Report 2

International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management
Jain Global Campus

Kanakapura Taluk - 562112
Ramanagara District
Karnataka, INDIA
2015-2019 `
A Project Report On
DESIGN AND CFD ANALYSIS OF

TRUNCATED IDEAL CONTOUR NOZZLE WITH
BOUNDARY LAYER CORRECTION
Submitted in fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
Archana S D (15BT6AE012)
Harsha P (15BT6AE027)
S Adarsh (15BT6AE062)
Sandesh J K (15BT6AE064)
Under the guidance of
Internal guide
Dr. Allamaprabhu C Y
Asst. Professor, IIAEM

Jain University
Design and CFD analysis of truncated ideal contour nozzle with boundary layer correction
International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management
Jain Global Campus,

Kanakapura Taluk - 562112,
Ramanagara District,
Karnataka, INDIA.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work titled, Design and CFD Analysis of Truncated Ideal
Contour Nozzle with Boundary Layer Correction, is carried out by Archana S
D(15BT6AE012), Harsha P (15BT6AE027), S Adarsh (15BT6AE062) and Sandesh J K
(15BT6AE064), bonafide students of Bachelor of Engineering at the IIAEM, Jain University,
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Aerospace Engineering,
during the year 2015-2019.
Internal Guide:
Dr. Allamaprabhu C Y
Asst. Professor, IIAEM
Date:
Dr. Antonio Davis

Head of Department
Department of Aerospace Engineering
IIAEM
Date:
Dr. Manoj Veetil

Director, IIAEM
Date:
DECLARATION
We, Archana S D (15BT6AE012), Harsha P(15BT6AE027), S Adarsh (15BT6AE062) and
Sandesh J K (15BT6AE064), students of eighth semester B. Tech in Aerospace Engineering
at IIAEM, Jain University, hereby declare that the dissertation titled “Design and CFD
Analysis of Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle with Boundary Layer Correction” has been
carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology
in Aerospace Engineering, during the academic year 2015-2019. Further, the matter
embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted by anybody for the award of any degree
or diploma to any university, to the best of our knowledge and faith.
Place: Bangalore Archana S D

(15BT6AE012)
Dated:
Harsha P
(15BT6AE027)
S Adarsh
(15BT6AE062)
Sandesh J K
(15BT6AE064)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge the support provided to us by IIAEM - Jain University for the
successful completion of the final year project on “Design and CFD Analysis of Truncated
Ideal Contour Nozzle with Boundary Layer Correction”.
We thank Dr. Allamaprabhu C Y profusely for his immense help in selection of the topic,
literature survey, and conceiving the project, without which the project would have not seen the
light of the day. We sincerely thank him for providing us continuous guidance and advices,
which paved the way for smooth progress and fruitful culmination of the project.
We owe great many thanks to our Project coordinator, Dr. A. R Manjunath, Professor, Dept.
of Aerospace Engineering, Jain University for giving us this opportunity to enrich our
knowledge and for encouraging us with his support throughout this learning process.
We would like to thank Dr. Antonio Davis, HOD, Department of Aerospace Engineering,
IIAEM, Jain University, for his constant encouragement and expert advice.
We would like to thank Dr. Manoj Veetil, Director, Department of Aerospace Engineering,
IIAEM, Jain University, for his constant encouragement and expert advice.
We also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Aerospace Engineering,
Jain University, who have helped us through the entire course, for their continued support
throughout and in bringing the project to light.
Archana S D (15BT6AE012)
Harsha P (15BT6AE027)
S Adarsh (15BT6AE062)
Sandesh J K (15BT6AE064)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the project is to design a Truncated Ideal Contour nozzle taking into account the
boundary layer effects in nozzle and to do numerical analysis of the fluid flow in the designed
nozzle. An ideal contour nozzle was designed using the Method of Characteristics and truncated
to 10˚ of its divergence angle to improve the performance. The reference nozzle is the VAC-
S6-Short nozzle by Volvo Aero Corporation.
The Method of Characteristics is applied to determine the flow properties and co-ordinates of
the ideal contour nozzle. A C-program is written to determine the grid points and flow properties
of all the grid points. Using trigonometry and graph, the co-ordinates of the nozzle wall and
interior points were determined.

Using these coordinates an Ideal Contour Nozzle was designed and truncated in modeling
software. The model was then exported to analysis software to carry out fluid flow analysis.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Rocket nozzles.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 De Laval Nozzle (C-D Nozzle).............................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Thrust Optimized Parabolic (TOP) ...................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC) ................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Why prefer Contoured Nozzles .......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Types of Supersonic nozzles............................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Question of minimum length nozzles? .............................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 3- METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................. 11
3.1 Definition .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Theory of the Method of Characteristics ................................................................................. 11
3.3 Determination of the compatibility equations ......................................................................... 15
3.4 Internal flow ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.5 Wall point ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.6 Supersonic nozzle design.......................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 4- CONTOUR DESIGN USING METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS ................................................... 20
4.1 C-programming to determine flow properties ......................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Objective of the program .......................................................................................................... 20
4.1.2 Program: ................................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.3 Input .......................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.4 Output ....................................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Determination of Mach angle of all the points in the grid ....................................................... 24
CHAPTER 5- GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF NOZZLE PROFILE USING CATIA V5 .................................................. 29
5.1 Ideal contour nozzle with polynomial curve ................................................................................... 29
5.1.1 Nozzle specification .................................................................................................................. 29
5.1.2 Calculation of points on polynomial curve ............................................................................... 29
5.1.2 Matlab Programme .................................................................................................................. 30
5.1.3 Procedure for Ideal contour nozzle design with polynomial curve .......................................... 30
5.1.4 Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC) with polynomial curve .................................................. 32
5.2 Boundary layer theory ..................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33
5.2.2 Boundary-layer growth ............................................................................................................. 34
5.2.3 Calculation of Displacement Thickness ..................................................................................... 34
5.2.4 Calculation of ẟ by Taylor series ............................................................................................... 35
5.3 Construction of nozzle profile with boundary layer correction ....................................................... 37
5.3.1 Case 1- Design of Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC) with polynomial curve ...................... 37
5.3.2 Case-2 Design of Truncated Ideal Contour nozzle (TIC) without polynomial Curve ................. 38
5.3.3 3D Model of truncated ideal contour nozzle with polynomial curve boundary layer correction
........................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.3 Comparison ...................................................................................................................................... 39
5.4 Design Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 39
CHAPTER 6- GRID GENERATION ................................................................................................................. 40
6.1 MESHING OF 2D GEOMETRY WITHOUT POLYNOMIAL .................................................................... 40
6.1.1 Meshing of 2D Geometry of complete nozzle domain ............................................................. 40
6.1.2 Meshing of 2D Geometry of nozzle .......................................................................................... 40
6.1.3 Study of grid independence ...................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 7- SIMULATION AND RESULTS ................................................................................................... 42
7.1 Nozzle Geometry Define .................................................................................................................. 42
7.2 Fluent setup ..................................................................................................................................... 42
7.3 Case-1 Without polynomial ............................................................................................................. 44
7.3.1 Residuals ................................................................................................................................... 44
7.3.2 Contour and 2D plots ................................................................................................................ 45
7.4 Case 2 - with polynomial .................................................................................................................. 47
7.4.1 Residuals ................................................................................................................................... 47
7.4.2 Contour and 2D plots ................................................................................................................ 48
7.5 RESULT ............................................................................................................................................. 50
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 51
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................... 52
1. C-PROGRAM OUTPUT ................................................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 59
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVATIONS
MoC Method of Characteristics

TIC Truncated Ideal Contour
BLC Boundary Layer Correction
θ Deflection angle
ϑ Prandtl Meyer angle
M Mach number
μ Mach angle
Rex Reynolds number
ẟ* Displacement thickness
r Radius of curvature
h Throat half height
R Ratio of radius of curvature to throat half height
N Inverse power index in velocity profile
ẟ Boundary layer thickness
g Displacement thickness ratio
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1.1: Primary Types Of Nozzles………………………………………………..4

Figure 1.2: Mach Numbers At Different Sections Of Nozzle………………………...4
Figure 1.3: Bell Shaped Nozzle…………………………………………………….....5
Figure 1.4: Minimum Length Supersonic Nozzle………………………………….....7
Figure 1.5: Types Of Supersonic Nozzle……………………………………………..7
Figure 3.1: Streamline Of 2d Supersonic Flow………………………………………13
Figure 3.2: Left And Right Running Characteristics Line Along The Streamline…...15
Figure 3.3: Internal Flow Conditions At A Third Point……………………………...17
Figure 3.4: Intersection Of Characteristics Line At Point Three…………………….18
Figure 3.5: Supersonic Nozzle Design With Characteristics Lines………………….18
Figure 3.6: Minimum Length Nozzle………………………………………………...19
Figure 4.1: Points On Characteristics Lines…………………………………………24
Figure 5.1: Polynomial Curve Fitting………………………………………………...30
Figure 5.2: Design Of Ideal Contour Nozzle………………………………………...31
Figure 5.3: Left And Right Characteristics At Throat Of A Design………………….31
Figure 5.4: Design Of Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle……………………………...32
Figure 5.5: Variation Of Thickness Of The Boundary Layer At Throat……………...33
Figure 5.6: Comparison Of Tic With Polynomial Curve Without And With Blc…….37
Figure 5.8: 3d Model Of Tic Nozzle With Blc………………………………………..38
Figure 6.1: Meshing Of 2d Geometry Of Complete Nozzle Domain………………....40
Figure 6.2: Meshing Of 2d Geometry Of A Nozzle…………………………………..40
Figure 6.3: Comparison Of Case 1 And Case 2 Of Grid Independence……………....41
Figure 7.1: Overview Of Nozzle Geometry …………………………………………..42
Figure 7.2: Residuals (Case1-Without Polynomial) …………………………………..44
Figure 7.3: 2d Plot Of Static Pressure V/S Position …………………………..……....45
Figure 7.4: Contour Of Total Pressure …………………………………………..……45
Figure 7.5: Contour Of Mach Number ………………………………………………..46
Figure 7.6: Contour Of Static Temperature …………………………………………..46
Figure 7.7: 2d Plot Of Wall Y Plus …………………………………………………...47
Figure 7.8: Residuals (Case2-With Polynomial) ……………………………………..47
Figure 7.9: 2d Plot Of Wall Static Pressure…………………………………………..48
Figure 7.10: Contour Of Total Pressure ……………………………………………...48
IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 1

