Planning An Extension Program
Planning An Extension Program
Planning An Extension Program
Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
6. Planning an Extension Program
Preface
Before addressing the specific tools for extension undertakings, it seems appropriate to spend
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
some time on overall program planning. Therefore, this chapter focuses on extension program
to‐day work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
development and the process to follow in developing a program plan for extension or community
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
development. Successful programs keep the people who are the beneficiaries at the center of
intended audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
the process. They involve local institutions and stakeholders in all phases of program
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
development.
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
Planning is the bedrock for planned change. Front‐line extension workers are expected to
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
develop extension programs to address local food production or community development needs.
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
Planning involves three things: studying the past, analyzing the present situation and forecasting
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
the future course of action. This is true when you plan a program for extension or rural
development. Planning is a process to bring about a desirable outcome or result. A good
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
extension program provides a clear and concise written statement of what will be done, why,
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
when, with whom and where. To put it simply, it is a process for developing a blueprint of our
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
goals, methods, procedures, activities and expected results.
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
Program Planning in Extension
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
An extension program is more than a single activity or event. It consists of a set of activities that
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
are intended to bring about a sequence of outcomes among the members of the target audience,
they must possess adequate knowledge and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
often referred to as clients. In an extension setting, program planning is the process by which
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
members of an organization or community envision its future and develop the processes and
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
operations necessary to achieve that future. The process is dynamic ‐‐ leaders or managers of the
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
planning team/group continually review it and make adjustments to address changing contexts
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
such as socioeconomic, financial and community/client needs.
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
Elements of a Good Extension Program Plan
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
Clear and measurable objectives.
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
A focus on needs of the target audience.
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
A list of activities relevant to achieving the stated objectives.
Please note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
An outline of inputs and resources (funding, staff, partners) required for
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
the program.
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
A clear plan for implementation — when, where, how and to whom.
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
A plan for evaluation.
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
34
34 i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
Preface
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
to‐day work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
intended audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
© M. Suvedi. Farmers attending a result demonstration on vegetable production.
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
As an extension educator, your overall aim is developmental – empowering the target audience
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
with knowledge and skills. To reach and teach your audience, you can make use of existing
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
institutions to build local capacity and use media and information and communication
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
technologies (ICTs).
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
Qualities of an Extension Program Planner
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
Understands the philosophy and mandate, history, traditions, related
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
legislation and organizational structure of agricultural extension or advisory
they must possess adequate knowledge
services in your country. and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
Ensures that the planning process is participatory and that members of
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
minority groups, women and dispersed audiences are engaged in the
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
planning process.
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
Makes sure the local leaders, partners or supporters of your program
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
understand the reasons for and the importance and benefits of planning.
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
Understands how the planning process is structured and facilitated.
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
Reaches decisions about the nature and content of the overall program.
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
Stimulates farmers’ interest and desire to adopt a new idea or practice.
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
Please note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
Steps in Program Planning
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
Literature on program planning suggests a cycle involving multiple steps for program
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
development. Diehl and Galindo‐Gonzalez (2014) suggest an eight‐step process for planning or
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
refining an extension program. It should be noted, however, that extension programming is not
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
a linear process. A successful extension program follows a dynamic process with continual review
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
36
36 i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
of the situation, stakeholder consultation and resource mobilization. A summary of the major
steps are shown in Figure 5, and the steps are described below.
Preface
Engage stakeholders in planning dialogue: Identify a diverse set of stakeholders such as
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
farmers, agribusiness operators, representatives of government agencies, community
to‐day work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
leaders, etc. Talk with each individually and invite him/her to serve in the advisory and/or
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
planning
intended committee
audiences representing
of this handbook the community.
include: Stakeholder
governmental engagement
agriculture, has natural
fisheries, many
benefits ‐‐ you will get a variety of perspectives and opinions; and when done properly, it
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
establishes support and local ownership of the program.
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
Conduct a situation analysis: This is where program planning actually starts. You need to
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
understand where the program is needed; who the program beneficiaries are; what
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats exist in the community; and what ancillary
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
factors are necessary for the program’s success. The situation analysis should deepen your
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
understanding of the various needs and issues facing the people in the community or your
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
intended audience.
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
The situation analysis may involve consultation with key informants and experts and the
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
review of secondary data from census or previous reports. It involves needs assessment and
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
prioritization.
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
Once differ
may you develop a list they
from those of priority
learned needs, share Extension
in school. them with professionals
the stakeholders
must and
have your
an
organizational representative ‐‐ district director, project manager or program director. Get their
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
inputs and feedback on the list of priority needs.
