Chapter 4 - Lumber
Chapter 4 - Lumber
Chapter 4 - Lumber
CHAPTER
4.1 WOOD
Wood is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk
and the branches of a tree that lies between the pith and the
bark The versatility of using wood in every construction has
Hied it to its present importance and high demand in almost all
types of construction .
-
Rough Lumber is the term applied to unplaned or un¬
dressed lumber. In short, those lumber with rough surfaces.
-
S2f and S4* are dressed lumber wherein the number con¬
notes the smooth sides. For instance, S2s means lumber hav¬
ing two smooth sides and S4s with four sides
-
Slab is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual
rings running through the full length of the log containing at
teas one flat surface
Surface or Dressed Lumber - is a planed lumber having at
teast one smooth side.
143
r
ESTIMATE
SIMPLIFIED CONSTR
UCTION or larger
five Indies *
B a p ce
of lumber
Tiorfxr •
smartest dimension
* 4 to 5 inches thick
piece of lumb
er from
FLmk - <s a wide centimeters thk
less than 4
Board - is a piece
10 cent imet
of lumber
ers wide
*
jt least
*rtr piece of lumber
.
Flitch - s a thick
ann ual rings are small, the grain or
the
Fioe Grained - when the adjacent rings is said to be fine
marking which separates
called Coarse Grained
it is
grained. When large
used when the direction of the
Straight Grained - Is a term side and edges of the board *
withthe
fibers are nearly parallel
,
Cross Grained - is a lumber taken from1 a
Crooked or
crooked tree.
4-3 CLASSIFICATION OF WO
OD
Wood that are used in building construc
tions are those
r
which grows larger by addition of a layer on the oute surf
ace
each year known to botanists as EXOGENS.
144
LUMBER
3 With Respect to Leaves
a . Needle shape
.
- 1Se,ther
b. Broad shape
/
Sapwood
Modular Rayj
Pitch
Heartwood
t i Outer Bark
Cambium
Inner Bark
FIGURE 4-1
145
SIMPLIFIED CO! NSTRtcnoN ESTIMATE
a Pla»fi
h Grained 1ted
c Figured or War
and
Cor*t*Md R d Rjda *
T «ng*r*»l
'
- J
/
k
L- Tarvjantia * Pl*m or .
Quarter Tangent Bastard Sawing
- Star Shake
JUind or Cupr
vShake
mmih, Broken
idZ/ji. BLanch
Hard Knot
A
V
Heart Shake
-
FIGURE 4 2 METHODS OF LOG SAWING
146
LUMBER
The Methods and Manner of Log Sawing
1.* Plain or Bastard Sawing
2 Quarter or Rift Sawing
a. Radial
b. Tangential
c. Quarter Tangential
d. Combined Radial and Tangential
2. Due To Deterioration
a seasoned lum
-
a. Dry Rot is caused by fungi in
¬
.
ber due to the presence of moisture
in the growth of
b. Wet Rot - takes place sometime .
the tree caused by water satura
tion
147
' liON KMIMATlc
SIMPI IKIKU C'ONSTKIK
shrinkage
from after cutting 1» loss subject to
mersed in water Immediately
warping but become brittle and
*
ting and decay It reduces liquid is the oldest method *'*
In of
elastic Soaking of wood and practiced try thn ancient & m44 ftS
soning lumber introduced #
builders "
Methods of Seasoning Lumber
Soasonlng Process jS
1 The Natural Sunlight or Air-
considered as one of the best method used in seasoning
Is relatively longer
of wood although the period Involved
148
3
LUMBER
Process of Preserving„
Wood
- • «uu are:
1 External Process
, The wood is
t ve applied as paint coated with preserva
wood to penetrate
the fibers of the -
2 Internal process A
nated at a prescribed chemical compound is impreg¬
thoroughly
pressure to permeate
the wood
ILLUSTRATION 4- 1
Find the total board feet of 5 pieces 2* x 6 x 14 ft lumber.
SOLUTION
Board foot « 5 x 2 x fl x 14 ft * 70 bd ft
12
Finding the board foot of a commercial size lumber is as
simple as the above illustration But the question is how to find
the net board foot of a round log or a standing tree knowing its
diameter and height ? This question can be answered using the
following formula :
Bd. Ft Volume * ( - 2
D 4) x L
16
149
, : ,ONEST,MATr
„MPU» NSTK <
' T '
ILLUSTRATION 4-2
O rmlne the MO iSeSft*
as shwln W Flflure 43
D 28*
6.00 m ( 20* )
-
FIGURE 4 3 NET BOARD FOOT IN A LOG
SOLUTION
1. Substitute given data in the formula:
( 28 -4 ) 2 x 20 ft. = 720 bd . ft.