Figure 7.11: Contour Of Mach Number……………………………………..................49

Figure 7.12: Contour Of Static Temperature…………………………………………...49
Figure 7.13: 2d Plot Of Wall Y Plus On Nozzle Wall …………………………………50
Table 4.1: Input………………………………..………………………………………..23
Table 4.2: Computation Of Mach Angles At All Grid Points………………………….24
Table 5.1: Reference Nozzle Specifications …………………………………………...29
Table 5.2: Specifications Of Ideal Contour Nozzle ……………………………………32
Table 5.3: Specifications Of Truncated Nozzle………………………………………...33
Table 5.4: Calculation Of Displacement Thickness For Wall Points…………………..36
Table 5.5: Specification Of Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle …………………………38
Table 5.6: Comparison Of Nozzle Specifications Of Given Volvo S6
And Tic Nozzle With Blc ………………………………………………….39
Table 7.1: Fluent Setup ………………………………………………………………...42
Table 7.2: Boundary Conditions ……………………………………………………….43
Table 7.3: Reference………………………………………………………………........43
Table 7.4: Solution Setup And Solution Steering………………………………………44
Table 7.5: Comparison Of Analysis Of Tic Nozzle With Blc Without And With
Polynomial Curve………………………………………………………......50

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
To design and analyze a Truncated Ideal Contour nozzle (TIC) using the Method of Characteristics
(MoC) taking into account the boundary layer effects on nozzle.
The project work was initiated with an objective of designing a dual bell nozzle. Due to complexity
of the problem and time constraint, the objective was reduced to designing and analyzing a
Truncated Ideal Contour nozzle (TIC) which is the first stage of designing a dual bell nozzle.
1.2 Rocket nozzles

A rocket engine nozzle is a propelling nozzle (usually of the de Laval type) used in a rocket engine
to expand and accelerate the hot gases from combustion so as to produce thrust according to
Newton’s laws of motion.
Combustion gases are produced by burning the propellants in combustor, and they exit the
nozzle at a very high speed.
The rocket’s efficiency is primarily dependent upon the nozzle’s ability to convert the thermal
energy of the fuel to kinetic energy. The main nozzle wall contour plays a critical role in this
conversion. It is also important to ensure shocks do not occur within the nozzle. Shocks in the nozzle
will disrupt the supersonic flow and will create large losses during the conversion of thermal energy
to kinetic energy. The wall contour of the nozzle is the defining factor in whether shocks will or
will not form within the nozzle.
It has been found that for maximum thrust, the flow direction of the fluid under sonic conditions
should be offset from the axis-symmetric line by an angle equal to exit the Prandtl- Meyer
expansion angle associated with the desired exit Mach number of the nozzle.
Generally, the 3 primary groups of nozzle types include:

1. Cone (conical, linear)
2. Bell (contoured, shaped, classic converging-diverging)
3. Annular (spike, Aero spike, plug, expansion, expansion-deflection)

Fig 1.1: Primary types of nozzles
1.3 De Laval Nozzle (C-D Nozzle)

 In a convergent-divergent nozzle, in subsonic flow, flow area decrease results in acceleration of the
gas. The flow area converges until the minimum area, namely throat area, is reached. In throat, the
flow travels at sonic speed. In downstream of the throat, the diverging section can speed up the gas
to the supersonic limit.
 The nozzle allows the pressure developed by the combustion chamber or the blower to increase the
thrust at outlet by accelerating the exhaust or outlet gas to a high supersonic speed.
Fig 1.2 Mach numbers at different sections of nozzle

The Bell-shaped or contour nozzle is probably the most commonly used shaped rocket
engine nozzle. It has a high angle expansion section (20 to 50 degrees) right behind the nozzle throat.
This is followed by a gradual reversal of nozzle contour slope so that at the nozzle exit the
divergence angle is small, usually less than a 10-degree half angle.
Fig 1.3 Bell shaped nozzle
Types of Contour nozzles

 Thrust Optimized Parabolic (TOP)
 Truncated Ideal Contour (TIC)
1.4 Thrust Optimized Parabolic (TOP)

The word ‘Thrust – optimized parabola’ seems to imply that a TOP produces the highest possible
thrust i.e., a higher thrust than other nozzles, also than TIC nozzles.
E.g.: Aerospike nozzle, expansion- deflection nozzle.
1.5 Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC)

In Inviscid flow, it is possible to design so called ideal contour nozzles that have a uniform exit flow
profile, meaning constant pressure, temperature and velocity over the whole exit plane. Higher the
design Mach number, higher is the maximum divergence angle and larger is the nozzle. Ideal
contours are too long and thus too heavy for space applications and Therefore, are truncated,
resulting in so-called ‘Truncated Ideal Contour’. TIC nozzles are widely applied in Russian rocket
engines, also some European, and Japanese nozzles using the TIC design.

1.6 Why prefer Contoured Nozzles

 Even though conventional conical nozzle is simplest and easiest to manufacture due to its
length constraint the divergence angle is increased this results in loss of performance
 A contoured nozzle is shorter than a conical nozzle of the same area ratio.
 Thus, a contoured nozzle
• reduces the divergence loss
• improves the specific impulse
• Reduces nozzle length and mass.
1.7 Types of Supersonic nozzles

Traditionally, the supersonic nozzle is divided in two parts. The supersonic portion is independent
of the upstream conditions of the sonic line. We can study the subsonic portion independently. The
latter is used to give a sonic flow at the throat. We design a type of nozzle giving a parallel and
uniform flow at the exit section. Minimum Length Nozzle names it with centered expansion, which
gives the minimal length compared to the other existing types.
Supersonic nozzles can be divided into two different types: gradual-expansion nozzles and
minimum-length nozzles.
Gradual-expansion nozzles are typically used in applications where maintaining a high-quality flow
at the desired exit conditions is of importance (e.g., supersonic wind tunnels). For other types of
applications (e.g., rocket nozzles), the large weight and length penalties associated with gradual
expansion nozzles make them unrealistic; therefore, minimum-length nozzles, which utilize a sharp
corner to provide the initial expansion, are commonly used.
1.8 Question of minimum length nozzles?

Theoretically, for ideal condition, a long nozzle is needed to maximize the geometric efficiency;
whereas nozzle drag is reduced if the nozzle is shortened. If chemical kinetics is an issue, then the
acceleration of exhaust gases at the nozzle throat should be slowed down by increasing the radius
of curvature applied to the design of the throat region. In addition, a nozzle used for both supersonic
wind tunnel and high speed vehicle should have a less space as well as should consume less weight.
And also the comparison of thrust-to-weight ratio of ideal nozzle and truncated ideal nozzle does
not give much difference because the thrust produced by the eliminated portion of the ideal nozzle
comparative to its weight is less and therefore can be truncated. Therefore,

a minimum length supersonic nozzle is the subject of optimum nozzle design when other conditions
like uniform flow at the exit with optimum Mach number is true for the design.
Fig 1.4: Minimum length Supersonic Nozzle Design
Fig 1.5: Types of supersonic nozzles

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Modern compressible flow with historical perspective by John D Anderson, Chapter 11-
Numerical Techniques for Steady Supersonic Flow
In this chapter we are introduced to the basic concepts of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It
also emphasis the physical aspects of compressible flow. We deal with numerical techniques for
solving steady supersonic flow. The method of characteristics a rather classical but elegant
numerical approach to the solution of such flows is introduced. The details of the application of
the method of characteristics depend on the nature of the flow they are somewhat different for two-
dimensional irrotational flow, axisymmetric irrotational flow, rotational flow and three
dimensional flow. Each of these situations are examined and perhaps the most frequent use of the
method of characteristics, is the design of contour of a supersonic nozzle for smooth, shock-free
flow. The nozzle design is discussed in detail. finally, we end up with an illustration of the
application of the MoC.
2. A Note on Turbulent Boundary-Layer Allowances in Supersonic Nozzle Design by E.W.E.

Rogers and Miss B.M. Davis
This publication deals with some of the theoretical methods for computing the growth of turbulent
boundary layers along both the curved and straight walls of a rectangular supersonic wind tunnels.
Approximate formulae, which may be useful in the initial stages of nozzle design are suggested
for the overall boundary layer growth along the curved nozzle.
During the preliminary stages of designing a nozzle profile an even more approximate estimate of
the boundary-layer growth is often needed. The experimental information at present available
suggests that suitable approximate formulae for boundary-layer growth can be found which are
applicable for nozzle designs of moderate supersonic Mach number. This paper gives the idea of
Boundary layer growth upstream of the throat and also suggests that the boundary layer thickness
at the throat is only effectively zero when the design Mach number is above about 3. It also
provides important formulas for measuring displacement thickness

3. Design of Supersonic Nozzle by A. McCabe
This paper presents a method of design of a supersonic nozzle which incorporates recent
developments in compressible flow theory. It suggests the flow behavior at different regions in a
conventional two-dimensional nozzle. which are-
(i) the contraction region, in which the flow is entirely subsonic.
(ii) the throat region, in which the flow accelerates from a high subsonic to a low supersonic
speed.
(iii) an initial expansion region, where the slope of the contour increases up to its maximum value.
(iv) the straightening or Buseman region in which the cross sectional area increases but the wall
slope decreases to zero.
(v) the test section, where the flow is uniform and parallel to the axis. It also explains the requirement
of a minimum length nozzle, the boundary layer correction and provides important formulas to
measure the displacement thickness at the throat.
4. Approximate Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layer Development in Compressible Flow

by M. Tucker
Numerical solutions of quantities appearing in the Karman momentum equation for the development
of a turbulent boundary layer in plane and in radial compressible flows along thermally insulated
surfaces are presented in tabular form for a range of Mach numbers from 0.1 to 10. Through use of
these tables, approximate calculation of boundary-layer growth is reduced to routine arithmetic
computation. Table for variation of displacement thickness ratio (g) with Mach number and velocity
profile parameter is provided in the publication.
5. Turbulence modeling for predicting flow separation in Rocket nozzles by Allamaprabhu

Yaravintelimath
Convergent-Divergent (C-D) nozzles are used in rocket engines to produce thrust as a reaction to
the acceleration of hot combustion chamber gases in the opposite direction. To maximize the engine
performance at high altitudes, large area ratio, bell-shaped or contoured nozzles are used. The
specifications for the contour nozzle designed in this project were taken from this paper.

