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Notes

On

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

By: RENOR N. APELA

Licensed Criminologist

Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causes of crime by his
formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistics tendencies plus crime inducing situation
divided by the persons mental or emotional resistance to temptation.

Adolphe Quetelet (17961874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer and

statistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and positivist schools of
criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical
analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between crime and other social
factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as
gender and crime.

Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness. An expert witness in a

sanity trial.

Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of just desert.

Just desert - has five guidelines;
1. treat legal punishment as a desert;
2. avoid doing harm;
3. Sentence delinquency, not the delinquent;
4. interfere parsimoniously;
5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day utilitarianism.

Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel

has deliberately done you wrong.

Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals.

Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.

Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behaviour after a period of

absence.

Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionary scale to more

primitive times, where people were savages.

August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic education. He

is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and disadvantaged youth. He believed
that imposed discipline and suppression which were practiced in traditional reformatories
yielded few positive results.

Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear of being egotistical, or a

dread of being alone or isolated.

Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having to cope without a specific person,
or perhaps any person, in close proximity.
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Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that uses body characteristics or

behavioural traits and is increasingly being used instead of or in conjunction with other
forms of identification based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know
(e.g. password or PIN).

Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result of emotional immaturity. A
person is emotionally matured when he has learned to control his emotion effectively and
who live at peace with himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which are
acceptable to society. An emotionally immature person rebels against rules and
regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities and experience a feeling of guilt due to
inferiority complex.

Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linked by a common

interest, religion, or trade.

Cesare Beccaria - founder of the classical school of thought within criminology.

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italian school of criminology,

formulated the theory of anthropological criminology, essentially stated that criminality
was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off the scientific revolution,
father of evolution.

Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict: a statistical study.

The English convict: a statistical study - It was first published in 1913, and set out to
establish whether there were any significant physical or mental abnormalities among the
criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men, as suggested by Cesare Lombroso.
He ultimately concluded that "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal and
law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class, and intelligence, are identical. There is
no such thing as an anthropological criminal type."

Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in a logical way; assumes
people are hedonistic.

Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized in this theory that the
multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the principal source of social disorganization. The high
crime and delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by their exposure
to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of larger society.

Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability of the group to contain
behavior of its member and that of effective containment of the individual into the value
system and structure of society will minimize crime.

Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled or inspired by a

previous crime that has been reported in the media or described in fiction.

Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning criminal-like) is a person
who projects a respectable, upright facade, in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality.
This type, first defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work "the
Criminal man".

Criminal Personality
1. the roots of criminality lie in the way in which people think and make decisions;
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2. criminals think and act differently from others, even at a very young age;
3. criminals are irresponsible,
4. deterministic explanations of crime result from believing the criminal who is seeking
sympathy.

Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns of irresponsible and antisocial

behavior, as well as aggressive tendencies.

Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of the submissive instinct
account for tendency of many criminals to be weak-willed or easily led. Fear and
absconding may be due to the impulse of fear.

Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the control of the individual;
opposite of free will.

Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable and learned in

interaction with other deviant persons. Through this association, they learn not only
techniques of certain crimes, but also specific rationale, motives and so on.

Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory was Sutherland's major sociological

contribution to criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control
theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual's social relationships.

Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency and crime pattern are

learned and adopted. The learning process either be conscious type copying or unconscious
copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes called Social

Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is breakdown, changes, conflict
of values between the new and the old, when there is reduced influence of the social
institution over behaviour and when there is declining influence of the solid moral and
ethical front.

Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain; measures it.

Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief among his claims is that
society is a sui generis reality, or a reality unique to itself and irreducible to its composing
parts. It is created when individual consciences interact and fuse together to create a
synthetic reality that is completely new and greater than the sum of its parts.

E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories, believed that biological
factors affect the perception and learning of social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase

the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton
as a method of improving the human race.

Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behaviour or action over
another.

Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because of inability to

change or achieve something.
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General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on those persons who have
not suffered.

Specific Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on those who have suffered
it.

Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mental content of the
individual. Frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort, personality demands
removal of pain and the pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of the
crime delinquency of an individual.

Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains the reason why a person
may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in hand, crime prone
traits were inherited.

Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commit anymore crimes.

Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th century by Cesare
lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and Rafael Garofalo.

Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso, His work served as the basis
for Argentinas penal code of 1921. His research led to him postulating theories calling for
crime prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as opposed to
punishment of criminals after their crimes had taken place.

Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology. He is a student of Cesare

Lombroso.

James Q. Wilson - advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought within criminology. He is a

lawyer.

Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants are criminally minded and committed
crimes.

Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family, descendants are good people and
attained prominence in various fields.

Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a 1912 book by the
American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard. The work was an extended case
study of Goddard's for the inheritance of "feeble-mindedness," a general category referring
to a variety of mental disabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and
mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits were hereditary and
society should limit reproduction by people possessing these traits.

Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard for need or profit.
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Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and the bearing of
grudges.

Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate a wide variety of messages
from the senses and control goal-oriented response to environmental and internal stimuli.

Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized by delusional fantasies of

power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflated self-esteem.

Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is required by statute as an
element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey the street rules of lower
class life find themselves in conflict with the dominant culture.

Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent a reason about the
world that they live in.
Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts;
measuring different parts of the human head; there is a meaningful relationship between
certain types of physical features and personality.

Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system should focus exclusively on
doing justice; respond to the crime; the criminal made the rational decision.

Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses may breakthrough and take

control.

Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18th century: from Greek amnsia
forgetfulness.

Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : a false idea or belief that is caused by
mental illness.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") refers to a chronic,

deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually
beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term first used in 1891 in this Latin
form by Arnold Pick (18511924), a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of
Charles University in Prague.

Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behaviour impairs or gets in the way of
everyday focus, Id takes control.

Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior, incoherent thought process, thinking is

scrambled and may have split personalities.

Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and the bearing of grudges.

Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime.
That is, both are involved in the event.

Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps of facial features. The study of
facial features.
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Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of the skulls of different human
races. Another term for Phrenology.

Psychopatic Personality This is the most important cause of criminality among youthful
offenders and habitual criminals. It is characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of
conscience, deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environment and other
people.

Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character or personality from his

or her outer appearance, especially the face. This study and science was used by Beccaria
(1764) and lavater (1175) to discover the character of a person.

Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlled by science.

Positivism - the belief that the classical school of thought is wrong in explaining what
causes crime because they failed to explain adequately the why portion.

Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor who wanted to see whether
criminals were physically different, believed in atavistic anomaly.

Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and
abnormal behavior.

Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the
19th century.

Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back into the criminal
system.

Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous life, especially

through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of escaping present anxieties.

Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal personality.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differing views of human

nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime and its control.

Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by a preference for or

obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the compulsion to display one's

genitals in public.

Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or body parts not traditionally viewed
as sexual.

Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual desires, typically involving

extreme or dangerous activities.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure, sometimes sexual, from acts

involving the infliction or reception of pain or humiliation.
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Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from inflicting
pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice of dressing and acting in a

style or manner traditionally associated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from one's
own pain or humiliation.

Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their
knowledge; also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexual activity between human and non-
human animals or a fixation on such practice.

Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitional neighborhoods

that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.

Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is but one form of deviance.

ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborn instincts and reflexes.

Ego - represents the real world of the individual's conscious reason and common sense.

Superego - inner world of the individual's ideal expectations and conscience; the
conceptions of what the individual considers to be morally good.
Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individual activities; individuals
become free to commit crimes when their ties to society are broken.

Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determined by God or

demons or Satan.

Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal personality.

Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered; if he thought he

could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.

Type of Physique

Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are tall and thin and less social
and more intellectual.

Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build. Have well-developed
muscles and an athletic appearance. They are active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and
more likely to become criminals.

Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and a high proportion of fat tissue.
Have heavy builds and are slow moving. They arte known for lethargic behaviour
rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more willing to engage in less
strenuous criminal activities such as fencing stolen property.

Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders according to some criteria of

relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vital

functions:
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1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and

2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order; the greatest good for
the greatest number.

William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field of somatotype and
constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body types with behavior, intelligence, and
social hierarchy through his Ivy league nude posture photos. Temperament

Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- + tonic. Designating a personality

type characterised as sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gestures assertively and behaves aggressively.

Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaints to allergies, skin troubles,

chronic fatigue, insomia, insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate; more inclined to commit
crimes.

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