using the appropriate chart the scale.
from the “Resistivity Laterolog” chapter. For more information, see Reference 9.
To use any of these charts, enter the y-axis and x-axis with the
required resistivity ratios. The point of intersection defines di,
Rxo /Rt, and Rt as a function of one resistivity measurement.
Saturation Determination in Clean Formations

Either of the chart-derived values of Rt and Rxo /Rt are used to find
values for the water saturation of the formation (Sw). The first of two
approaches is the S w -Archie (SwA), which is found using the Archie
saturation formula (or Chart SatOH-3) with the derived Rt value and
known values of the formation resistivity factor (FR) and the resistiv-
ity of the water (Rw). The Sw-ratio (SwR) is found by using Rxo /Rt and
Rmf /Rw as in Chart SatOH-4.
SwA/SwR
Rt 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0

1⁄4
(SwA/SwR)
© Schlumberger
158
Formation Resistivity—Wireline

Rt-2
Formation Resistivity and Diameter of Invasion—Open Hole
Thick Beds, 8-in. Hole, Rxo /Rm = 10
103 8 15 18 20 22 24 28 32 36
1,000 40
45
500 50
Rt /Rxo
60
200
102 80
100
100
50 120
di (in.)
20
HLLD/Rxo
101
10
100 2
0.5
0.2
Rt
10–1
100 101 102
HLLD/HLLS
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
The resistivity values of HALS laterolog deep resistivity (HLLD), Given: HLLD = 50 ohm-m, HLLS = 15 ohm-m, Rxo = 2.0 ohm-m,
HALS laterolog shallow resistivity (HLLS), and resistivity of the and Rm = 0.2 ohm-m.
flushed zone (Rxo) measured by the High-Resolution Azimuthal Find: Rt and diameter of invasion.
Laterolog Sonde (HALS) are used with this chart to determine
Answer: Enter the chart with the values of HLLD/HLLS = 50/15 =
values for diameter of invasion (di) and true resistivity (Rt).
3.33 and HLLD/Rxo = 50/2 = 25.
Description The resulting point of intersection on the chart indicates
The conditions for which this chart is used are listed at the top. The that Rt /Rxo = 35 and di = 34 in.
chart is entered with the ratios of HLLD/HLLS on the x-axis and Rt = 35 × 2.0 = 70 ohm-m.
HLLD/Rxo on the y-axis. The intersection point defines di on the
dashed curves and the ratio of Rt /Rxo on the solid curves.
159
Formation Resistivity—Wireline

Rt-3
Thick Beds, 8-in. Hole, Rxo /Rm = 10
8 15 18 20 22 24 28
103 32 36
1,000 40
45
500
Rt /Rxo 50
60
200
102 80
100
100
50 120
di (in.)
HRLD/Rxo 20
101
10
5
100 2
0.5
0.2
Rt
10–1
100 101 102
HRLD/HRLS
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
The resistivity values of high-resolution deep resistivity (HRLD), high- The conditions for which this chart is used are listed at the top. The
resolution shallow resistivity (HRLS), and Rxo measured by the HALS chart is entered with the ratios of HRLD/HRLS on the x-axis and
are used similarly to Chart Rt-2 to determine values for di and Rt. HRLD/Rxo on the y-axis. The intersection point defines di on the
dashed curves and the ratio of Rt /Rxo on the solid curves.
160
Formation Resistivity—LWD
geoVISION675* Resistivity
Rt-10
Ring, Deep, and Medium Button Resistivity (6.75-in. tool)
Rxo /Rm = 50
dh = 8.5 in.
10 1.8 18 2.0
17 1.6 2.4
9 Rt /Rring 1.5 20
16 3.0
8 1.4
7 22
6 15
1.3
5 di 24
100
Rring /Rbm 70
4 14 50
30
Rt /Rxo
3
20
15
13
1.2 10
2
7
5
12
3
2
1
Rt
1 2 3
Rring /Rbd
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the correction applied to the log Given: Rring = 30 ohm-m, Rxo /Rm = 50, Rbd = 15 ohm-m, and
presentation of Rt and di determined from geoVISION675 ring (Rring) Rbm = 6 ohm-m.
and deep (R bd) and medium button (Rbm) resistivity values. Find: Rt, di, and Rxo.
Description Answer: Enter the chart with values of Rring /Rbd = 30/15 = 2 on
Enter the chart with the ratios of R ring /Rbd on the x-axis and the x-axis and Rring /Rbm = 30/6 = 5 on the y-axis to find
Rring /Rbm on the y-axis. The intersection point defines di on the blue di = 22.5 in., Rt /Rring = 3.1, and Rt /Rxo = 50. From these
dashed curves, Rt /Rring on the red curves, and Rt /Rxo on the black ratios, Rt = 3.1 × 30 = 93 ohm-m and Rxo = 93/50 =
curves. Charts Rt-11 through Rt-17 are similar to Chart Rt-10 for 1.86 ohm-m.
different tool sizes, configurations, and resistivity terms.
161
Rt-11
Deep, Medium, and Shallow Button Resistivity (6.75-in. tool)
Rxo /Rm = 50
30 dh = 8.5 in.
di 14 1.3 1.4 1.5
Rt /Rbd 1.2 15
13 1.6
20
16
1.1
12 17
18
10 100
9 70
8 50
Rbd /Rbs 7 11
30
6
5 20
4 15
3 10 Rt /Rxo
7
2 5
3
2
1
1
Rt 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rbd /Rbm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Rt-10 to determine the
correction applied to the log presentation of Rt and di determined
from geoVISION675 deep (Rbd), medium (Rbm), and shallow
button (Rbs) resistivity values.
162
Rt-12
Bit, Ring, and Deep Button Resistivity (6.75-in. tool) with ROP to Bit Face = 4 ft
Rxo /Rm = 50
dh = 8.5 in.
10 28 3.0
2.5 4.0
9 Rt /Rbit 24 34
2.0
8
1.8 40
7 22
6 50
di 100
1.6 70
5 20 50
Rbit/Rbd 4 30
20
15
3 18
10
Rt /Rxo
1.4 7
2
5
16
3
2
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rt
Rbit /Rring
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Rt-10 to determine the correc-
tion applied to the log presentation of Rt and di determined from
geoVISION675 Rring, bit (Rbit), and Rbd resistivity values.
163
Rt-13
Bit, Ring, and Deep Button Resistivity (6.75-in. tool) with ROP to Bit Face = 35 ft
Rxo /Rm = 50
20 dh = 8.5 in. 34 2.0 2.4
50
1.6
Rt /Rbit 28
70
1.4 100
24 70
10 50
9 22
8 1.3 30
7
6 20 20
Rbit /Rbd di
5 15
4 Rt /Rxo
18 10
3
7
1.2
5
2 16
1
1
Rt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Rbit /Rring
© Schlumberger
Purpose
geoVISION675 Rring, Rbit, and Rbd resistivity values.
164
geoVISION825* 81⁄4-in. Resistivity-at-the-Bit Tool

Rt-14
Ring, Deep, and Medium Button Resistivity (81⁄4-in. tool)
Rxo /Rm = 50
10 dh = 12.25 in.
9 1.8 23 24
22 1.6 2.4
8
di 21 3.0
7 1.4
26
6 Rt /Rring 20
1.3
5
30
4 19 100
70
Rring /Rbm
50
3 30
18
20
1.2 Rt /Rxo
15
2 10
17
7
5
16
3
2
1
1
1 2
Rt
Rring /Rbd
© Schlumberger
Purpose
geoVISION825 Rring, Rbd, and Rbm resistivity values.
165

Rt-15
Deep, Medium, and Shallow Button Resistivity (81⁄4-in. tool)
Rxo /Rm = 50
20 dh = 12.25 in.
Rt /Rbd 1.4 19 1.6
1.3 20
18 2.0
2.4
1.2 17 22
10 di
9
24
8
16 100
7 70
6 50
Rbd /Rbs 5 30
4 20
1.1 15 Rt /Rxo
3
10
7
2
5
3
14
2
1
1
Rt 1 2 3 4 5
Rbd /Rbm
© Schlumberger
Purpose
geoVISION825 Rbd, Rbm, and Rbs resistivity values.
166

Rt-16
Bit, Ring, and Deep Button Resistivity (81⁄4-in. tool) with ROP to Bit Face = 4 ft
Rxo /Rm = 50
10 dh = 12.25 in. Rt /Rbit 3.0 35
2.4
9 30 40
2.0 5.0
8 1.8
28 50
7
di 60
6 1.6 100
26 70
50
5
1.5 30
4 24 20
Rbit /Rbd 15
3 1.4
10
22 7
2 5
1.3
20 Rt /Rxo
3
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rt
Rbit /Rring
© Schlumberger
Purpose
167

Rt-17
Bit, Ring, and Deep Button Resistivity (81⁄4-in. tool) with ROP to Bit Face = 35 ft
Rt /Rxo = 50
40 2.0 50
20 dh = 12.25 in.
3.0
1.6
35 70
Rt /Rbit 100
1.4 70
30 50
10 28
9 1.3 30
8 di
7 26 20
6 Rt /Rxo
15
Rbit /Rbd
5
24
10
4
1.2
7
3
22
5
2
20 3
1
1
Rt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Rbit /Rring
© Schlumberger
Purpose
168
arcVISION* Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz

Rt-31
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Shale Volume—Open Hole
Response Through Sand and Shale Layers at 90° Relative Dip Response Through Sand and Shale Layers at 90° Relative Dip
for Rsh = 1 ohm-m and Rsand = 5 ohm-m for Rsh = 1 ohm-m and Rsand = 20 ohm-m
Phase-Shift Resistivity Phase-Shift Resistivity

101 102
Rps Rps 101

(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
100 100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vsh Vsh
Attenuation Resistivity Attenuation Resistivity

101 102
Rad Rad 101

(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
100 100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vsh Vsh Rt
Resistivity spacing 16 in. 22 in. 28 in. 34 in. 40 in.

Rh Rv
© Schlumberger
Purpose Select the appropriate chart for the attenuation (Rad) or phase-
This chart illustrates the resistivity response, as affected by sand shift (Rps) resistivity and values of resistivity of the shale (Rsh) and
and shale layers, of the arcVISION tool in horizontal wellbores. sand (Rsand). Enter the chart with the volume of shale (Vsh) on the
The chart is used to determine the values of Rh and Rv. These x-axis and the resistivity on the y-axis. At the intersection point of
corrections are already applied to the log presentation. these two values move straight downward to the dashed blue curve
to read the value of Rh. Move upward to the solid green curve to read
Description the value of Rv.
The chart is constructed for shale layers at 90° relative dip to the Chart Rt-32 is used to determine Rh and Rv values for the 2-MHz
axis of the arcVISION tool. That is, both the layers of shale and the resistivity.
tool are horizontal to the vertical. Other requirements for use of this
chart are that the shale resistivity (Rsh) is 1 ohm-m and the sand
resistivity is 5 or 20 ohm-m.
169

Rt-32
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Shale Volume—Open Hole
Response Through Sand and Shale Layers at 90° Relative Dip Response Through Sand and Shale Layers at 90° Relative Dip
for Rsh = 1 ohm-m and Rsand = 5 ohm-m for Rsh = 1 ohm-m and Rsand = 20 ohm-m

102 102
Rps 101 Rps 101

(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
100 100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vsh Vsh

102 102
Rad 101 Rad 101

(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
100 100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Rt Vsh Vsh

Rh Rv
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Rt-31 for arcVISION and
ImPulse 2-MHz resistivity. These corrections are already applied
to the log presentation.
170

Rt-33
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Dip—Open Hole
Aniostropy Response for Rh = 1 ohm-m and (Rv /Rh) = 5 Aniostropy Response for Rh = 1 ohm-m and (Rv /Rh) = 2

103 101
102
Rps Rps
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Relative dip angle (°) Relative dip angle (°)

103 101
102
Rad Rad
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Rt
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to determine arcVISION Rps and Rad for relative Enter the appropriate chart with the value of relative dip angle and
dip angles from 0 to 90°. These corrections are already applied to move to intersect the known resistivity spacing. Move horizontally
the log presentation. left to read Rps or Rad for the conditions of the horizontal resistivity
(Rh) = 1 ohm-m and the square root of the Rv/Rh ratio.
171

Rt-34
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Dip—Open Hole
Aniostropy Response for Rh = 1 ohm-m and (Rv /Rh) = 5 Aniostropy Response for Rh = 1 ohm-m and (Rv /Rh) = 2

103 101
102
Rps Rps
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

103 101
102
Rad Rad
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
Rt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
© Schlumberger
Purpose
ImPulse 2-MHz resistivity. These corrections are already applied
172

Rt-35
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Square Root of Rv/Rh—Open Hole
Aniostropy Response at 85° dip for Rh = 1 ohm-m Aniostropy Response at 65° dip for Rh = 1 ohm-m

103 101
102
Rps Rps
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
(Rv /Rh) (Rv /Rh)

103 101
102
Rad
Rad
(ohm-m)
(ohm-m)
101
100 100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Rt
(Rv /Rh) (Rv /Rh)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart and Chart Rt-36 reflect the effect of anisotropy on the Enter the appropriate chart with the value of the phase-shift or
arcVISION resistivity response. These corrections are already attenuation resistivity on the y-axis. Move horizontally to intersect
applied to the log presentation. As the square root of the R v /Rh the resistivity spacing curve. At the intersection point read the value
ratio increases, the effect on the resistivity significantly increases. of the square root of the R v /Rh ratio on the x-axis.
173

Rt-36
Resistivity Anisotropy Versus Square Root of Rv/Rh—Open Hole
Aniostropy Response at 85° dip for Rh = 1 ohm-m Aniostropy Response at 65° dip for Rh = 1 ohm-m

103 101
102
Rps Rps
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
(Rv/Rh) (Rv/Rh)

103 101
102
Rad Rad
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
101
100 100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Rt
(Rv/Rh) (Rv/Rh)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
ImPulse for 2-MHz resistivity. These corrections are already
applied to the log presentation.
174
arcVISION675* Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz

Rt-37
Conductive Invasion—Open Hole
Rxo and di for Rt ~ 10 ohm-m

1.0
64 3
40-in. Rad/Rt = 1
60 2
1.5 0.95
56 1 16
0.9
0.7
0.85
0.8
0.5 0.75
52 0.7
16-in. Rps /40-in. Rad 0.1 0.65
0.3 0.6
0.2 0.55
40 36
44 0.15
48
20
32
di (in.)
Rxo = 0.1 ohm−m

28
24
Rt
0.01
0.01 0.1 1.0
28-in. Rps /40-in. Rad
© Schlumberger
Purpose Chart Rt-38 is used for 2-MHz resistivity values. The corresponding
This log-log chart is used to determine the correction applied to charts for resistive invasion are Charts Rt-39 and Rt-40.
the log presentation of the 40-in. arcVISION675 resistivity measure-
ments, diameter of invasion (di), and resistivity of the flushed zone Example
(Rxo). These data are used to evaluate a formation for hydrocarbons. Given: 16-in. Rps/40-in. Rad = 0.2 and 28-in. Rps/40-in. Rad = 0.4.
Find: Rxo, di, and correction factor for 40-in. Rad .
Description
Answer: At the intersection point of 0.2 on the y-axis and 0.4 on
Enter the chart with the ratio of the 16-in. Rps /40-in. Rad on the y-axis
the x-axis, di = 31.9 in., Rxo = 1.1 ohm-m, and correction
and 28-in. Rps /40-in. Rad on the x-axis. The intersection point defines
factor = 0.955.
the following:
The value of the 40-in. Rad is reduced by the correction
■ di factor: 40-in. Rad × 0.955.
■ Rxo
■ correction factor for 40-in. attenuation resistivity.
175
arcVISION675* and ImPulse* Array Resistivity Compensated Tools—2 MHz

Rt-38
Conductive Invasion—Open Hole

1.0
48 52
7
5
56
44 2
1.5
1
0.7
0.5 16
0.1
16-in. Rps / 0.3 40-in. Rad/Rt = 1
40-in. Rad
0.9
0.8
0.7
40 0.2
0.2 0.6 di (in.)
0.5
Rt 0.3
20
0.4
0.15
Rxo = 0.1 ohm-m
24
36 32 28
0.01
0.01 0.1 1.0
28-in. Rps /40-in. Rad
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Rt-37 for arcVISION675 and
ImPulse 2-MHz resistivity. The corrections are already applied to
the log presentation.
176

Rt-39
Resistive Invasion—Open Hole

10
125
100
90 Rxo = 300 ohm-m
80
75 200
70
0.55
65 150
0.6
60
0.65
55 0.7 100
16-in. Rps / 0.75

40-in. Rad
50
0.8 70
45 0.85
50
di (in.)
0.9
40
0.95
Rt /40-in. Rad = 1 30 Rt
35
30
20
15
1
1 10
*Mark of Schlumberger 28-in. Rps /40-in. Rad

© Schlumberger
Purpose
tion applied to the arcVISION log presentation of di, Rxo, and 40-in.
Rad for resistive invasion.
177

Rt-40
Resistive Invasion—Open Hole
2.4
2.2 65
60
55 0.55
Rxo = 300 ohm-m
200
2.0 50
150
0.6
45
0.65 100
1.8
0.7
16-in. Rps / 40
40-in. Rad
di (in.)
70
0.75
1.6 35 50
0.8
Rt
1.4 30
0.85 30
0.9
0.95 20
1.2
15
Rt /40-in. Rad = 1
1.0
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4
*Mark of Schlumberger 28-in. Rps /40-in. Rad
© Schlumberger
Purpose
tion applied to the arcVISION and ImPulse log presentation for
2-MHz resistivity.
178
arcVISION* Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz in Horizontal Well

Bed Proximity Effect—Open Hole
Purpose Example
Charts Rt-41 and Rt-42 are used to calculate the correction applied
Given: Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m, Rt = 1 ohm-m, and
to the log presentation of Rt from the arcVISION tool at the
16-in. Rps = 1.5 ohm-m.
approach to a bed boundary. The value of Rt is used to calculate
water saturation. Find: Bed proximity effect.
Answer: The top set of charts is appropriate for these resistivity
Description values. The ratio Rps /Rt = 1.5/1 = 1.5.
There are two sets of charts for differing conditions:
Enter the y-axis of the left-hand chart at 1.5 and move
■ shoulder bed resistivity (Rshoulder) = 10 ohm-m and Rt = 1 ohm-m horizontally to intersect the 16-in. curve. The corre-
■ Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m and Rt =100 ohm-m. sponding value on the x-axis is 1 ft, which is the distance
of the surrounding bed from the tool. At 2 ft from the
bed boundary, the value of 16-in. R ps = 1 ohm-m.
Rt
179
Formation Resistivity–Drill
Resistivity—LWD Pipe
arcVISION* Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz in Horizontal Well

Rt-41
Bed Proximity Effect for Horizontal Well: Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m and Rt = 1 ohm-m
3 3
2 2
Rps /Rt Rad /Rt

1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance to bed boundary (ft) Distance to bed boundary (ft)
Bed Proximity Effect for Horizontal Well: Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m and Rt = 100 ohm-m
3 3
2 2
Rps /Rt Rad /Rt