6. Gas Dynamics Volume 2: Multidimensional Flow, Chapter 16- The Method of characteristics
applied to steady two-dimensional by Maurice J. Zucrow and Joe D. Hoffman
In this publication the method of characteristics to steady two – dimensional, planar and
axisymmetric, irrotational supersonic flow are reviewed. Numerical algorithms for the boundary
points of a flow are developed. And a numerical example for polynomial curve fitting is obtained
from this publication.

CHAPTER 3
METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 Definition
Mathematically a characteristic is a curve across which the derivatives of a physical property may
be discontinuous, while the property itself remains continuous. thus regions of flow having
continuous properties and derivatives within each region, but a discontinuity in their derivatives at
their interface, may be joined together by along a characteristic.
A characteristic is defined as a curve along which the governing partial differential equations reduce
to an interior operator, that is a total differential equation. That interior operator is known as the
compatibility equation
The MoC is a very convenient tool to calculate isentropic portions within a supersonic flow. This is
a numerical method, but the merit is that the method itself determines the grid (or mesh) it requires.
Other CFD methods can be used for the same purpose but these require more extensive numerical
calculations.
Characteristic lines are curves in the flow where the velocity is continuous but the first derivative
of velocity is discontinuous.
3.2 Theory of the Method of Characteristics

Determination of the characteristic lines: Two-dimensional irrotational flow. Consider steady,
adiabatic, two-dimensional, irrotational supersonic flow. The governing nonlinear equation is
1− ϕ + 1− ϕ + 1− ϕ − ϕ − ϕ − ϕ = 0 (3.1)
For two-dimensional flow equation becomes
1− ϕ + 1− ϕ − ϕ =0 (3.2)
Note that φ is the full-velocity potential, not the perturbation potential

ϕ =u ϕ =v V = ui + vj
We know that, ϕ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦); hence
dϕ = dx + dy = ϕ dx + ϕ (3.3)

dϕ = dx + dy = ϕ dx + ϕ (3.4)
Rewriting these equations,
From eq (3.2) 1− ϕ − ϕ + 1− ϕ =0
From eq (3.3) (dx)ϕ + (dy)ϕ = du

From eq (3.4) (dx)ϕ + (dy)ϕ = dv
These equations can be treated as a system of simultaneous, linear, algebraic equations in the
variable ϕxx , ϕyy s , and ϕ . For example, using Cramer’s rule, the solution for ϕ is
ϕ = = (3.5)
According to the definition of the characteristic line or Mach lines,
ϕ = = should be indeterminate,
ϕ = = form
Therefore, the lines in xy space for which D=0 (and hence N=0) are characteristic lines
This now provides a means to calculate the equations of the characteristic lines. in eq (3.5) set D=0,
this yields
(1- ) (dy2) + dx dy + (1- ) (dx)2=0
Or
(1- ) + + 1− =0 (3.6)
(dy/dx) is the slope of the characteristic lines.

Using the quadratic formula, eq (3.6) yields
/ ± ( ) [ ]
=
[ ]
Or

/ ±
= ( )]
(3.7)
[ /
examine eq (3.7) the term inside the square root is
−1= −1=M −1
Hence we can state:
1. If M>1, there are two real characteristics through each point of the flow field. Moreover, for this
situation eq (3.1) Is defined as a hyperbolic partial differential equation.
2. If M=1 there is one real characteristic through each point of the flow. By definition, eq (3.1) Is a
parabolic partial differential equation.
3. If M<1 the characteristics are imaginary, and eq (3.1) is an elliptical partial differential equation.
Therefore, we see that steady, inviscid supersonic flow is governed by hyperbolic equations, sonic
flow by parabolic equations, and subsonic flow by elliptical equations. Moreover, because two real
characteristics exists through each point in a flow where M>1, the method of characteristics
becomes a partial technique for solving supersonic flows.
Figure 3.1 Streamline of 2D supersonic flow
Concentrating on steady, two-dimensional supersonic flow, let us examine the real characteristic
lines given by eq (3.7) consider a streamline as sketched in fig 3.1 at point A, u=V cosθ an v =
Vsinθ . Hence, eq (3.7) becomes
( )
= (3.8)

Recall that the Mach angle μ is given by μ = sin ( ), or sinμ = 1/M. thus =M =
1/sin μ, and eq (3.8) becomes
±
= (3.9)
From trigonometry,
−1= − 1 = cos μ − 1 = cot μ =
Thus eq (3.9) becomes

/ ± /
= (3.10)
( )
After more algebraic and trigonometric manipulation of eq (3.10) reduces to
= tan (θ ∓ μ) (3.10.1)
A graphical interpretation of eq (3.10). Is given in fig 3.2 at point A is in figure the streamline makes
an angle θ with the x-axis. The above equation stipulates that there are two characteristics passing
through point A, one at the angle μ above the streamline, and the other at the angle μ below the
streamline. Hence, the characteristic lines are Mach lines.
The characteristic given by the angle θ + μ is called a 𝐶 characteristic; it is a left running
characteristic. The characteristic in fig 3.2 given by the angle θ – μ is called a 𝐶 characteristics it
is right running characteristic.
Note that the characteristics are curved in general, because the flow properties (hence θ and μ)
change from point to point in the flow.

Figure 3.2 Left and Right running characteristics line along streamline
3.3 Determination of the compatibility equations

In this section we will derive the compatibility equations by setting N=0 in eq (3.5), this yields
1− du dy + 1 − dx dv = 0
Dividing the above equation by du and rearranging,
= (3.11)
[ ]
Keep in mind that N is set to zero only when D=0 in order to keep the flow field derivative finite,
albeit of the indeterminate form 0/0.
Therefore, eq (3.11) holds only along the characteristic lines. Therefore, in eq (3.11),
= char
Substitute eq (3.7) into (3.11) we have

u ⎡− uv ± u + v − 1⎤
dv 1−
a ⎢ a a ⎥
=−
du v ⎢ u ⎥
1− 1−
a ⎣ a ⎦

Which simplifies to
∓
= (3.12)
Recall that u = cosθ and v = sinθ. Then eq (3.12) becomes
d(V sinθ) M cosθsinθ ∓ √M − 1

=
d(V cosθ) 1 − M sin θ
Which after some algebraic manipulations, reduces to
dθ = ∓√M − 1 (3.13)
Eq (3.13) Is the compatibility equation, i.e the equation that describes the variation of flow properties
along the characteristic lines. From a comparison with eq (3.10.1) we note that
dθ = −√M − 1 (Applies along the 𝐶 characteristic) (3.14)
dθ = √M − 1 (Applies along the 𝐶 characteristic) (3.15)
compare eq (3.13) with the governing differential equation for prandtl-meyer flow. They are identical.
Hence, eq (3.13) can be integrated to give the prandtl-meyer function 𝑣 (M) as displayed in equation
therefore eq (3.14) and (3.15) are replaced by the algebraic compatibility
equations:
θ+ ϑ(M) = constant =K- (along the 𝐶 characteristic ) (3.16)
θ+ ϑ(M) = constant = K+ (along the 𝐶 characteristic ) (3.17)
In eq (3.16) and (3.17) 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 are constants along their respective characteristics.
It is important to note that the compatibility equations (3.16) and (3.17) Have no terms involving the
spatial coordinates x and y. Hence, they can be solved without requiring knowledge of the geometric
location of the characteristic lines. This sent case of two-dimensional irrotational flow.
3.4 Internal flow

If we know the flow field conditions at two points in the flow, then we can find the conditions at a third
points, as sketch in fig 3.3.
Along the c- characteristic through point 1 eq (3.16)
θ1+ϑ1 = (K-)1 (known value along C-)
Also along the C+ characteristic through point 2 eq (3.17) holds:
θ2-ϑ2 = (K+)2 (known value along C+)
Hence, at point 3, from eq (3.16)
θ3+ϑ3 = (K-)3 = (K-)1 (3.18)

And from eq (3.17)

θ3-ϑ3 = (K+)3 = (K+)2 (3.19)
solving eq (3.18) and (3.19) We obtain θ3 and ϑ4 in terms of the known values of K and K
θ3 = [(K-)1+(K+)2] (3.20)
ϑ3 = [(K-)1-(K+)2] (3.21)
Figure 3.3 Internal flow conditions at third point
However, the C-and C+ characteristics are generally curved lines therefore, an approximate but usually
sufficiently accurate procedure is to assume the characteristics are straight line segments between the
grid points, with slopes that are average values for example the C- characteristic through point 1 is
drawn as straight line with an average slope angle given by
[ (θ + θ ) − (μ + μ )]
Similarly for the C+ characteristic through point 2is drawn as a straight line with an average slope angle
given by
[ (θ + θ ) − (μ + μ )]
Their intersection locates point 3.
3.5 Wall point

