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    Relays, Contactors, Motors and CAN

    Uploaded by

    Shaunak Salvi

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Relays, Contactors, Motors and CAN

    Uploaded by

    Shaunak Salvi
    23 views19 pages

    Original Title

    Relays , Contactors , Motors and CAN

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views19 pages

    Relays, Contactors, Motors and CAN

    Uploaded by

    Shaunak Salvi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Relays , Contactors , Motors

    and CAN
    Electromagnetic Relays
    Make or break a circuit

    4 pin relay

    Working principle

    A voltage is applied across 1 and 3

    Current flows through the coil

    Magnetic field is induced in the coil

    Which attracts the switch ,and opens it.


    Load Circuit

    Control Circuit
    Normally close(NC) Relay

    De-energised state - Closed


    Energised State(when voltage is applied) - Open
    Applications of NC Relays

    ● Telephone circuits: With normally closed relays, telephone calls can be terminated
    if no one answers within the specified amount of time.

    ● Dead Man’s Seat: Certain machines are set to shut down if the driver is no longer in
    the seat. However, an immediate shutdown would be inconvenient if the driver
    merely bounces or shifts and accidentally activates that safety feature. The normally
    closed relay provides a time delay that takes into consideration occasional driver
    bounces, but it maintains that safety precaution by allowing for a shutdown if the
    driver is out of the seat for too long.
    Normally open(NO) relays

    De-energised state - Closed


    Energised State(when voltage is applied) - Open
    Application of NO relays

    ● Burglar/intrusion alarms: They can delay the activation of


    alarms to provide authorized persons with ample time to
    deactivate the alarm.
    ● Open door warning alarms. They can activate an alert if a
    door (e.g., a refrigerator door) is left open beyond a set amount
    of time.
    4 Pin Relay vs 5 Relay

    5 Pin Relay :When the relay is


    de-energised points 4 and 5 are
    connected

    When relay is energised points 3 and 5


    connected
    Diode as a switch.
    Allows current to flow - Forward biased

    Acts as an open switch - Reverse biased.

    Forward biased Reverse biased


    Need for freewheeling diode in a relay.
    Switch is closed - Inductor builds up magnetic field and is energised.

    Switch is opened

    - Flow of current is interrupted

    - Magnetic field collapses

    - Collapsing magnetic field induces current in opposite direction(Lenz Law)

    - Huge amount of back emf induced in the coil which might cause damage to
    components
    Voltage suppression in relays using a diode
    Diode is connected in reverse bias position parallel to the control circuit

    When the circuit is closed , current flows normally as a diode in reverse biased
    position acts almost as an open switch

    When the circuit is opened , a back emf is induced which makes the diode forward
    biased , hence all the excess current passes through it and hence protects the
    circuit from damages.
    Electromechanical Contactors
    Perform the same task of switching a circuit like a relay

    High power handling relay.

    Mainly used for high voltage and high current applications

    A diode(freewheeling diode) can be used for voltage suppression in contactors


    Brushed DC Motor
    Stator - stationary component(contains permanent magnets)
    Rotor - rotating component(contains windings which produce magnetic fields after
    DC passes through them)
    Commutator - switches the polarity between the battery and coil when the
    magnetic field of the stator aligns with the magnetic field of the rotor.
    Brushes - Connected to commutated windings and allows the current to flow into
    the coils of the rotor.
    Disadvantages : Brushes need to be regularly replaced due to wear and tear , if
    not they can result in sparking
    AC Induction Motor(Asynchronous)
    No permanent magnets used
    Both stator and rotor contains coils.
    3 phase AC passed through the stator which induces a rotating magnetic field in it.The
    magnetic field produces a voltage/current in the rotor
    Soon a magnetic field is induced in the rotor.(That’s why it’s called induction motor)
    Since the rotor first produces an electric field and then the magnetic field is generated ,
    the magnetic field of the rotor lags behind the stator(Asynchronous)
    So the two magnetic fields never align , hence no commutator required
    Slip - Amount by which the magnetic field of rotor lags behind the magnetic field of the
    stator.
    Disadvantage : Since current is induced in the coil of the rotor , heat produced , reduces
    efficiency of the motor.
    Advantage : Commutator is not required , decreased cost.
    Brushless DC Motors(BLDC)
    (Electronically commutated)

    Stator - field winding

    Rotor - permanent magnet(neodymium)

    Commutator replaced by integrated switching circuit.

    Rotor is already magnetised so it is always in sync with the magnetic field of the
    stator(Synchronous : Slip = 0)

    Advantage:No problem of efficiency losses due to heat as no current is induced in the


    coils.

    Disadvantage : Scarce earth metals like neodymium required which makes it expensive
    Magnetic flux:Reluctance::Current:Resistance

    Synchronous Reluctance Motor


    Rotor - Uses a material which automatically aligns to a given magnetic
    field(ferromagnetic material)
    Stator - field windings(supplied with AC)
    Removes the disadvantage of both BLDC and AC induction motors
    - Since no current is induced in the rotor , no losses due to heat
    encountered(unlike the AC Induction Motors)
    - No scarce earth metals required which makes it cheaper(unlike the
    permanent synchronous motors)
    CAN(Controller Area Network) protocol
    Provides fast communication among microcontrollers up to real-time requirements

    All VCUs connected to the same set of wires.

    Transmits data with binary model

    0 - Dominant

    1 - Recessive

    Frames used in CAN

    1) Data frame (used by CAN to send data)

    2) Request frame (used by CAN to request data)

    3) Error frame (used by CAN to indicate error)

    4) Overload frame (used by CAN to insert a delay)


    Standard and extended CAN
    Standard CAN - Messages with 11 bit identifiers

    Total number of characters which can be used = 2^11 = 4096

    Extended CAN - Messages with 29 bit identifiers.

    Total number of characters which can be used = 2^29 = half a billion(~536 million)
    Communication in CAN
    Two wires CAN H and CAN L used for communication.

    Communication relies on voltage differential of the two lines

    At idle mode : Both CAN L and CAN H at 2.5V(Voltage differential = 0)

    When data bits are transmitted CAN H jumps to 3.75V and CAN L lowers down to
    1.25V

    During transmission voltage differential = 3.75 -1.25 = 2.5V


    Bit Arbitration and Collision Detection
    If a node transmits a recessive bit and reads back a dominant bit, it immediately stops transmitting.

    Node A - transmitting 48 (0000110000)


    Node B - transmitting 56 (0000111000)

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