1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rt Distance to bed boundary (ft) Distance to bed boundary (ft)
© Schlumberger
180

Rt-42
in Horizontal Well
Bed Proximity Effect for Horizontal Well: Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m, Rt = 1 ohm-m

3 3
2 2
Rps /Rt Rad /Rt

1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance to bed boundary (ft) Distance to bed boundary (ft)
Bed Proximity Effect for Horizontal Well: Rshoulder = 10 ohm-m, Rt = 100 ohm-m
3 3
2 2
Rps /Rt Rad /Rt

1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance to bed boundary (ft) Distance to bed boundary (ft) Rt
© Schlumberger
Purpose
ImPulse 2-MHz resistivity. The correction is already applied
181
Lithology—Wireline
General
Density and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Mineral Identification—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is a method for identifying the type of clay in the wellbore. Given: Environmentally corrected thorium concentration
The values of the photoelectric factor (Pe) from the Litho-Density* (ThNGScorr) = 10.6 ppm, environmentally corrected
log and the concentration of potassium (K) from the NGS Natural potassium concentration (KNGScorr) = 3.9%, and Pe = 3.2.
Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool are entered on the chart. Find: Mineral concentration of the logged clay.
Description Answer: The intersection points from plotting values of Pe and K
Enter the upper chart with the values of Pe and K to determine the on the upper chart and Pe and Th/K ratio = 10.6/3.9 = 2.7
point of intersection. On the lower chart, plotting Pe and the ratio on the lower chart suggest that the clay mineral is illite.
of thorium and potassium (Th/K) provides a similar mineral evalua-
tion. The intersection points are not unique but are in general areas
defined by a range of values.
Lith
182
Density and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Lith-1
Mineral Identification—Open Hole (former CP-18)
10
8
Glauconite
Chlorite Biotite
6
Photoelectric
factor, Pe
4
Illite
Muscovite
Montmorillonite
2
Kaolinite
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Potassium concentration, K (%)
10
8
Glauconite
Biotite Chlorite Lith

6
Photoelectric
factor, Pe
Mixed layer
4
Illite
Muscovite
2
Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 6 10 20 30 60 100
Thorium/potassium ratio, Th/K
© Schlumberger
183
NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Lith-2
Mineral Identification—Open Hole (former CP-19)
25
= 25
12
Th/K
Possible 100% kaolinite,
=
/K
montmorillonite,
Th
illite “clay line” 100% illite point
rals
20
mine
Kaolinite
ring
3.5
K=
-bea
Th/
15
rium
y tho
Thorium
(ppm) ~70% illite
Heav
10 lay
er c = 2.0
ed-lay Th/K
Mix ~40%
e
mica
nit
Illite
illo
Micas
or
tm
5
on
~30% glauconite Th/K = 0.6

M
orit
e Glauconite Th/K = 0.3
Chl Feldspar
0 Potassium evaporites, ~30% feldspar
0 1 2 3 4 5
Potassium (%)
© Schlumberger
Lith
Purpose A sandstone reservoir with varying amounts of shaliness and
This chart is used to determine the type of minerals in a shale illite as the principal clay mineral usually plots in the illite segment
formation from concentrations measured by the NGS Natural of the chart with Th/K between 2.0 and 3.5. Less shaly parts of the
Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool. reservoir plot closer to the origin, and shaly parts plot closer to the
70% illite area.
Description
Entering the chart with the values of thorium and potassium locates
the intersection point used to determine the type of radioactive min-
erals that compose the majority of the clay in the formation.
184
Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool

Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the lithology and porosity of a forma- Given: Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 3.0, and bulk density =
tion. The porosity is used for the water saturation determination and 2.73 g/cm3.
the lithology helps to determine the makeup of the logged formation. Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 1.6, and bulk density =
2.24 g/cm3.
Description
Note that this chart is designed for fresh water (fluid density Find: Porosity and lithology.
[ρf] = 1.0 g/cm3) in the borehole. Chart Lith-4 is used for saltwater Answer: For the first set of conditions, the formation is a
(ρf = 1.1 g/cm3) formations. dolomite with 8% porosity.
Values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and bulk density (ρb) from the The second set is for a quartz sandstone formation
Platform Express Three-Detector Lithology Density (TLD) tool are with 30% porosity.
entered into the chart. At the point of intersection, porosity and
lithology values can be determined.
Lith

185

Lith-3
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole (former CP-16)
Fresh Water (ρf = 1.0 g/cm3), Liquid-Filled Borehole

1.9
40
2.0
Salt
40
0
2.1
40
30
2.2
30
Quartz sandstone
ne)
2.3
30
(limesto
20
20
Calcite
2.4
Dolomite
Bulk density, ρb
(g/cm3)
10
20
2.5
10
2.6
0
Lith
10
2.7
0
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Photoelectric factor, Pe
© Schlumberger
186

Lith-4
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole (former CP-17)
Salt Water (ρf = 1.1 g/cm3), Liquid-Filled Borehole

1.9
2.0
Salt
0
40
40
2.1
40
2.2 30
Quartz sandstone
30
ne)
2.3
(limesto
20
30
Calcite
20
2.4
Dolomite
Bulk density, ρb
(g/cm3)
10
2.5
20
10
2.6
0
10
2.7 Lith
0
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
© Schlumberger Photoelectric factor, Pe
This chart is used similarly to Chart Lith-3 for lithology and poros- bulk density (ρb) from the Platform Express TLD tool in saltwater
ity determination with values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and borehole fluid.
187
General
Lithology—Wireline, Drillpipe
LWD
Density Tool
Lith-5
Apparent Matrix Volumetric Photoelectric Factor—Open Hole (former CP-20)
3.0 Fresh water (0 ppm), ρf = 1.0 g/cm3, U f = 0.398

Salt water (200,000 ppm), ρf = 1.11 g/cm3, U f = 1.36
2.5 0
10
2.0 20
30
Bulk density, ρb 40 Apparent total

(g/cm3) porosity, φta (%)
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 6 8 10 12 14
Photoelectric factor, Pe Apparent matrix
volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa
© Schlumberger
Lith
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the apparent matrix volumetric Given: Pe = 4.0, ρb = 2.5 g/cm3, φta = 25%, and freshwater
photoelectric factor (Umaa) for the Chart Lith-6 percent lithology borehole fluid.
determination. Find: Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa).
Description Answer: Enter the chart with the Pe value (4.0) on the left-hand
This chart is entered with the values of bulk density (ρb) and Pe from x-axis, and move upward to intersect the curve for
a density log. The value of the apparent total porosity (φta) must also ρb = 2.5 g/cm3.
be known. The appropriate solid lines on the right-hand side of the From that intersection point, move horizontally right to
chart that indicate a freshwater borehole fluid or dotted lines that intersect the φta value of 25%, using the blue freshwater
represent saltwater borehole fluid are used depending on the salinity curve.
of the borehole fluid. Uf is the fluid photoelectric factor. Move vertically downward to determine the Umaa value
on the right-hand x-axis scale: Umaa = 13.
188
Lithology—Wireline, LWD
General
Density Tool
Lithology Identification—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to identify the rock mineralogy through comparison Given: ρmaa = 2.74 g/cm3 (from Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10) and
of the apparent matrix grain density (ρmaa) and apparent matrix volu- Umaa = 13 (from Chart Lith-5).
metric photoelectric factor (Umaa). Find: Matrix composition of the formation.
Description Answer: Enter the chart with ρmaa = 2.74 g/cm3 on the y-axis and
The values of ρmaa and Umaa are entered on the y- and x-axis, respec- Umaa = 13 on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates
tively. The rock mineralogy is identified by the proximity of the point a matrix mixture of 20% dolomite and 80% calcite.
of intersection of the two values to the labeled points on the plot.
The effect of gas, salt, etc., is to shift data points in the directions
shown by the arrows.
Lith

189
General
Density Tool
Lith-6
Lithology Identification—Open Hole (former CP-21)
2.2
2.3
Salt
2.4
on
Gas directi
2.5
2.6 K-feldspar
Apparent matrix % calcit

20 e
grain density, Quartz
ρmaa (g/cm3) 40
60
2.7 80
80
Calcite
60
20
40 40
%
2.8 Barite
qu
ite
ar
60
tz
20 olom
d
80 %
2.9 Dolomite
Heavy minerals
Lith
Anhydrite
3.0
Kaolinite
Illite
3.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa
© Schlumberger
190
Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves

M–N Plot for Mineral Identification—Open Hole
Purpose The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by poros-
This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from sonic, ity range as follows:
density, and neutron logs. 1. φ = 0 (tight formation)
2. φ = 0 to 12 p.u.
Description
3. φ = 12 to 27 p.u.
Because M and N slope values are practically independent of porosity
4. φ = 27 to 40 p.u.
except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be corre-
lated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to calcu- Example
late M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) Given: M = 0.79 and N = 0.51.
Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The
Find: Mineral composition of the formation.
intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for
binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Answer: The intersection of the M and N values indicates dolomite
Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle defined by the three con- in group 2, which has a porosity between 0 to 12 p.u.
stituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity,
etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.
Lith

191
Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves

Lith-7
M–N Plot for Mineral Identification—Open Hole (former CP-8)
1.1
Freshwater mud
ρf = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 µs/m
ρf = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 µs/ft
Gypsum Saltwater mud
ρf = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 µs/m
1.0 ρf = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 µs/ft
s
Ga r
Secondary o lt
porosity sa
0.9
vma = 5943 m/s
= 19,500 ft/s
Quartz sandstone
Calcite (limestone)
vma = 5486 m/s
= 18,000 ft/s
0.8 1 2 34
Dolomite
M 324 1
0.7 Anhydrite
Sulfur
Approximate
0.6
shale
region
Lith
0.5
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N
© Schlumberger
192
General
Environmentally Corrected APS* Curves

M–N Plot for Mineral Identification—Open Hole
Purpose The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by poros-
This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from APS ity range as follows:
Accelerator Porosity Sonde neutron logs. 1. φ = 0 (tight formation)
2. φ = 0 to 12 p.u.
Description
3. φ = 12 to 27 p.u.
Because M and N values are practically independent of porosity
4. φ = 27 to 40 p.u.
except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be corre-
lated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to cal- Because the dolomite spread is negligible, a single dolomite point
culate M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) is plotted for each mud.
Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The
intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for Example
binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Given: M = 0.80 and N = 0.55.
Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle defined by the three con- Find: Mineral composition of the formation.
stituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity, Answer: Dolomite.
etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.
Lith

193
General
Environmentally Corrected APS* Curves

Lith-8
M–N Plot for Mineral Identification—Open Hole (former CP-8a)
1.1
Freshwater mud
ρf = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 µs/m
ρf = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 µs/ft
Gypsum Saltwater mud
ρf = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 µs/m
1.0 ρf = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 µs/ft
s
Ga r
Secondary o lt
porosity sa
0.9
vma = 5943 m/s
= 19,500 ft/s
Quartz sandstone
Calcite (limestone)
vma = 5486 m/s
= 18,000 ft/s
0.8 Dolomite 12 3,4
0.7 Anhydrite
Sulfur
0.6 Approximate
shale
region
Lith
0.5
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N
© Schlumberger
194
Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity

Apparent Matrix Parameters—Open Hole
Purpose Example
Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide Given: Apparent crossplot porosity from density-neutron = 20%,
values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and appar- ρb = 2.4 g/cm3, apparent crossplot porosity from
ent matrix grain density (ρmaa) for the matrix identification (MID) neutron-sonic = 30%, and t = 82 µs/ft.
Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identification Find: ρmaa and t maa.
of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron,
Answer: ρmaa = 2.75 g/cm3 and t maa = 46 µs/ft.
density, and sonic measurements is possible.
Description
Determining the values of t maa and ρmaa to use in the MID Charts
Lith-11 and Lith-12 requires three steps.
First, apparent crossplot porosity is determined using the appro-
priate neutron-density and neutron-sonic crossplot charts in the
“Porosity” section of this book. For data that plot above the sand-
stone curve on the charts, the apparent crossplot porosity is defined
by a vertical projection to the sandstone curve.
Second, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the interval transit
time (t) to intersect the previously determined apparent crossplot
porosity. This point defines t maa.
Third, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the bulk density (ρb)
to again intersect the apparent crossplot porosity and define ρmaa.
The values determined from Charts Lith-9 and Lith-10 for tmaa and
ρmaa are cross plotted on the appropriate MID plot (Charts Lith-11
and Lith-12) to identify the rock mineralogy by its proximity to the
labeled points on the plot.
Lith

195

Lith-9
Apparent Matrix Parameters—Open Hole (customary, former CP-14)
Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3
Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (µs/ft)

130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
3.0 130
2.9 120
2.8 110
40
2.7 100
30 Apparent
crossplot
porosity
2.6 90
c
ni
20
so
n-
ro
Interval
ut
10
Ne
Bulk density, 2.5 80 transit

ρb (g/cm3) time,
n
t (µs/ft)
tro
eu
-n
2.4 70
ity
ns
10
De
2.3 20 60
2.2 30 50
2.1 40 40
Lith 2.0 30
3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Apparent matrix density, ρmaa (g/cm3)
© Schlumberger
196
General

Lith-10
Apparent Matrix Parameters—Open Hole (metric, former CP-14m)
Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3
Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (µs/m)
350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100
3.0 350
2.9 325
40
2.8 300
Apparent
2.7 30 crossplot 275
porosity
2.6 250
c
20
ni
so
n-
ro
Interval
ut
10
Ne
Bulk density, 2.5 225 transit

ρb (g/cm3) time,
n
t (µs/m)
tro
eu
-n
2.4 200
ity
ns
10
De
2.3 20 175
2.2 30 150
2.1 40 125
Lith
2.0 100
3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Apparent matrix density, ρmaa (g/cm3)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide
values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and appar-
ent matrix grain density (ρmaa) for the matrix identification (MID)
Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identification
of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron,
density, and sonic measurements is possible.
197
General
Density Tool
Matrix Identification (MID)—Open Hole
Purpose
ρf Multiplier
Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12 are used to establish the type of mineral
predominant in the formation. 1.00 1.00
1.05 0.98
Description 1.10 0.95
Enter the appropriate (customary or metric units) chart with 1.15 0.93
the values established from Charts Lith-9 or Lith-10 to identify the
predominant mineral in the formation. Salt points are defined for
Example
two tools, the sidewall neutron porosity (SNP) and the CNL*
Given: ρmaa = 2.75 g/cm3, t maa = 56 µs/ft (from Chart Lith-9),
Compensated Neutron Log. The presence of secondary porosity
and ρf = 1.0 g/cm3.
in the form of vugs or fractures displaces the data points parallel
to the apparent matrix internal transit time (tmaa) axis. The presence Find: The predominant mineral.
of gas displaces points to the right on the chart. Plotting some shale Answer: The formation consists of both dolomite and calcite,
points to establish the shale trend lines helps in the identification which indicates a dolomitized limestone. The formation
of shaliness. For fluid density (ρf) other than 1.0 g/cm3 use the table used in this example is from northwest Florida in the
to determine the multiplier to correct the apparent total density Jay field. The vugs (secondary porosity) created by the
porosity before entering Chart Lith-11 or Lith-12. dolomitization process displace the data point parallel
to the dolomite and calcite points.
Lith
198
General
Density Tool
Lith-11
Matrix Identification (MID)—Open Hole (customary, former CP-15)
2.0
Salt
(CNL* log)
2.1 Salt
(SNP)
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 on
cti
dire
ρmaa s
Ga
(g/cm3) 2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
Lith
3.1
30 40 50 60 70
tmaa (µs/ft)
© Schlumberger
199
Density Tool
Lith-12
Matrix Identification (MID)—Open Hole (metric, former CP-15m)
2.0
Salt
(CNL* log)
2.1 Salt
(SNP)
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 on
cti
dire
s
ρmaa Ga
(g/cm3) 2.6
Quartz
2.7
Calcite
2.8
Dolomite
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
Lith
3.1
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

t maa (µs/m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Chart Lith-12 is used similarly to Chart Lith-11 to establish the mineral
type of the formation.
200
Porosity—Wireline, LWD
General
Sonic Tool
Porosity Evaluation—Open Hole
Purpose Example: Consolidated Formation

This chart is used to convert sonic log slowness time (∆t) values Given: ∆t = 76 µs/ft in a consolidated formation with
into those for porosity (φ). vma = 18,000 ft/s.
Description Find: Porosity and the formation lithology (sandstone,
There are two sets of curves on the chart. The blue set for matrix dolomite, or limestone).
velocity (vma) employs a weighted-average transform. The red set Answer: 15% porosity and consolidated sandstone.
is based on the empirical observation of lithology (see Reference
20). For both, the saturating fluid is assumed to be water with Example: Unconsolidated Formation
a velocity (vf) of 5,300 ft/s (1,615 m/s). Given: Unconsolidated formation with ∆t = 100 µs/ft in
Enter the chart with the slowness time from the sonic log on the a nearby water sand with a porosity of 28%.
x-axis. Move vertically to intersect the appropriate matrix velocity Find: Porosity of the formation for ∆t = 110 µs/ft.
or lithology curve and read the porosity value on the y-axis. For rock Answer: Enter the chart with 100 µs/ft on the x-axis and move
mixtures such as limy sandstones or cherty dolomites, intermediate vertically upward to intersect 28-p.u. porosity. This
matrix lines may be interpolated. intersection point indicates the correction factor curve
To use the weighted-average transform for an unconsolidated sand, of 1.2. Use the 1.2 correction value to find the porosity for
a lack-of-compaction correction (Bcp) must be made. Enter the chart the other slowness time. The porosity of an unconsoli-
with the slowness time and intersect the appropriate compaction dated formation with ∆t = 110 µs/ft is 34 p.u.
correction line to read the porosity on the y-axis. If the compaction
correction is not known, it can be determined by working backward
from a nearby clean water sand for which the porosity is known.
Lithology vma (ft/s) ∆tma (µs/ft) vma (m/s) ∆tma (µs/m)

Sandstone 18,000–19,500 55.5–51.3 5,486–5,944 182–168
Limestone 21,000–23,000 47.6–43.5 6,400–7,010 156–143
Dolomite 23,000–26,000 43.5–38.5 7,010–7,925 143–126
Por