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
they must possess adequate knowledge and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
Please note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so. Figure 5. Program development cycle.
37
37i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
Develop program goals and objectives: Now, together with the beneficiaries, you develop
program goals and objectives describing how participants or beneficiaries will change as a result
Preface
of the program. Program goals are broad; objectives are more specific and targeted. Good
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
objectives are:
to‐day work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
Specific ‐‐ Be specific and clear about what will be achieved.
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
intended audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
Measurable ‐‐ Can you measure whether the objective has been met, partially met or not
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
met?
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
extension workers; ‐‐ and
Achievable field‐level
Is the agents,
objective whether
achievable governmental,
given the funding, non‐governmental or time
staff resources and for‐
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
available?
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
Relevant ‐‐ Is it clearly linked to the desired result?
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
Time‐limited ‐‐ Does the objective contain a target date for achieving the desired result?
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
Inventory resources: What resources are needed to make this program successful? Resources
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
may include:
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
Human/social ‐‐ program advisors, support workers, volunteers, consultants.
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
Material ‐‐ new information and technologies; money and what it can buy ‐‐ e.g., vehicles,
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
computers, copy machines, notebooks, staff travel.
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
Services ‐‐ facilities for holding meetings and workshops, office and storage space.
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
they must possess adequate
Instructional knowledge
‐‐ demonstration and
plots, skill in participatory
improved tools
seed, pesticides and
and techniques
other for
chemicals,
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
audiovisual equipment, printed materials.
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
Select educational methods and materials: Now it’s time to plan specific ways or methods by
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
which you can maximize the program’s impact given the human, material, services and
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
instructional resources you have for your program. Specifically, what kind of educational
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
activities and instructional resources would be appropriate for the content you plan to deliver to
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
your audience? Is a method demonstration an effective way to teach the audience? Should you
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
plan a tour of a research station where farmers could observe the benefits of adopting a new
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
maize variety? Should you show a documentary film or hold a group discussion?
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
You should consult with your local stakeholders ‐‐ seek advice from staff members of local
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
cooperatives, an agricultural research station or other organizations. Select the most
Please effective
note that method
neither or combination
the of methods
length of each to reach and
tool’s description nor teach your audience
its numeric while
order in this
keeping the cost within your budget.
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
An effective way to present the program plan is to develop a program logic model. Key elements
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
of the program logic model are shown in Figure 6 below.
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
the
tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
38
38 i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
Preface
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
to‐day work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
intended audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
Figure 6. Extension program planning logic model (adapted from the University of Wisconsin
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
Extension, 2014).
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
they must possess adequate knowledge and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
Implement program: Now you carry out the plan in the target communities. Remember that an
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
extension program consists of a set of activities designed to lead to desired changes among the
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
members of the target audience. Effective implementation involves:
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
Promoting the program via interpersonal methods, ICTs and mass media as appropriate.
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
extension workers.
Keeping This handbook
an official was
record of the created to activity
program help meet the
(e.g., need for
program a simple but
announcements,
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
participant attendance or registration showing gender, ethnicity or tribe).
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
Involving key people, specialists and advisors as much as possible.
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
Collecting end‐of‐activity feedback from participants or beneficiaries.
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
Evaluate and report results: Evaluation is a systematic investigation of the worth or merit of a
Please note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
program. It provides information to help improve the program. Evaluation is not a separate
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
activity ‐‐ it is integrated into the program itself. Planning, implementation and evaluation are all
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
parts of a whole, and they work best when they work together.
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
39
39i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
Evaluations are of two types:
Preface
Process (formative) evaluation is conducted during the program implementation to
provide the program staff evaluative information useful in improving the program.
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
to‐day Evaluation focuses on what is working, what needs to be improved and how it can be
work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
improved. You may also be interested in knowing the gender mix of participants, the
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
intended suitability of language and instruction used, appropriateness of the timing of events, the
audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
quality of support materials, the suitability of physical facilities, etc.
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
Summative evaluation is conducted toward the end of the program or project and made
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
public to provide program decision makers, stakeholders and potential consumers with
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
judgments about the program’s worth or merit in relation to stated goals and objectives.
extension personnel through in‐service training opportunities, continuing education
Evaluation focuses on what results occurred, with whom, under what conditions, with
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
what activity/training and at what cost. The information is used to make decisions about
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
the program’s future.
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
Learn, modify and improve: Program development follows a cycle and is a continuous process.