If we know conditions at appoint in the flow near a solid wall, we can find the flow variables at the
wall as follows along the C- characteristic through the point 4, the value K- is known
(K-)4 = θ + ϑ (known)

The C- characteristic intersects the wall at point 5 hence, at point 5,

(K-)4 = (K-)5 = θ + ϑ (3.22)
Figure 3.4 Intersection of characteristics line at point three
However, the shape of the wall is known and since the flow must be tangent at the wall, θ5 is known.
Thus, in eq (3.22), ϑ5 is the only unknown, and can be written as
ϑ5 = ϑ4 + θ − θ
3.6 Supersonic nozzle design
In order to expand an internal steady flow through a duct from subsonic to supersonic speed. the duct
has to be convergent-divergent in shape. The subsonic flow in the convergent portion of the duct in fig
3.5 is accelerated to sonic speed in the throat region. We can assume the sonic line to be straight, as
illustrated by the straight dashed line from a to b in fig 3.5 downstream of the sonic line, the duct
diverges. In minimum length nozzles, place through centered prandtl-meyer wave emanating from a
sharp-corner throat with an angle θ ,
, As sketched in fig 3.5 the length of the supersonic nozzle
, denoted as L in fig 3.6 is the minimum value consistent with shock free, isentropic flow. If the contour
is made shorter than L, shocks will develop inside the nozzle.
Figure 3.5 Supersonic nozzle design with running characteristics lines

For the minimum length nozzle shown in fig 3.6.the expansion contour is replaced by a sharp corner
at point a. there are no multiple reflections and a fluid element encounters only two systems of waves—
the right-running waves emanating from point an and the left running waves emanating from point d.
Figure 3.6 Minimum length nozzle
Let ϑm be the prandtl-meyer function associated with the design exit Mach number. Hence, along the
C+ characteristic cb in fig 3.6. ϑ = ϑm= ϑc= ϑb. now consider the C- characteristic through points a and
c. at point c, from eq (3.17)
θ + ϑ = (k )c (3.23)
However, θc=0 and ϑc=ϑM. Hence, from eq (3.23)
(K )c= ϑm (3.24)
At point a, along the same C- characteristic ac, from eq (3.17)
θ ,
+ v = (K )a (3.25)
Since the expansion at point 𝑎 is a Prandtl-Meyer expansion from initially sonic conditions, we know
from Sec. 4.14 that
ϑ = θ ,M (3.26)
Hence Eq (3.26) becomes
θ ,
= (K_) (3.27)
However, along the same 𝐶_ characteristic, (𝐾_) = (𝐾_) ; hence, eq (3.26)

θ ,
= (K_)
Combining equations (3.24) and (3.27) we have
θ ,
= (3.28)

CHAPTER 4
CONTOUR DESIGN USING METHOD OF
CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 C-programming to determine flow properties

4.1.1 Objective of the program
To find the flow properties at all the grid points which include axis line points, points on the first and
the last characteristic line, the wall points and the remaining interior points.
Validation of the program: The program gives flow properties at all the grid points for various nozzle
specifications and flow parameters. The results of this program were validated with the following
problem statement:
Compute and graph the contour of a two-dimensional minimum-length nozzle for the expansion of air
to a design exit Mach number of 4.3.
4.1.2 Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float m, nu, theta[500], Nu[500], MinusK[500], PlusK[500], z[500], thetamax, t, a, rem=0.0,
remain[2];
int n, dt = 0, i, p, j=0, jo ,l=0 , k=2, pts[200], total=0, points[200], pnts[200],
wallpts[200], intpts[200], y[200], first = 0, second = 1, x=2, q=1;
printf("Enter the Design Exit Mach Number.\n");

scanf("%f",&m);
printf("Enter the Flow Deflection Angle.\n");
scanf("%f",&t);
printf("Enter the Number of Characteristics to be considered.\n"); scanf("%d",&n);
rem = fmod(t,(n-1));
printf("\nRem=%f\n",rem);
a=t-rem;
remain[0] = rem;
printf("\nThe value of a=%f",a);
dt = a/(n-1);
printf("\nDelta Theta = %d\n\n", dt);
theta[pts[0]] = rem;
printf("\nThe points on the First Left Running Characteristic line are as follows:\n\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pts[i]= ++l;
//printf("%d\n",pts[i]);
printf("Pts[%d] = %d\n", i , pts[i]);

}
printf("\n Flow properties of the points on the First Left Running Characteristic
line:\n\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
theta[pts[i]] = rem + (dt*j);
Nu[pts[i]] = theta[pts[i]];
MinusK[pts[i]] = theta[pts[i]]+ Nu[pts[i]];
PlusK[pts[i]] = theta[pts[i]] - Nu[pts[i]];
j=j+1;
printf("Point %d\tMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n", pts[i],
pts[i], MinusK[pts[i]], pts[i], PlusK[pts[i]], pts[i], theta[pts[i]], pts[i], Nu[pts[i]]);
}
points[0] = 1;
z[0]= n+1;
printf("\nThe points on the Axis line are as follows:\n\n");
printf("Points[0] = %d\n",points[0]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
points[i+1]= points[i] + z[i];
printf("Points[%d] = %d\n",(i+1),points[i+1]);
z[i+1]=z[i]-1;
}
MinusK[points[0]] = MinusK[pts[0]];
PlusK[points[0]] = PlusK[pts[0]];
theta[points[0]] = theta[pts[0]];
Nu[points[0]] = Nu[pts[0]];
printf("\n Flow properties of the points on the Axis line: \n");
printf("\nMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n", points[0] ,
MinusK[points[0]], points[0] , PlusK[points[0]], points[0] , theta[points[0]], points[0] ,
Nu[points[0]]);
for (i=1; i<n; i++)
{
theta[points[i]]=0;
Nu[points[i]]= Nu[pts[i]]+theta[pts[i]];
MinusK[points[i]]= theta[points[i]] + Nu[points[i]];
PlusK[points[i]]= theta[points[i]] - Nu[points[i]];
printf("MinusK[%d]=%f\tPlusK[%d]=%f\tTheta[%d]=%f\tNu[%d]=%f\n",points[i],
MinusK[points[i]],points[i],PlusK[points[i]],points[i],theta[points[i]],points[i],Nu[point
s[i]]);
}
pnts[0]= n;
y[0]=n;
printf("\n\nThe points on the Last Right Running Characteristic line:\n\n"); printf("Pnts[0]
= %d\n",pnts[0]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
pnts[i+1]= pnts[i] + y[i];
printf("Pnts[%d] = %d\n",(i+1),pnts[i+1]);
y[i+1]=y[i]-1;
}
printf("\n Flow properties of the points on the Last Right Running Characteristic line:\n");
theta[pnts[0]] = t;
Nu[pnts[0]] = t;
MinusK[pnts[0]] = theta[pnts[0]] + Nu[pnts[0]];
PlusK[pnts[0]] = theta[pnts[0]] - Nu[pnts[0]];
printf("\nMinusK[ %d] = %f\tPlusK[ %d] = %f\tTheta[ %d] = %f\tNu[ %d] = %f\n",pnts[0],
MinusK[pnts[0]],pnts[0], PlusK[pnts[0]],pnts[0], theta[pnts[0]],pnts[0], Nu[pnts[0]]);
for (i=1; i<n;i++)

{
theta[pnts[i]]= dt*(n-k);
Nu[pnts[i]] = - theta[points[i]] + Nu[points[i]] + theta[pnts[i]]; MinusK[pnts[i]]=
theta[pnts[i]] + Nu[pnts[i]]; PlusK[pnts[i]]= theta[pnts[i]] - Nu[pnts[i]];
printf("MinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n",pnts[i],
MinusK[pnts[i]],pnts[i], PlusK[pnts[i]], pnts[i],theta[pnts[i]], pnts[i],Nu[pnts[i]]);
k++;
}
wallpts[0] = n+1;
y[0] = n;
printf("\n\nThe points on the Nozzle Wall:\n\n");
printf("WallPts[0] = %d\n",wallpts[0]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
wallpts[i+1] = wallpts[i] + y[i];
printf("WallPts[%d] = %d\n",(i+1),wallpts[i+1]);
y[i+1] = y[i] - 1;
}
printf("\nFlow properties of the points on the Nozzle Wall: \n\n");
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
theta[wallpts[i]] = theta[pnts[i]];
Nu[wallpts[i]] = Nu[pnts[i]];
MinusK[wallpts[i]] = MinusK[pnts[i]];
PlusK[wallpts[i]] = PlusK[pnts[i]];
printf("MinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n",wallpts[i],
MinusK[wallpts[i]], wallpts[i], PlusK[wallpts[i]], wallpts[i],theta[wallpts[i]],
wallpts[i],Nu[wallpts[i]]);
}
total = n+1;
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
total = total + (n-i);
printf("\nTotal points = %d\n\n",total);
for(i=1, p=1; i<=(total-n); i++, p++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(p == wallpts[j])
{
jo = j;
break;
}
}
if(p == wallpts[j])
{
intpts[i] = ++p;
continue;
}
intpts[i] = p;
}
printf("\nThe Interior Points are:\n\n");
for(i=0; i<(total-n); i++)
{
intpts[i] = intpts[i+1];
printf("Intpts[%d] = %d\n",i,intpts[i]);
}
printf("\n Flow properties of Interior points on Characteristic line 1 are:\n");
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{