201
Sonic Tool
Por-1
Porosity Evaluation—Open Hole (customary, former Por-3)
vf = 5,300 ft/s
50 50
Time average
Field observation
1.1
40 40
1.2
1.3
) 1.4
ne
30 sto ne 30
e sto 1.5
(lim nd
te
e sa
i
1.6
lom
tz
t
lci
r
ua
Do
Ca
Bcp
Q
Porosity, Porosity,
φ (p.u.) φ (p.u.)
20 20
vma (ft/s)
23 000
,
21 ,000
26
19 ,000
18 ,500
0
10 10
,00
Por 0 0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Interval transit time, ∆t (µs/ft)
© Schlumberger
202
Sonic Tool
Por-2
Porosity Evaluation—Open Hole (metric, former Por-3m)
vf = 1,615 m/s
50 50
Time average
Field observation
1.1
40 40
1.2
1.3
ite 1.4
om e
ton
l
Do
te
30
alci nds 1.5 30
C sa
artz 1.6
Qu
Porosity, Bcp Porosity,
φ (p.u.) φ (p.u.)
ne
20 20
sto
e sand
e
Qu men alci omit
ds artz
vma (m/s)
C ol
te
D
u
ton
z s ed q
7,0 ,000
t
an
8
5, ,40 0 0
Ce
a rt
5,5 950 0
10 10
6
00
0 0 Por
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Interval transit time, ∆t (µs/m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-1 with metric units.
203
Density Tool
Por-3
Porosity Determination—Open Hole (former Por-5)
ρf (g/cm3) 1.0 0.9 0.8
1.1
1.2
40
)
te
mi
olo
(d
)
ne
= 2 .87
sto
)
te
=2
lci
nd
.83
ca
sa
ma
ρ
rtz
= 2 . 71
ma
ua
=2
ρ
.68
(q
ma
30
.6 5
ρ
=2
ma
ρ
ma
ρ
Porosity, ρma – ρb
φ (p.u.) 20 φ=
ρma – ρf
10
0
2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0
2.31
Bulk density, ρb (g/cm )
3
© Schlumberger
Purpose porosity as determined by the density tool. This porosity in combina-

Por
This chart is used to convert grain density (g/cm3) to density porosity. tion with CNL* Compensated Neutron Log, sonic, or both values of
porosity can help determine the rock type of the formation.
Description
Values of log-derived bulk density (ρb) corrected for borehole size, Example
matrix density of the formation (ρma), and fluid density (ρf) are used Given: ρb = 2.31 g/cm3 (log reading corrected for borehole
to determine the density porosity (φD) of the logged formation. The effect), ρma = 2.71 g/cm3 (calcite mineral), and
ρf is the density of the fluid saturating the rock immediately sur- ρf = 1.1 g/cm3 (salt mud).
rounding the borehole—usually mud filtrate. Find: Density porosity.
Enter the borehole-corrected value of ρb on the x-axis and move
Answer: φD = 25 p.u.
vertically to intersect the appropriate matrix density curve. From the
intersection point move horizontally to the fluid density line. Follow
the porosity trend line to the porosity scale to read the formation
204
Porosity—Wireline
APS* Near-to-Array (APLC) and Near-to-Far (FPLC) Logs

Epithermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence—Open Hole
Purpose The HPLC curve is the high-resolution version of the APLC curve.
This chart is used for the apparent limestone porosity recorded by the The same corrections apply.
APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde or sidewall neutron porosity (SNP)
tool to provide the equivalent porosity in sandstone or dolomite for- Resolution Short Spacing Long Spacing
mations. It can also be used to obtain the apparent limestone poros-
Normal APLC
ity (used for the various crossplot porosity charts) for a log recorded Epithermal neutron porosity (ENPI)† FPLC
in sandstone or dolomite porosity units. Enhanced HPLC
HNPI† HFLC
Description † Not formation-salinity corrected.
Enter the x-axis with the corrected near-to-array apparent limestone
porosity (APLC) or near-to-far apparent limestone porosity (FPLC)
and move vertically to the appropriate lithology curve. Then read the Example: Equivalent Porosity
equivalent porosity on the y-axis. For APS porosity recorded in sand- Given: APLC = 25 p.u. and FPLC = 25 p.u.
stone or dolomite porosity units enter that value on the y-axis and Find: Porosity for sandstone and for dolomite.
move horizontally to the recorded lithology curve. Then read the
Answer: Sandstone porosity from APLC = 28.5 p.u. and sandstone
apparent limestone neutron porosity for that point on the x-axis.
porosity from FPLC = 30 p.u.
The APLC is the epithermal short-spacing apparent limestone
neutron porosity from the near-to-array detectors. The log is auto- Dolomite porosity = 24 and 20 p.u., respectively.
matically corrected for standoff during acquisition. Because it is
epithermal this measurement does not need environmental correc- Example: Apparent Porosity
tions for temperature or chlorine effect. However, corrections for Given: Clean sandstone porosity = 20 p.u.
mud weight and actual borehole size should be applied (see Chart Find: Apparent limestone neutron porosity.
Neu-10). The short spacing means that the effect of density and Answer: Enter the y-axis at 20 p.u. and move horizontally to
therefore the lithology on this curve is minimal. the quartz sandstone matrix curves. Move vertically
The FPLC is the epithermal long-spacing apparent limestone neu- from the points of intersection to the x-axis and read
tron porosity acquired from the near-to-far detectors. Because it is the apparent limestone neutron porosity values.
epithermal this measurement does not need environmental correc- APLC = 16.8 p.u. and FPLC = 14.5 p.u.
tions for temperature or chlorine effect. However, corrections for
mud weight and actual borehole size should be applied (see Chart
Neu-10). The long spacing means that the density and therefore
lithology effect on this curve is pronounced, as seen on Charts Por-13
and Por-14.
Por

205
Porosity—Wireline
APS* Near-to-Array (APLC) and Near-to-Far (FPLC) Logs

Epithermal Neutron Porosity Equivalence—Open Hole Por-4
(former Por-13a)
40
APLC
FPLC
SNP
30
ne
sto
True porosity
)
nd
20
for indicated sa
one
matrix material, t
tz
es
ar
φ (p.u.) (lim
Qu
ite
lc
Ca ite
olom
D
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent limestone neutron porosity, φSNPcor (p.u.)
Apparent limestone neutron porosity, φAPScor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Por
206
Porosity—Wireline
General
Thermal Neutron Tool

Por-5
Porosity Equivalence—Open Hole (former Por-13b)
40
Formation salinity
0 ppm
250,000 ppm TNPH

NPHI
30
True porosity
ne
for indicated 20 sto e)
matrix material, n
nd
to
φ (p.u.) es
sa
m
tz
(li ite
ar
ite lom
Qu
c o
al D
C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent limestone neutron porosity, φCNLcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose NPHI Thermal neutron porosity (ratio method)

Por
This chart is used to convert CNL* Compensated Neutron Log porosity NPOR Neutron porosity (environmentally corrected and
curves (TNPH or NPHI) from one lithology to another. It can also be enhanced vertical resolution processed)
used to obtain the apparent limestone porosity (used for the various TNPH Thermal neutron porosity (environmentally corrected)
crossplot porosity charts) from a log recorded in sandstone or dolomite
porosity units. Example
Given: Quartz sandstone formation, TNPH = 18 p.u. (apparent
Description limestone neutron porosity), and formation salinity =
To determine the porosity of either quartz sandstone or dolomite 250,000 ppm.
enter the chart with the either the TNPH or NPHI corrected
Find: Porosity in sandstone.
apparent limestone neutron porosity (φCNLcor) on the x-axis. Move
vertically to intersect the appropriate curve and read the porosity Answer: From the TNPH porosity reading of 18 p.u. on the x-axis,
for quartz sandstone or dolomite on the y-axis. The chart has a project a vertical line to intersect the quartz sandstone
built-in salinity correction for TNPH values. dashed red curve. From the y-axis, the porosity of the
sandstone is 24 p.u.
207
Porosity—Wireline
Thermal Neutron Tool—CNT-D and CNT-S 21⁄2-in. Tools

Por-6
Porosity Equivalence—Open Hole
40
30
ne
True porosity
sto
for indicated 20 nd
matrix material,
ne
ite
Sa
to
φ (p.u.) om
es
l
Do
Lim
10
0
–10 0 10 20 30 40
Apparent limestone neutron porosity (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Por
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-5 to convert 21⁄2-in. compen-
sated neutron tool (CNT) porosity values (TNPH) from one lithology
to another. Fresh formation water is assumed.
208
Porosity—LWD
General
adnVISION475* 4.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool

Por-7
40
35
30
ne
25 dsto
n e)
sa ton
tr z e s
a
True porosity Qu (lim te
te mi
for indicated 20 alci Dolo
matrix material, C
φ (p.u.)
15
10
0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Corrected apparent limestone neutron porosity, φADNcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Description
This chart is used to determine the porosity of sandstone, limestone, Enter the chart on the x-axis with the corrected apparent limestone
or dolomite from the corrected apparent limestone porosity measured porosity from Chart Neu-31 to intersect the curve for the appropriate
with the adnVISION475 4.75-in. tool. formation material. Read the porosity on the y-axis. Por
209
Porosity—LWD

Por-8
40
35
30
ne
25 dsto
n e)
sa ton
tr z e s
a
True porosity Qu e (lim
t
for indicated 20 lci ite
matrix material, Ca o lom
D
φ (p.u.)
15
10
0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Chart Por-8 is used similarly to Chart Por-7 for determining
porosity from the corrected apparent limestone porosity from
Por
the adnVISION675 6.75-in. tool.
210
Porosity—LWD

Por-9
40
35
30
25 ne
dsto
n ne
Sa sto
e
True porosity Lim te
(p.u.) 20
lomi
Do
15
10
0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
© Schlumberger
Purpose
Chart Por-9 is used similarly to Chart Por-7 for determining
porosity from the corrected apparent limestone porosity from
Por
the adnVISION825 8.25-in. tool.
211
Porosity—Wireline
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density* Tool

(fresh water in invaded zone)
Purpose Example
This chart is used with the bulk density and apparent limestone Given: Corrected apparent neutron limestone porosity =
porosity from the CNL Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density 16.5 p.u. and bulk density = 2.38 g/cm3.
tools, respectively, to approximate the lithology and determine the Find: Crossplot porosity and lithology.
crossplot porosity.
Answer: Crossplot porosity = 18 p.u. The lithology is approxi-
Description mately 40% quartz and 60% limestone.
Enter the chart with the environmentally corrected apparent neu-
tron limestone porosity on the x-axis and bulk density on the y-axis.
The intersection of the two values describes the crossplot porosity
and lithology.
If the point is on a lithology curve, that indicates that the forma-
tion is primarily that lithology. If the point is between the lithology
curves, then the formation is a mixture of those lithologies. The posi-
tion of the point in relation to the two lithology curves as composi-
tion endpoints indicates the mineral percentages of the formation.
The porosity for a point between lithology curves is determined
by scaling the crossplot porosity by connecting similar numbers on
the two lithology curves (e.g., 20 on the quartz sandstone curve to
20 on the limestone curve). The scale line closest to the point repre-
sents the crossplot porosity.
Chart Por-12 is used for the same purpose as this chart for salt-
water-invaded zones.
Por
212
Porosity—Wireline
General

Por-11
(fresh water in invaded zone) (former CP-1e)
Liquid-Filled Borehole (ρf = 1.000 g/cm3 and Cf = 0 ppm)

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt 35
2.1 Ap 35
pro 35
xim
cor gas ate 30
rec y
tion sit
2.2 oro 30 35 30
P
25 e
s ton
nd
sa 25
tz 30 25
2.3 20 ar e)
Qu ston
e
20 e (lim
t 20
15 lci 25
2.4 Ca
Density
Bulk 15 15 porosity,
10 20 te φD (p.u.)
density,
lomi
ρb (g/cm3) 2.5 Do (ρma = 2.71 g/cm3,
10 10 ρf = 1.0 g/cm3)
5 15
2.6 5
5
0
10
2.7 0
0
5
2.8 –5
0
–10
2.9
–15 Por
Anhydrite
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Corrected apparent limestone neutron porosity, φCNLcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
213
Porosity—Wireline
General

Por-12
(salt water in invaded zone) (former CP-11)
Liquid-filled borehole (ρf = 1.190 g/cm3 and Cf = 250,000 ppm)

1.9
45
2.0
Sulfur 45 45
Salt 40
2.1 Ap 40 40
pro
xim 35
cor gas ate
rec
tion 35 35
y
2.2 sit 30
oro
P 30 35 30
25 ne
2.3 d sto
n 25
sa 25
20 a rtz e) 30
Qu
0 s ton
2.4 2 e Density
15 (lim 20
ite 25 porosity,
Bulk lc
Ca φD (p.u.)
density, 15 15
2.5 10 (ρma = 2.71 g/cm3,
ρb (g/cm3) 20 ρf = 1.19 g/cm3)
10 ite
5 olom 10
15 D
2.6
0 5 5
10
2.7 0 0
5
–5
2.8
0
–10
2.9
–15
Anhydrite
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Corrected apparent limestone neutron porosity, φCNLcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Por
Purpose Example
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-11 with CNL Compensated Given: Corrected apparent neutron limestone porosity =
Neutron Log and Litho-Density values to approximate the lithology 16.5 p.u. and bulk density = 2.38 g/cm3.
and determine the crossplot porosity in the saltwater-invaded zone. Find: Crossplot porosity and lithology.
Answer: Crossplot porosity = 20 p.u. The lithology is approxi-
mately 55% quartz and 45% limestone.
214
Porosity—Wireline
General
APS* and Litho-Density* Tools

Por-13
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole (former CP-1g)
Liquid-Filled Borehole (ρf = 1.000 g/cm3 and Cf = 0 ppm)

1.9
APLC 45
FPLC
40
2.0
40
Ap 35 35
pro
2.1 xim 35 40 40
cor gas ate
rec 30 30
tion
2.2 30 35 35
ity n e
ros 25 25 to
Po ds
san 5 e)
2.3 artz 2
s ton 30 30
20 20 Qu e
e (lim
it
20 lc
Ca 25 25
2.4 15 15 ite
lo m
Bulk density, 15 Do
10 10 20 20
ρb (g/cm3)
2.5
10
55 15 15
2.6 5
00
10 10
2.7 0
5 5
2.8
00
2.9 e
rit
hyd
An
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Corrected APS apparent limestone neutron porosity, φAPScor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Por
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the lithology and porosity from the Given: APLC porosity = 8 p.u. and bulk density = 2.2 g/cm3.
Litho-Density bulk density and APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde porosity Find: Approximate quartz sandstone porosity.
log curves (APLC or FPLC). This chart applies to boreholes filled
Answer: Enter at 8 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.2 g/cm3 on the y-axis
with freshwater drilling fluid; Chart Por-14 is used for saltwater fluids.
to find the intersection point is in the gas-in-formation
Description correction region. Because the APLC porosity value was
Enter either the APLC or FPLC porosity on the x-axis and the bulk used, move parallel to the blue gas correction line until
density on the y-axis. Use the blue matrix curves for APLC porosity the blue quartz sandstone curve is intersected at approx-
values and the red curves for FPLC porosity values. Anhydrite plots imately 19 p.u.
on separate curves. The gas correction direction is indicated for for-
mations containing gas. Move parallel to the blue correction line if
the APLC porosity is used or to the red correction line if the FPLC
porosity is used.
215
Porosity—Wireline
General
APS* and Litho-Density* Tools (saltwater formation)

Por-14
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole (former CP-1h)
Liquid-Filled Borehole (ρf = 1.190 g/cm3 and Cf = 250,000 ppm)

1.9
APLC
FPLC
45 45
2.0
45
Ap 40 40
pro
2.1 xim 40
cor gas ate 35 35
rec
tion 35 40 40
2.2 30 30
ity 30
oros 35 35
P 25 25
ne
2.3 sto
and 25
20 20 zs ne
) 30 30
art sto
Qu 0 e
2.4 2 (lim 5
15 15 lcite 2 25
Bulk density, C a ite
ρb (g/cm3) 15 lom
10 10 Do
2.5 20 20
10
55
2.6 15 15
5
00
10 10
2.7 0
5 5
2.8
00
2.9
e
rit
hyd
An
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Corrected APS apparent limestone neutron porosity, φAPScor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Por
Purpose Example
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-13 to determine the lithology Given: APLC porosity = 8 p.u. and bulk density = 2.2 g/cm3.
and porosity from Litho-Density* bulk density and APS* porosity log Find: Approximate quartz sandstone porosity.
curves (APLC or FPLC) in saltwater boreholes.
Answer: Enter 8 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.2 g/cm3 on the y-axis to
find the intersection point is in the gas-in-formation cor-
rection region. Because the APLC porosity value was
used, move parallel to the blue gas correction line until
the blue quartz sandstone curve is intersected at approx-
imately 20 p.u.
216
Porosity—LWD
General

Por-15
Fresh Water, Liquid-Filled Borehole (ρf = 1.0 g/cm3)

1.9
Salt
40
2.0 40
ity 35
ros
2.1 Po 35 40
30
2.2 e 30 35
25 s ton
nd
sa 25
tr z ) 30
2.3 a ne
20 Qu esto
lim
20 ite(
Bulk density, lc 25
ρb (g/cm3) 2.4 15 Ca
15 ite
o lom
10 20 D
2.5
10
5 15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
5
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
© Schlumberger
Por
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the crossplot porosity and lithology Given: φADNcor = 20 p.u. and ρb = 2.24 g/cm3.
from the adnVISION475 4.75-in. density and neutron porosity. Find: Crossplot porosity and matrix material.
Description Answer: 25 p.u. in sandstone.
Enter the chart with the adnVISION475 corrected apparent lime-
stone neutron porosity (from Chart Neu-31) and bulk density. The
intersection of the two values is the crossplot porosity. The position
of the point of intersection between the matrix curves represents the
relative percentage of each matrix material.
217
Porosity—LWD
General

Por-16

1.9
40
2.0 40
35
2.1 y 35
sit 30
oro
P
30 35
2.2 25 e
n
sto
a nd 25 30
20 tz
s e)
2.3
uar ston
Q e
lim
20
ite( 25
Bulk density, 15 lc
2.4 Ca
ρb (g/cm3)
15 te
10 20 omi
l
2.5 Do
10
5 15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
5
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Por *Mark of Schlumberger

© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart uses the bulk density and apparent limestone porosity from Given: Corrected adnVISION675 apparent limestone porosity =
the adnVISION 6.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron tool to determine 20 p.u. and bulk density = 2.3 g /cm3.
the lithology of the logged formation and the crossplot porosity. Find: Porosity and lithology type.
Description Answer: Entering the chart at 20 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.3 g /cm3
This chart is applicable for logs obtained in freshwater drilling on the y-axis corresponds to a crossplot porosity of
fluid. Enter the corrected apparent limestone porosity and the bulk 21.5 p.u. and formation comprising approximately
density on the x- and y-axis, respectively. Their intersection point 60% quartz sandstone and 40% limestone.
determines the lithology and crossplot porosity.
218
Porosity—LWD
General

Por-17

1.9
40
2.0 40
35
2.1 35
40
ity
oros 30
P
30
35
2.2 e
25 n
sto
a nd 25
tz
s e)
30
2.3 20 uar ston
Q e
lim
20
ite(
Bulk density, 15 lc
25
2.4 Ca ite
ρb (g/cm3) olom
15 D
10
20
2.5
10
5 15
2.6 5
0
10
2.7 0
5
2.8
0
2.9
3.0
–5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
*Mark of Schlumberger Por

© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-15 to determine the lithology
and crossplot porosity from adnVISION825 8.25-in. Azimuthal Density
Neutron values.
219
Porosity—Wireline
General
Sonic and Thermal Neutron Crossplot

Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine crossplot porosity and an approxi- Given: Thermal neutron apparent limestone porosity = 20 p.u.
mation of lithology for sonic and thermal neutron logs in freshwater and sonic slowness time = 89 µs/ft in freshwater
drilling fluid. drilling fluid.
Find: Crossplot porosity and lithology.
Description
Enter the corrected neutron porosity (apparent limestone porosity) Answer: Enter the neutron porosity on the x-axis and the sonic
on the x-axis and the sonic slowness time (∆t) on the y-axis to find slowness time on the y-axis. The intersection point is at
their intersection point, which describes the crossplot porosity and about 25 p.u. on the field observation line and 24.5 p.u.
lithology composition of the formation. Two sets of curves are drawn on the time-average line. The matrix is quartz sandstone.
on the chart. The blue set of curves represents the crossplot porosity
values using the sonic time-average algorithm. The red set of curves
represents the field observation algorithm.
Por
220
Porosity—Wireline
General

Por-20
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded (customary, former CP-2c)
tf = 190 µs/ft and Cf = 0 ppm
110 Time average
40
Field observation
40
35
100
35 35
30 30
ne
sto
nd
35
sa
tz
ar
ity
Qu
ros
30
90 Po
25 25
35
30
30
25
20
25
80
)
25 one
20
30
es
20 e (lim
20
15
Sonic transit time,

∆t (µs/ft)
ite
t
lci
lom
Ca
Do
15
70
10
15
25
20
lt
Sa
10
15
15
5
10
20
5
60
10
10
0
15
0
Por
5
5
ite
10
dr
5
hy
50 0
An
5
0
0
0
40
0 10 20 30 40
Corrected CNL* apparent limestone neutron porosity, φCNLcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
221
Porosity—Wireline
General

Por-21
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded (metric, former CP-2cm)
t f = 620 µs/m and Cf = 0 ppm
360 Time average
40
Field observation
40
340
35
35 35
30 30
ne
320
sto
nd
35
sa
tz
ar
Qu
300
ity
ros
30
Po
25
35
25
30
30
280
25
20
)
ne
sto
25
25 lime
260
20
(
Sonic transit time,
te
30
lci
∆t (µs/m)
20
15
Ca
ite
240
lom
20
Do
15
10
15
20
25
lt
Sa
220
15
10
15
5
10
20
200 5
10
0 10
15
0
180
5
5
te
Por
dri
10
hy
5
An
0
160
5
0
0
0
140
0 10 20 30 40
*Mark of Schlumberger Corrected CNL* apparent limestone neutron porosity, φCNLcor (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-20 for metric units.
222
General
Density and Sonic Crossplot

Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine porosity and lithology for sonic and Given: Bulk density = 2.3 g /cm3 and sonic slowness
density logs in freshwater-invaded zones. time = 82 µs/ft.
Description Find: Crossplot porosity and lithology.
Enter the chart with the bulk density on the y-axis and sonic slow- Answer: Limestone with a crossplot porosity = 24 p.u.
ness time on the x-axis. The point of intersection indicates the type
of formation and its porosity.
Por

223
General

Por-22
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded (customary, former CP-7)
t f = 189 µs/ft and ρf = 1.0 g/cm3

1.8
Time average
Field observation
Sylvite
1.9
2.0 40
40
40
Salt Sulfur
Trona
2.1
40
40
30
30 30
30
2.2
ity
ros
Po
2.3 30
30
20
20
Gypsum
20
20
Bulk density,
ρb (g/cm3) 2.4
2.5
10
10
20
20
10
10
e)
ton
2.6
es
lim
e(
0 lcit
0
0
0 Ca
ne
2.7
sto
10
10
nd
sa
Por
tz
ar
Qu
2.8 Polyhalite
ite
lom
Do
00
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Sonic transit time, ∆t (µs/ft)
© Schlumberger
224
General

Por-23
Porosity and Lithology—Open Hole, Freshwater Invaded (metric, former CP-7m)
t f = 620 µs/m and ρf = 1.0 g/cm3

1.8
Time average
Field observation
Sylvite
1.9
2.0
40
40
40
Salt
Sulfur
2.1 Trona
40
40
30
30 30
30
2.2
y
sit
oro
P
2.3
30
30
20
20
Gypsum
20
20
Bulk density,
ρb (g/cm3) 2.4
2.5
10
10
20
20
10
10
e)
ton
2.6
es
(lim
ite
0 lc
0
0
0 Ca
ne
2.7
sto
10
10
nd
sa
tz
ar
Por
Qu
2.8 Polyhalite
ite
lom
0 Do
2.9
0
Anhydrite
3.0
150 200 250 300 350 400
Sonic transit time, ∆t (µs/m)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-22 for metric units.
225
General
Density and Neutron Tool

Porosity Identification—Gas-Bearing Formation
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the porosity and average water satu- Given: φD = 25 p.u. and φN = 10 p.u. in a low-pressure, shallow
ration in the flushed zone (Sxo) for freshwater invasion and gas com- (4,000-ft) reservoir.
position of C1.1H4.2 (natural gas). Find: Porosity and Sxo.
Description Answer: Enter the chart at 25 p.u. on the y-axis and 10 p.u. on the
Enter the chart with the neutron- and density-derived porosity values x-axis. The point of intersection identifies (on the blue
(φN and φD, respectively). On the basis of the table, use the blue curves curves for a shallow reservoir) φ = 20 p.u. and Sxo = 62%.
for shallow reservoirs and the red curves for deep reservoirs.
Depth Pressure Temperature ρw (g/cm3) IHw ρg (g/cm3) IHg

Shallow reservoir ~2,000 psi [~14,000 kPa] ~120°F [~50°C] 1.00 1.00 0 0
Deep reservoir ~7,000 psi [~48,000 kPa] ~240°F [~120°C] 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.54
ρw = density of water, ρg = density of gas, IHw = hydrogen index of water, and IHg = hydrogen index of gas
Por
226
General
Density and Neutron Tool

Por-24
Porosity Identification—Gas-Bearing Formation (former CP-5)
50
40
0
35
20
35
40 40 Porosity
30
30
60
0
25 80
30 20 25
40
100
60
Density-derived porosity, 20 Sxo
φD (p.u.) 20 80
100
20 Sxo
15
15
10
10
10
For shallow reservoirs, use blue curves.

5 For deep reservoirs, use red curves.
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 Por
Neutron-derived porosity, φN (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
227
General
Porosity—Wireline
Density and APS* Epithermal Neutron Tool

Porosity Identification—Gas-Bearing Formation
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the porosity and average water satu- Given: φD = 15 p.u. and APS φN = 8 p.u. in a normally pressured
ration in the flushed zone (Sxo) for freshwater invasion and gas com- deep (14,000-ft) reservoir.
position of CH4 (methane). Find: Porosity and S xo.
Description Answer: φ = 11 p.u. and S xo = 39%.
Enter the chart with the APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde neutron- and
density-derived porosity values (φN and φD, respectively). On the basis
of the table, use the blue curves for shallow reservoirs and the red
curves for deep reservoirs.
Depth Pressure Temperature ρw IHw ρg IHg

Shallow reservoir ~2,000 psi [~14,000 kPa] ~120°F [~50°C] 1.00 1.00 0.10 0.23
Deep reservoir ~7,000 psi [~48,000 kPa] ~240°F [~120°C] 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.54
ρw = density of water, ρg = density of gas, IHw = hydrogen index of water, and IHg = hydrogen index of gas
Por
228
Porosity—Wireline
General
Density and APS* Epithermal Neutron Tool

Por-25
Porosity Identification—Gas-Bearing Formation (former CP-5a)
50
40
40
0 35
35
40 20 Porosity
40
30
30
60
0 25 80
30
20 25
40 100
Sxo
60
Density-derived porosity, 20
φD (p.u.) 80
20
100
Sxo
20
15 15
10
10
10
For shallow reservoirs, use blue curves.
For deep reservoirs, use red curves.
55
0 Por
0 10 20 30 40
APS epithermal neutron-derived porosity, φN (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
229
Porosity—Wireline
General
Density, Neutron, and Rxo Logs

Porosity Identification in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formation—Open Hole
Purpose Example
This nomograph is used to estimate porosity in hydrocarbon-bearing Given: Corrected CNL apparent neutron porosity = 12 p.u.,
formations by using density, neutron, and resistivity in the flushed corrected apparent density porosity = 38 p.u., and
zone (Rxo) logs. The density and neutron logs must be corrected for Shr = 50%.
environmental effects and lithology before entry to the nomograph. Find: Hydrocarbon-corrected porosity.
The chart includes an approximate correction for excavation effect,
Answer: Enter the 12-p.u. φcor value on the CNL scale. A line from
but if hydrocarbon density (ρh) is <0.25 g /cm3 (gas), the chart may
this value to 38 p.u. on the φDcor scale intersects the φ1
not be accurate in some extreme cases:
scale at 32.2 p.u. The intersection of a line from this
■ very high values of porosity (>35 p.u.) coupled with medium value to the graph origin and Shr = 50% is ∆φ = –1.6 p.u.
to high values of hydrocarbon saturation (Shr) Hydrocarbon-corrected porosity: 32.2 – 1.6 = 30.6 p.u.
■ Shr = 100% for medium to high values of porosity.
Description
Connect the apparent neutron porosity value on the appropriate
neutron porosity scale (CNL* Compensated Neutron Log or sidewall
neutron porosity [SNP] log) with the corrected apparent density
porosity on the density scale with a straight line. The intersection
point on the φ1 scale indicates the value of φ1.
Draw a line from the φ1 value to the origin (lower right corner)
of the chart for ∆φ versus Shr.
Enter the chart with Shr from (Shr = 1 – Sxo) and move vertically
upward to determine the porosity correction factor (∆φ) at the inter-
section with the line from the φ1 scale.
This correction factor algebraically added to the porosity φ1 gives
the corrected porosity.
Por
230
Porosity—Wireline
General
Density, Neutron, and Rxo Logs

Por-26
Porosity Identification in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formation—Open Hole (former CP-9)
φcor φcor φ1 φDcor

(CNL*) (SNP)
50 50 50 50
(p.u.)
40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30
–5
20 20 20 20 –4
–3
∆φ
(p.u.)
10 10 10 10 –2 Por
–1
0 0 0 0 0
100 80 60 40 20 0
Shr (%)
© Schlumberger
231
Porosity—Wireline
General
Hydrocarbon Density Estimation

Por-27
(former CP-10)
1.0
ρh
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
φSNPcor 0.6
φDcor
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shr (%)
1.0
ρh
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
φCNLcor
0.6
φDcor
0.4 0.5
0.4
0.2 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Por 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shr (%)
© Schlumberger
Purpose hydrocarbon saturation on the x-axis. The intersection point of the

This chart is used to estimate the hydrocarbon density (ρh) within two values defines the density of the hydrocarbon.
a formation from corrected neutron and density porosity values.
Example
Description Given: Corrected CNL porosity = 15 p.u., corrected density
Enter the ratio of the sidewall neutron porosity (SNP) or porosity = 25 p.u., and Shr = 30% (residual hydrocarbon).
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log neutron porosity and density Find: Hydrocarbon density.
porosity corrected for lithology and environmental effects
Answer: Porosity ratio = 15/25 = 0.6. ρh = 0.29 g /cm3.
(φSNPcor or φCNLcor /φDcor, respectively) on the y-axis and the
232
General
Saturation—Wireline, LWD
Porosity Versus Formation Resistivity Factor

SatOH-1
Open Hole (former Por-1)
2.5 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000

50
40
30
25
20
15
1
FR =
φ2
10 1
m FR =
9 φm
8
Porosity, 7 Vugs or
φ (p.u.) spherical pores 2.8
6
5 0.62
FR = 2.5
φ2.15
4 Fractures
3 2.2
1.8
2.0
2
0.81 1.6
FR =
φ2
⎛R ⎞
( )
1.4
log ⎜ mf ⎟ = 0.396 – 0.0475 × ρm
1 ⎝ Rm ⎠
2.5 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000
Formation resistivity factor, FR
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This chart is used for a variety of conversions of the formation Given: Soft formation with Hard formation (m = 2) with
resistivity factor (FR) to porosity. φ = 25 p.u. φ = 8 p.u.
Find: FR. FR.
Description SatOH
The most appropriate conversion is best determined by laboratory Answer: FR = 13 (from chart). FR = 160 (from chart).
measurement or experience in the area. In the absence of this FR = 12.96 (calculated). FR = 156 (calculated).
knowledge, recommended relationships are the following:
■ Soft formations (Humble formula): FR = 0.62/φ2.51 or Fr = 0.81/φ2
■ Hard formations: FR = 1/φm with the appropriate cementation
factor (m).
233
Spherical and Fracture Porosity

SatOH-2
Open Hole (former Por-1a)
3.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
2.5 2.0
1.5 Isolated
pores
1.0
φiso = 0.5
Cementation 2.0
exponent, m
0.1
φ fr =
0.2
0.5 Fractures
1.5
1.0
1.5 2.0
2.5
5.0 .0
10
1.0
0.5 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50
Porosity, φ (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Enter the chart with the porosity (φ) on the x-axis and m on the
This chart is used to identify how much of the measured porosity y-axis. The intersection point gives an estimate of either the amount
is isolated (vugs or moldic) or fractured porosity. of isolated porosity (φiso) or the amount of porosity resulting from
fractures (φfr).
SatOH Description
This chart is based on a simplified model that assumes no contribu- Example
tion to formation conductivity from vugs and moldic porosity and the Given: φ = 10 p.u. and cementation exponent = 2.5.
cementation exponent (m) of fractures is 1.0. Find: Intergranular (matrix) porosity.
When the pores of a porous formation have an aspect ratio close
Answer: Entering the chart with 10 p.u. and 2.5 gives an intersec-
to 1 (vugs or moldic porosity), the value of m of the formation is usu-
tion point of φiso = approximately 4.5 p.u.
ally greater than 2. Fractured formations typically have a cementa-
Intergranular porosity = 10 – 4.5 = 5.5 p.u.
tion exponent less than 2.
234
Saturation Determination
Open Hole
Purpose Description
This nomograph is used to solve the Archie water saturation If Ro is known, a straight line from the known Ro value through the
equation: measured Rt value indicates the value of Sw. If Ro is unknown, it may
be determined by connecting Rw with FR or porosity (φ).
Ro FR R w
Sw = = , Example
Rt Rt Given: Rw = 0.05 ohm-m at formation temperature, φ = 20 p.u.
where (FR = 25), and Rt = 10 ohm-m.
Sw = water saturation Find: Water saturation.
Ro = resistivity of clean-water formation Answer: Enter the nomograph on the Rw scale at Rw = 0.05 ohm-m.
Rt = true resistivity of the formation Draw a straight line from 0.05 through the porosity scale
FR = formation resistivity factor at 20 p.u. to intersect the Ro scale.
Rw = formation water resistivity. From the intersection point of Ro = 1, draw a straight line
through Rt = 10 ohm-m to intersect the Sw scale.
It should be used in clean (nonshaly) formations only. Sw = 31.5%.
SatOH
235
SatOH-3
Open Hole (former Sw-1)
Clean Formations, m = 2
Sw
(%)
Ro Rt 5
(ohm-m) (ohm-m)
30 10,000
Rw φ FR 8,000 6
(ohm-m) (%) 6,000
5,000 7
0.01 2,000 20 4,000
2.5 18 3,000
16 8
3 1,000 14 2,000
800 9
4 12
600 1,000 10
0.02 10
5 400 9 800
8 11
6 300 600
0.03 7 500 12
7 200 400
6 13
0.04 8 300 14
9 5
10 100 200 15
0.05 80 4 16
0.06 60 100
15 50 3 18
0.07 40 80
0.08 30 60 20
0.09 20 50
0.1 20 2 40
25 1.8 30
1.6 25
30 10 1.4 20
35 8 1.2
40 6 30
0.2 45 5 1.0 10
50 4 0.9 8
0.8 6
0.3 1 0.7 5
FR = 4 40
φ2.0 0.6
0.4 3
0.5
2
0.5 0.4 50
0.6 m = 2.0 1.0
0.7 0.3 0.8 60
0.8 0.6
0.9 0.5 70
1 0.2 0.4
0.18 0.3
0.16 80
1.5 0.14 0.2
0.12 90
2 0.10 0.1 100
Ro = FRRw Sw = Ro
Rt
SatOH
© Schlumberger
236
Open Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine water saturation (Sw) in shaly or Given: Rxo = 12 ohm-m, Rt = 2 ohm-m, Rmf /Rw = 20, and
clean formations when knowledge of the porosity is unavailable. It Sor = 20%.
may also be used to verify the water saturation determination from Find: Sw (after correction for ROS).
another interpretation method. The large chart assumes that the
Answer: Enter the large chart at Rxo /Rt = 12/2 = 6 on the
mud filtrate saturation is
y-axis and Rmf /Rw = 20 on the x-axis. From the point of
intersection (labeled A), move diagonally to the right to
S xo = 5 S w .
intersect the chart edge and directly across to enter the
small chart and intersect Sor = 20%.
The small chart provides an Sxo correction when Sxo is known.
However, water activity correction is not provided for the SP portion Sw = 43%.
of the chart (see Chart SP-2).
Description
Description Shaly Sands
Clean Sands Enter the chart with Rxo /Rt and the SP in the shaly sand (EPSP). The
Enter the large chart with the ratio of the resistivity of the flushed point of intersection gives the Swa value. Draw a line from the chart’s
zone to the true formation resistivity (Rxo /Rt) on the y-axis and the origin (the small circle located at Rxo /Rt = Rmf /Rm = 1) through this
ratio of the resistivity of the mud filtrate to the resistivity of the for- point to intersect with the value of static spontaneous potential (ESSP)
mation water (Rmf /Rw) on the x-axis to find the water saturation at to obtain a value of Rxo /Rt corrected for shaliness. This value of Rxo /Rt
average residual oil saturation (Swa). If Rmf /Rw is unknown, the chart versus Rmf /Rw is plotted to find Sw if Rmf /Rw is unknown because the
may be entered with the spontaneous potential (SP) value and the point defined by Rxo /Rt and ESSP is a reasonable approximation of Sw.
formation temperature. If Sxo is known, move diagonally upward, The small chart to the right can be used to further refine Sw if Sor is
parallel to the constant-Swa curves, to the right edge of the chart. known.
Then, move horizontally to the known Sxo (or residual oil saturation
[ROS], Sor) value to obtain the corrected value of Sw. Example
Given: Rxo /Rt = 2.8, Rmf /Rw = 25, EPSP = –75 mV, ESSP = –120 mV,
and electrochemical SP coefficient (Kc) = 80 (formation
temperature = 150ºF).
Find: Sw and corrected value for Sor = 10%.
Answer: Enter the large chart at Rxo/Rt = 2.8 and the intersection
of EPSP = –75 mV at Kc = 80 from the chart below. A line
from the origin through the intersection point (labeled B)
intersects the –120-mV value of ESSP at Point C. Move
horizontally to the left to intersect Rmf /Rw = 25 at Point D.
Then move diagonally to the right to intersect the right
y-axis of the chart. Move horizontally to the small chart to
determine Sxo = 0.9%, Sw = 38%, and corrected Sw = 40%.
For more information, see Reference 12.
SatOH
237
SatOH-4
Sor (%)
Rmf /Rw 0 10 20 30 40
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
50 80 60
40
70 50
30
Rxo Sxo 60
EPSP = –Kc log – 2Kc log 40
20 Rt Sw
5
Sxo = S w 50 (%)
Sw
30
40
10 25
8
0% 30 20
6 = 10
a
Sw A C
5
D 25
4
50 60% 70%
15
3 20
B
%
Rxo
2
Rt
15
%
40
% 0%
1
3
Sxo = 5 S w
0.8
10
25
0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

