Electrical Drives

By
Romil Kumar
 Drives.
 Systems employed for motion control are called as
Drives.
 • It may employ any of prime movers such as diesel or
petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam engines,
hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying
mechanical energy for motion control.
 • Drives employing electric motors are called as
Electrical Drives.

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 Electrical Drives

 Drives are systems employed for motion control

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 Power Modulator :
• The power modulator regulates the output power of the
source.
• It controls the power from the source to the motor in
such a manner that motor transmits the speed torque
characteristic required by the load.

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 During the transient operations like starting, braking and
speed reversing the excessive current drawn from the
source.
 This excessive current drawn from the source may
overload it or may cause a voltage drop. Hence the
power modulator restricts the source and motor current.

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 The power modulator converts the energy according to
the requirement of the motor
• e.g. if the source is DC and an induction motor is used
then power modulator convert DC into AC.
• It also selects the mode of operation of the motor, i.e.,
motoring or braking.

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 Control Unit :
 • The control unit controls the power modulator which
operates at small voltage and power levels. The control
unit also operates the power modulator as desired.
 • It also generates the commands for the protection of
power modulator and motor. An input command signal
which adjusts the operating point of the drive, from an
input to the control unit.

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 Sensing Unit :
 • It senses the certain drive parameter like motor
current and speed.
 • It mainly required either for protection or for closed
loop operation.

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 advantage Of Electric Drives
 Advantages of Electrical Drive:
 • The electrical drives are available in a wide range of
torque, speed and power.
 • They are adaptable to almost any operating conditions
such as explosive and radioactive environment,
submerged in liquids, vertical mounting and so on.
 • The electrical drive does not pollute the environment.

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 Advantage of electric drives
 It can operate in all four quadrants of speed torque
plane.
 They can be started instantly and can immediately be
fully loaded. i.e., there is no need to refuel or warm up
the motor.
 They have flexible control characteristic and can be
employed to automatically control the drive.

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 Advantage of electric drives
 They have flexible control characteristic and can be
employed to automatically control the drive.
 • Because of the following advantages, the mechanical
energy already available from a non-electrical prime
mover is sometimes first converted into electrical energy
by a generator and back to a mechanical energy of an
electrical motor.
 • Electrical link thus provides between the non-electrical
prime mover and the load impact to the drive flexible
control characteristic.

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 Disadvantage of electric drives
 Disadvantages of Electrical Drive:
• The power failure completely disabled the whole of the
system.
• The application of the drive is limited because it cannot
use in a place where the power supply is not available.
• It can cause noise pollution.
• The initial cost of the system is high.

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 Classification of Electric Drive:
 Generally classified into 3 categories:
 • Group drive
 • Individual Drive
 • Multimotor Drive

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 Group Drive :
 • If several group of mechanisms or machines are
organized on one shaft and driven or actuated by one
motor, the system is called a group drive or shaft drive.

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 Advantage : Most Economical Disadvantage : • Any Fault
that occurs in the driving motor renders all the driving
equipment idle.
 • Efficiency low because of losses occurring in the energy
transmitting mechanisms (Power loss).
 • Not safe to operate.Also Noise level at the working spot
is high.

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 Individual Drive:
 • If a single motor is used to drive or actuate a given
mechanism and it does all the jobs connected with this
load , the drive is called individual drive.
 • All the operations connected with operating a lathe may
be performed by a single motor.
 • Each motor is driven by its own separated motor with
the help of gears , pulleys etc.
 Disadvantage: • Power loss occurs.

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 Multi Motor Drive:
 • Each operation of the mechanism is taken care of by a
separate drive motor.
 • The System contains several individual drives each of
which is used to operate its own mechanism

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 Separate motors are provided for actuating different parts
of the driven mechanism. Advantage : • Each Machine is
driven by a separated motor it can be run and stopped
as desired.
 • Machines not required can be shut down and also
replaced with a minimum of dislocation.
 • There is a flexibility in the installation of different
machines.

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 In the case of motor fault, only its connected machine
will stop where as others will continue working
undisturbed.
 • Absence of belts and line shafts greatly reduces the
risk of a accidents to the operating personnel.
 Disadvantage: • Initial high cost

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 Why (electronically) variable
speed?
 Operation with high efficiency and energy saving. Hybrid
and fully electric vehicles, variable speed pumps, air
conditioning, wind generators. 2. Speed and position
control may be essential to the process. Tracking systems,
process automation, wire bonding of ICs, manufacturing
industries and guidance systems. 3. Some processes are
enhanced if speed control is available. Aircraft landing
gear, bottling plants, milling processes. 4. Reduction of
transients and stresses due to abrupt motion and ON/OFF
operations. Paper, textile, rolling mills. 5. Disturbance
rejection from supply and load. 6. Matching motor and
load characteristics.
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