Seminar 4

Theory

1. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of different classes of verbs in the contrasted

languages.

In Ukrainian have some peculiar allomorphic features. Regular equivalents to English verbs can be observed
only in the group of the so-called reflexive verbs proper (to wash oneself, to dress oneself, to shave oneself,
to powder oneself,  etc.), which have also corresponding forms in
Ukrainian (вмиватися,  голитися,  одягатися,  пудритися,  купатися,  etc.).

Other groups of Ukrainian reflexive verbs have no equivalents in English and form an allomorphic feature in
the contrasted languages.

Absolute isomorphism is also observed in the means of realization of the following morphological categories
in the contrasted languages

-The affirmative and some interrogative forms of the Indefinite group of tenses and of the pluperfect
(давноминулий) tense: I work.  I worked.  I shall work.  He had left  before I arrived. Я працюю. Я
працював. Я буду працювати.  Він якось заходив був,  але мене тоді не застав на роботі.
Isomorphism  also exists a) in the correlation of the time of action in the matrix close with the time of the
expressed action in the subordinate clause: He says  she lives  in Kyiv. He said  she lived  in Kyiv.
He will  say  she will  live  in Kyiv. Or: she will say that she lived in Kyiv or she thought that she came/would
come.  Or: I thought she had  come.  Similarly in Ukrainian: Він каже,  що вона прийшла; він скаже,  що
вона прийде/що  вона вже приходила; він казав,  що вона приходила/ приходила була

2. Morphological categories of person and number in English and Ukrainian verbs.

- the category of person and number is expressed in both languages with the help of synthetic means i.e.
forms of words and their inflexions. e.g. he is, they are, she works, я пишу, ви пишете

Allomorphism - the category of person in Ukr imperative mood forms which is alien to English. e.g. Будьте
здорові! Встань! Встаньте!

Gender - in use in Ukr and very rare in English (third person singular – Present Simple, to be – different
forms, вона сидить, я сиджу, вони сидять, ти сидиш)

Isomorphism is observed in the affirmative and some interrogative forms of the Indefinite group tenses and
of the pluperfect:

e.g. I work. I worked. I shall work. He had left before I arrived. Я працюю. Я працював. Я буду працювати.
Він якось заходив був, але мене не застав на роботі.

3. Morphological categories of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian verbs.

Auxiliary verbs in English (to be, to do, to have, shall, will) which are used in English in the corresponding
person and tense form to express the following categorical meanings of the verb:

Continuous aspect

Interrogative and negative forms of indefinite group tenses

Future indefinite

Imperative mood (Do come, please)

Perfect aspect

Subjunctive form (He ordered that everybody be present. I wish I were sixteen)

Auxiliary verbs in Ukrainian are restricted only to the verb”бути” which is used to identify:

passive voice: текст був перекладений

analytical future tense form: текст буде перекладений

subjunctive mood forms: якби я знав, я був би прийшов

pluperfect (давноминулий) tense form: я заходив був до вас якось влітку.

4. Morphological categoryof voice in English and Ukrainian verbs.

- there exist two voices: active and passive.

Isomorphic feature:

The existence of analytical passive voice forms in the Past and Future Indefinite tense: e.g. He was (will be)
invited. Він був (буде) запрошений.

Allomorphic features:

The expression of the passive voice synthetically in Ukrainian. These forms are realized :

1. by means of inflexions of the past participle. E.g. текст перекладений. Стаття написана.

2. by means of postfixes –сь, --ся added to the non-perfective verbs in the indicative mood. E.g. Хата
будується. Проект тільки готувався.

3. by means of the predicative participles: --но, --то e.g. Музей зачинено. Нічого не забуто.

5. Morphological categories of mood in English and Ukrainian verbs.

Category of mood is realized in both languages synthetically and analytically. There exist indicative,
imperative and subjunctive moods in both languages.

Isomorphic features:

- imperative mood forms with no reference to a definite person. E.g. Stop talking! Sit still! Сидіти тихо! Не
розмовляти!

- Existence of some identical forms expressing the same subjunctive mood meanings referring to present or
future or to some past event: e.g. If I knew that before I would come. Were she at home then, she would
come. Якби я знав це раніше, я б прийшов. Була б вона в той час дома, вона прийшла б.