%
0.5
20
Sxo
0.4
Sw = Sxo (Swa)0.8
%
15
0.3
0.2
%
10
0.1
0.08
SatOH
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
Rmf /Rw
Kc
75 70 25
100 50
Temperature 150 80 Temperature
75
(°F) 200 100 (°C)
90
300 100 150
20 10 0 –20 –40 –60 –80 –100 –120 –140
EPSP or ESSP (mV)

© Schlumberger
238
Graphical Determination of Sw from Swt and Swb

SatOH-5
100
90 Swb
70%
80 60%
50%
70 40%
30%
60 20%
10%
Swt (%) 50 0
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sw (%)
© Schlumberger
Purpose Enter the y-axis with Swt and move horizontally to intersect SatOH
This chart is used to drive a value of water saturation (Sw) corrected the appropriate Swb curve. Read the value of Sw on the x-axis.
for the bound-water volume in shale.
Example
Description Given: Swt = 45% and Swb = 10%.
This is a graphical determination of Sw from the total water satura- Find: Sw.
tion (Swt) and the saturation of bound water (Swb):
Answer: Sw = 39.5%.
S wt − S wb
Sw = .
1 − S wb
239
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Hole

SatOH-6
Use if no Density and Hydrogen Index of Gas Assumed Zero Use if no

shale present Porosity, φ (p.u.) oil present
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0
100 10,000
2 4,000
90 2,000
4 1,000
400
6 80 300
200
8 150
70
10 100
12 70
60
60
14 50
(%)
Neutron Rt
16 50 40
porosity
, Sg
Rw
index
tion
18 40 30
(corrected
ura
for lithology) 20
sat
30
Gas
22 20
24 20
26 15
14
10 13
28
12
30 0 11
2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8

2.65 Sandstone
Limy sandstone
2.70 Limestone
Matrix density, 2.75
ρma (g/cm3)
2.80
2.85
Dolomite
2.90
2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
© Schlumberger Apparent bulk density from density log, ρb (g/cm3)
Purpose So = Sh – Sg
This chart is used to determine porosity (φ) and gas saturation (Sg) Sw = 100 – Sh.
from the combination of density and neutron or from density and
SatOH resistivity measurements. Example
Given: Limy sandstone (ρma = 2.68 g/cm3), ρb = 2.44 g/cm3,
Description
φN = 9 p.u., R t = 74 ohm-m, and R w = 0.1 ohm-m.
Enter from the point of intersection of the matrix density (ρma) and
apparent bulk density (ρb). Move vertically upward to intersect Find: φ, Sg, Sh, So, and Sw.
either neutron porosity (φN, corrected for lithology) or the ratio of Answer: First, find R t /R w = 74/0.1 = 740.
true resistivity to connate water resistivity (Rt /Rw). This point defines φ = 12 p.u. and Sg = 25%.
the actual porosity and Sg on the curves.
Sh = 70% (total hydrocarbon saturation).
Oil saturation (So) can also be determined if all three measure-
ments (density, neutron, and resistivity) are available. Find the values So = 70 – 25 = 45%.
of φ and Sg as before, and then find the intersection of R t /R w with φ Sw = 100 – 70 = 30%.
to read the value of the total hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) on the
saturation scale for use in the following equations:
240
Saturation—Wireline
EPT* Propagation Time

SatOH-7
Open Hole (former Sxo-1)
tpma (ns/m) tpma (ns/m)

7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10
21 Sxo
(%)
20 100
19
90
18
17 80
16
/m)
Gas il
(ns 70
O
21 t pw
15
25
14 60
tpl (ns/m) 13 30
53%
50
4 35 50
12 40 5 40
35
11 30 40
10.9 50
y
25
sit
60
(% poro
10 20
15 70 30
on
)
9 80
ati
10 90
rm
Fo
8 5 20
7
10
6
5 0
Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Limestone
Dolomite Dolomite
© Schlumberger
Purpose edge of the scale grid. From this point, extend a straight line through
This nomograph is used to define flushed zone saturation (Sxo) in the porosity scale to the center scale grid; again, move parallel to the
the rock immediately adjacent to the borehole by using the EPT diagonal lines to the appropriate tpma value and then horizontally to
Electromagnetic Propagation Tool time measurement (tpl). the right edge of the grid scale. From this point, extend a straight
line through the intersection of tpw and the hydrocarbon type point SatOH
Description to intersect the Sxo scale. For more information, see Reference 25.
Use of this chart requires knowledge of the reservoir lithology or
matrix propagation time (tpma), saturating water propagation time
(tpw), porosity (φ), and expected hydrocarbon type. Enter the far-left
scale with tpl and move parallel to the diagonal lines to intersect the
appropriate tpma value. From this point move horizontally to the right
241
EPT* Attenuation
SatOH-8
Open Hole (former Sxo-2)
Sxo
(%)
Aw 6
(dB/m) 7
6,000 8
AEPTcor 9
5,000 (dB/m) 10
4,000
1
3,000
φ 2
(p.u.)
2,000 3 20
1 4
6
2 30
8
1,000 3 10
900 4
800 40
5
700 20
600 50
10 30
500 40 60
15
400 70
20 60
80
30 80
300 90
40 100
100
200 200
300
400
100 600
90 800
*Mark of Schlumberger 80 1,000
© Schlumberger
Purpose Example
This nomograph is used to determine the flushed zone saturation Given: EATT = 250 dB/m, tpl = 10.9 ns/m, φ = 28 p.u., water salin-
(Sxo) in the rock immediately adjacent to the borehole by using the ity = 20,000 ppm, and bottomhole temperature = 150ºF.
EPT Electromagnetic Propagation Tool attenuation measurement. It Find: Spreading loss (from Chart Gen-16 inset) and Sxo.
requires knowledge of the saturating fluid (usually mud filtrate)
SatOH Answer: The spreading loss determined from the inset on
attenuation (Aw), porosity (φ), and the EPT EATT attenuation
Chart Gen-16 is –82 dB/m.
(AEPTcor) corrected for spreading loss.
AEPTcor = 250 – 82 = 168 dB/m.
Description Aw (from Chart Gen-16) = 1,100 dB/m.
The value of Aw must first be determined. Chart Gen-16 is used to
Enter the far-left scale at Aw = 1,100 dB/m and draw
estimate Aw by using the equivalent water salinity and formation
a straight line through φ = 28 p.u. on the next scale to
temperature. EPT-D spreading loss is determined from the inset on
intersect the median line. From this intersection point,
Chart Gen-16 based on the uncorrected EPT propagation time (tpl)
draw a straight line through AEPTcor = 168 dB/m on the
measurement. The spreading loss correction algebraically added to
next scale to intersect the Sxo value on the far-right
the EPT-D EATT attenuation measurement gives the corrected EPT
attenuation (AEPTcor). These values are used with porosity on the scale. Sxo = 56 p.u.
nomograph to determine Sxo.
242
Capture Cross Section Tool

Cased Hole
Purpose Procedure
This chart is used to determine water saturation (Sw) from capture Shaly Formation
cross section, or sigma (Σ), measurements from the TDT* Thermal The Sw determination in a shaly formation requires additional infor-
Decay Time pulsed neutron log. mation: sigma shale (Σsh) read from the TDT log in adjacent shale,
Vsh from porosity-log crossplot or gamma ray, shale porosity (φsh) read
Description
from a porosity log in adjacent shale, and the porosity corrected for
This chart uses sigma water (Σw), matrix capture cross section (Σma),
shaliness (φshcor) with the relation for neutron and density logs
and porosity (φ) to determine water saturation in clean formations.
in liquid-filled formations of φshcor = φlog – Vshφsh.
The chart may be used in shaly formations if sigma shale (Σsh), the
Enter the value of Σma on Scale B and draw Line 1 to intersect
volume fraction of shale in the formation (Vsh), and the porosity cor-
with Pivot Point A. From the value of Σsh on Scale A, draw Line 2
rected for shale are known.
through the intersection of Line 1 and Vsh to determine the shale-
Thermal decay time (t and tsh in shale) is also shown on some
corrected Σcor on Scale B. Draw Line 3 from Σcor to the value of Σma
of the chart scales because it is related to Σ.
on the scale to the left of Scale C. Enter Σlog on Scale B and draw
Procedure Line 4 through the intersection of Line 3 and the value of φ to deter-
Clean Formation mine Σf on Scale C. From Σf on Scale C, draw Line 5 through the
The Sw determination for a clean formation requires values known intersection of Σh and Σw to determine Sw on Scale D.
for Σma (based on lithology), φ, Σw from the NaCl salinity (see Chart Example
Gen-12 or Gen-13), and sigma hydrocarbon (Σh) (see Chart Gen-14). Given: Σlog = 25 c.u.
Enter the value of Σma on Scale B and draw a line to Pivot Point B.
Σma = 8 c.u.
Enter Σlog on Scale B and draw Line b through the intersection of
Line a and the value of φ to intersect the sigma of the formation Σh = 18 c.u.
fluid (Σf) on Scale C. Draw Line 5 from Σf through the intersection Σw = 80 c.u.
of Σh and Σw to determine the value of Sw on Scale D. Σsh = 45 c.u.
Example: Clean Formation φlog = 33 p.u.
Given: Σlog = 20 c.u., Σma = 8 c.u. (sandstone) from TDT tool, φsh = 45 p.u.
Σh = 18 c.u., Σw = 80 c.u. (150,000 ppm or mg/kg), and Vsh = 0.2.
φ = 30 p.u.
Find: φshcor and Sw.
Find: Sw.
Answer: First find the porosity corrected for shaliness,
Answer: Following the procedure for a clean formation, Sw = 43%. φshcor = 33 p.u. – (0.2 × 45 p.u.) = 24 p.u. This value
is used for the φ point between Scales B and C.
Sw = 43%.
SatOH

243

SatCH-1
Cased Hole (former Sw-12)
Σsh (c.u.)
Σsh
20 30 40 50 60
A
200 150 120 100 90 80
t sh (µs)
Pivot point A
1
0.5
0.4 Vsh
0.3
0.2 Σma
Σ (c.u.) Σcor
Σlog 0.1
50 40 30 20 10 0
B
100 120 140 160 200 300 400
5
t (µs)
10
15
20
25 φ (p.u.)
30
35
40
45
a b
4
3 Pivot point B
Σma (c.u.) Σf (c.u.)
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

C
30
40
50
60 Σ w (c.u.)
70
20
80
40
60
90
0
120
10
Formation water 0
salinity (ppm × 1,000) 20
0
21
25
10
15
0
SatOH
Σ h (c.u.)
5
Sw (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
D
(Σ log – Σma) – φ(Σ h – Σma) – Vsh (Σsh – Σma)

Sw =
φ(Σw – Σ h)
© Schlumberger
244

Cased Hole
Purpose
This chart is used to graphically interpret the TDT* Thermal Decay 90
Time log. In one technique, applicable in shaly as well as clean
85
sands, the apparent water capture cross section (Σwa) is plotted Bound-water
80 point
versus bound-water saturation (Swb) on a specially constructed grid to Σ wb = 76
determine the total water saturation (Swt). 75 100% water line
Free-water 90%
Description 70 point
Σ wf = 61 80
To construct the grid, refer to the example chart on this page. Three 65 7
fluid points must be located: free-water point (Σwf), hydrocarbon 70
6 5
point (Σh), and a bound-water point (Σwb). The free- (or connate for- 60 8 60
mation) water point is located on the left y-axis and can be obtained 55 50
4
from measurement of a formation water sample, from Charts Gen-12 40
50
b
w
and Gen-13 if the water salinity is known, or from the TDT log in Σwa
S
30
=
t
45
w
S
a clean water-bearing sand by using the following equation: (c.u.) 20
40 3
10
Σ log − Σ ma 2
Σ wa = + Σ ma . (1) 35 0
φ 30
1
The hydrocarbon point is also located on the left y-axis of the grid. 25
It can be determined from Chart Gen-14 based on the known or 20 Hydrocarbon
expected hydrocarbon type. point
15 Σ h = 21
The bound-water point (Swb) can be obtained from the TDT log
in shale intervals also by using the Σwa equation. It is located on the 10
right y-axis of the grid. 5
The distance between the free-water and hydrocarbon points is 0 20 40 60 80 100
linearly divided into lines of constant water saturation drawn parallel Swb (%)
to a straight line connecting the free-water and bound-water points.
The Swt = 0% line originates from the hydrocarbon point, and the 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
Swt = 100% line originates from the free-water point. Gamma Ray
The value of Σwa from the equation is plotted versus Swb to give *Mark of Schlumberger (gAPI)
© Schlumberger
Swt. The value of Swb can be estimated from the gamma ray or other
bound-water saturation estimator.
Once Swt and Swb are known, the water saturation of the reservoir
The grid can also be used to graphically determine water
rock exclusive of shale can be determined using
saturation (Sw) in clean formations by crossplotting Σlog on the
S wt − S wb y-axis and porosity (φ) on the x-axis. The values of Σma and Sw need
Sw = . (2) not be known but must be constant over the interval studied. There
1 − S wb
must be some points from 100% water zones and a good variation in
Example porosity. These water points define the Sw = 100% line; when extrap-
Given: Σwf = 61 c.u. and Σh = 21 c.u. (medium-gravity oil with olated, this line intersects the zero-porosity axis at Σma. The Sw = 0%
modest GOR from Chart Gen-14), and Σwb = 76 c.u. line is drawn from Σma at φ = 0 p.u. to Σ = Σh at φ = 100 p.u. (or
(from TDT log in a shale interval and the preceding Eq. 1). Σ = 1⁄2(Σma + Σh) at φ = 50 p.u.). The vertical distance from Sw = 0%
to Sw = 100% is divided linearly to define lines of constant water
Find: Swt and Sw for Point 4.
saturation. The water saturation of any plotted point can thereby
Answer: Σwa = 54 c.u. (from Eq. 1) and Swb = 25% (from be determined.
gamma ray). SatCH
Swt = 72% and Sw = 63% (from the preceding Sw
equation).

245

SatCH-2
Cased Hole (former Sw-17)
Σlog
or
Σwa
© Schlumberger
φ or Swb
SatCH
© Schlumberger
246
RST* Reservoir Saturation Tool—1.6875 in. and 2.5 in.

Carbon/Oxygen Ratio—Open Hole
Purpose consistently outside the trapezoid, the interpretation model may

Charts SatCH-3 through SatCH-8 are presented for illustrative require revision.
purposes only. They are used to ensure that the measured near- and The rectangle within each chart is constructed from four distinct
far-detector carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio data are consistent with the points determined by the intersection of the near- and far-detector
interpretation model. These example charts are drawn for specific C/O ratios:
cased and open holes and tool sizes to provide trapezoids for the WW = water/water point
to determination of oil saturation (So) and oil holdup (yo). WO = water/oil point
Description OW = oil/water point
Known formation and borehole data define the expected C/O ratio OO = oil/oil point.
values, which are determined in water saturation and borehole RST Reservoir Saturation Tool processing then determines the water
holdup values ranging from 0 to 1. All log data for formations with saturation (Sw) of the formation.
porosity (φ) greater than 10 p.u. should be within the trapezoidal
area bounded by the limits of the So and yo values. If data plot
SatCH

247

SatCH-3
in 6.125-in. Borehole (former RST-3)
φ = 30%, 6.125-in. Open Hole
RST-A and RST-C, limestone

0.8 RST-A, quartz sandstone
RST-B and RST-D, limestone
OO
RST-B, quartz sandstone
0.6
OO
OO
Far-detector WO
0.4 OW OO
carbon/oxygen
ratio WO
WO
OW OW
0.2
WO
WW WW OW
WW
0
WW
0 0.5 1.0
Near-detector carbon/oxygen ratio
φ = 20%, 6.125-in. Open Hole

OO
0.6
OO
Far-detector OW
carbon/oxygen 0.4
ratio OO
WO OO
WO
OW OW
0.2 WW
WO
WO WW OW
SatCH
0 WW
WW
0 0.5 1.0
© Schlumberger
248

SatCH-4
in 9.875-in. Borehole
φ = 30%, 9.875-in. Open Hole

1.5
RST-A, quartz sandstone
OO
1.0
Far-detector OO
carbon/oxygen
ratio OW
0.5
OW
WO
OW
WO
WO
WW OW
WW
0
WW WW
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
φ = 20%, 9.875-in. Open Hole

1.5
RST-A, quartz sandstone
RST-Band RST-D, limestone
1.0
OO
Far-detector
carbon/oxygen OW
ratio OO
0.5 OW
OW
WO
WO
WW OW
WO SatCH
WW
WW
0
WW
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
© Schlumberger
249

SatCH-5
in 8.125-in. Borehole with 4.5-in. Casing at 11.6 lbm/ft (former RST-5)
Carbon/Oxygen Ratio—Cased Hole
φ = 30%, 6.125-in. Borehole, 4.5-in. Casing at 11.6 lbm/ft

0.6
OO
Far-detector OO
carbon/oxygen 0.4
ratio WO OO
WO
OW
OO
WO
0.2
WW OW
WO OW
OW
0
WW WW
0 0.5 1.0
φ = 20%, 6.125-in. Borehole, 4.5-in. Casing at 11.6 lbm/ft

0.6
Far-detector OO
carbon/oxygen 0.4
ratio OO
WO OW
WO OO
0.2 OW
WW OO
WO OW
WO WW
SatCH WW OW
0
WW
0 0.5 1.0
© Schlumberger
250

SatCH-6
in 7.875-in. Borehole with 5.5-in. Casing at 17 lbm/ft
φ = 30%, 7.875-in. Borehole, 5.5-in. Casing at 17 lbm/ft

OO
0.6
Far-detector OO OO
0.4 OW
carbon/oxygen
ratio
WO
WO OO
0.2 OW
OW
WO
WO
WW WW
OW
0 WW
WW
0 0.5 1.0
φ = 20%, 7.875-in. Borehole, 5.5-in. Casing at 17 lbm/ft

0.6
OO
Far-detector OW
carbon/oxygen 0.4
OO
ratio
OO
WO
OW OW
0.2 WO OO
WW
WW
WO
WO OW SatCH
0 WW
WW
0 0.5 1.0
© Schlumberger
251

SatCH-7
in 8.5-in. Borehole with 7-in. Casing at 29 lbm/ft (former RST-1)
φ = 30%, 8.5-in. Borehole, 7-in. Casing at 29 lbm/ft
RST-A and RST-C, limestone OO

0.6 OO
OW
OO
Far-detector
carbon/oxygen 0.4 OO
ratio OW
WO
OW
0.2 WO
WO
OW
WW
0 WW
WW
0 0.5 1.0

RST-B and RST-D, limestone OO
0.6
OW
OO OO
Far-detector
carbon/oxygen 0.4 OW
ratio
OW OO
WO
0.2
WO
WW
WO OW
SatCH WW
0
WW WW
0 0.5 1.0
© Schlumberger
252