theta[intpts[i]] = theta[pts[i]];
Nu[intpts[i]] = Nu[pts[i]];
MinusK[intpts[i]] = MinusK[pts[i]];
PlusK[intpts[i]] = PlusK[pts[i]];
printf("\nMinusK[%d]=%f\tPlusK[%d]=%f\tTheta[%d]=%f\tNu[%d]=%f\n",intpts[i],
MinusK[intpts[i]], intpts[i], PlusK[intpts[i]], intpts[i],theta[intpts[i]],
intpts[i],Nu[intpts[i]]);
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
{
printf("\n\n Flow properties of Interior points on Characteristic line %d are:\n ",++q);
theta[intpts[first]] = theta[points[i]];
Nu[intpts[first]] = Nu [points[i]];
MinusK[intpts[first]] = MinusK[points[i]];
PlusK[intpts[first]] = PlusK[points[i]];
first = first + (n-i);
printf("\nMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n",intpts[first],
MinusK[intpts[first]], intpts[first], PlusK[intpts[first]],
intpts[first],theta[intpts[first]], intpts[first],Nu[intpts[first]]);
second = second + (n-i);
for(j=0;j<(n-x);j++)
{
theta[intpts[second+j]] = (dt*(j+1));
Nu[intpts[second+j]] = theta[intpts[second+j]] - PlusK[intpts[first]];
MinusK[intpts[second+j]] = theta[intpts[second+j]] + Nu[intpts[second+j]]; PlusK
[intpts[second+j]] = theta[intpts[second+j]] - Nu[intpts[second+j]];
printf("\nMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] =
%f\n",intpts[second+j],MinusK[intpts[second+j]],intpts[second+j],PlusK[intpts[second+j]],
intpts[second+j],theta[intpts[second+j]], intpts[second+j],Nu[intpts[second+j]]);
}
x=x+1;
}
printf("\n\n\n Flow properties of all Interior Points:\n");

for(i=0; i<(total-n); i++)
{
printf("\nMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n",intpts[i],
MinusK[intpts[i]], intpts[i], PlusK[intpts[i]], intpts[i],theta[intpts[i]],
intpts[i],Nu[intpts[i]]);
}
printf("\n\n\n Flow properties of the points on the Nozzle Wall:\n");
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("\nMinusK[%d] = %f\tPlusK[%d] = %f\tTheta[%d] = %f\tNu[%d] = %f\n",wallpts[i],
MinusK[wallpts[i]], wallpts[i], PlusK[wallpts[i]], wallpts[i],theta[wallpts[i]],
wallpts[i],Nu[wallpts[i]]);
}
}
4.1.3 Input
Design exit Mach number 4.3
Throat wall angle 34.77
Number of characteristics considered 18
Table 4.1

4.1.4 Output
Using the above program, the flow properties at the axis line, wall points, first characteristic line (left
running) and last characteristic line (right running) and all the remaining interior points of the grid were
calculated. [Appendix]
4.2 Determination of Mach angle of all the points in the grid

The Mach number and the Prandtl-Meyer angle calculator’ was used to obtain the Mach Numbers for
the corresponding Prandtl Meyer angles.
The Mach angle was calculated using the formula:
µ = Sin-1(1/M)
Where, M is the Mach number
µ is the Mach angle.
The values obtained are shown below.
Table 4.2: Computation of Mach angle at all the grid points
Points ϑ M 1/M μ ϴ μ+ϴ
1 0.77 1.068345 0.936027 69.39 0.77 70.16
2 2.77 1.167056 0.856857 58.97 2.77 61.74
3 4.77 1.24771 0.801468 53.27 4.77 58.04
4 6.77 1.321753 0.756571 49.16 6.77 55.93
5 8.77 1.392456 0.718156 45.9 8.77 54.67
6 10.77 1.461349 0.684299 43.18 10.77 53.95


7 12.77 1.529318 0.653886 40.84 12.77 53.61
8 14.77 1.596945 0.626196 38.77 14.77 53.54
9 16.77 1.664652 0.600726 36.92 16.77 53.69
10 18.77 1.732766 0.577112 35.25 18.77 54.02
11 20.77 1.801554 0.555076 33.72 20.77 54.49
12 22.77 1.87125 0.534402 32.3 22.77 55.07
13 24.77 1.942061 0.514917 30.99 24.77 55.76
14 26.77 2.014184 0.496479 29.77 26.77 56.54
15 28.77 2.087804 0.478972 28.62 28.77 57.39
16 30.77 2.163107 0.462298 27.54 30.77 58.31
17 32.77 2.240275 0.446374 26.51 32.77 59.28
18 34.77 2.319498 0.431128 25.54 34.77 60.31
19 34.77 2.319498 0.431128 25.54 34.77 60.31
20 5.54 1.276758 0.783234 51.56 0 51.56
21 7.54 1.349265 0.741144 47.83 2 49.83
22 9.54 1.419136 0.704654 44.8 4 48.8
23 11.54 1.48759 0.672228 42.24 6 48.24
24 13.54 1.555369 0.642934 40.01 8 48.01
25 15.54 1.622984 0.616149 38.04 10 48.04
26 17.54 1.690812 0.591432 36.26 12 48.26
27 19.54 1.759156 0.568454 34.64 14 48.64
28 21.54 1.828268 0.546966 33.16 16 49.16
29 23.54 1.898369 0.526768 31.79 18 49.79
30 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 20 50.51
31 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 22 51.32
32 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 24 52.19
33 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 26 53.13
34 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 28 54.13
35 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 30 55.18
36 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 32 56.27
37 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 32 56.27
38 9.54 1.419136 0.704654 44.8 0 44.8
39 11.54 1.48759 0.672228 42.24 2 44.24
40 13.54 1.555369 0.642934 40.01 4 44.01
41 15.54 1.622984 0.616149 38.04 6 44.04
42 17.54 1.690812 0.591432 36.26 8 44.26
43 19.54 1.759156 0.568454 34.64 10 44.64
44 21.54 1.828268 0.546966 33.16 12 45.16
45 23.54 1.898369 0.526768 31.79 14 45.79
46 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 16 46.51
47 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 18 47.32
48 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 20 48.19
49 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 22 49.13
50 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 24 50.13
51 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 26 51.18
52 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 28 52.27


53 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 30 53.4
54 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 30 53.4
55 13.54 1.555369 0.642934 40.01 0 40.01
56 15.54 1.622984 0.616149 38.04 2 40.04
57 17.54 1.690812 0.591432 36.26 4 40.26
58 19.54 1.759156 0.568454 34.64 6 40.64
59 21.54 1.828268 0.546966 33.16 8 41.16
60 23.54 1.898369 0.526768 31.79 10 41.79
61 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 12 42.51
62 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 14 43.32
63 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 16 44.19
64 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 18 45.13
65 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 20 46.13
66 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 22 47.18
67 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 24 48.27
68 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 26 49.4
69 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 28 50.57
70 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 28 50.57
71 17.54 1.690812 0.591432 36.26 0 36.26
72 19.54 1.759156 0.568454 34.64 2 36.64
73 21.54 1.828268 0.546966 33.16 4 37.16
74 23.54 1.898369 0.526768 31.79 6 37.79
75 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 8 38.51
76 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 10 39.32
77 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 12 40.19
78 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 14 41.13
79 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 16 42.13
80 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 18 43.18
81 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 20 44.27
82 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 22 45.4
83 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 24 46.57
84 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 26 47.77
85 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 26 47.77
86 21.54 1.828268 0.546966 33.16 0 33.16
87 23.54 1.898369 0.526768 31.79 2 33.79
88 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 4 34.51
89 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 6 35.32
90 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 8 36.19
91 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 10 37.13
92 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 12 38.13
93 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 14 39.18
94 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 16 40.27
95 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 18 41.4
96 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 20 42.57
97 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 22 43.77
98 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 24 45


99 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 24 45
100 25.54 1.969663 0.507701 30.51 0 30.51
101 27.54 2.04234 0.489634 29.32 2 31.32
102 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 4 32.19
103 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 6 33.13
104 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 8 34.13
105 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 10 35.18
106 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 12 36.27
107 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 14 37.4
108 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 16 38.57
109 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 18 39.77
110 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 20 41
111 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 22 42.26
112 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 22 42.26
113 29.54 2.116587 0.472459 28.19 0 28.19
114 31.54 2.192586 0.456082 27.13 2 29.13
115 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 4 30.13
116 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 6 31.18
117 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 8 32.27
118 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 10 33.4
119 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 12 34.57
120 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 14 35.77
121 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 16 37
122 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 18 38.26
123 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 20 39.55
124 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 20 39.55
125 33.54 2.270522 0.440427 26.13 0 26.13
126 35.54 2.350587 0.425426 25.18 2 27.18
127 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 4 28.27
128 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 6 29.4
129 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 8 30.57
130 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 10 31.77
131 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 12 33
132 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 14 34.26
133 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 16 35.55
134 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 18 36.86
135 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 18 36.86
136 37.54 2.432978 0.411019 24.27 0 24.27
137 39.54 2.517902 0.397156 23.4 2 25.4
138 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 4 26.57
139 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 6 27.77
140 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 8 29
141 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 10 30.26
142 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 12 31.55
143 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 14 32.86
144 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 16 34.19