16
sawing 'lumbe 0 me oc s
* °* comP n9 payment for slicing of
1. By board foot or
2. By meter length
150
'iJMfttR
The board foot method is ,jmr .
foot of sawed lumber then muSL Kl the t«u,
poard foot On the other hand ih *'*T
* * ' •Qreld
agreed unit price per meter* run
,
liplylng Ihe width In Inch ;, by *
"'«
n meter
11 1 !
1
* time the
*
ILLUSTRATION 4-3
How much will It cost to slice a e * .
t0 produce a 2 x 6 lumber If the unit Phce* ****
Is
3 00 m
Line of cutting
-
FIGURE 4 4
36 x 1.65 = P 59 40
Girts
2.70
noorfng
Floor joist \|
Girder O
Post
Floor line 2.70
Ground line
FIGURE 4-5
152
LUMBER
«; Y
.
ln
° * *£ fn°
2 F r
.
!forw*theh 'second
O
" "V W the height indictee
th Binder, the floor W "MTHEFL S
floor add the depth of the girts bottom
,
chord or rafters to the height of the post
LUSTRATION 4-4
Fioure 4-5 determine the length
, and board foot of the
pj oquired if there are 8 pieces 6 x 6 * wood posts.
SOLUTION
height of the post from floor to ceiling
1 Find the total
Boor joist = 15
Flooring = 025
Girts *
.575 m.
U = 5.40 + 575
E 5.975 meters
Th
Span
Girder o
o
~
Post
1 L = Span + 2( 1/2 side of post )
L = Span of post
U
FIGURE 4-7 OUTER SPAN
154
7
a
Floor )ol t
*
-a-i ~ ~
Post L I Ls Span + 1/2
<
»id« or P0»t )
FIGURE 44 CENTER TO
•
OUTER PAN
Span
ovwttang
- Girder
Post
L = Span + Overhang
U
FIGURE 4-8 I
1 '
FVw
Q
.
**
tkr
-*
Grac v
Toflfus
ILLUSTRATION 4-5
156
~
rt Vl
~
•
\ I Wood flooring
Bridging
==
-- ilhhv - "*
III fV
2
*
Glfdot
12 I0 *1
*
3 00iM. 5.00 M
SOLUTION
A. Finding the Floor Joist
spacing
1 . Determine the length of the girder. Divide by the
of the floor joists.
5.00 = 16.6
.30
B. Solid Bridging
m feet:
1. Find the length of the girder
157
/4 s«
pl
*#
S
1
° , 6SS
a
nesSot (h#
Joist
1 Me5 tNcKn * 36 0r 3 ft
2
I 1
'
*sieP o- 1
nf
2 . Sl 13'66 °M 4 fee
6.3
fts
«
16
order ; 2 pcs. 2 -
x 6' xi 4 ft . B
28 bdft
4
2 Usin9 4 T4G
, divide by the effective width.
4
°f glider is 5 00 m. or 18 feet.
Eder: 80 - 1
" X 4" x 11 = 480 board foot.
5 If 18
ft. is x 4 x 12 ft - '
35 0 x 13.714 =
480 bd ft
3. Order 480 board foot 1•x 4 T ,- _
,
vert the board foot to number
of bL5ds° ** Speaf c
1 x 4 x 12" = 4 bd ft.
Divide 4§Q 120 pieces
4
4- 11 SIDING WOOD BOARD
The common types of commercial siding wood
boards are
1 Stone cut 4. BCB Cut
2. Double Stone Cut 5. Weather cut
3 V- Cut
V-Cut Weather CU
5 00 m
nF
.20
i
-
.50 -J
[
' 2.00
FIGURE 4-13
6 15 7.27 17. «
8 20 5.33 12.76
160
jioumoN
1 Determine the total length
of the wall
Floor to celling 3 , 18
Deplh of glrle 25
Flooring and joist . 17
Defrth of girder .30
3 00 m. 13
Order length
14 ft
2, Length of the wall -, 5 00 - 2.00 window
- J OOm.