SatCH-8
in 9.875-in. Borehole with 7-in. Casing at 29 lbm/ft (former RST-2)

0.8 RST-A, quartz sandstone OO
0.6
OO
OW OO
Far-detector
carbon/oxygen 0.4
ratio OW OO
WO
0.2 OW
WO
WO
WO OW
WW
WW WW
0
WW
0 0.5 1.0

RST-B, quartz sandstone OO
0.6
OW
OO
Far-detector
0.4 OW OO
carbon/oxygen
ratio
OW OO
0.2 WO
WO
WW WO OW
WO
WW SatCH
0 WW
WW
0 0.5 1.0
© Schlumberger
253
General
Permeability
Permeability from Porosity and Water Saturation

Open Hole
Purpose Example
Charts Perm-1 and Perm-2 are used to estimate the permeability of Given: φ = 23 p.u., Swi = 30%, gas saturation with ρh = 0.3 g/cm3
shales, shaly sands, or other hydrocarbon-saturated intergranular and ρw = 1.1 g/cm3, and h = 120 ft.
rocks at irreducible water saturation (Swi). Find: Correction factor and k.
Description Answer: First, find pc to determine the correction factor if the
The charts are based on empirical observations and are similar in zone of interest is not at irreducible water saturation:
form to a general expression proposed by Wyllie and Rose (1950)
(see Reference 49):
pc =
(
h ρw − ρh ) = 120 (1.1 − 0.3 ) = 42.
⎛ Cφ ⎞ 2.3 2.3
k1 2 = ⎜ ⎟ + C′. (1)
⎝ S wi ⎠
Enter the correction factor chart with Swi = 30% to inter-
Chart Perm-1 presents the results of one study for which the sect the curve for pc = 40 (nearest to 42), for which the
observed relation was correction factor is 1.08. The corrected Swi value is S´wi =
1.08 × 30% = 32.4%.
12 ⎛ 100φ2.25 ⎞
k =⎜ ⎟. (2)
⎝ S wi ⎠ Chart Perm-1: φS´wi = 0.072% and k = 130 mD.
Chart Perm-2: φS´wi = 0.072% and k = 65 mD.
Chart Perm-2 presents the results of another study:
12 ⎛ 1 − S wi ⎞
k 70φe2 ⎜ ⎟. (3)
⎝ S wi ⎠ 2.0
The charts are valid only for zones at irreducible water saturation.
Enter porosity (φ) and Swi on a chart. Their intersection defines pc = 200
the intrinsic (absolute) rock permeability (k). Medium-gravity oil is 1.8
assumed. If the saturating hydrocarbon is other than medium-gravity
oil, a correction factor (C′) based on the fluid densities of water and
hydrocarbons (ρw and ρh, respectively) and elevation above the free- 1.6 h(ρw – ρo)
water level (h) should be applied to the Swi value before it is entered pc =
2.3
on the chart. The chart on this page provides the correction factor
based on the capillary pressure: Correction 1.4
factor, C′
pc =
(
h ρw − ρh ). (4) 1.2
pc = 100
2.3
Charts Perm-1 and Perm-2 can be used to recognize zones at irre- pc = 40
pc = 10
ducible water saturation, for which the product φSwi from levels within 1.0
pc = 0
the zone is generally constant and plots parallel to the φSwi lines.
0.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Irreducible water saturation, Swi (%)
© Schlumberger
Perm
254
Permeability
General

Perm-1
Open Hole (former K-3)
60
0.5
0.2 1.0
50
0.1
0.01 2 φSwi
40 5
0.12
10
Irreducible 0.10
water Pe
20 rm
saturation ea
30 bil
above ity 0.08
50 ,k(
transition mD
zone, 100 )
Swi (%) 0.06
200
20 500
0.04 1,000
2,000
5,000
0.02
10
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Porosity, φ (p.u.)
© Schlumberger
Perm
255
General
Permeability

Perm-2
Open Hole (former K-4)
40
35
5,000
30
2,000
Per
25
me
1,000
abi
lity
500 φSwi
,k(
Porosity, 20
φ (p.u.)
mD
200 0.12
)
100 0.10
15 50 0.08
20 0.06
10
5 0.04
10
0.02 1
0.01 0.10
5
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Irreducible water saturation above transition zone, Swi (%)
© Schlumberger
This chart is used similarly to Chart Perm-1 for the relation
12 ⎛ 1 − S wi ⎞
k 70φe2 ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ S wi ⎠
Perm
256
Permeability
General
Fluid Mobility Effect on Stoneley Slowness

Perm-3
Open Hole
Fresh Mud at 600 Hz

10,000
Membrane impedance
0 GPa/cm
1,000 50 10 5 1 (no mudcake)
Mobility
(mD/cp) 100
10
0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Mobility-added slowness, S – Se (µs/ft)
© Schlumberger
Purpose
This chart is used to estimate ease of movement through a formation
by a fluid.
Description
The mobility-added slowness, which is the difference between the
Stoneley slowness and the calculated elastic Stoneley slowness, is
plotted on the x-axis and the mobility of the fluid is on the y-axis. The
membrane impedance curves represent the effect that the mudcake
has on the determination of the mobility of the fluid in the formation.
The membrane impedance is scaled in gigapascal per centimeter.
Perm
257
Cement
General Evaluation—Wireline
Cement Bond Log—Casing Strength

Interpretation—Cased Hole
Purpose Example
This chart is used to determine the decibel attenuation of casing Given: Log amplitude reading = 3.5 mV in zone of interest
from the measured cement bond log (CBL) amplitude and convert and 1.0 mV in a well-bonded section (usually the lowest
it to the compressive strength of bonded cement (either standard millivolt value on the log), casing size = 7 in. at
or foamed). 29 lbm/ft, casing thickness = 0.41 in., and neat cement
(not foamed).
Description
Find: Compressive strength and bond index of the cement at
The amplitude of the first casing arrival is recorded by an acoustic
the time of logging.
signal-measuring device such as a sonic or cement bond tool. This
amplitude value is a measure of decibel attenuation that can be Answer: Enter the 3.5-mV reading on the left y-axis of Chart
translated into a bond index (an indication of the percent of casing Cem-1 and proceed to the 7-in. casing line.
cement bonding) and the compressive strength (psi) of the cement Move horizontally to intersect the right-hand y-axis at
at the time of logging. 8.9 dB/ft.
Enter the chart on the y-axis with the log value of CBL amplitude Determine the casing thickness as (7 – 6.184)/2 = 0.816/2
and move upward parallel to the 45° lines to intersect the appropri- = 0.41 in. Draw a line from 8.9 dB/ft through the 0.41-in.
ate casing size. At that point, move horizontally right to the attenua- casing thickness point to the compressive strength scale.
tion scale on the right-hand y-axis. From this point, draw a line
Cement compressive strength = 2,100 psi.
through the appropriate casing thickness value to intersect the com-
pressive strength scale. The casing wall thickness is calculated by To find the bond index, determine the decibel attenuation of the
subtracting the nominal inside diameter (ID) from the outside lowest recorded log value by entering 1.0 mV on the left-hand y-axis
diameter (OD) listed on the table for threaded nonupset casing and proceeding to the 7-in. casing line. Move horizontally to intersect
and dividing the difference by 2. the right-hand y-axis at 12.3 dB/ft.
Divide the precisely determined decibel attenuation for the CBL
amplitude in the zone of interest by this value for the lowest millivolt
value: 8.9/12.3 = 72% bond index.
A 72% bond index means that 72% of the casing is bonded. This
is not a well-bonded zone because a value of 80% bonding over a 10-ft
interval is historically considered well bonded. Although the logging
scale is a linear millivolts scale, the decibel attenuation scale is loga-
rithmic. The millivolts log scale for the CBL value cannot rescaled
in percent of bonding. If it were, the apparent percent bonding
would be 65% because most bond log scales are from 0 to 100 mV
reading from left to right, over 10 divisions of track 1, or conversely
100% to 0% cement bonding for 0 mV = 100% bonding and
100 mV = 0% bonding.
Cem
258
Cement Evaluation—Wireline

Interpretation—Cased Hole
Threaded Nonupset Casing
OD Weight Nominal Drift OD Weight Nominal Drift OD Weight Nominal Drift

(in.) per ft† ID Diameter‡ (in.) per ft† ID Diameter‡ (in.) per ft† ID Diameter‡
(lbm) (in.) (in.) (lbm) (in.) (in.) (lbm) (in.) (in.)
4 11.60 3.428 3.303 7 17.00 6.538 6.413 10 33.00 9.384 9.228

20.00 6.456 6.331
41⁄2 9.50 4.090 3.965 22.00 6.398 6.273 103⁄4 32.75 10.192 10.036
11.60 4.000 3.875 23.00 6.366 6.241 40.00 10.054 9.898
13.50 3.920 3.795 24.00 6.336 6.211 40.50 10.050 9.894
26.00 6.276 6.151 45.00 9.960 9.804
43⁄4 16.00 4.082 3.957 45.50 9.950 9.794
28.00 6.214 6.089
29.00 6.184 6.059 48.00 9.902 9.746
5 11.50 4.560 4.435
30.00 6.154 6.029 51.00 9.850 9.694
13.00 4.494 4.369
54.00 9.784 9.628
15.00 4.408 4.283 32.00 6.094 5.969
55.50 9.760 9.604
17.70 4.300 4.175 35.00 6.004 5.879
18.00 4.276 4.151 38.00 5.920 5.795
113⁄4 38.00 11.150 10.994
21.00 4.154 4.029 40.00 5.836 5.711
42.00 11.084 10.928
47.00 11.000 10.844
51⁄2 13.00 5.044 4.919 75⁄8 20.00 7.125 7.000
54.00 10.880 10.724
14.00 5.012 4.887 24.00 7.025 6.900
60.00 10.772 10.616
15.00 4.974 4.849 26.40 6.969 6.844
15.50 4.950 4.825 29.70 6.875 6.750 12 40.00 11.384 11.228
17.00 4.892 4.767 33.70 6.765 6.640
13 40.00 12.438 12.282
20.00 4.778 4.653 39.00 6.625 6.500
23.00 4.670 4.545
133⁄8 48.00 12.715 12.559
85⁄8 24.00 8.097 7.972
53⁄4 14.00 5.290 5.165
28.00 8.017 7.892 16 55.00 15.375 15.187
17.00 5.190 5.065
32.00 7.921 7.796
19.50 5.090 4.965
36.00 7.825 7.700 185⁄8 78.00 17.855 17.667
22.50 4.990 4.865
38.00 7.775 7.650
20 90.00 19.190 19.002
6 15.00 5.524 5.399 40.00 7.725 7.600
16.00 5.500 5.375 43.00 7.651 7.526 211⁄2 92.50 20.710 20.522
18.00 5.424 5.299 44.00 7.625 7.500 103.00 20.610 20.422
20.00 5.352 5.227 49.00 7.511 7.386 114.00 20.510 20.322
23.00 5.240 5.115
9 34.00 8.290 8.165
65⁄8 17.00 6.135 6.010 241⁄2 100.50 23.750 23.562
38.00 8.196 8.071
20.00 6.049 5.924 113.00 23.650 23.462
40.00 8.150 8.025
22.00 5.989 5.864 45.00 8.032 7.907 † Weight per foot in pounds is given for plain pipe (no threads
24.00 5.921 5.796 55.00 7.812 7.687 or coupling).
26.00 5.855 5.730 ‡ Drift diameter is the guaranteed minimum inside diameter of
any part of the casing. Use drift diameter to determine the
26.80 5.837 5.712 95⁄8 29.30 9.063 8.907 largest-diameter equipment that can be safely run inside the
28.00 5.791 5.666 casing. Use inside diameter for volume capacity calculations.
32.30 9.001 8.845
29.00 5.761 5.636 36.00 8.921 8.765
32.00 5.675 5.550 40.00 8.835 8.679
43.50 8.755 8.599
47.00 8.681 8.525
53.50 8.535 8.379
continued on next page Cem
259
General Evaluation—Wireline
Cement

Cem-1
Interpretation—Cased Hole (former M-1)
Casing size (mm) Centered tool only, 3-ft [0.914-m] spacing

194
140 273
115 176 340
Attenuation
(dB/m) Compressive strength
(psi)
1
4 (mPa)
70
2
50 8
40 3
12
30 30
4
4,000
16
20 5 25
15 6 20 Casing thickness 3,000

(mm) (in.) 20
15 0.6
10 7
9 24 15
0.5 9 lbm
8 7 in. at 2 2,000
7 8
6 28 0.4
10
5 9 10
4 32 8
CBL amplitude 10 0.3
(mV) 3 7 1,000 Standard
1,000
cement
11 36
6 5
2 6
12 800
40
5 0.2
13 5 500
44 3
1
14
4
48 2
500 250
15
Foamed cement
0.5 52 3
16 1
100
17 56 300 0.5
2
50
18
0.2 0.3
41/2 7 13 3/8 (dB/ft) 200
10 /4
3
51/2 75/8 1
Casing size (in.)
Cem © Schlumberger 100
260
Appendix A Linear Grid
261
Appendix
Appendix AA Log-Linear Grid
1
9
1
262
Appendix
Appendix AA Water Saturation Grid for Resistivity Versus Porosity
0.62
For FR =
φ2.15
5,000 0.20
Resistivity scale may be

multiplied by 10 for use
in a higher range
4,000 0.25
0.30
3,000
0.35
2,500 0.40
0.45
2,000 0.50
0.60
1,500 0.70
0.80
Conductivity Resistivity
(mmho/m) 0.90 (ohm-m)
1,000 1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
500 2.0
400 2.5
3.0
300
4.0
200 5.0
6.0
150
8.0
100 10
15
50 20
30
25 40
50
10 100
200
0 ∞
ρb
FR
263
Appendix
Appendix AA Water Saturation Grid for Resistivity Versus Porosity
1
For FR =
φ2
500 2
Resistivity scale may be

multiplied by 10 for use
in a higher range
400 2.5
300
3.5
250 4
4.5
200 5
6
150
7
Conductivity 8 Resistivity
(mmho/m) (ohm-m)
9
100 10
12
14
16
50 20
40 25
30
30
40
20 50
10 100
5 200
500
1,000
2,000
0 ∞
ρb
FR
264
Appendix B Logging Tool Response in Sedimentary Minerals
Name Formula ρlog φSNP φCNL φAPS† ∆t c ∆t s Pe U ε tp Gamma Ray Σ

(g/cm3) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (µs/ft) (µs/ft) (farad/m) (ns/m) (gAPI Units) (c.u.)
Silicates
Quartz SiO2 2.64 –1 –2 –1 56.0 88.0 1.8 4.8 4.65 7.2 4.3
β-cristobalite SiO2 2.15 –2 –3 1.8 3.9 3.5
Opal (3.5% H2O) SiO2 (H2O)0.1209 2.13 4 2 58 1.8 3.7 5.0
Garnet ‡ Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 4.31 3 7 11 48 45
Ca2NaMg2Fe2
Hornblende ‡ 3.20 4 8 43.8 81.5 6.0 19 18
AlSi8O22(O,OH)2
Tourmaline NaMg3Al6B3Si6O2(OH)4 3.02 16 22 2.1 6.5 7450
Zircon ZrSiO4 4.50 –1 –3 69 311 6.9
Carbonates
Calcite CaCO3 2.71 0 0 0 49.0 88.4 5.1 13.8 7.5 9.1 7.1
Dolomite CaCO3MgCO3 2.85 2 1 1 44.0 72 3.1 9.0 6.8 8.7 4.7
Ankerite Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 2.86 0 1 9.3 27 22
Siderite FeCO3 3.89 5 12 3 47 15 57 6.8–7.5 8.8–9.1 52
Oxidates
Hematite Fe2O3 5.18 4 11 42.9 79.3 21 111 101
Magnetite Fe3O4 5.08 3 9 73 22 113 103
Goethite FeO(OH) 4.34 50+ 60+ 19 83 85
Limonite‡ FeO(OH)(H2O)2.05 3.59 50+ 60+ 56.9 102.6 13 47 9.9–10.9 10.5–11.0 71
Gibbsite Al(OH)3 2.49 50+ 60+ 1.1 23
Phosphates
Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH 3.17 5 8 42 5.8 18 9.6
Chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3Cl 3.18 –1 –1 42 6.1 19 130
Fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F 3.21 –1 –2 42 5.8 19 8.5
Carbonapatite (Ca5(PO4)3)2CO3H2O 3.13 5 8 5.6 17 9.1
Feldspars—Alkali‡
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 2.52 –2 –3 69 2.9 7.2 4.4–6.0 7.0–8.2 ~220 16
Anorthoclase KAlSi3O8 2.59 –2 –2 2.9 7.4 4.4–6.0 7.0–8.2 ~220 16
Microcline KAlSi3O8 2.53 –2 –3 2.9 7.2 4.4–6.0 7.0–8.2 ~220 16
Feldspars—Plagioclase‡
Albite NaAlSi3O8 2.59 –1 –2 –2 49 85 1.7 4.4 4.4–6.0 7.0–8.2 7.5
Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 2.74 –1 –2 45 3.1 8.6 4.4–6.0 7.0–8.2 7.2
Micas‡
Muscovite KAl2(Si3AlO10)(OH)2 2.82 12 ~20 ~13 49 149 2.4 6.7 6.2–7.9 8.3–9.4 ~270 17
K0.7(Mg,Fe2,Al)
Glauconite 2.86 ~38 ~15 4.8 14 21
(Si4,Al10)O2(OH)
Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 ~2.99 ~11 ~21 ~11 50.8 224 6.3 19 4.8–6.0 7.2–8.1 ~275 30
Phlogopite KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 50 207 33
†APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC)
‡Mean value, which may vary for individual samples
265
Appendix B Logging Tool Response in Sedimentary Minerals
Name Formula ρlog φSNP φCNL φAPS† ∆t c ∆t s Pe U ε tp Gamma Ray Σ

