Intro To Crim Module Done
Intro To Crim Module Done
Intro To Crim Module Done
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY DEFINED
1. A body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomenon. It includes within its’ scope
the making of laws, the breaking of laws and the reaction towards the breaking of laws. (Cirilo M.
Tradio,1999)
2. Study of crime as a social phenomenon (Sutherland and Cressey)
3. Scientific study of crimes and its’ treatments. (Elliot and Merill)
4. The study which includes the entire subject matter necessary to the understanding and presentation of
crimes together with the punishment and treatment of delinquents and criminals. (Taft)
1. Making of Laws
2. Breaking of Laws
3. Reaction towards the breaking of Laws
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
1. Etiology of Crimes
2. Sociology of Law
3. Penology
4. Victimology
CJA 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Applied Science
2. Social Science
3. Dynamic
4. Nationalistic
CRIME DEFINED
An anti-social act, an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of the society.
ELEMENTS OF CRIME
CJA 2
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
ANATOMY OF CRIME
FORMULA OF CRIME
C= T+S
CJA 3
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
CRIME IS…
1. PERVASIVE
2. EXPENSIVE
3. DESTRUCTIVE
4. REFLECTIVE
5. PROGRESSIVE
A. Acquisitive Crimes –the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
Extinctive –when the result of criminal act is destruction.
C. Episodic Crimes –are serial crimes, they are committed by series of act within a lengthy space of time.
Instant Crimes –committed the shortest possible time.
F. White Collar Crimes –committed by a person of responsibility and of upper socio-economic class in the
course of their occupational activities.
Blue Collar Crimes –committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood. AMATEURIST
G. Upper world Crimes –committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of society.
CJA 4
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Underworld Crimes –committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of society.
CRIMINAL
1. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the violation of a criminal law.
(Legal Definition)
2. A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (Social Definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (Psychological Definition)
Based on Etiology
Acute Criminal –violates criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion. They commit passionate crimes.
Chronic Criminal –commits crime acted in consonance of deliberate thinking. He plans the crime ahead of time.
They are targeted offenders.
CJA 5
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Organized Criminal –one who associates himself with other criminals to earn a high degree of organization.
Professional Criminal –person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill.
Based on Activities
Accidental Criminals –those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive to its commission.
Habitual Criminals –those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-
control.
Passive Inadequate Criminals –those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or promise.
Socialized Delinquents –criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in their socialization process or
development.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR –the study of the human conduct focused on the mental processes of the criminal: the
way he behaves or acts and the causes and influences of his criminal behavior
VICTIMOLOGY –study of victims of crimes and contributory role, if any, in crime causation.
CJA 6
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE 2
HISTORICAL SETTING
HISTORICAL SETTING OF CRIMINOLOGY
CJA 7
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
SOCIOLOGY
- Religious scholars focused on causes as diverse as natural human need, deadly sins and the
corrupting influence of Satan and other demons.
- Italian
- Law must apply equally to all.
- Punishment for specific crimes should be standardized by legislatures, thus, avoiding judicial
abuses of power.
- Englishman
- People are rational beings who exercise freewill in making choices.
- Italian
- Influenced by Darwin’s Evolution Theory.
- Measured the physical features of prison inmates and concluded that criminal behavior
correlated with specific bodily characteristics, particularly cranial, skeletal and neurological
malformations.
- Pioneer of the case-study approach to criminology.
CJA 8
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Cartographical Thought
- Both of these researchers compiled detailed, statistical information relating to crime and also
attempted to identify the circumstances that predisposed people to commit crime.
- French Sociologist
- Advanced the hypothesis that criminal behavior is a normal part of all societies.
- No society ever have complete uniformity of moral consciousness.
- Saw the criminal as an acceptable human being and one of the prices that a society pays for
freedom.
- Difference between modern, industrial societies and non-industrial ones, where individuals in
industrial societies are more likely to exhibit ANOMIE (Greek word meaning without norms).
Feminist Criminology
CJA 9
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Walter C. Reckless
- Containment Theory
- Combination of internal psychological containments and external social containments prevent
people from deviating from social norms.
Travis Hirschi
- Developed his own control theory that attempts to explain conforming behavior.
- Stresses the importance of the individual’s bond to society in conforming behavior.
Political Criminology
- Involves study into the forces that determine how, why, and with what consequences societies
chose to address criminals and crime in general.
CJS- the machinery which society uses in the prevention and control of crime.
CJA 10
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
- Law Enforcement
- Prosecution
- Court
- Correction
- Community
Criminology Education
R.A. 6506
CJA 11
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE 3
THEORIES OF CRIME
THEORY
- A system of ideas arranged in rational order that produce general principles which increase
our understanding and explanations.
- Is the foundation of criminology and of criminal justice.
- Most important task of theory is explanation which is also called prediction.
Subjective Approaches
- Deals mainly on the biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of abnormalities
that exist in the individual criminal before, during and after the commission of the crime.
1. Anthropological Approach
2. Medical Approach
3. Biological Approach
4. Physiological Approach
5. Psychological Approach
6. Psychiatric Approach
7. Psychoanalytical Approach
Objective Approaches
- Deals on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as influences to behavior.
- Primarily derived from social sciences.
1. Geographic Approach
2. Ecological Approach
3. Economic Approach
4. Socio- Cultural Approach
Contemporary Approaches
CJA 12
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Demonological Theory
- Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil
behavior.
- Harsh punishments were also given.
- Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham shared the idea that criminal behavior could be
understood and controlled as an outcome of a “human nature” shared by all of us.
- Human beings were believed to be hedonistic but rational.
- Its mechanisms of enforcement and the forms of punishment were primitive and inconsistent.
- The use of torture to extract confessions and wide range of cruel punishments such as
whipping, mutilation and public execution were commonplace.
1. Human beings are fundamentally rational and most human behavior is the result of free will coupled with
rational choice.
2. Pain and pleasure are two central determinants of human behavior.
3. Punishment is sometimes required to deter law violators.
Jeremy Bentham
- Founded the Theory of Utilitarianism – “the greatest happiness for the greatest number of
people”
- Felicific Calculus –calculation of pleasures and pain and people could tell what was a right or
a wrong action.
- Planned the Panopticon –prison where the wardens could see all around.
- Ambition in life was to create a “Pannomion” –a complete Utilitarian code of Law.
CJA 13
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
1. Unfair
2. Unjust
3. The nature and definition of punishment is not individualized.
4. It considers only the injury caused not the mental condition of the offender.
- There are situations or circumstances that made it impossible to exercise freewill and reasons
were provided to exempt the accused from conviction.
- Freewill can be mitigated by pathology, incompetence and mental disorder.
- Children and lunatics should not be regarded as criminals and free from punishment.
- It must take into account certain mitigating circumstances.
- Characterology
- Brought up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind- field which became
known as criminal anthropology.
- The director of a mental asylum in Italy.
CJA 14
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
1. Born Criminals –born criminals, the belief that criminal behavior is inherited.
2. Criminal by Passion –individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of anger.
3. Insane Criminals –those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders.
4. Criminoloid –commit crime due to less physical stamina/self-control.
5. Occasional Criminal –commit crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at a given
situation.
6. Pseudo-criminals –those who kill in self-defense.
CJA 15
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
- Believed that crime was not only normal in any society but was also functional.
- Crime is bound up with the fundamental conditions of all social life and serves a social
function.
- Also believed that having good strong morals would prevent individuals from disintegrating.
Disintegration would happen if the collective conscience became weak.
Collective conscience –term coined by Durkheim which meant that individuals shared
common beliefs and sentiments.
Punishment is a passionate reaction of graduated intensity to offences against the
collective conscience.
- Punishment was necessary in order to promote social cohesion and binds individuals together.
- Advocated “Anomie Theory” (first coined by Robert K. Merton) –absence of norms in a
society provides a setting conductive to crimes and other anti-social acts.
- Used the term “anomie” to describe the lack of social regulation in modern societies as one
manner that could elevate higher suicide rates.
- Also framed the early development of Consensus Theory.
CJA 16
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
- Father of Psychoanalysis
According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two main parts:
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
- He maintained that individual’s temperamental reactions are reflections of their body types.
- Best known for his work: Physique and Character.
- The idea of somatotyping was originated from his work.
William H. Sheldon
CJA 17
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Endomorphy
Body features
Soft body
Underdeveloped muscles
Round shaped
Over-developed digestive system
Mesomorphy
Ectomorphy
Body Features
CJA 18
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
- Published Twenty Thousand Homeless Men, The Professional Thief and Principles of
Criminology.
- The Most Important Criminologist of the 20th Century
- The Dean of Modern Criminology
- Advocated the Differential Association Theory which maintains that the society is composed
of different group organizations, the societies consist of a group of people having criminalistic
tradition and anti-criminalistic tradition.
DAT was Sutherland’s major sociological contribution to criminology.
Differential Association Theory explains why any individual gravitates toward criminal
behavior while Differential Social Organization explains why crime rates of different
social entities differ from each other.
- Containment Theory –assumes that for every individual there exists a containing external
structure and a protective internal structure.
The outer structure of an individual are the external pressures such as poverty,
unemployment and blocked opportunities.
The inner containment is the person’s self-control ensured by strong ego, good self-
image, well developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and high sense of
responsibility.
CJA 19
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Microside –strain, stresses its attention towards the breakdown of society and the
increase in deviance associated with this declining change that produces a stronger
pressure among members of society to commit crimes.
- Strain Theory –failure of man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit
crimes in order for that status/goal to be attained.
Crime is a means to achieve goals and the social structure is the root of the crime
problem.
2 kinds of strain:
Structural Strain
Individual Strain
5 modes of Adaption to Strains
1. Conformity
2. Innovation
3. Rebellion
4. Retreatism
5. Ritualism
Albert Cohen
CJA 20
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
Robert Agnew
- Contradicted Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through features alone.
- Accepted that criminals are physically inferior to normal individuals.
- Criminals tend to be shorter and have less weight than non-criminals.
Adolphe Quetelet
CJA 21
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
- Discovered on his research that crimes against persons increased during summer and crimes
against property tends to increase during winter.
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE 4
CJA 22
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
1. Doctrine of Pro-Reo
2. Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege
3. Actus Non Facit Reum, Nisi Mens Sit Rea
4. Actus me invite factus, non est meus actus
5. Ignorantia legis non excusat
6. El que es causa de la causa del mal causado
French Rule
English Rule
1. Organized Crimes
2. White Collar Crimes
3. Cybercrime
4. Victimless Crimes
Conventional Crimes
a. Murder
b. Homicide and Assault
c. Robbery
d. Rape
e. Family Violence
CJA 23
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE 5
CJA 24
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY 1
General Classes of Victims (Von Hentig) Psychological Types of Victim (Von Hentig)
CJA 25