145 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 16 34.19
146 41.54 2.605577 0.383792 22.57 0 22.57
147 43.54 2.696239 0.370887 21.77 2 23.77
148 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 4 25
149 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 6 26.26
150 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 8 27.55
151 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 10 28.86
152 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 12 30.19
153 55.54 3.318576 0.301334 17.54 14 31.54
154 55.54 3.318576 0.301334 17.54 14 31.54
155 45.54 2.790139 0.358405 21 0 21
156 47.54 2.887547 0.346315 20.26 2 22.26
157 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 4 23.55
158 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 6 24.86
159 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 8 26.19
160 55.54 3.318576 0.301334 17.54 10 27.54
161 57.54 3.438535 0.290822 16.91 12 28.91
162 57.54 3.438535 0.290822 16.91 12 28.91
163 49.54 2.988758 0.334587 19.55 0 19.55
164 51.54 3.094093 0.323196 18.86 2 20.86
165 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 4 22.19
166 55.54 3.318576 0.301334 17.54 6 23.54
167 57.54 3.438535 0.290822 16.91 8 24.91
168 59.54 3.564254 0.280564 16.29 10 26.29
169 59.54 3.564254 0.280564 16.29 10 26.29
170 53.54 3.203904 0.312119 18.19 0 18.19
171 55.54 3.318576 0.301334 17.54 2 19.54
172 57.54 3.438535 0.290822 16.91 4 20.91
173 59.54 3.564254 0.280564 16.29 6 22.29
174 61.54 3.696257 0.270544 15.7 8 23.7
175 61.54 3.696257 0.270544 15.7 8 23.7
176 57.54 3.438535 0.290822 16.91 0 16.91
177 59.54 3.564254 0.280564 16.29 2 18.29
178 61.54 3.696257 0.270544 15.7 4 19.7
179 63.54 3.835129 0.260747 15.11 6 21.11
180 63.54 3.835129 0.260747 15.11 6 21.11
181 61.54 3.696257 0.270544 15.7 0 15.7
182 63.54 3.835129 0.260747 15.11 2 17.11
183 65.54 3.981527 0.25116 14.55 4 18.55
184 65.54 3.981527 0.25116 14.55 4 18.55
185 65.54 3.981527 0.25116 14.55 0 14.55
186 67.54 4.136189 0.241768 13.99 2 15.99
187 67.54 4.136189 0.241768 13.99 2 15.99
188 69.54 4.299947 0.232561 13.45 0 13.45
189 69.54 4.299947 0.232561 13.45 0 13.45

CHAPTER 5
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF NOZZLE PROFILE USING
CATIA V5
5.1 Ideal contour nozzle with polynomial curve

Using the values obtained in the table, two designs of ideal contour nozzle were made
1) Ideal contour nozzle design
2) Truncated Ideal contour nozzle design
5.1.1 Nozzle specification

The data given in table 5.1 are the nozzle specifications of VAC-S6-Short nozzle, which is used as
reference nozzle.
Table 5.1: Reference nozzle specifications [Ref.4]
Nozzle length 300 mm

Throat radius 33.54 mm
Throat wall angle 34.77˚
Nozzle exit angle 10.4 ˚
Design Mach number 4.3
Throat upstream wall radius 5.5 mm
Throat downstream wall radius 0.5 mm
Input fluid Gas Air
Before getting a complete design, there is a need of fitting a polynomial curve from throat arc to
nozzle 1st wall point, so using cubic expression and MATLAB, we can get a curve.
5.1.2 Calculation of points on polynomial curve
Cubic equation is
y = a + bx + cx2 + dx3 (differentiate) (5.1)
tanθ = = b + 2cx + 3dx (5.2)
Data are taken from design is

Xa = 9.564 mm
Ya = 36.534mm
θa = 34.77˚

Xb= 31.182mm
Yb = 51.329mm
θb = 33˚
Figure 5.1: Polynomial curve fitting

by substituting above data in equation 5.1 and 5.2, and solving, we get
y = 30.00585162 + 0.6659922558x + 2.247905015*10-3x2 -5.374550034*10-3x3 (5.3)
Using above equation 5.3 in matlab tool.
5.1.2 Matlab Programme

x=9.564:4:31.182;
y=30.00585162+0.6659922558*x+2.247905015*10^-3*x.^2-5.37455034*10^-5*x.^3;
Plot(x,y);
Output
x = 9.5640, 13.5640, 17.5640, 21.5640, 25.5640, 29.5640
y = 36.5340, 39.3188, 42.1056, 44.8737, 47.6024, 50.2712
Using x and y values obtained from matlab code result, polynomial curve is obtained.
5.1.3 Procedure for Ideal contour nozzle design with polynomial curve
1) Construct the nozzle throat (radius = 33.54mm) and an arc (radius = 0.5 times the throat
radius, sweep angle = 23.9 deg) on right side.
2) Using the angle between the right characteristic lines from arc center and construct the right
running characteristic lines.

3) Construct the left running characteristic lines using the value of Mach angle at axis line.
4) From the end of an arc, take an average of θ between each of wall points and extend the left
running characteristic lines to join the nozzle wall points and obtain a curve.
5) Plot the points obtained from matlab, to get a curve from an end of an arc to nozzle wall 1st
point
6) On left side, obtain a diffuser wall by an arc (radius = 5.5 times the throat radius, on left side,
make tangency to right side arc) with length (2 times of throat radius).
Geometric Design:
Figure 5.2 Design of ideal contour nozzle

At the throat:
Figure 5.3 Left and right characteristics at the throat of design

Table 5.2: The specifications of the Actual Ideal contour nozzle design are:
Length of the nozzle 874.919mm

Nozzle exit radius 200.889mm
Downstream wall radius 0.5*33.54 = 16.77mm
Upstream wall radius 5.5*33.54 =184.47mm
5.1.4 Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC) with polynomial curve
Geometric Design
Figure 5.4 Design of TIC

Table 5.3: The specifications of the truncated nozzle design are:

Downstream wall radius 0.5*33.54 = 16.77mm
Upstream wall radius 5.5*33.54 =184.47mm
5.2 Boundary layer theory

5.2.1 Introduction
The widespread use of supersonic wind tunnels has led, in the last decade, to a large number of
papers dealing with the theoretical design of supersonic nozzles. Such methods, however, can only
be used to calculate the nozzle profile in inviscid flow (i.e., the so-called ‘potential outline’) and for
real fluids it is necessary to allow for the growth of the boundary layer along the walls of the tunnel.
Usually this is done by displacing the potential outline slightly away from the tunnel centerline, the
correction being calculated from the displacement thicknesses of the wall boundary layers.
In nozzle design, the assumption is often made that the boundary- layer thickness is zero at the throat
due to the large favorable pressure gradient upstream of this position. Whilst it is true that the
pressure gradient restricts the growth of the boundary layer, the small amount of experimental
evidence available suggests that its thickness is only effectively zero when the design Mach number
is above about 3. For example, the below figure shows the thickness of the boundary layer at the
throat of the family of nozzles tested by J Baron [1].
Figure 5.5 Variation of thickness of the boundary layer at the throat

5.2.2 Boundary-layer growth
The approximate equation for the average boundary-layer growth along the curved part of the nozzle
contour
∆δ 0.29
=
l
R
Can be modified for use in uniform flow, by writing
∆δ dδ 0.29
≈ ≈
∆x dx
R
This form may sometimes be convenient in preliminary design work by enabling a single equation
to be used for boundary layer development along the complete nozzle block.
5.2.3 Calculation of Displacement Thickness
Sibulkin2 gives an expression for the boundary-layer thickness at the throat; this can be rewritten in
terms of the displacement thickness as
δ∗ R
= 0.026
h R
Where,
r
R=
h
r = radius of curvature
h = throat half height
The foregoing discussion has been mainly concerned with the calculation of the boundary layer
thickness; to correct the potential outline of the nozzle profile, the displacement thickness of the
boundary layer must be used, where
ẟ∗ = gδ
The value g has been given in numerous reports in either tabular or graphical form; the most
comprehensive tables are probably those of Ref. 3. The calculation procedure of ẟ is shown in
upcoming discussion.
The choice of a value for N appropriate to the conditions being considered is often difficult. Tucker
[3]
, for example, suggests
N = 2.2R (1 + 0.1M )

Experimentally the value of N is not easy to determine accurately from the boundary-layer traverse
data. Baron [1] found for values of Md between 1.5 and 3.5 that on the curved nozzle contour, a
Power-law velocity distribution with N = 7 fitted most of the measurements made on the curved
sections of nozzles. R. Wilson [14] recommends N should be put equal to 7 for all Reynolds number.
5.2.4 Calculation of ẟ by Taylor series
Taylor series is given by-

(x − a) (x − a)
f(x) = f(a) + f (a)(x − a) + f (a) + f (a) +⋯
2! 3!
The above equation can be written in terms of ẟ as-
dδ ∆x
δ( ) =δ + +⋯
dx 1!
For example
Given-
r = 0.5mm
h =33.54mm
N=7
For Mach number = 1, g = 0.15782
δ∗ R
= 0.026
h R
r 0.5
R= = = 0.01490mm
h h
R At throat = 9.00885*106
0.01490
δ∗ = 0.026 ∗ 33.54
9.00885 ∗ 10
δ∗ = 6.58977 ∗ 10 mm
∗
. ∗
δ = = = 0.0417556mm
.

Table 5.4: calculation of displacement thickness (δ*) for wall points
Distance from Reynolds Rate of

Mach No. origin (x) ∆x number change of δ δ g δ*
1 0 9008850 0.0417556 0.15782 0.00658987
2.319 31.182 31.182 4609290 0.01347942 0.462070861 0.26631 0.12305409
2.433 47.129 15.947 4300926 0.013667391 0.680024737 0.27752 0.18872047
2.518 59.327 12.198 4082243 0.013810781 0.84848864 0.28501 0.24182775
2.605 72.814 13.487 3868339 0.013960247 1.036770487 0.2925 0.30325537
2.696 88.152 15.338 3655234 0.014119358 1.253333205 0.30186 0.37833116
2.79 105.886 17.734 3446327 0.014286528 1.506690495 0.31119 0.46886702
2.888 126.305 20.419 3240379 0.014463681 1.802024399 0.31863 0.57417903
2.989 150.19 23.885 3040394 0.014649136 2.151919023 0.32974 0.70957378
3.094 178.248 28.058 3845199 0.013977009 2.544085931 0.338925 0.86225432
3.204 211.369 33.121 2653998 0.01505282 3.042650396 0.34804 1.05896404
3.319 250.643 39.274 2467914 0.015273269 3.642492752 0.35888 1.3072178
3.438 297.419 46.776 2289375 0.015504387 4.367725976 0.36958 1.61422417
3.564 353.61 56.191 2114892 0.015752169 5.252856097 0.38015 1.99687325
3.696 420.936 67.326 1947042 0.016014852 6.331072034 0.39228 2.48355294

5.3 Construction of nozzle profile with boundary layer correction
5.3.1 Case 1- Design of Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC) with polynomial curve
Procedure for Truncated Ideal contour nozzle design
1) Construct the nozzle throat (radius = 33.54mm) and an arc (radius = 0.5 times the throat
radius, sweep angle = 23.9 deg) on right side.
running characteristic lines to join the nozzle wall points.
5) Plot the points obtained from matlab, to get a curve from an end of an arc to nozzle wall 1st
point
6) Mark the displacement thickness value at each nozzle wall point and obtain a curve.
7) Obtain a diffuser wall by an arc (radius = 5.5 times the throat radius, on left side, make
tangency to right side arc) with length (2 times of throat radius).
Figure 5.7: Comparison of truncated ideal contour nozzle with polynomial curve without
boundary layer correction and with boundary layer correction, where construction curve is
TIC without boundary layer correction.