(g/cm3) (p.u.) (p.u.) (p.u.) (µs/ft) (µs/ft) (farad/m) (ns/m) (gAPI Units) (c.u.)
Clays‡
Kaolinite Al4Si4O10(OH)8 2.41 34 ~37 ~34 1.8 4.4 ~5.8 ~8.0 80–130 14
(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4
Chlorite 2.76 37 ~52 ~35 6.3 17 ~5.8 ~8.0 180–250 25
O10(OH)8
K1–1.5Al4(Si7–6.5,Al1–1.5)
Illite 2.52 20 ~30 ~17 3.5 8.7 ~5.8 ~8.0 250–300 18
O20(OH)4
(Ca,Na)7(Al,Mg,Fe)4
Montmorillonite 2.12 ~60 ~60 2.0 4.0 ~5.8 ~8.0 150–200 14
(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4(H2O)n
Evaporites
Halite NaCl 2.04 –2 –3 21 67.0 120 4.7 9.5 5.6–6.3 7.9–8.4 754
Anhydrite CaSO4 2.98 –1 –2 2 50 5.1 15 6.3 8.4 12
Gypsum CaSO4(H2O)2 2.35 50+ 60+ 60 52 4.0 9.4 4.1 6.8 19
Trona Na2CO3NaHCO3H2O 2.08 24 35 65 0.71 1.5 16
Tachhydrite CaCl2(MgCl2)2(H2O)12 1.66 50+ 60+ 92 3.8 6.4 406
Sylvite KCl 1.86 –2 –3 8.5 16 4.6–4.8 7.2–7.3 500+ 565
Carnalite KClMgCl2(H2O)6 1.57 41 60+ 4.1 6.4 ~220 369
Langbeinite K2SO4(MgSO4)2 2.82 –1 –2 3.6 10 ~290 24
K2SO4Mg
Polyhalite 2.79 14 25 4.3 12 ~200 24
SO4(CaSO4)2(H2O)2
Kainite MgSO4KCl(H2O)3 2.12 40 60+ 3.5 7.4 ~245 195
Kieserite MgSO4(H2O) 2.59 38 43 1.8 4.7 14
Epsomite MgSO4(H2O)7 1.71 50+ 60+ 1.2 2.0 21
Bischofite MgCl2(H2O)6 1.54 50+ 60+ 100 2.6 4.0 323
Barite BaSO4 4.09 –1 –2 267 1090 6.8
Celestite SrSO4 3.79 –1 –1 55 209 7.9
Sulfides
Pyrite FeS2 4.99 –2 –3 39.2 62.1 17 85 90
Marcasite FeS2 4.87 –2 –3 17 83 88
Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 4.53 –2 –3 21 93 94
Sphalerite ZnS 3.85 –3 –3 36 138 7.8–8.1 9.3–9.5 25
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 4.07 –2 –3 27 109 102
Galena PbS 6.39 –3 –3 1,630 10,400 13
Sulfur S 2.02 –2 –3 122 5.4 11 20
Coals
Anthracite CH0.358N0.009O0.022 1.47 37 38 105 0.16 0.23 8.7
Bituminous CH0.793N0.015O0.078 1.24 50+ 60+ 120 0.17 0.21 14
Lignite CH0.849N0.015O0.211 1.19 47 52 160 0.20 0.24 13
†APS* Accelerator Porosity Sonde porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC)
‡Mean value, which may vary for individual samples
266
Appendix C Acoustic Characteristics of Common Formations and Fluids
Nonporous Solids
Material ∆t Sound Velocity Acoustic Impedance

(µs/ft) (ft/s) (m/s) (MRayl)
Casing 57.0 17,500 5,334 41.60
Dolomite 43.5 23,000 7,010 20.19
Anhydrite 50.0 20,000 6,096 18.17
Limestone 47.6 21,000 6,400 17.34
Calcite 49.7 20,100 6,126 16.60
Quartz 52.9 18,900 5,760 15.21
Gypsum 52.6 19,000 5,791 13.61
Halite 66.6 15,000 4,572 9.33
Water-Saturated Porous Rock
Material Porosity ∆t Sound Velocity Acoustic Impedance

(%) (µs/ft) (ft/s) (m/s) (MRayl)
Dolomite 5–20 50.0–66.6 20,000–15,000 6,096–4,572 16.95–11.52
Limestone 5–20 54.0–76.9 18,500–13,000 5,639–3,962 14.83–9.43
Sandstone 5–20 62.5–86.9 16,000–11,500 4,877–3,505 12.58–8.20
Sand 20–35 86.9–111.1 11,500–9,000 3,505–2,743 8.20–6.0
Shale 58.8–143.0 17,000–7,000 5,181–2,133 12.0–4.3
Nonporous Solids
Material ∆t Sound Velocity Acoustic Impedance

(µs/ft) (ft/s) (m/s) (MRayl)
Water 208 4,800 1,463 1.46
Water + 10% NaCl 192.3 5,200 1,585 1.66
Water + 20% NaCl 181.8 5,500 1,676 1.84
Seawater 199 5,020 1,531 1.57
Kerosene 230 4,340 1,324 1.07
Air at 15 psi, 32°F [0°C] 920 1,088 331 0.0004
Air at 3,000 psi, 212°F [100°C] 780 1,280 390 0.1
267
Appendix D Conversions
Length
Multiply Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Nautical Meters Mils Miles Millimeters Yards
Number Miles
of
to
Obtain by
Centimeters 1 30.48 2.540 105 1.853 × 10 5 100 2.540 × 10 –3 1.609 × 105 0.1 91.44
Feet 3.281 × 10 –2 1 8.333 × 10 –2 3281 6080.27 3.281 8.333 ×10 –5 5280 3.281 × 10 –3 3
Inches 0.3937 12 1 3.937 × 10 4 7.296 × 10 4 39.37 0.001 6.336 ×10 4 3.937 × 10 –2 36
Kilometers 10 –5
3.048 × 10 –4
2.540 × 10 –5
1 1.853 0.001 2.540 × 10 –8
1.609 10 –6
9.144 × 10 –4
Nautical miles 1.645 × 10 –4 0.5396 1 5.396 ×10 –4 0.8684 4.934 ×10 –4
Meters 0.01 0.3048 2.540 × 10 –2 1000 1853 1 1609 0.001 0.9144
Mils 393.7 1.2 × 10 4 1000 3.937 × 10 7 3.937 × 10 4 1 39.37 3.6 × 10 4
Miles 6.214 × 10 –6 1.894 × 10 –4 1.578 × 10 –5 0.6214 1.1516 6.214 × 10 –4 1 6.214 × 10 –7 5.682 × 10 –4
Millimeters 10 304.8 25.40 105 1000 2.540 × 10 –2 1 914.4
Yards 1.094 × 10 –2 0.3333 2.778 × 10 –2 1094 2027 1.094 2.778 × 10 –5 1760 1.094 × 10 –3 1
Area
Multiply Acres Circular Square Square Square Square Square Square Square Square
Number Mils Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers Meters Miles Millimeters Yards
of
to
Obtain by
Acres 1 2.296 × 10 –5 247.1 2.471 × 10 –4 640 2.066 × 10 –4
Circular mils 1 1.973 × 10 5 1.833 × 108 1.273 × 10 6 1.973 ×10 9 1973
Square
centimeters 5.067 × 10 –6 1 929.0 6.452 10 10 10 4 2.590 × 10 10 0.01 8361
Square feet 4.356 × 10 4 1.076 × 10 –3 1 6.944 × 10 –3 1.076 × 10 7 10.76 2.788 × 10 7 1.076 × 10 –5 9
Square inches 6,272,640 7.854 × 10 –7

0.1550 144 1 1.550 × 10 9
1550 4.015 × 10 9
1.550 × 10 –3
1296
Square
kilometers 4.047 × 10 –3 10 –10 9.290 × 10 –8 6.452 × 10 –10 1 10 –6 2.590 10 –12 8.361 × 10 –7
Square meters 4047 0.0001 9.290 × 10 –2 6.452 × 10 –4 10 6 1 2.590 × 10 6 10 –6 0.8361
Square miles 1.562 × 10 –3

3.861 × 10 –11
3.587 × 10 –8
0.3861 3.861 × 10 –7
1 3.861 × 10 –13
3.228 × 10 –7
Square
millimeters 5.067 × 10 –4 100 9.290 × 10 4 645.2 10 12 10 6 1 8.361 × 10 5
Square yards 4840 1.196 × 10 –4 0.1111 7.716 × 10 –4 1.196 × 10 6 1.196 3.098 × 10 6 1.196 × 10 –6 1
268
Volume
Multiply Bushels Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Gallons Liters Pints Quarts
Number (Dry) Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Yards (Liquid) (Liquid) (Liquid)
of
to
Obtain by
Bushels (dry) 1 0.8036 4.651 × 10 –4 28.38 2.838 × 10 –2
Cubic
centimeters 3.524 × 10 4 1 2.832 × 10 4 16.39 10 6 7.646 × 10 5 3785 1000 473.2 946.4
Cubic feet 1.2445 3.531 × 10 –5 1 5.787 × 10 –4 35.31 27 0.1337 3.531 × 10 –2 1.671 × 10 –2 3.342 × 10 –2
Cubic inches 2150.4 6.102 × 10 –2 1728 1 6.102 × 10 4 46,656 231 61.02 28.87 57.75
Cubic meters 3.524 × 10 –2 10 –6 2.832 × 10 –2 1.639 × 10 –5 1 0.7646 3.785 × 10 –3 0.001 4.732 × 10 –4 9.464 × 10 –4
Cubic yards 1.308 × 10 –6 3.704 × 10 –2 2.143 × 10 –5 1.308 1 4.951 × 10 –3 1.308 × 10 –3 6.189 × 10 –4 1.238 × 10 –3
Gallons
(liquid) 2.642 × 10 –4 7.481 4.329 × 10 –3 264.2 202.0 1 0.2642 0.125 0.25
Liters 35.24 0.001 28.32 1.639 × 10 –2 1000 764.6 3.785 1 0.4732 0.9464
Pints (liquid) 2.113 × 10 –3 59.84 3.463 × 10 –2 2113 1616 8 2.113 1 2
Quarts (liquid) 1.057 × 10 –3

29.92 1.732 × 10 –2
1057 807.9 4 1.057 0.5 1
Mass and Weight

Multiply Grains Grams Kilograms Milligrams Ounces† Pounds† Tons Tons Tons
Number (Long) (Metric) (Short)
of
to
Obtain by
Grains 1 15.43 1.543 × 10 4 1.543 × 10 –2 437.5 7000
Grams 6.481 × 10 –2 1 1000 0.001 28.35 453.6 1.016 × 10 6 10 6 9.072 × 10 5
Kilograms 6.481 × 10 –5 0.001 1 10 –6 2.835 × 10 –2 0.4536 1016 1000 907.2
Milligrams 64.81 1000 10 6

1 2.835 × 10 4
4.536 × 10 5
1.016 × 10 9
10 9
9.072 × 10 8
Ounces† 2.286 × 10 –3 3.527 × 10 –2 35.27 3.527 × 10 –5 1 16 3.584 × 10 4 3.527 × 10 4 3.2 × 10 4
Pounds† 1.429 × 10 –4 2.205 × 10 –3 2.205 2.205 × 10 –6 6.250 × 10 –2 1 2240 2205 2000
Tons (long) 9.842 × 10 –7

9.842 × 10 –4
9.842 × 10 –10
2.790 × 10 –5
4.464 × 10 –4
1 0.9842 0.8929
Tons (metric) 10 –6
0.001 10 –9
2.835 × 10 –5
4.536 × 10 –4
1.016 1 0.9072
Tons (short) 1.102 × 10 –6 1.102 × 10 –3 1.102 × 10 –9 3.125 × 10 –5 0.0005 1.120 1.102 1

†
Avoirdupois pounds and ounces
269
Pressure or Force per Unit Area

Multiply Atmospheres† Bayres or Centimeters Inches Inches Kilograms Pounds Pounds Tons (short) Pascals
Number Dynes per of Mercury of Mercury of Water per per per per
of Square at 0°C§ at 0°C§ at 4°C Square Square Foot Square Square Foot
to Centimeter‡ Meter†† Inch‡‡
Obtain by
Atmospheres† 1 9.869 × 10 –7 1.316 × 10 –2 3.342 × 10 –2 2.458 × 10 –3 9.678 × 10 –5 4.725 × 10 –4 6.804 × 10 –2 0.9450 9.869 × 10 –6
Bayres or dynes
per square 1.013 × 10 6 1 1.333 × 10 4 3.386 × 10 4 2.491 × 10 –3 98.07 478.8 6.895 × 10 4 9.576 × 10 5 10
centimeter‡
Centimeters
of mercury 76.00 7.501 × 10 –5 1 2.540 0.1868 7.356 × 10 –3 3.591 × 10 –2 5.171 71.83 7.501 × 10 –4
at 0°C§
Inches
of mercury 29.92 2.953 × 10 –5 0.3937 1 7.355 × 10 –2 2.896 × 10 –3 1.414 × 10 –2 2.036 28.28 2.953 × 10 –4
at 0°C§
Inches of 406.8 4.015 × 10 –4 5.354 13.60 1 3.937 × 10 –2 0.1922 27.68 384.5 4.015 × 10 –3
water at 4°C
Kilograms
per square 1.033 × 10 4 1.020 × 10 –2 136.0 345.3 25.40 1 4.882 703.1 9765 0.1020
meter††
Pounds
per square 2117 2.089 × 10 –3 27.85 70.73 5.204 0.2048 1 144 2000 2.089 × 10 –2
foot
Pounds per 14.70 1.450 × 10 –5 0.1934 0.4912 3.613 × 10 –2 1.422 × 10 –3 6.944 × 10 –3 1 13.89 1.450 × 10 –4
square inch‡‡
Tons (short) per 1.058 1.044 × 10 –5 1.392 × 10 –2 3.536 × 10 –2 2.601 × 10 –3 1.024 × 10 –4 0.0005 0.072 1 1.044 × 10 –5
square foot
Pascals 1.013 × 10 5 10 –1 1.333 × 10 3 3.386 × 10 3 2.491 × 10 –4 9.807 47.88 6.895 × 10 3 9.576 × 10 4 1

†
One atmosphere (standard) = 76 cm of mercury at 0°C
‡
Bar
§
To convert height h of a column of mercury at t °C to the equivalent height h0 at 0°C, use h0 = h {1 – [(m – l ) t / 1 + mt]}, where m = 0.0001818 and l = 18.4 × 10 –6 if the
scale is engraved on brass; l = 8.5 × 10 –6 if on glass. This assumes the scale is correct at 0°C; for other cases (any liquid) see International Critical Tables, Vol. 1, 68.
††
1 gram per square centimeter = 10 kilograms per square meter
‡‡
psi = MPa × 145.038
psi/ft = 0.433 × g/cm3 = lbf/ft3/144 = lbf/gal/19.27
Density or Mass per Unit Volume Temperature

Multiply Grams per Kilograms Pounds per Pounds per Pounds per °F 1.8°C + 32
Number Cubic per Cubic Foot Cubic Inch Gallon
of Centimeter Cubic Meter °C 5
⁄9 (°F – 32)
to
Obtain by °R °F + 459.69
Grams per cubic centimeter 1 0.001 1.602 × 10–2 27.68 0.1198 K °C + 273.16
Kilograms per cubic meter 1000 1 16.02 2.768 × 104 119.8
Pounds per cubic foot 62.43 6.243 × 10–2 1 1728 7.479
Pounds per cubic inch 3.613 × 10 –2

3.613 × 10 –5
5.787 × 10 –4
1 4.329 × 10 –3
Pounds per gallon 8.347 8.3 × 10 –3 13.37 × 10 –2 231.0 1
270
Appendix E Symbols
Traditional Standard Standard Description Customary Unit or Relation Standard

Symbol SPE Computer Reserve
and Symbol† Symbol‡
SPWLA†
a a ACT electrochemical activity equivalents/liter, moles/liter
a KR COER coefficient in FR – φ relation FR = KR/φm MR, a, C
A A AWT atomic weight amu
C C ECN conductivity (electrical logging) millimho per meter (mmho/m) σ
Cp Bcp CORCP sonic compaction correction factor φSVcor = BcpφSV Ccp
D D DPH depth ft, m y, H
d d DIA diameter in. D
E E EMF electromotive force mV V
F FR FACHR formation resistivity factor FR = KR/φm
G G GMF geometrical factor (multiplier) fG
H IH HYX hydrogen index iH
h h THK bed thickness, individual ft, m, in. d, e
I I –X index i
FFI IFf FFX free fluid index iFf
SI Isl SLX silt index Islt, isl, islt
Iφ PRX porosity index iφ
SPI Iφ2 PRXSE secondary porosity index iφ2
J Gp GMFP pseudogeometrical factor fGp
K Kc COEC electrochemical SP coefficient Ec = Kclog(aw/amf) Mc, Kec
k k PRM permeability, absolute (fluid flow) mD K
L L LTH length, path length ft, m, in. s, l
M M SAD slope, sonic interval transit time versus M = [(τf – τLOG)/(ρb – ρf)] × 0.01 mθD
density × 0.01, in M–N plot
m m MXP porosity (cementation) exponent FR = KR/φm
N N SND slope, neutron porosity versus N = (φNf – φN)/(ρb – ρf) mφND
density, in M-N Plot
n n SXP saturation exponent Swn = FRRw /Rt
P C CNC salinity g/g, ppm c, n
p p PRS pressure psi, kg/cm2,§ atm P
Pc Pc PRSCP capillary pressure psi, kg/cm2,§ atm Pc, pc
Pe photoelectric cross section
†
SPE Letter and Computer Symbols Standard (1986).
‡
Used only if conflict arises between standard symbols used in the same paper
§
The unit of kilograms per square centimeter to be replaced in use by the SI metric unit of the pascal
††
“DEL” in the operator field and “RAD” in the main-quantity field
‡‡
Suggested computer symbol
271
Appendix E Symbols
Traditional Standard Standard Description Customary Unit or Relation Standard

Symbol SPE Computer Reserve
and Symbol† Symbol‡
SPWLA†
Qv shaliness (CEC per mL water) meq/mL
q fφ shd FIMSHD dispersed-shale volume fraction of φ imfshd, q
intermatrix porosity
R R RES resistivity (electrical) ohm-m ρ, r
r r RAD radial distance from hole axis in. R
S S SAT saturation fraction or percent ρ, s
of pore volume
T T TEM temperature °F, °C, K θ
BHT, Tbh Tbh TEMBH bottomhole temperature °F, °C, K θBH
FT, Tfm Tf TEMF formation temperature °F, °C, K
t t TIM time µs, s, min t
t t TAC interval transit time ∆t
U volumetric cross section barns/cm3
v v VAC velocity (acoustic) ft/s, m/s V, u
V V VOL volume cm3, ft3, etc. v
V V VLF volume fraction fv, Fv
Z Z ANM atomic number
α αSP REDSP SP reduction factor
γ γ SPG specific gravity (ρ/ρw or ρg /ρair) s, Fs
φ φ POR porosity fraction or percentage f, ε
of bulk volume, p.u.
φ1 PORPR primary porosity fraction or percentage f1, e1
φ2 PORSE secondary porosity fraction or percentage f2, e2
φig PORIG intergranular porosity φig = (Vb – Vgr)/Vb fig, εig
φz, φim φim PORIM intermatrix porosity φ im = (Vb – Vma )/Vb fim, εim
∆r ∆r DELRAD ††
radial distance (increment) in. ∆R
∆t t TAC sonic interval transit time µs/ft ∆t
∆φNex DELPORNX ‡‡
excavation effect p.u.
λ Kani COEANI coefficient of anisotropy Mani
ρ ρ DEN density g/cm3 D
Σ Σ XST neutron capture cross section c.u., cm–1 S
XSTMAC macroscopic
τ τdN TIMDN thermal neutron decay time µs tdn
†
‡
§
The unit of kilograms per square centimeter is to be replaced in use by the SI metric unit of the pascal.
††
“DEL” in the operator field and “RAD” in the main-quantity field
‡‡
Suggested computer symbol
272
Appendix FE Subscripts
Traditional Standard Standard Explanation Example Standard