3
'
mulhply
T
* * <>r
*" V °' 20 «r> .
wood bo rd .
3.00 x 5.33 * 16 pieces.
4 Order 10 PCS, K x
12
xU - 149.3 board ft.
4- 12 ROOF FRAMING
gifts , bottom chora ,
Roof framing comprises the raft
Collar plate
Wood block Diagonal strut
Top chord V/ S
post
Bottom chord
FIGURE 4-14
Girts
ff
4-13 STUD
Stud is the structural member in building construction
wherein the sidings or partition boards are fastened . It is some¬
times referred to as the ribs of wooden walls or partitions. Lum¬
ber intended for studs should be straight and uniform in width of
either S2s or S4s for uniformity of wall thickness.
162
*
LUMBER
ILLUSTRATION 4-7
A wall partition 5.80 meters long and 3.40 meters high spec
¬
5.80 m.
2* x 3 studs
3.40 m. .60 o. c.
* O er Vertcai Studs11 - 22 xx Tx
* 1Z = 66
Hcrzonta Stucs 7 - 3 x 20
T<
* *
= 75
** 136 WL1
-
SOLITION 2 ( BTTW Are* Method )
*
2 There are eatances « «eng smaB dccrepanoes anse Be
*
*
•
> * mutts of me two methods. 7T s is
t of towtoer *
odd lo even length
164
LUMBER
SMM
2 X 3 at 00 horizontal studs
2 X 3 ® 40 m
vsftical studs
4.00 M
FIGURE 4-1«
ILLUSTRATION 4-8
JsSSSsaSbolmSSww'
center distance. Find the number of foot °
SOLUTION 1 (By Direct Counting)
studs
1. Find the number of vertical
5.80 = 9.7 say 10 spacing
.60
of vertical studs:
2. Add 1 to get the number
pcs. 2 x 3 x 5.80 m .
or (14 ft .)
10 + 1 = 11
Horizontal studs.
3. Find the number of
4.00 = 10
.40
ontal studs .
get the numbe r of Horiz
4. Add 1 to .)
x 5.80 m. or (20 ft
11 pieces 2" x
3
10 + 1 =
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
5. Order -
11 2 x 3" x 14
* »
=
77 bd ft .
-
11 2" x 3" x 20 110 bd . ft ,
187 bd ft
Vertical
2x 2 @ 40 M
5.80 M .
4.00 M.
Horizontal 2 x 2 Q 40 M
-
FIGURE 4 17 CEILING JOIST
166
LUMBER
ILLUSTRATION 4-9
Find the total board foot require
*
could be:
5. If 20 feet is not available , the order
16 pcs. 2 x 2 x 14 ft. = 74.663
22 pcs 2 x 2 x 10 ft. = 147.99
73J
Total bd . ft
)
SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method
ceiling
1 . Find the area of the
sq m .
4.00 x 5.80 = 23.2 rmdtiftfy
r x r «* 40 x 40 cm .
Refer to Table -
4 3 Using
2.
23.2 X 6.379 = 147 99 bd. « 167
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
4- 15 CEILING BOARD
ILLUSTRATION 4- 10
.80
4.00 m.
! : lii; 2.40 m.
ip
51 ¥ .80
.. .. .
1 5.00 m! '
f
FIGURE 4-18 CEILING PLAN
168
1. Find the area of the ceiling;
2. See Table 4-3 Using 2 x 2 «
4.00 x 5 00 . M >q m
40
3. F 5
" r r ,
B. Ceiling Board
1 . Find the area of ceiling: Area : 4.00 x 5.00 -
20 sq m
Z
dRi ' ° TaWe a 120 x 2 40 m plywood ,
30 x 30 0.09 11.111
40 x 40 0.16 6.250
0.24 4.167
40 x 60 2.778
60 x 60 0.36
0.72 1.389
60 x 120 0.617
90 x 180 1.62
2.88 0.347
120 x 240
ILLUSTRATION 4-11
An office room measures 6.00 down tne ma
60 x 120 cm. ceiling board, ust
. required
Coverage Meth
Effec tive Area
SOLUTION- 1( By
1. Find the area of the ceiling
169
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
6 00 x 0 60 57 © sq m
Area
Using 50 x 120 celling boam • d vkj
2 Refer to Teble 4- 3
the area by Its effecti ve
* g
coverin * ,
celling board
57.0 * 80 pieces 60 x 120
72
6 00 m
6.00 m. = 10 pieces
.60
9 ,60 m = 8 pieces
-
1.20
3. Multiply the results of 1 and 2
10 x 8 = 80 pieces 60 x 120
ceiling board.