Table 5.5: The specifications of the truncated nozzle design are:

5.3.2 Case-2 Design of Truncated Ideal Contour nozzle (TIC) without polynomial Curve
Procedure for design of truncated ideal contour nozzle design

1) Construct the nozzle throat (radius = 33.54mm) and an arc (radius = 0.5 times the throat radius,
sweep angle = 23.9 deg) on right side.
running characteristic lines to join the nozzle wall points.
5) Using spline, obtain a curve from end of an arc to nozzle wall 1st point.
6) Mark the displacement thickness value at each nozzle wall point and obtain a curve.
7) Obtain a diffuser wall by an arc (radius = 5.5 times the throat radius, on left side, make tangency
to right side arc) with length (2 times of throat radius).
5.3.3 3D Model of truncated ideal contour nozzle with polynomial curve boundary layer
correction
Figure 5.9: 3D Model of truncated ideal contour nozzle with boundary layer correction

5.3 Comparison
Table 5.6: Comparison of nozzle specification of Volvo S6 and TIC nozzle with BLC
Nozzle specification Referred Volvo s-6 nozzle TIC nozzle with boundary layer
correction
Nozzle throat radius 33.54 mm 33.54mm
Nozzle length 300mm 420.936mm
Nozzle exit radius 125.15mm 175.59mm
Throat upstream wall radius 5.5mm 5.5mm
Throat downstream wall 0.5mm 0.5mm

Radius
Throat wall angle 34.77ᵒ 34.77ᵒ
Design Mach number 4.3 4.3

Divergence Angle 10.3˚ 10˚
5.4 Design Conclusion
A truncated ideal contour nozzle was successfully designed using Method of Characteristics. Flow
properties at all grid points in the nozzle geometry were obtained by C programming and the modeling
software CATIA V5 R19.
The design is different from the actual design, which was truncated, to 10˚of its Divergence Angle to
improve the performance.

CHAPTER 6
GRID GENERATION
6.1 MESHING OF 2D GEOMETRY WITHOUT POLYNOMIAL
6.1.1 Meshing of 2D Geometry of complete nozzle domain
Figure: 6.1 Meshing of 2D Geometry of complete nozzle domain
6.1.2 Meshing of 2D Geometry of nozzle
Figure: 6.2 Meshing of 2D Geometry of nozzle

6.1.3 Study of grid independence
Cases No. of Quads No. of Nodes
Case 1 60914 61540
Case 2 82994 83680

6.1.3.1 Comparison of Case-1 and Case-2
Figure: 6.3 Comparison of Case-1 and Case-2

CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
7.1 Nozzle Geometry Define
Figure 7.1 Nozzle Geometry Define
1 Inlet
2 Diffuser wall
3 Throat
4 Nozzle wall
5 Fluid domain inlet 1
6 Fluid domain 1
7 Axis symmetry
8 Fluid domain inlet 2
9 Fluid domain outlet
7.2 Fluent setup

Table: 7.1
General setting
Solver type Density-based
Velocity formulation Absolute
Time Steady
2D space Axisymmetric
Model setting
Energy On
Viscous Realizable k-e, standard wall function
Material setting
Air Density (kg/m3) ----ideal gas
Cp(specific heat)---1006.43
(J/kg-K)

Thermal conductivity---0.0242
(W/m-K)
Viscosity(kg/m-s) ----Sutherland
Molecular weight ----28.966
(kg/Kmol)
Cell zone conditions
Fluid surface Type –fluid
Name-air
Table: 7.2
Boundary conditions
Inlet Type Pressure inlet
Gauge total pressure 2.28e+07
(Pa)
Total temperature(K) 300
Fluid domain inlet -1 Type Pressure inlet
Gauge total pressure 101325
(Pa)
Fluid domain inlet -2 Type Pressure inlet
(Pa)
Fluid domain -1 Type Symmetry
Axis-symmetry Type Axis
Fluid domain outlet Type Pressure outlet
(Pa)
Table: 7.3
Reference
Compute from Inlet
Area(m2) 1
Density(Kg/m3) 1
Enthalpy(J/Kg) 301929
Length(m) 1
Pressure(Pa) 0
Temperature(K) 0
Velocity(m/s) 777.083
Viscosity(Kg/m-s) 1.7894e-05
Ratio of specific heats 1.4
Reference zone Fluid surface

Table: 7.4
Solution setup
Solution methods Implicit
Flux type Roe-FDS
Gradient Least squares cell baesd
Flow Second order upwind
Turbulent kinetic energy Second order upwind
Turbulent dissipation rate Second order upwind
Solution steering
Flow type Supersonic
Courant number Initial -0.05
Maximum-0.5
Explicit under
relaxation factor—0.75
7.3 Case-1 Without polynomial
7.3.1 Residuals
Figure: 7.2 Residuals

7.3.2 Contour and 2D plots
Figure: 7.3 plot of Static pressure v/s Position
Figure: 7.4 Contour of Total pressure

Figure: 7.5 Contour of Mach number
Figure: 7.6 Contour of Static temperature

Figure:7.7 plot of wall y plus
7.4 Case 2 - with polynomial

7.4.1 Residuals
Figure: 7.8 Residuals

7.4.2 Contour and 2D plots
Figure: 7.9 Plot of wall static pressure
Figure: 7.10 Contour of Total pressure

Figure: 7.11 Contour of Mach number
Figure: 7.12 Contour of Static temperature

Figure:7.13 Plot of Wall y plus on nozzle wall
7.5 RESULT
Table: 7.5 Comparison of analysis of TIC Nozzle with BLC without polynomial curve
(Case 1) and with polynomial curve (Case2).
Properties Case 1 Case 2

Mach number 5.2522621 5.2898042
Static pressure 45028.961 pa 44662.522 pa
Static temperature 50.17538 k 49.211589 k
Density 2.7757765 kg/m3 2.7768642 kg/m3
Total pressure 20740404 pa 21020534 pa
Total temperature 299.94681 k 299.98367 k
Velocity magnitude 708.18793 m/s 710.03382 m/s
Number of iterations 45160 51000

CONCLUSION
Truncated ideal contour nozzle was designed using method of characteristics taking into account the
boundary layer effects in the nozzle. Initially an ideal contour was designed and then truncated to 10ᵒ
of its divergence angle to improve its performance. The truncated nozzle was analyzed in Fluent
whose results have reached grid independence and also by introducing a polynomial in the design
gives a slightly higher Mach number than the one without.

APPENDIX
1. C-PROGRAM OUTPUT
The output obtained on the console was as follows:
Enter the Design Exit Mach number.
4.3
Enter the Flow Deflection Angle.
34.77
Enter the Number of Characteristics to be considered.
18
Rem=0.770000
The value of a=34.000000
Delta Theta = 2
The points on the First Left Running Characteristic line are as follows:
Pts[0] =1
Pts[1] =2
Pts[2] =3
Pts[3] =4
Pts[4] =5
Pts[5] =6
Pts[6] =7
Pts[7] =8
Pts[8] =9
Pts[9] =10
Pts[10] =11
Pts[11] =12
Pts[12] =13
Pts[13] =14
Pts[14] =15
Pts[15] =16
Pts[16] =17
Pts[17] =18
Flow properties of the points on the First Left Running Characteristic line:
Point 1 MinusK[1] = 1.540001 PlusK[1] = 0.00000 Theta[1] = 0.770000 Nu[1] = 0.770000



The points on the Axis line are as follows:

Points[0] = 1
Points[1] = 20
Points[2] = 38
Points[3] = 55
Points[4] = 71
Points[5] = 86
Points[6] = 100
Points[7] = 113
Points[8] = 125
Points[9] = 136
Points[10] = 146
Points[11] = 155
Points[12] = 163
Points[13] = 170
Points[14] = 176
Points[15] = 181
Points[16] = 185
Points[17] = 188
Flow properties of the points on the Axis line:

MinusK[1] = 1.540001 PlusK[1] = 0.000000 Theta[1] = 0.770 Nu[1] = 0.770000
MinusK[20] = 5.540001 PlusK[20] = -5.540001 Theta[20] = 0.00 Nu[20] = 5.540001
The points on the Last Right Running Characteristic line:

Pnts[0] = 18
Pnts[1] = 36
Pnts[2] = 53
Pnts[3] = 69
Pnts[4] = 84
Pnts[5] = 98
Pnts[6] = 111
Pnts[7] = 123
Pnts[8] = 134
Pnts[9] = 144
Pnts[10] = 153
Pnts[11] = 161
Pnts[12] = 168
Pnts[13] = 174
Pnts[14] = 179

Pnts[15] = 180
Pnts[16] = 186
Pnts[17] = 188
Flow properties of the points on the Last Right Running Characteristic line:
MinusK[18] = 69.540001 PlusK[18] = 0.000000 Theta[ 18] = 34.77000 Nu[ 18] = 34.770001
The points on the Nozzle Wall:

WallPts[0] = 19
WallPts[1] = 37
WallPts[2] = 54
WallPts[3] = 70
WallPts[4] = 85
WallPts[5] = 99
WallPts[6] = 112
WallPts[7] = 124
WallPts[8] = 135
WallPts[9] = 145
WallPts[10] = 154
WallPts[11] = 162
WallPts[12] = 169
WallPts[13] = 175
WallPts[14] = 180
WallPts[15] = 184
WallPts[16] = 187
WallPts[17] = 189
Flow properties of the points on the Nozzle Wall:

MinusK[19] = 69.540001 PlusK[19]= 0.000000 Theta[19] = 34.770000 Nu[19] = 34.7700001
MinusK[37] = 69.540001 PlusK[37]= -5.540001 Theta[37] = 32.000000 Nu[37] = 37.5400001


Total points = 189

The Interior Points are
Intpts[0] = 1 Intpts[127] = 137

Intpts[43] = 46 Intpts[85] = 91
Intpts[1] = 2 Intpts[128] = 138
Intpts[44] = 47 Intpts[86] = 92
Intpts[2] = 3 Intpts[129] = 139
Intpts[45] = 48 Intpts[87] = 93
Intpts[3] = 4 Intpts[130] = 140
Intpts[46] = 49 Intpts[88] = 94
Intpts[4] = 5 Intpts[131] = 141
Intpts[47] = 50 Intpts[89] = 95
Intpts[5] = 6 Intpts[132] = 142
Intpts[48] = 51 Intpts[90] = 96
Intpts[6] = 7 Intpts[133] = 143
Intpts[49] = 52 Intpts[91] = 97
Intpts[7] = 8 Intpts[134] = 144
Intpts[50] = 53 Intpts[92] = 98
Intpts[8] = 9 Intpts[135] = 146
Intpts[51] = 55 Intpts[93] = 100
Intpts[9] = 10 Intpts[136] = 147
Intpts[52] = 56 Intpts[94] = 101
Intpts[10] = 11 Intpts[137] = 148
Intpts[53] = 57 Intpts[95] = 102
Intpts[11] = 12 Intpts[138] = 149
Intpts[54] = 58 Intpts[96] = 103
Intpts[12] = 13 Intpts[139] = 150
Intpts[55] = 59 Intpts[97] = 104
Intpts[13] = 14 Intpts[140] = 151
Intpts[56] = 60 Intpts[98] = 105
Intpts[14] = 15 Intpts[141] = 152
Intpts[57] = 61 Intpts[99] = 106
Intpts[15] = 16 Intpts[142] = 153
Intpts[58] = 62 Intpts[100] = 107
Intpts[16] = 17 Intpts[143] = 155
Intpts[59] = 63 Intpts[101] = 108
Intpts[17] = 18 Intpts[144] = 156
Intpts[60] = 64 Intpts[102] = 109
Intpts[18] = 20 Intpts[145] = 157
Intpts[61] = 65 Intpts[103] = 110
Intpts[19] = 21 Intpts[146] = 158
Intpts[62] = 66 Intpts[104] = 111
Intpts[20] = 22 Intpts[147] = 159
Intpts[63] = 67 Intpts[105] = 113
Intpts[21] = 23 Intpts[148] = 160
Intpts[64] = 68 Intpts[106] = 114
Intpts[22] = 24 Intpts[149] = 161
Intpts[65] = 69 Intpts[107] = 115
Intpts[23] = 25 Intpts[150] = 163
Intpts[66] = 71 Intpts[108] = 116
Intpts[24] = 26 Intpts[151] = 164
Intpts[67] = 72 Intpts[109] = 117
Intpts[25] = 27 Intpts[152] = 165
Intpts[68] = 73 Intpts[110] = 118
Intpts[26] = 28 Intpts[153] = 166
Intpts[69] = 74 Intpts[111] = 119
Intpts[27] = 29 Intpts[154] = 167
Intpts[70] = 75 Intpts[112] = 120
Intpts[28] = 30 Intpts[155] = 168
Intpts[71] = 76 Intpts[113] = 121
Intpts[29] = 31 Intpts[156] = 170
Intpts[72] = 77 Intpts[114] = 122
Intpts[30] = 32 Intpts[157] = 171
Intpts[73] = 78 Intpts[115] = 123
Intpts[31] = 33 Intpts[158] = 172
Intpts[74] = 79 Intpts[116] = 125
Intpts[32] = 34 Intpts[159] = 173
Intpts[75] = 80 Intpts[117] = 126
Intpts[33] = 35 Intpts[160] = 174
Intpts[76] = 81 Intpts[118] = 127
Intpts[34] = 36 Intpts[161] = 176
Intpts[77] = 82 Intpts[119] = 128
Intpts[35] = 38 Intpts[162] = 177
Intpts[78] = 83 Intpts[120] = 129
Intpts[36] = 39 Intpts[163] = 178
Intpts[79] = 84 Intpts[121] = 130
Intpts[37] = 40 Intpts[164] = 179
Intpts[80] = 86 Intpts[122] = 131
Intpts[38] = 41 Intpts[165] = 181
Intpts[81] = 87 Intpts[123] = 132
Intpts[39] = 42 Intpts[166] = 182
Intpts[82] = 88 Intpts[124] = 133
Intpts[40] = 43 Intpts[167] = 183
Intpts[83] = 89 Intpts[125] = 134
Intpts[41] = 44 Intpts[168] = 185
Intpts[84] = 90 Intpts[126] = 136
Intpts[42] = 45 Intpts[169] = 186
Intpts[170] = 188
Flow properties of Interior points on Characteristic line 1 are:



MinusK[26] = 29.540001 PlusK[26] = -5.540001Theta[26] = 12.0000000 Nu[26] = 17.540001




















REFERENCES
1. J. Baron, Report 54-279(1954), N.S. L, M.I. T, W.A.D.C. Analytical design of a family of

supersonic nozzles by the Frederic’s method, including computation tables and summary of
calibration data.
2. Merwin Sibulkin, Heat transfer to an incompressible turbulent boundary layer and estimation of
heat transfer coefficients at supersonic nozzle throats by.
3. M. Tucker, TN. 2337 (1950), N.A.C.A Approximate calculation of turbulent boundary layer
development in compressible flow.
4. Allamaprabhu Yaravintelimath, Turbulence modelling for predicting flow separation in Rocket
nozzles .
5. John D Anderson, chapter 11, Modern compressible flow with historical perspective.
6. E.W.E Rogers and Miss B.M Davis, A note on turbulent boundary layer allowance in supersonic
nozzle design.
7. A. McCabe, Design of supersonic nozzle.
8. Maurice J. Zucrow and Joe D. Hoffman, Chapter 16, Gas dynamics volume 2:Multidimensional
flow.
9. Dr. Rinku Mukherjee, IIT Madras, Department of Applied Mechanics, Advanced Gas Dynamics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Vg2giyRXo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrQKRPv1Gss
10. Approximate Calculation of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Development in Compressible Flow
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc55662/m1/20/
11. Design of supersonic nozzle using Method of characteristics
https://www.ijert.org/research/design-of-a-supersonic-nozzle-using-method-of-characteristics-
IJERTV2IS110026.pdf
12. Isentropic flow table
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-017-9747-4%2F1.pdf
13. Isentropic Flow Calculator
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/machang.html
14. R. Wilson, (1952) p.277, Proc. 2nd. Mid-West conf. on Fluid mechanics, Ohio, Turbulent
boundary layer growth with favorable static pressure gradient at supersonic speeds.
15. Numerical solution for the design of minimum length supersonic nozzle by
Md. Hasan Ali , Mohammad Mashud, Abdullah Al Bari and Muhammad Misbah-Ul Islam


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International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management

Jain Global Campus

DESIGN AND CFD ANALYSIS OF

Under the guidance of

Asst. Professor, IIAEM

International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management

Jain Global Campus,

Dr. Antonio Davis

Dr. Manoj Veetil

We, Archana S D (15BT6AE012), Harsha P(15BT6AE027), S Adarsh (15BT6AE062) and

Sandesh J K (15BT6AE064), students of eighth semester B. Tech in Aerospace Engineering

or diploma to any university, to the best of our knowledge and faith.

Place: Bangalore Archana S D

interior points were determined.

NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVATIONS

MoC Method of Characteristics

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.1: Primary Types Of Nozzles………………………………………………..4

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 1

Figure 7.11: Contour Of Mach Number……………………………………..................49

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 2

1.2 Rocket nozzles

Generally, the 3 primary groups of nozzle types include:

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 3

Fig 1.1: Primary types of nozzles

1.3 De Laval Nozzle (C-D Nozzle)

Fig 1.2 Mach numbers at different sections of nozzle

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 4

Fig 1.3 Bell shaped nozzle

Types of Contour nozzles

1.4 Thrust Optimized Parabolic (TOP)

1.5 Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle (TIC)

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 5

1.6 Why prefer Contoured Nozzles

1.7 Types of Supersonic nozzles

1.8 Question of minimum length nozzles?

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 6

Fig 1.4: Minimum length Supersonic Nozzle Design

Fig 1.5: Types of supersonic nozzles

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 7

2. A Note on Turbulent Boundary-Layer Allowances in Supersonic Nozzle Design by E.W.E.

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 8

3. Design of Supersonic Nozzle by A. McCabe

4. Approximate Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layer Development in Compressible Flow

5. Turbulence modeling for predicting flow separation in Rocket nozzles by Allamaprabhu

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 9

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 10

3.2 Theory of the Method of Characteristics

For two-dimensional flow equation becomes

Note that φ is the full-velocity potential, not the perturbation potential

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 11

Rewriting these equations,

From eq (3.3) (dx)ϕ + (dy)ϕ = du

According to the definition of the characteristic line or Mach lines,

(1- ) (dy2) + dx dy + (1- ) (dx)2=0

(dy/dx) is the slope of the characteristic lines.

IIAEM, JAIN (Deemed–to–be University) 12

examine eq (3.7) the term inside the square root is

Figure 3.1 Streamline of 2D supersonic flow