Subscript SPE Computer Reserve
and Subscript† Subscript‡
SPWLA†
a LOG L apparent from log reading RLOG, RLL log
(or use tool description subscript)
a a A apparent (general) Ra ap
abs cap C absorption, capture Σcap
anh anh AH anhydrite
b b B bulk ρb B, t
bh bh BH bottomhole Tbh w, BH
clay cl CL clay Vcl cla
cor, c cor COR corrected tcor
c c C electrochemical Ec ec
cp cp CP compaction Bcp
D D D density log d
dis shd SHD dispersed shale Vshd
dol dol DL dolomite t dol
e, eq eq EV equivalent Rweq, Rmfeq EV
f, fluid f F fluid ρf fl
fm f F formation (rock) Tf fm
g, gas g G gas Sg G
gr GR grain ρgr
gxo gxo GXO gas in flushed zone Sgxo GXO
gyp gyp GY gypsum ρgyp
h h H hole dh H
h h H hydrocarbon ρh H
hr hr HR residual hydrocarbon S hr
i i I invaded zone (inner boundary) di I
ig ig IG intergranular (incl. disp. and str. shale) φ ig
im, z im IM intermatrix (incl. disp. shale) φ im
int int I intrinsic (as opposed to log value) Σ int
irr i IR irreducible Swi ir, i
J j J liquid junction Ej ι
k k K electrokinetic Ek ek
l L log t pl log
lam l LAM lamination, laminated Vsh l L
lim lim LM limiting value φ lim
liq L L liquid ρL l
†
‡
273

SPWLA†
log LOG L log values t LOG log
ls ls LS limestone t ls lst
m m M mud Rm
max max MX maximum φ max
ma ma MA matrix t ma
mc mc MC mudcake Rmc
mf mf MF mud filtrate Rmf
mfa mfa MFA mud filtrate, apparent Rmfa
min min MN minimum value
ni noninvaded zone Rni
o o O oil (except with resistivity) So N
or or OR residual oil Sor
o, 0 (zero) 0 (zero) ZR 100-percent water saturated F0 zr
p propagation tpw
PSP pSP PSP pseudostatic SP EpSP
pri 1 (one) PR primary φ1 p, pri
r r R relative k r o, k rw R
r r R residual Sor , Shr R
s s S adjacent (surrounding) formation Rs
sd sd SD sand sa
ss ss SS sandstone sst
sec 2 SE secondary φ2 s, sec
sh sh SH shale Vsh sha
silt sl SL silt I sl slt
SP SP SP spontaneous potential ESP sp
SSP SSP SSP static spontaneous potential ESSP
str sh st SH ST structural shale Vshst s
t, ni t T true (as opposed to apparent) Rt tr
T t T total Ct T
w w W water, formation water Sw W
wa wa WA formation water, apparent Rwa Wap
wf wf WF well flowing conditions pwf f
ws ws WS well static conditions pws s
xo xo XO flushed zone Rxo
z, im im IM intermatrix φ im
†
‡
274

SPWLA†
0 (zero) 0 (zero) ZR 100 percent water saturated R0 zr
AD RAD from CDR attenuation deep RAD
D D D from density log φD d
GG GG from gamma-gamma log φ GG gg
IL I I from induction log RI i
ILD ID ID from deep induction log RID id
ILM IM IM from medium induction log RIM im
LL LL (also LL3, LL from laterolog RLL ll
LL8, etc.) (also LL3, LL7, LL8, LLD, LLS)
N N N from normal resistivity log RN n
N N N from neutron log φN n
PS RPS from CDR phase-shift shallow RPS
16", 16"N from 16-in. normal Log R16"
1" × 1" from 1-in. by 1-in. microinverse (MI) R1" × 1"
2" from 2-in. micronormal (MN) R2"
†
‡
275
Appendix G
F Unit Abbreviations
These unit abbreviations, which are based on those adopted by the curie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ci
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), are appropriate for most publi- dalton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Da
cations. However, an accepted industry standard may be used instead. darcy, darcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
For instance, in the drilling field, ppg may be more common than
day (customary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
lbm/gal when referring to pounds per gallon.
In some instances, two abbreviations are given: customary and day (metric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
metric. When using the International System of Units (SI), or metric, dead-weight ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DWT
abbreviations, use the one designated for metric (e.g., m3/h instead of decibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dB
m3/hr). The use of SI prefix symbols and prefix names with customary degree (American Petroleum Institute). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °API
unit abbreviations and names, although common, is not preferred degree Celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C
(e.g., 1,000 lbf instead of klbf).
degree Fahrenheit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °F
Unit abbreviations are followed by a period only when the abbrevia-
tion forms a word (for example, in. for inch). degree Kelvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See “kelvin”
degree Rankine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °R
acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spell out dots per inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dpi
acre-foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acre-ft electromotive force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . emf
ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A electron volt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eV
ampere-hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-hr farad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
angstrom unit (10–8 cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A feet per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft/min
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atm feet per second. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft/s
atomic mass unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amu foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft
barrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbl foot-pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft-lbf
barrels of fluid per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BFPD gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal
barrels of liquid per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLPD gallons per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal/D
barrels of oil per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOPD gallons per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gal/min
barrels of water per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BWPD gigabyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gbyte
barrels per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B/D gigahertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GHz
barrels per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbl/min gigapascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPa
billion cubic feet (billion = 109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bcf gigawatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GW
billion cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bcf/D gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
billion standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . Use Bcf/D instead of Bscf/D hertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hz
(see “standard cubic foot”) horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp
bits per inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bpi horsepower-hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp-hr
bits per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bps hour (customary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hr
brake horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bhp hour (metric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h
British thermal unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Btu hydraulic horsepower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hhp
capture unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c.u. inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.
centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm inches per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in./s
centipoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cp joule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
centistoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cSt kelvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C kilobyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kB
counts per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cps kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3 kilogram-meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg-m
cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3 kilohertz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kHz
cubic feet per barrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/bbl kilojoule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ
cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/D kilometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . km
cubic feet per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/min kilopascal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kPa
cubic feet per pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/lbm kilopound (force) (1,000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . klbf
cubic feet per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft3/s kilovolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kV
cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.3 kilowatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW
cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m3 kilowatt-hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kW-hr
cubic millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm3 kips per square inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ksi
cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yd3
276
Appendix G Unit Abbreviations
lines per inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lpi pounds of proppant added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ppa

lines per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lpm pounds per square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi
lines per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lps pounds per square inch absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psia
liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L pounds per square inch gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psig
megabyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MB pounds per thousand barrels (salt content). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptb
megagram (metric ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mg quart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qt
megahertz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MHz reservoir barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . res bbl
megajoule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MJ reservoir barrel per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RB/D
meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m revolutions per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm
metric ton (tonne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t or Mg saturation unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s.u.
mho per meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ω/m
Ω
second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
microsecond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . µs shots per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spf
mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spell out specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sg
miles per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mph square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sq
milliamperes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mA square centimeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm2
millicurie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mCi square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft2
millidarcy, millidarcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mD square inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in.2
milliequivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meq square meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m2
milligram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mg square mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sq mile
milliliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mL square millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm2
millimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . std
millimho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mmho standard cubic feet per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use ft3/D instead of scf/D
6
million cubic feet (million = 10 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMcf (see “standard cubic foot”)
million cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MMcf/D standard cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use ft3 or cf as specified on this list.
Do not use scf unless the standard
million electron volts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MeV
conditions at which the measurement
million standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . Use MMcf/D instead of MMscf/D was made are specified.
(see “standard cubic foot”) The straight volumetric conversion factor
milliPascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mPa is 1 ft3 = 0.02831685 m3
millisecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ms stock-tank barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STB
millisiemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mS stock-tank barrels per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STB/D
millivolt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mV stoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St
mils per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mil/yr teragram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tg
minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min thousand cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mcf
mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol thousand cubic feet per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mcf/D
nanosecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ns thousand pounds per square inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kpsi
newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N thousand standard cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . Use Mcf/D instead of Mscf/D
ohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (see “standard cubic foot”)
ohm-centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm-cm tonne (metric ton). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
ohm-meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm-m trillion cubic feet (trillion = 1012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tcf
ounce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oz trillion cubic feet per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tcf/D
parts per million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ppm volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa volume percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vol%
picofarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pF volume per volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vol/vol
pint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pt watt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W
porosity unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p.u. weight percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wt%
pound (force) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbf yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yd
pound (mass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm year (customary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yr
pound per cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm/ft3 year (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a

pound per gallon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbm/gal
277
Appendix H
G References
1. Overton HL and Lipson LB: “A Correlation of the Electrical 18. Wyllie MRJ, Gregory AR, and Gardner GHF: “Elastic Wave
Properties of Drilling Fluids with Solids Content,” Transactions, Velocities in Heterogeneous and Porous Media,” Geophysics
AIME (1958) 213. (January 1956) 21, No. 1.
2. Desai KP and Moore EJ: “Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from 19. Tixier MP, Alger RP, and Doh CA: “Sonic Logging,” JPT (May
Ionic Concentrations,” The Log Analyst (May–June 1969). 1959) 11, No. 5.
3. Gondouin M, Tixier MP, and Simard GL: “An Experimental Study 20. Raymer LL, Hunt ER, and Gardner JS: “An Improved Sonic
on the Influence of the Chemical Composition of Electrolytes on Transit Time-to-Porosity Transform,” Transactions of the
the SP Curve,” JPT (February 1957). SPWLA 21st Annual Logging Symposium (1980).
4. Segesman FF: “New SP Correction Charts,” Geophysics 21. Coates GR and Dumanoir JR: “A New Approach to Improved
(December 1962) 27, No. 6, PI. Log-Derived Permeability,” The Log Analyst (January–February
5. Alger RP, Locke S, Nagel WA, and Sherman H: “The Dual Spacing 1974).
Neutron Log–CNL,” paper SPE 3565, presented at the 46th SPE 22. Raymer LL: “Elevation and Hydrocarbon Density Correction for
Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1971). Log-Derived Permeability Relationships,” The Log Analyst
6. Segesman FF and Liu OYH: “The Excavation Effect,” (May–June 1981).
Transactions of the SPWLA 12th Annual Logging Symposium 23. Westaway P, Hertzog R, and Plasic RE: “The Gamma
(1971). Spectrometer Tool, Inelastic and Capture Gamma Ray
7. Burke JA, Campbell RL Jr, and Schmidt AW: “The Litho-Porosity Spectroscopy for Reservoir Analysis,” paper SPE 9461,
Crossplot,” Transactions of the SPWLA 10th Annual Logging presented at the 55th SPE Annual Technical Conference
Symposium (1969), paper Y. and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA (1980).
8. Clavier C and Rust DH: “MID-PLOT: A New Lithology 24. Quirein JA, Gardner JS, and Watson JT: “Combined Natural
Technique,” The Log Analyst (November–December 1976). Gamma Ray Spectral/Litho-Density Measurements Applied to
Complex Lithologies,” paper SPE 11143, presented at the 57th
9. Tixier MP, Alger RP, Biggs WP, and Carpenter BN: “Dual
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans,
Induction-Laterolog: A New Tool for Resistivity Analysis,” paper
Louisiana, USA (1982).
713, presented at the 38th SPE Annual Meeting, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA (1963). 25. Harton RP, Hazen GA, Rau RN, and Best DL: “Electromagnetic
Propagation Logging: Advances in Technique and
10. Wahl JS, Nelligan WB, Frentrop AH, Johnstone CW, and
Interpretation,” paper SPE 9267, presented at the 55th SPE
Schwartz RJ: “The Thermal Neutron Decay Time Log,” SPEJ
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas,
(December 1970).
USA (1980).
11. Clavier C, Hoyle WR, and Meunier D: “Quantitative
26. Serra O, Baldwin JL, and Quirein JA: “Theory and Practical
Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Decay Time Logs, Part I and
Application of Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry,” Transactions
II,” JPT (June 1971).
of the SPWLA 21st Annual Logging Symposium (1980).
12. Poupon A, Loy ME, and Tixier MP: “A Contribution to Electrical
27. Gardner JS and Dumanoir JL: “Litho-Density Log
Log Interpretation in Shaly Sands,” JPT (June 1954).
Interpretation,” Transactions of the SPWLA 21st Annual
13. Tixier MP, Alger RP, and Tanguy DR: “New Developments in Logging Symposium (1980).
Induction and Sonic Logging,” paper 1300G, presented at the
28. Edmondson H and Raymer LL: “Radioactivity Logging
34th SPE Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, USA (1959).
Parameters for Common Minerals,” Transactions of the SPWLA
14. Rodermund CG, Alger RP, and Tittman J: “Logging Empty 20th Annual Logging Symposium (1979).
Holes,” OGJ (June 1961).
29. Barber TD: “Real-Time Environmental Corrections for the
15. Tixier MP: “Evaluation of Permeability from Electric Log Phasor Dual Induction Tool,” Transactions of the SPWLA 26th
Resistivity Gradients,” OGJ (June 1949). Annual Logging Symposium (1985).
16. Morris RL and Biggs WP: “Using Log-Derived Values of Water 30. Roscoe BA and Grau J: “Response of the Carbon-Oxygen
Saturation and Porosity,” Transactions of the SPWLA 8th Measurement for an Inelastic Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool,”
Annual Logging Symposium (1967). paper SPE 14460, presented at the 60th SPE Annual Technical
17. Timur A: “An Investigation of Permeability, Porosity, and Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA (1985).
Residual Water Saturation Relationships for Sandstone
Reservoirs,” The Log Analyst (July–August 1968).
278
Appendix H References
31. Freedman R and Grove G: “Interpretation of EPT-G Logs in the 40. Brie A, Johnson DL, and Nurmi RD: “Effect of Spherical Pores
Presence of Mudcakes,” paper presented at the 63rd SPE on Sonic and Resistivity Measurements,” Transactions of the
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium (1985).
USA (1988). 41. Serra O: Element Mineral Rock Catalog, Schlumberger (1990).
32. Gilchrist WA Jr, Galford JE, Flaum C, Soran PD, and Gardner JS: 42. Grove GP and Minerbo GN: “An Adaptive Borehole Correction
“Improved Environmental Corrections for Compensated Scheme for Array Induction Tools,” Transactions of the SPWLA
Neutron Logs,” paper SPE 15540, presented at the 61st SPE 32nd Annual Logging Symposium, Midland, Texas, USA, June
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 16–19, 1991, paper F.
Louisiana, USA (1986).
43. Barber T and Rosthal R: “Using a Multiarray Induction Tool to
33. Tabanou JR, Glowinski R, and Rouault GF: “SP Deconvolution Achieve Logs with Minimum Environmental Effects,” paper SPE
and Quantitative Interpretation in Shaly Sands,” Transactions 22725, presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and
of the SPWLA 28th Annual Logging Symposium (1987). Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 6–9, 1991.
34. Kienitz C, Flaum C, Olesen J-R, and Barber T: “Accurate Logging 44. Moran JH: “Induction Method and Apparatus for Investigating
in Large Boreholes,” Transactions of the SPWLA 27th Annual Earth Formations Utilizing Two Quadrature Phase Components of
Logging Symposium (1986). a Detected Signal,” US Patent No. 3,147,429 (September 1, 1964).
35. Galford JE, Flaum C, Gilchrist WA Jr, and Duckett SW: 45. Barber TD: “Phasor Processing of Induction Logs Including
“Enhanced Resolution Processing of Compensated Neutron Shoulder and Skin Effect Correction,” US Patent No. 4,513,376
Logs, paper SPE 15541, presented at the 61st SPE Annual (September 11, 1984).
Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
46. Barber T et al.: “Interpretation of Multiarray Induction Logs
USA (1986).
in Invaded Formations at High Relative Dip Angles,” The Log
36. Lowe TA and Dunlap HF: “Estimation of Mud Filtrate Resistivity Analyst 40, no. 3 (May–June 1990): 202–217.
in Fresh Water Drilling Muds,” The Log Analyst (March–April
47. Anderson BI and Barber TD: Induction Logging, Sugar Land,
1986).
Texas, USA: Schlumberger Wireline & Testing, 1995 (SMP-7056).
37. Clark B, Luling MG, Jundt J, Ross M, and Best D: “A Dual Depth
48. Gerritsma CJ, Oosting PH, and Trappeniers NJ: “Proton Spin-
Resistivity for FEWD,” Transactions of the SPWLA 29th Annual
Lattice Relaxation and Self Diffusion in Methanes, II,” Physica
Logging Symposium (1988).
51 (1971), 381–394.
38. Ellis DV, Flaum C, Galford JE, and Scott HD: “The Effect of
49. Wyllie MRJ and Rose WD: “Some Theoretical Considerations
Formation Absorption on the Thermal Neutron Porosity
Related to the Quantitative Evaluation of the Physical
Measurement,” paper presented at the 62nd SPE Annual
Characteristics of Reservoir Rock from Electrical Log Data,”
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA (1987).
JPT 2 (1950), 189.
39. Watfa M and Nurmi R: “Calculation of Saturation, Secondary
Porosity and Producibility in Complex Middle East Carbonate
Reservoirs,” Transactions of the SPWLA 28th Annual Logging
Symposium (1987).
279

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Contents

Density and Hydrogen Index of Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Gas Effect on Acoustic Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-9b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Capture Cross Section of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Capture Cross Section of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

EPT* Propagation Time of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

EPT Attenuation of NaCl Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

EPT Propagation Time–Attenuation Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gen-16a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

PowerPulse Gamma Ray—9.5-in. High-Flow Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

arcVISION675* Gamma Ray—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GR-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

adnVISION675* Azimuthal Density Neutron—6.75-in. Tool and 8-in. Borehole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neu-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

geoVISION* Resistivity Sub—6.75-in. Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLl-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

AIT Array Induction Imager Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

arcVISION675 63⁄4-in. Drill Collar Resistivity Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REm-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

arcVISION675 Array Resistivity Compensated Tool—400 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rt-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Platform Express Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Density Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Environmentally Corrected APS Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lith-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Resistivity of the zone

Estimation of Formation Temperature with Depth

Estimation of Formation Temperature with Depth

Temperature gradient conversions: 1°F/100 ft = 1.823°C/100 m

27 50 75 100 125 150 175

16 25 50 75 100 125 150 175

10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6°F/100 ft Geothermal gradient 3

80 100 150 200 250 300 350

Estimation of Rmf and Rmc

Purpose Mud Weight

Equivalent NaCl Salinity of Salts

† Multipliers that do not vary appreciably for low concentrations

Concentration of NaCl Solutions

Concentrations of NaCl Solutions

Resistivity of NaCl Water Solutions

Purpose Example Two

continued on next page

Resistivity of NaCl Water Solutions

Density of Water and Hydrogen Index of Water and Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen Index of Live Hydrocarbons and Gas

Purpose Example: Density of Water

Density and Hydrogen Index of Natural Gas

Sound Velocity of Hydrocarbons

0 50 100 150 200

4,000 Pressure (psi) 250

Gas Effect on Compressional Slowness

Liquid saturation (%)

Wood’s law (e = 5) Power law (e = 3)

Gas Effect on Acoustic Velocity

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Water

Longitudinal (Bulk) Relaxation Transverse (Bulk and Diffusion)