Comment:
The result of the two
methods as presented are correct if
ceiling area falls under the
following conditions:
170
LUMBER
1 That the quotient in
dividing the area
effective area covering of the ceiling by the
ber or value (no fraction) one board yields an exact
of
. num¬
2 That the ceiling design is plain
beams, girders, rafters and and not interrupted by
the like .
3 That the ceiling has no
requires more cutting of intricate design or
the ceiling board .decorations that
4 When cutting of the board could
is also inevitable but could be not be avoided , wastage
replenished by an allow¬
ance factor of about 2 to 5% depending upon the design .
ILLUSTRATION 4-12
An elementary classroom building has a general dimensions
of 6.80 x 8.00 meters specify the use of a 90 x 180 centimeters
ceiling board . Find the number of ceiling boards required for a
12 classrooms.
8.00 m .
6.80 m.
PLAN
FIGURE 4-20 CEILING
Area Coverage Method )
SOLUTION -1 ( By the Effective
area of the ceiling .
1 Find
• the
4-4
Refer to Table
2
divide:
pieces
54.40 = 33 6
1 62
33 6 x 12 = 403 pieces
3. For 12 classrooms
Counting Method)
SOLUTION -2 ( By Direct
of board along the 6.80 meters sidile
1 Find the number
6.80 = 7 555 pieces
,
. 90
of board along the 8.00 meters side
2. Find the number
8.00 4 44 pieces
,
1.80
3. Multiply 1 and 2:
7.55 x 4.44 = 33.57
4-16 DOORFRAME
modate the door panel whose width varies from 60 to 100 cen
timeters wide. Door panel and frame bigger than one meter
width is considered special design and order .
172
LUMBER
4- 13
LUSTRATION 6"
A 20 classroom building with 2 doors each specify 3" x
door jamb List down the materials needed for fabrication .
SOLUTION
ordering one length for each jamb.
Header
Jamb thickness
vanes from 5 cm
to 7 cm
2.10 m.
90
173
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
, for 40 jambs order
Lumber length is of even numbers :
bd ft .
40 pcs. 3 x 6" x 16 ' = 960
. ,
10 pcs . 3" x 6" x 14 = 210 frd ft
Total 1 , 170 bd . ft .
Comment:
Comparing the results of the two methods, there is a difr
ence of 90 board feet if the second method is used. Howev
considering the scarcity of lumber , length from 16 feet '
above may not be available In the market and the only choj s
aer,
nd
to order shorter length from 8 to 12 feet
2 x 6 Header
5 cm - 1
2x6 | Transom
2x 4 Mullion -
150 cm.
- 2 x 6 Jamb
2 6 Sill
5 cm *
220 cm.
174
U MBtli
'
ILLUSTRATION 4-u
A intu rn«it hmi«inn n>«i
Problem Exercise
terials required:
(a) Girder ,
(b) Floor joist
(c) Header and bridging
(d) 1" x 4" T&G wood flooring.
175
V
4 Ml m 4 00 m
4 50 m
2 x < Bridging
4 00 m Ort 0i
c
Haadar
PLAN 2x 6 Joist
Rooring - 1* x 4 T & G.
*
Gtrw
Roor joist - 2 x 6 3 50 nt .
Gadef - 2 x 8 pax
Heeader
4 50
FK5URE 4-23
10.00 M.
DN
2 x 6 fir joist
@ .30 o.c.
/
4.00 M. / B .R .
/ n
/
/
y BR
. 90
FIGURE 4-24
176
MIMBIIR
S f xm h
, , , owing otlHnnw „u„ „
, »l rt,,l* " '' " Mnn -
"*t down the required
ii
*
5 m on cantor
30.00 M
BOOM
K H) M
•
BOOM
LOOM
a .) Bottom chord
b.) Top Chord
c.) Purlins 2" x 4 "
d.) King post
e . ) Vertical strut
f ) Diagonal strut
g. ) Collar plate and blocks
177
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
iS2 x
1 50
block
"
** 6" top
chord
I block
joint block
10.00 m .
-
FIGURE 4 26 ROOF TRUSSES
178