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
At the end of each program or project, lessons learned can be integrated to develop the next
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
program. Formative evaluation is conducted at the end of each step, and feedback is used to
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
improve the program and process. Evaluation provides useful information for planning the next
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
cycle of extension programs. Sharing of evaluation results with stakeholders and community
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
members is an opportunity for reflection, learning and program refinement. Therefore, use both
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
formative and summative evaluation information to improve your program and to report your
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
accomplishments.
they must possess adequate knowledge and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
Participation is the Key
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
Educational programs are successful when all persons affected by the program are involved in
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
some way or participate in the program. There are various reasons for participation:
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
It promotes local ownership of the program.
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
It promotes democratic values ‐‐ people affected by the program should have a say about
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
the program’s what, why, who, how and when.
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
It reduces the cost of the program.
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
It minimizes conflict among groups and members of the community because beneficiaries
Please and stakeholders are informed of the programs and programs are need‐based
note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
It increases the chances of the program’s success.
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
It empowers local people by building their confidence in development work.
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
It provides opportunity to learn together.
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
40
40 i
Core Competency Handbook Planning an Extension Program
Core Competency Handbook for Extension Staff
the local people have to be organized through some institution – such as a cooperative or
other group ‐‐ own the innovation and spread it among the late adopters. At that point,
Preface
you can withdraw or discontinue the program because the beneficiaries are now
This handbook is designed as a reference manual for front‐line extension staff to use in their day‐
independent of the outsider (you, the extension worker). Therefore, as an educator or
to‐day change agent, an important part of your role is to build local capacity ‐‐ individuals and
work. It offers a set of tools for effective communication, program planning and
evaluation. It is meant to support and educate agricultural extension workers worldwide. The
institutions such as producer groups and cooperatives. This is the path to sustainable
intended audiences of this handbook include: governmental agriculture, fisheries, natural
development.
resources and community development ministry officials; governmental and non‐governmental
extension district/regional managers; extension‐related faculty and their students—preservice
References
extension workers; and field‐level agents, whether governmental, non‐governmental or for‐
profit. We hope that this handbook will help advance efforts to empower and continue educating
Baker, H. (1984).
extension The program
personnel through planning process.
in‐service Pages
training 50‐64 in Blackburn
opportunities, Extension
(ed.), education
continuing
handbook. Ontario, Canada: University of Guelph.
programming and “train‐the‐trainer” programs. Such efforts may include targeting specific tools
of interest to audiences and inviting scholars/practitioners to teach participants about them.
Boyle, P.A. (1981). Planning better programs. New York, New York, USA: McGraw‐Hill.
Agricultural extension and advisory services are transitioning from a focus on technology transfer
Diehl, D.C., and Galindo‐Gonzalez, S. (2014). Planning or refining an extension program.
to a focus on facilitating a range of interventions in complex contexts. No longer is extension first
Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida.
and foremost a conduit of innovations coming from research and passing them on to farmers.
University of Wisconsin. (2014). Logic model. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Program Development
Today’s agricultural extension and advisory services are being challenged to serve as the
and Evaluation, University of Wisconsin. Accessed at:
connecting actor in complex agricultural innovation systems. The role of extension in agricultural
www.uwex.edu/ces/pdande/evaluation/evallogicmodel.html
development is continuously evolving, and effective front‐line staff members need skill sets that
may differ from those they learned in school. Extension professionals must have an
understanding of the communities they work in and have compassion for the people they serve.
They should be well‐versed in adult education principles. Besides sound technical knowledge,
they must possess adequate knowledge and skill in participatory tools and techniques for
planning, implementation and evaluation of extension programs. Good communication skills are
critical in all aspects of their work. This handbook attempts to provide some tools and approaches
that can help front‐line extension staff do their important work.
Most of the process skills or tools in this handbook are grounded in communication, education,
rural sociology and applied development science. These tools are valuable for the trainers of field
extension workers. This handbook was created to help meet the need for a simple but
comprehensive guide for extension workers that focuses on process skills and competencies. Our
goal was to create a concise yet complete, easy to read, user‐friendly explanation of some of the
skills that extension workers need to help farmers improve agricultural productivity and to help
create a sustainable and inclusive agriculture system through demand‐driven and participatory
approaches that have gained prominence in the past two decades.
Please note that neither the length of each tool’s description nor its numeric order in this
handbook is meant to convey the tool’s importance, complexity or usefulness. Not all tools are
equally useful in particular circumstances. Furthermore, some complex and powerful tools are
easier to describe than others. We present a brief overview at the end of this handbook of some
of the ways for extension personnel to evaluate the potential usefulness and appropriateness of
the tools. However, in the end, educated and well‐trained extension staff members will be
expected to use their best judgment on how best to proceed. We hope this handbook helps them
do so.
42
42 i