6. Typological characteristics of statives and their combinability in English and Ukrainian.

Statives in English and Ukrainian are invariable notional words whose logico-grammatical function is to
denote the physical state of persons, things or phenomena, the psychological state of persons, state in
motion, etc. English statives have a characteristic prefix a- formerly added to the roots of nouns, adjectives
or verbs (cf. afire, aflame, alike, afloat, atremble, astride, ashudder,  etc.). "The lamps were
still alight...".  (Galsworthy) "Her little resolute face... was suspiciously eager and aglow ".  (Ibid.) "1 woke at
six the next morning and found George awake".  (J. K. Jerome) "He had been ashamed  and afraid".  (P.
Abrahams)

Ukrainian statives, on the contrary, are formed with the help of some suffixes, which are the following: -о:
Романові стало і прикро  і якось соромно  (Минко); -а: Треба  хазяїну на хутір... Шкода  журитись,
молодичко! (М. Вовчок); -е: Добре  Чіпці у діда підпасичем. (Мирний) Так мені зробилось жалко і
досадно.(А. Тесленко)

The category of state may be expressed in the contrasted languages by means of nouns (in English by
prepositional nouns only). Cf. "She seemed on fire".  (Galsworthy) "You keep me in the
know".  (Ibid.) Сором  слів, що ллються від безсилля. (Л. Українка) Не раз він був у відчаї.
(Стельмах) Страхбере, їх охоплював жах.

Statives in the contrasted languages rarely correlate lexically. Thus, English statives have mostly predicative
verbs, adverbs or adjectives for their equivalents in Ukrainian. Cf.

"I lay awake  a long time". Мені довго не спалось.(Я

(Galsworthy). довго не міг заснути.)

"Ruth was  aghast".  (London) Рут  була приголомшена.

Practice

Task 1. A. The form of an English verb rarely reveals much about its person and number features, nor its
tense in some cases. In these sentences, describe tense, person and number features of the verb forms
and explain how you reached your conclusions. What role does the clausal context play in determining
the interpretation of these features?

1. Lily let George’s friend borrow her bike. (future indefinite (soon), third person, singular)

2. George’s parents let him eat too many sweets when he was a boy. (distant past, third person, plural)

3. George lets Lily polish his shoes on Sundays. (present, third person, plural)

(Source: Evans & Green, p. 638-639)

B. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian and define the grammatical meanings conveyed by the forms of
the verbs.

1. Лілі, нехай подруга Джорджа позичить свій велосипед. (objective verb)

2. Батьки Джорджа дозволяли йому їсти забагато солодощів, коли він був хлопчиком. (subjective
verbs (always intransitive))

3. Джордж віддає Лілі відполірувати взуття по неділях. (objective verb)

C. Make generalized conclusions about the allomorphic and isomorphic features of verbs in English and
Ukrainian.
Allomorphic is the combinability of English verbs with postpositional particles (sit down, get up, put off)
which need not be confused with Ukrainian subjunctive mood particles: б, би: хотів би, знав би.

Absolute isomorphism is also observed in the means of realization of the following morphological categories
in the contrasted languages:

- The affirmative and some interrogative forms of the Indefinite group of tenses and of the pluperfect
(давноминулий) tense: I work.  I worked.  I shall work.  He had left  before I arrived. Я працюю. Я
працював. Я буду працювати.  Він якось заходив був,  але мене тоді не застав на роботі.

- Isomorphism  also exists a) in the correlation of the time of action in the matrix close with the time of the
expressed action in the subordinate clause: He says  she lives  in Kyiv. He said  she lived  in Kyiv.
He will  say  she will  live  in Kyiv. Or: she will say that she lived in Kyiv or she thought that she came/would
come.  Or: I thought she had  come.  Similarly in Ukrainian: Він каже,  що вона прийшла; він скаже,  що
вона прийде/що  вона вже приходила; він казав,  що вона приходила/ приходила була;

+b) Isomorphism is also observed in the existence of tenses not correlating with the time of actions
expressed in the matrix/ main clause, eg: He will  say  that he knows/  knew,  had known  it. Він скаже,  що
вона прийшла  (приходила)  приходила  була.

Task 2.A. Group the following English and Ukrainian verbs according to their implicit meaningof lexico-
grammatical nature into those denoting: (a) activity; (b) process; (c) state of a person; (d) possession. 

be, bring, buy,carve, engage, get, last, let, бігти, вважати, любити,мати, міркувати, могти,
lie, love, play, sit, swim, think, wish  прагнути, продовжувати,стати, хотіти, читати 

A) Bring, buy, carve, get, play, sit, swim, бігти, читати

B) last, think, міркувати, продовжувати
C) Lie, love, wish, любити, прагнути, хотіти
D) Engage, be, вважати, мати. могти, стати

B. The meaning of word asleep is also connected with action and process. Why can’t it be classified as a
verb? Is using sementic criterion sufficient in defining the part of speech a word belongs to?

Asleep is an adjective that's formed from the verb sleep. Adjectives can be predicates (they're
called predicate adjectives in that case), but adjectives can't take the endings that verbs can, so they have to
use an auxiliary verb be that can be inflected. The same is true of predicate noun phrases like a
doctor or solid rock

Task 3.A grammatical category exists only in case of opposition. Define the

grammatical categories which are revealed in the following pairs:

offer (verb, infinitive, also can be noun)– is offering (verb, present continuous);

offered (Participle 2) – was offering (Past continuous);

has offered (present perfect) – has been offering (present perfect continuous);

is offered (passive present form)– is being offered (passive present continuous form);
was offered (passive past simple form)– was being offered (passive past continuous form)

Task 4. A. Analyze the pairs of forms given below and define analytical and

synthetic ones.

B. Define marked and unmarked forms.

C. Which grammatical categories are represented by these forms?

• to write (analytical active voice forms infinitive, plural\singular)– to have written (analytical active voice
forms in the Present, plural); having written (analytical passive voice forms in the Past) – having been
written; write (analytical active voice forms in the Present Simple, singular\ plural) – writes (analytical active
voice forms in the Present Simple, singular);

write! (analytical active voice forms in the Present Simple, the imperative singular\ plural) – write (analytical
active voice forms infinitive, plural); writes (analytical active voice forms infinitive,singular) –is written
(analytical passive voice forms in the Present, singular); was written (analytical passive voice forms in the
Past, singular )–had been written (analytical active voice forms in the Past Perfect singular\ plural)

• мити(аналітичне, інфінітив, множина\однина, недоконане) –митися (аналітичне, суфікс –ся, однина,

недоконане); мити (аналітичне, інфінітив, множина\однина, недоконане) –вимити (аналітичне,
доконане, префікс -ви); мив (аналітичне, минулий час, доконане, однина,чоловічий рід) –
мила(аналітичне, минулий час, доконане, однина, жіночій рід); мило (аналітичне, минулий час,
доконане, однина, середній рід) –миємо (аналітичне, теперішній час, недоконане, множина); мий!
(аналітичне, теперішній час, недоконане, однина, наказовий спосіб) –мив би (аналітичне, минулий
час, недоконане, однина, умовний спосіб); миєш (аналітичне, теперішній тривалий час, недоконане,
однина)–миє (аналітичне, теперішній тривалий час, недоконане, однина).

Task 7.What is the difference between absolute, relative and absolute-relative tense forms? Use the
examples below to explain the notions. Which isomorphic and allomorphic features and means of
expression are found in the contrasted languages?

Absolute tense means the grammatical expression of time reference (usually past, present or future)
relative to "now" – the moment of speaking. With relative tense, the reference point for location of a
situation is some point in time given by the context, not necessarily the present moment To catch the
difference between absolute and relative tenses, it is useful to look at the distinction with time adverbials.
Some time adverbials serve specifically to locate a situation relative to the present moment, e.g. today,
yesterday, tomorrow; these are all instances of absolute time reference. In addition, there are (in general
distinct) adverbials which locate a situation relative to some reference point given by the context, such as
on the same day on the day before, on the next day; these are all instances of relative time reference.

absolute-relative tense forms combine these two kinds of time reference. In other words, they have as part
of their meaning that a reference point is situated at, before, or after the present moment and in addition
that a situation is located at, before, or after that reference point. Therefore they denote actions either
posterior or anterior to some reference point different from the moment of speech. The notion of absolute-
relative tense describes the Past Perfect in English.

 I will speak to him by all means.  Я з ним обов’язково поговорю.

 I am going to the theatre tonight.  Увечері я піду в театр.

  I think he has done it already.  Думаю, що він це вже зробив.

 I had finished my work by 5 o’clock  Вчора до 5-ї години я вже закінчив

yesterday.  роботу.

 I have been speaking to him for two hours.  Я розмовляла з ним дві години.
https://studfile.net/preview/5264085/page:19/

Task 8. A. Analyze the following sentences and word-groups in Ukrainian. Define active, passive and
mediopassive forms.

B. Translate the sentences and word-groups into English.

C. Make generalized conclusions about isomorphic and allomorphic features in the category of voice in
the contrasted languages.

 Господиня подала на стіл узвар з лісових груш і терну, поклала ложки,поставила миски. 

The hostess serve with a decoction of forest pears and thorns on the table, stick down the spoons,
put the bowls.

 Подано на стіл узвар, покладено ложки, поставлено миски.

Decoction served on the table, spoons placed, bowls misplaced.

 він роззувається; 

He takes off his shoes

 збиратися в похід; 

Get ready for a hike

 мені пригадується; 

come to my mind

 кропива жалиться;

Nettles sting

 ситець мнеться; 

Chintz crumples

 посуд б’ється;

The dishes are churned

 дівча заспокоюється; 

The girl calms down

 лід ламається; 

Ice breaks

 дівчата перемовляються; 
 Girls talk over

 вкриватися ковдрою; 

Get covered with a blanket

 йому мариться

he looms

Isomorphic feature:

The existence of analytical passive voice forms in the Past and Future Indefinite tense: e.g. He was (will be)
invited. Він був (буде) запрошений.

Allomorphic features:

The expression of the passive voice synthetically in Ukrainian. These forms are realized :

1. by means of inflexions of the past participle. E.g. текст перекладений. Стаття написана.

2. by means of postfixes –сь, --ся added to the non-perfective verbs in the indicative mood. E.g.
Хата будується. Проект тільки готувався.

3. by means of the predicative participles: --но, --то e.g. Музей зачинено. Нічого не забуто.

Task 9.A. Find examples of Participle I and Participle II in the given sentences. Define the
grammatical meanings they express.

B. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

C. Which isomorphic and allomorphic features are found within the non-finite forms of Participle
I, Participle II and Ukrainian forms of diyeprykmetnyk, diyepryslivnyk?

1. Judging him by his figure and his movements, he was still young. 

Судячи з його фігурі і рухам, він був ще молодий.

2. While pondering this problem, I sat in the dormitory window-seat. 

Я сидів на підвіконні гуртожитку, розмірковуючи над цією проблемою.

3. Displeased and uncertain Brandon gazed from his son to the Spanish gardener. 

Незадоволений і невпевнений Брендон перевів погляд з сина на іспанського садівника.

4. Having shaken hands with them, he brought his own hands together with a sharp slap. 

Потиснувши їм руки, він різким ляпасом склав свої руки.

5. The weather being dark and piercing cold,  he had no great temptationto loiter.

Погода була хмарна і пронизливула холодом, у нього не було великого спокуси байдикувати.

6. Collingwood did not usually utter a word unless spoken to. 

Коллингвуд зазвичай не озивався, якщо до нього не зверталися.

7. The two men were heard descending. 

Було чути двох чоловіків, як вони спускалися.

8. She had the drawing-room redecorated. 

Вона зробила косметичний ремонт у вітальні.

9. There being nothing eatable within his reach, Oliver replied in the affirmative.

У межах досяжності немає нічого їстівного, - відповів Олівер ствердно.

10. He came in quietly, cap and coat on, and sat down, looking at the candles.

Він увійшов тихо в кепці і пальто і сів, дивлячись на свічки.

Task 10. A. Define the categories and functions of English infinitive in the given sentences.

B. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 

C. Define allomorphic and isomorphic features in English and Ukrainian infinitives.

1. To be, or not to be – that is the question...

Бути чи не бути - ось в чому питання ...

2. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

Мені шкода, що змусив вас чекати.

3. I hope to be living in my own house in five years’ time.

Я сподіваюся жити у власному будинку через п'ять років.

4. It is understood that the escaped prisoner might have been hiding in his friend’s house for the last
month.

Припускається, що втік в'язень міг ховатися в будинку свого друга протягом останнього місяця.

5. Her greatest ambition is to be chosen to take part in that competition.

Її найбільше бажання - бути обраним для участі в цьому змаганні.

6. Noone knows why she failed in her final exam. She might have been asked some difficult question.

Ніхто не знає, чому вона провалила свій випускний іспит. Можливо, їй поставили якесь
складне запитання.

Task 11. A. Define the categories and functions of English gerund in the given sentences.

B. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the linguistic means of rendering the meaning.

1. Nobody can go on living without some belief. 

Ніхто не може жити без віри.

2. Do you mind giving me your name and telephone number, please? 

Чи не могли б ви назвати мені своє ім'я та номер телефону, будь ласка?

3. I began by explaining the situation in the North. 

Я почав з пояснення ситуації з Півночі.

4. І remember laughing aloud, and the laugh being carried by the wind away from me. 

Я пам'ятаю, як голосно сміявся, і цей сміх летів вітром від мене.

5. We congratulated him on having been given the promotion.

Ми привітали його з підвищенням.

6. I hate being lied to.

Ненавиджу, коли мені брешуть.